ICSE Class 10 Geography Board Exam Question Paper 2024 with Solutions

PART-I (30 Marks) (Attempt all questions from this Part)

Q1. Study the extract of the Survey of India Map sheet No. G43S7 and answer the following questions: [10 Marks]

[Figure: Extract of Survey of India Map Sheet No. G43S7 showing topographical features including contours, spot heights, grid lines numbered 25 to 35 and 89 to 99, Dantiwada reservoir, and settlements]

i. (a) Give the six-figure grid reference for spot height .522. [1 Mark]

Answer: 376966

Teacher's Note:
a) Six-figure grid references comprise three digits for easting and three for northing.
b) The first two digits of easting and northing are read from the grid lines, and the third digit is estimated to tenths.
c) Always ensure correct identification of easting first, followed by northing.

i. (b) What is the pattern of settlement in the grid square 3591? [1 Mark]

Answer: Temporary hut

Teacher's Note:
a) Settlements are represented by symbols indicating their permanence or layout.
b) Temporary huts are typically shown using specific conventional symbols in red or black.
c) Read topographical conventional signs carefully from the Survey of India legend.

ii. (a) Mention two man-made features seen in the grid square 3794. [1 Mark]

Answer: 1. Chhatri
2. Permanent huts (or Perennial lined well)

Teacher's Note:
a) Man-made features are cultural features created by human activity, shown in black or red.
b) Look for buildings, wells, temples, or monuments within the specified grid.
c) Mention any two distinct features clearly as requested.

ii. (b) Mention two means of transport used by the people of Nani Bhatamal in the grid square 3691. [1 Mark]

Answer: 1. Cart track
2. Metalled road

Teacher's Note:
a) Means of transport are identified through transport routes such as roads, cart tracks, and railways.
b) Cart tracks are indicated by parallel broken red lines.
c) Metalled roads are shown as continuous red lines.

iii. (a) Identify the landform marked by the contours in the grid square 3896. [1 Mark]

Answer: A ridge

Teacher's Note:
a) Contours closely packed and forming an elongated elevated area indicate a ridge.
b) Higher values inside closed elongated contour lines show elevation.
c) Landform questions require correct geomorphological identification.

iii. (b) What is the pattern of drainage seen in the grid square 3697? [1 Mark]

Answer: Dendritic pattern

Teacher's Note:
a) A dendritic drainage pattern resembles the branching pattern of tree roots.
b) It develops on homogeneous rock material where streams branch irregularly in all directions.
c) Examine the blue stream lines on the map to identify the pattern.

iv. (a) What is the reason for the presence of causeway in the grid square 3695? [1 Mark]

Answer: Due to seasonal or scanty rainfall resulting in dry river beds for most of the year.

Teacher's Note:
a) Causeways are built across streams that remain dry during non-monsoon months.
b) They allow vehicular or pedestrian traffic across seasonal water bodies economically.
c) Mention the seasonal nature of streams in the region.

iv. (b) What is the compass direction of Khara (4097) from Karja (3994)? [1 Mark]

Answer: North-east

Teacher's Note:
a) Use a protractor or direction grid aligned from the reference point (Karja) to the target point (Khara).
b) Compass directions should be written accurately using standard 16-point or 8-point compass terms.
c) Double-check grid locations before determining direction.

v. Calculate the area in kilometre square of the region to the south of 94 Northing. [2 Marks]

Answer: The area of the region to the south of 94 Northing is calculated as follows:
Scale given: 2 cm (in a grid square) = 1 km.
There are 6 grid squares to the south of 94 Northing, and the length of the toposheet provided is 10 grid squares.
Area = Length \times Width = 10 grid squares \times 6 grid squares = 60 km²

Teacher's Note:
a) Each grid square on standard topographical sheets represents 1 km \times 1 km.
b) Count the number of grid squares along the length and breadth.
c) Multiply the number of squares to get the total area in square kilometres.

Q2. On the outline map of India provided: [10 Marks]

[Figure: Outline political map of India]

i. Mark and label the river Krishna. [1 Mark]
ii. Mark and label the Eastern Ghats. [1 Mark]
iii. Shade and label a densely populated area in the southern part of India. [1 Mark]
iv. Shade and label the Konkan coastal plain. [1 Mark]
v. Mark with an arrow and label the direction of western disturbance. [1 Mark]
vi. Shade and label the Thar Desert. [1 Mark]
vii. Shade and label the Andaman Sea. [1 Mark]
viii. Mark and label the city Chennai. [1 Mark]
ix. Mark and name the highest peak of Himalayas in India. [1 Mark]
x. Mark and label Mumbai High. [1 Mark]

Answer:
All items to be correctly marked and labeled on the provided outline map of India as per standard geographical coordinates:
i. River Krishna: Marked flowing eastward into the Bay of Bengal across peninsular India.
ii. Eastern Ghats: Marked along the eastern coast of peninsular India.
iii. Densely populated area in southern India: Kerala coast / southern coastal plains shaded.
iv. Konkan coastal plain: Shaded along the western coast north of Goa.
v. Western disturbance: Marked with an arrow entering northwestern India from the Mediterranean region.
vi. Thar Desert: Shaded in western Rajasthan.
vii. Andaman Sea: Shaded in the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal.
viii. Chennai: Marked on the southeastern coast.
ix. Highest peak of Himalayas in India: K2 (or Kangchenjunga depending on exact curriculum preference, K2 marked in the northern sector).
x. Mumbai High: Marked offshore in the Arabian Sea west of Mumbai.

Teacher's Note:
a) Map markings must be neat, precise, and properly labeled with arrows if space is congested.
b) Use clear shading for regions, deserts, and seas.
c) Ensure exact political and physical locations are marked according to standard Survey of India maps.

Q3. Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given options. (Do not copy the questions, write the correct answers only.) [10 Marks]

3.1. What causes snowfall in Kashmir during winter? [1 Mark]
1. Tropical cyclone
2. Northeast Monsoon wind
3. Southwest Monsoon wind
4. Temperate cyclone

Answer: 4. Temperate cyclone

Teacher's Note:
a) Western disturbances originate as temperate cyclones in the Mediterranean region.
b) They bring winter precipitation and snowfall to the northwestern parts of India including Kashmir.
c) Write only the correct option number or text as instructed.

3.2. Which of the following helps in soil conservation? [1 Mark]
1. Afforestation
2. Overgrazing
3. Mining
4. Shifting agriculture

Answer: 1. Afforestation

Teacher's Note:
a) Afforestation involves planting trees which bind the soil with roots and reduce soil erosion.
b) Overgrazing and mining accelerate soil degradation.
c) Choose the option that actively promotes environmental protection.

3.3. Which means of irrigation can be developed with minimum expenditure? [1 Mark]
1. Tube well
2. Canal
3. Well
4. Drip irrigation

Answer: 3. Well

Teacher's Note:
a) Traditional open wells require minimal capital investment and local materials to construct.
b) Canals and tube wells involve heavy infrastructural and operational costs.
c) Verify economic feasibility across traditional irrigation methods.

3.4. Read the table and identify the pair that is correctly matched: [1 Mark]

1. P
2. Q
3. R
4. S

Answer: 2. Q

Teacher's Note:
a) Teak is a prominent tree of tropical deciduous forests.
b) Babool is found in desert/thorn forests, Ebony in tropical evergreen forests, and Banyan in tropical deciduous/plains.
c) Match vegetation types with their typical tree species accurately.

3.5. Bauxite is the ore of ______. [1 Mark]
1. Aluminium
2. Copper
3. Manganese
4. Iron

Answer: 1. Aluminium

Teacher's Note:
a) Bauxite is the primary raw material and principal ore used for extracting aluminium.
b) Copper is extracted from copper pyrites/malachite, and iron from hematite/magnetite.
c) Memorize common mineral ores studied in economic geography.

3.6. Identify the source of energy that leads to pollution: [1 Mark]
1. Tidal energy
2. Wind energy
3. Natural gas
4. Geo-thermal energy

(Note: The question asks for the source that leads to pollution among non-renewable/fossil or cleaner options, or based on the official answer key.)

Answer: 3. Natural gas

Teacher's Note:
a) Natural gas is a fossil fuel which emits carbon dioxide upon combustion, unlike renewable tidal, wind, or geothermal energy.
b) While cleaner than coal or petroleum, it still contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
c) Follow the official key where fossil fuels are classified as polluting relative to renewables.

3.7. Which of the following is NOT a centre for the iron and steel industry? [1 Mark]
1. Bhilai
2. Bengaluru
3. Rourkela
4. Vishakhapatnam

Answer: 2. Bengaluru

Teacher's Note:
a) Bengaluru is renowned as the electronic and IT capital of India, not a major iron and steel manufacturing centre.
b) Bhilai, Rourkela, and Vishakhapatnam host major integrated steel plants.
c) Distinguish industrial locations based on primary manufacturing hubs.

3.8. Which of the following farming method is used to grow tea on a large scale? [1 Mark]
1. Subsistence farming
2. Plantation farming
3. Mixed farming
4. Shifting agriculture

Answer: 2. Plantation farming

Teacher's Note:
a) Tea is a single-crop commercial enterprise cultivated on large estates known as plantations.
b) Plantation agriculture requires skilled labour and scientific management.
c) Identify agricultural types based on scale and commercial purpose.

3.9. Which of the following means of transport has best use during floods/earthquake? [1 Mark]
1. Airways
2. Railways
3. Roadways
4. Waterways

Answer: 1. Airways

Teacher's Note:
a) Airways are unaffected by surface damage such as broken bridges, flooded roads, or damaged railway tracks.
b) They provide rapid relief, rescue operations, and supply drops during natural calamities.
c) Recognize the strategic advantages of transport modes in emergencies.

3.10. Which of the following is a biodegradable waste? [1 Mark]
1. Broken glass
2. Wastepaper
3. Polythene
4. Plastic bags

Answer: 2. Wastepaper

Teacher's Note:
a) Biodegradable wastes are naturally decomposed by microorganisms into organic matter.
b) Glass, polythene, and plastic are non-biodegradable synthetic materials.
c) Differentiate waste types based on environmental decomposition properties.

PART-II (50 Marks) (Attempt any five questions from this Part)

Q4.

4.1. 'Himalayas act as a climatic divide.' Justify the statement giving two reasons. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. The Himalayas block the bitter cold winds of Central Asia from entering the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in other parts of the world.
2. They stop the South Asian monsoon winds from reaching Central Asia, forcing them to shed their moisture within the Indian subcontinent and giving ample rainfall.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention the barrier effect against freezing northern winds.
b) Explain how the ranges trap monsoon winds within India.
c) Write two clear and distinct geographical reasons.

4.2. Differentiate between Southwest Monsoon and Retreating Monsoon. (Any two differences) [2 Marks]

Answer:

Teacher's Note:
a) Structure differences in a clear tabular format.
b) Highlight source, timing, and weather characteristics.
c) Cover two distinct comparative points.

4.3. (a) Give a geographical reason for the following: Kolkata gets more rain than Delhi during rainy season. [1 Mark]

Answer: Kolkata is closer to the Bay of Bengal than Delhi. During the rainy season, it receives earlier and heavier rainfall as it lies directly in the path of the Bay of Bengal branch of monsoon winds.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention distance from the moisture source (Bay of Bengal).
b) Explain the progressive decrease in rainfall as monsoon winds move inland towards Delhi.

4.3. (b) Give a geographical reason for the following: Though both are hill stations, Shimla experiences snowfall during the winters but Ooty does not. [1 Mark]

Answer: Shimla receives snowfall because of its higher latitude and greater altitude in northern India affected by western disturbances, whereas Ooty is located in a warmer southern subtropical environment close to the equator.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight latitudinal difference (Northern Himalayas vs. Southern Nilgiris).
b) Mention the influence of western disturbances in winter for northern hill stations.

4.3. (c) Give a geographical reason for the following: Winter monsoons bring less rain. [1 Mark]

Answer: Due to their northeastern origin from the landmass, winter monsoons are offshore winds that carry dry, cold air from the continent's interior, containing very little moisture.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain that winter monsoon winds blow from land to sea (offshore).
b) Note that they pick up very little moisture except over the Bay of Bengal for Tamil Nadu.

4.4. Study the climate data of Station X and answer the questions that follow: [3 Marks]

a. Calculate the annual range of temperature of Station X.
b. Name the rainiest month of the Station X.
c. Is the Station X located in coastal area or in the continental interior?

Answer:
a. Annual range of temperature = Maximum temperature - Minimum temperature = \( 41.0^{\circ}\text{C} - 8.4^{\circ}\text{C} = 32.6^{\circ}\text{C} \).
b. August has the highest rainfall, averaging 18.5 cm.
c. Station X is located in the continental interior.

Teacher's Note:
a) Annual range is calculated by subtracting the lowest monthly temperature from the highest.
b) Identify the highest value in the rainfall row.
c) A high annual temperature range indicates a continental (interior) climate rather than an equable coastal climate.

Q5.

5.1. Why is Black soil found suitable for the production of cotton? (Any two points) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Regur soil (black soil) has a high moisture-retention capacity; it swells when wet and develops deep cracks when dry, facilitating self-ploughing and aeration.
2. It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium, magnesium carbonate, potash, and lime, which promote healthy cotton growth and high yields.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention moisture retention capacity.
b) List chemical and mineral richness.
c) State two distinct scientific reasons.

5.2. (a) Give one difference between the following: Alluvial soil of Uttarakhand and alluvial soil of West Bengal. [1 Mark]

Answer:

Teacher's Note:
a) Compare texture (coarse vs. fine).
b) Note proximity to source vs. lower deltaic deposition.

5.2. (b) Give one difference between the following: Transported soil and residual soil. [1 Mark]

Answer:

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight agent of transportation vs. in-situ formation.
b) Keep the distinction concise and clear.

5.3. (a) With reference to Laterite soil, answer the question that follows: How is Laterite Soil formed? [1 Mark]

Answer: Laterite soil is formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy seasonal rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods, through intense leaching where silica is washed away, leaving iron and aluminium oxides behind.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention alternate wet and dry spells.
b) Explain the chemical process of leaching.

5.3. (b) With reference to Laterite soil, answer the question that follow: How can Laterite soil be made productive? [1 Mark]

Answer: Laterite soil can be made productive by heavy application of manures, chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate), and proper irrigation to overcome its deficiency in organic matter and nutrients.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention addition of organic manures/fertilizers.
b) Emphasize nutrient management.

5.3. (c) With reference to Laterite soil, answer the question that follow: Name one region where Laterite soil is found. [1 Mark]

Answer: The summit of the Western Ghats / Chota Nagpur Plateau / parts of Odisha.

Teacher's Note:
a) Name any recognized plateau or highland region with heavy rainfall.
b) Keep the answer precise.

5.4. (a) Mention any two causes of soil erosion in India. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Deforestation and indiscriminate felling of trees remove root anchors, leaving soil vulnerable to wind and water.
2. Overgrazing by cattle strips vegetation cover, loosening topsoil and making it prone to erosion.

Teacher's Note:
a) List human-induced or natural causes of soil degradation.
b) Provide two clear points.

5.4. (b) Mention a soil conservation method suitable for hilly area. [1 Mark]

Answer: Terrace farming / Contour ploughing

Teacher's Note:
a) Terrace farming cuts steps into slopes to slow down surface runoff.
b) Contour ploughing follows hill contours to prevent soil wash.

Q6.

6.1. How is tropical monsoon forest useful for the Indian economy? (Any two points) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. They provide valuable commercial timber such as teak, sal, and sandalwood used in construction, furniture, and railway sleepers.
2. They yield minor forest products like gums, resins, medicinal herbs, and lac, supporting rural livelihoods and industries.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on commercial timber value.
b) Mention non-timber forest produce and employment.

6.2. Mention the climatic condition that leads to the development of tropical desert vegetation. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Extremely low annual rainfall, typically less than 25 cm.
2. High summer temperatures accompanied by high rates of evaporation and intense sunshine.

Teacher's Note:
a) State precipitation limit (< 25 cm).
b) State temperature and evaporation conditions.

6.3. (a) Give a reason to explain the following: Mountains have varied vegetation. [1 Mark]

Answer: Mountains exhibit varied vegetation due to sharp changes in altitude, which cause rapid decrease in temperature and variations in precipitation and soil type with increasing height.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain the lapse rate (temperature decrease with altitude).
b) Link altitude zones to vegetation belts.

6.3. (b) Give a reason to explain the following: Stilt like/aerial roots are a typical feature of littoral forest. [1 Mark]

Answer: Stilt-like roots (pneumatophores/prop roots) help support trees in soft, muddy tidal soils and enable breathing (gas exchange) when submerged during high tides.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention soft, unstable muddy substrate.
b) Mention gaseous exchange in water-logged tidal conditions.

6.3. (c) Give a reason to explain the following: The tropical evergreen forests do not look bare at any time of the year. [1 Mark]

Answer: Different species of trees in tropical evergreen forests shed their leaves at different times of the year, ensuring the forest always retains its green canopy.

Teacher's Note:
a) Clarify that trees do not shed leaves simultaneously.
b) Mention continuous availability of moisture and absence of a single dry season.

6.4. (a) How has the rising population of India resulted in the loss of forest cover? (Any one point) [1 Mark]

Answer: Rising population increases the demand for agricultural land, housing, and infrastructure, leading to large-scale clearing of forests.

Teacher's Note:
a) Link population pressure to land conversion.
b) Keep it concise.

6.4. (b) Mention any two forest conservation methods that may be adopted to protect the forests. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Implementing strict laws against illegal logging and poaching through protected areas and wildlife sanctuaries.
2. Promoting community-based forestry programs like Social Forestry and Van Mahotsav to plant trees.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention legal/regulatory protection.
b) Mention afforestation/social forestry initiatives.

Q7.

7.1. (a) Mention one advantage of using tank irrigation. [1 Mark]

Answer: Tanks are easy and inexpensive to construct in undulating rocky plateau regions where natural depressions collect rainwater.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention suitability for Peninsular rocky terrain.
b) Mention low cost of construction.

7.1. (b) Mention one disadvantage of using tank irrigation. [1 Mark]

Answer: Tanks tend to silt up rapidly during the rainy season and often dry up completely during summer months, rendering them unreliable for perennial irrigation.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention siltation problem.
b) Mention seasonal drying up.

7.2. (a) What is the advantage of using Drip irrigation? [1 Mark]

Answer: Drip irrigation minimizes water wastage through evaporation and runoff by delivering water directly to the plant roots drop by drop.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight water conservation.
b) Mention direct root application.

7.2. (b) Why is Drip irrigation not practiced on a large scale in India? [1 Mark]

Answer: It involves high initial installation costs and specialized maintenance, making it unaffordable for small and marginal farmers.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention high capital/setup cost.
b) Note economic constraints of smallholders.

7.3. (a) Give a reason to explain the following: Sprinkler irrigation is gaining popularity in recent times. [1 Mark]

Answer: Sprinkler irrigation is efficient as it ensures uniform distribution of water over uneven terrain with minimal water wastage compared to surface flooding.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention suitability for uneven land.
b) Note water-use efficiency.

7.3. (b) Give a reason to explain the following: Tube well irrigation is used in Punjab. [1 Mark]

Answer: Punjab has abundant perennial groundwater reserves fed by extensive river systems and flat alluvial terrain, which facilitates easy sinking of tube wells.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention abundant groundwater availability.
b) Connect to alluvial plain geography.

7.3. (c) Give a reason to explain the following: North India has more area under canal irrigation. [1 Mark]

Answer: North India has perennial rivers originating from the snow-clad Himalayas, providing a continuous supply of water for extensive canal networks across the flat northern plains.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention perennial snow-fed rivers.
b) Note suitability of level terrain for digging canals.

7.4. (a) Name the water conservation practice shown in the above picture. [1 Mark]

[Figure: Diagram showing rooftop rainwater harvesting system with collection pipes leading to an underground storage tank]

Answer: Rainwater harvesting (Rooftop rainwater harvesting)

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify the technique from the visual diagram showing rooftop catchment and storage.
b) Write the precise term.

7.4. (b) How does this system help to reduce floods? [1 Mark]

Answer: It captures surface runoff from rooftops during heavy downpours, reducing the volume of water rushing into municipal drains and lowering the risk of urban flooding.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain reduction of surface runoff volume.
b) Note relief on drainage systems.

7.4. (c) Why is water conservation necessary? (Any two reasons) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Water is a limited resource essential for drinking, agriculture, and industrial activities, and conservation ensures sustainable supply for future generations.
2. Growing population and climate change have led to severe water scarcity and falling groundwater levels, making conservation vital to prevent water crises.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight limited availability vs. rising demand.
b) Mention groundwater depletion and climate impact.

Q8.

8.1. (a) Name any three varieties of coal produced in India. [1 Mark]

Answer: Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite (or Peat)

Teacher's Note:
a) List standard types of coal based on carbon content.
b) Provide any three as asked.

8.1. (b) Name the variety of coal widely used in Iron and Steel Industries of India. [1 Mark]

Answer: Bituminous coal (coking coal)

Teacher's Note:
a) Bituminous is the most widely used industrial coal.
b) Specify coking coal used in blast furnaces.

8.2. (a) Name the state that is the largest producer of iron ore in India. [1 Mark]

Answer: Odisha

Teacher's Note:
a) Odisha leads Indian iron ore production.
b) Verify current geographical production rankings.

8.2. (b) Name any one mining area of Iron ore from the odisha state. [1 Mark]

Answer: Mayurbhanj / Keonjhar / Sundargarh

Teacher's Note:
a) Name any prominent mining district in Odisha.
b) Keep answer brief and accurate.

8.3. (a) Mention two ways in which Hirakud dam has helped the people of Odisha? [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. It provides effective flood control in the Mahanadi river delta, protecting downstream regions from devastating floods.
2. It generates hydroelectric power and provides irrigation water for extensive agricultural tracts in Odisha.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention flood mitigation.
b) Mention irrigation and power generation benefits.

8.3. (b) Across which river is the Hirakud dam built? [1 Mark]

Answer: Mahanadi River

Teacher's Note:
a) State the river name directly.
b) Verify major dam locations.

8.4. (a) Give reason for the following: Geothermal energy is not popular in India. [1 Mark]

Answer: Geothermal energy is not popular due to the lack of easily accessible geothermal sites, high cost of exploration, and requirement of advanced technology.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention limited potential sites.
b) Note high capital and technological barriers.

8.4. (b) Give reason for the following: Solar energy is gaining popularity. [1 Mark]

Answer: Solar energy is gaining popularity because India receives abundant tropical sunshine throughout the year, and it is a clean, renewable, and eco-friendly energy source.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention abundant sunlight in India.
b) Highlight renewable and eco-friendly benefits.

8.4. (c) Give reason for the following: Petroleum is considered a harmful source of energy. [1 Mark]

Answer: Petroleum combustion releases greenhouse gases and pollutants like carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, contributing to air pollution and global warming.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on pollutant emissions.
b) Note contribution to global warming.

Q9.

9.1. Why is agriculture considered an important sector of Indian economy? (Any two points) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. It provides employment to a large proportion of India's workforce.
2. It supplies food grains to the domestic population and raw materials (like cotton, jute, sugarcane) to agro-based industries.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention employment generation.
b) Mention food security and industrial raw material supply.

9.2. (a) What is mixed farming? [1 Mark]

Answer: Mixed farming is an agricultural system where a farmer combines crop cultivation with livestock rearing or poultry farming on the same farm.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define combination of crop cultivation and animal husbandry.
b) Keep definition precise.

9.2. (b) Mention any one advantage of mixed farming. [1 Mark]

Answer: It provides insurance against crop failure, ensuring a steady, diversified income for the farmer throughout the year.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight income diversification.
b) Mention risk reduction during crop failure.

9.3. (a) Give one reason to explain the following: West Bengal is a leading producer of jute. [1 Mark]

Answer: West Bengal has fertile alluvial soil renewed annually by river floods, a hot and humid climate, and abundant water supply for retting, which are ideal for jute cultivation.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention fertile alluvial soil and humid climate.
b) Mention availability of water for retting.

9.3. (b) Give one reason to explain the following: Millets are fast becoming the popular food crops. [1 Mark]

Answer: Millets are drought-resistant, can grow on poor soils with minimal water, and possess high nutritional value (rich in iron and fiber).

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention drought tolerance and hardiness.
b) Highlight high nutritional health benefits.

9.3. (c) Give one reason to explain the following: More than two ratoon crops are not advisable for sugarcane farmers. [1 Mark]

Answer: The yield and quality of sugarcane decline significantly with each successive ratoon crop due to soil nutrient exhaustion and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain reduction in yield and sucrose content.
b) Mention pest/disease susceptibility.

9.4. (a) With reference to tea cultivation, explain the term 'fine pluck.' [1 Mark]

Answer: Fine pluck refers to the harvesting method where only the terminal bud and the tender upper two leaves of the tea plant are picked.

Teacher's Note:
a) Specify bud and top two leaves.
b) Relate to quality tea production.

9.4. (b) Name the Indian state that leads in coffee production. [1 Mark]

Answer: Karnataka

Teacher's Note:
a) State Karnataka as the top coffee producer.
b) Verify geographical data.

9.4. (c) Why is cotton grown as a Kharif crop in India? [1 Mark]

Answer: Cotton requires high temperature, bright sunshine, and moderate rainfall during its growing season, which coincides with the southwest monsoon (Kharif season).

Teacher's Note:
a) State climatic requirements (warmth and moisture).
b) Link to monsoon timing.

Q10.

10.1. (a) Based on the ownership, what type of industry is Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant? [1 Mark]

Answer: Public sector industry (owned and operated by the government)

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify ownership classification.
b) Mention public sector / government enterprise.

10.1. (b) What is meant by cooperative sector industry? [1 Mark]

Answer: Industries owned and operated collectively by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both, who pool their resources and share profits/losses (e.g., sugar mills in Maharashtra).

Teacher's Note:
a) Define collective ownership by suppliers or workers.
b) Give a brief example if helpful.

10.2. (a) Explain the following term: Sericulture [1 Mark]

Answer: Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms on mulberry leaves for the commercial production of raw silk.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define silkworm rearing.
b) Connect to silk production.

10.2. (b) Explain the following term: Integrated steel plant. [1 Mark]

Answer: An integrated steel plant is a large-scale industrial facility that handles all stages of steel manufacturing under one roof, from processing raw materials (iron ore, coking coal, limestone) to shaping finished steel.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain that all processes from raw material to finished product occur in one complex.
b) Contrast with mini-steel mills.

10.3. (a) Give one reason to explain the following: Mini-steel plants help in conservation of coal. [1 Mark]

Answer: Mini-steel plants use electric arc furnaces powered by electricity (or scrap metal) instead of coking coal, thereby conserving coal resources.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention use of electric arc furnaces.
b) Mention use of scrap metal instead of raw coal.

10.3. (b) Give one reason to explain the following: Location of sugar industry is shifting to the southern part of India. [1 Mark]

Answer: Southern India has a tropical climate that extends the crushing season, higher sucrose content in sugarcane, and modern irrigation facilities.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention longer crushing season due to tropical climate.
b) Mention higher sucrose content.

10.3. (c) Give one reason to explain the following: The electronic industry is growing at a fast rate. [1 Mark]

Answer: Rapid technological advancements, rising disposable incomes, high consumer demand for electronic gadgets, and government support have accelerated the growth of the electronics industry.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention rising consumer demand.
b) Note technological advancement and government incentives.

10.4. (a) State two conditions that favour the location of cotton textile industry in Ahmedabad. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Proximity to black cotton soil region ensuring continuous supply of raw cotton.
2. Availability of cheap hydroelectric power, skilled labour, and well-developed transport networks.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention raw material access.
b) Mention power, labour, or transport.

10.4. (b) State any one advantage of locating Iron and Steel industry at Rourkela. [1 Mark]

Answer: Proximity to rich iron ore mines in Odisha and coal from Jharia/Raniganj, reducing transportation costs of heavy raw materials.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight proximity to raw material sources.
b) Mention reduced transport costs.

Q11.

11.1. Why is road transport an important means of transport in India? (Any two reasons) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Roads provide door-to-door service, reducing loading and unloading costs.
2. They can be built across rugged terrains, hills, and remote rural areas where laying railway lines is difficult.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention door-to-door connectivity.
b) Mention flexibility over difficult terrain.

11.2. (a) Give a reason for the following: Northern plain is best suited for the development of Railways. [1 Mark]

Answer: The Northern Plains feature vast, flat, level terrain, rich alluvial soil, and dense population, making construction of rail tracks easy and economically viable.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention level topography.
b) Mention high population and economic density.

11.2. (b) Give a reason for the following: Railways are managed completely by the Central Government. [1 Mark]

Answer: Railways are the lifeline of the nation's economy and defense, requiring unified national coordination, massive capital investment, and standardized operations which only the central government can provide.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention strategic and economic importance.
b) Note requirement of massive central capital and uniform management.

11.3. (a) Mention two advantages of Inland water transport. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. It is the cheapest mode of transport, especially for heavy and bulky goods.
2. It is fuel-efficient and causes little environmental pollution compared to road or rail transport.

Teacher's Note:
a) State cost-effectiveness for bulky goods.
b) Mention fuel efficiency and eco-friendliness.

11.3. (b) Mention one disadvantage of Inland water transport. [1 Mark]

Answer: It is restricted by the seasonal flow of rivers, silting, waterfalls, and lack of navigable channels in certain regions.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention geographical and seasonal limitations.
b) Note restriction to navigable water bodies.

11.4. Why has airway become more popular than other means of transport? (Any three reasons) [3 Marks]

Answer:
1. It is the fastest and most time-saving mode of transport over long distances.
2. It can easily cross geographical barriers such as high mountains, dense forests, oceans, and deserts.
3. It is vital for emergency operations, natural disasters, and defense transport.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight speed and time efficiency.
b) Mention ability to cross natural obstacles.
c) Mention critical use in emergencies and defense.

Q12.

12.1. With reference to the picture below, answer the questions that follow: [2 Marks]

[Figure: Photograph showing separate coloured dustbins for waste segregation]

a. Which waste management method is depicted here?
b. State one way in which this method may be implemented at our home.

Answer:
a. Waste segregation.
b. Keeping separate bins at home for biodegradable (wet) and non-biodegradable (dry) household waste.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify waste segregation from the visual bins.
b) Give a practical domestic implementation example.

12.2. Explain how waste accumulation can be harmful. (Any two points) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Decomposing waste emits foul odours and toxic gases, contaminating air and groundwater through leachate.
2. It serves as a breeding ground for disease-bearing vectors like mosquitoes, rats, and flies, spreading serious health illnesses.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention environmental pollution (air and water).
b) Mention health hazards and disease vectors.

12.3. (a) Explain how waste generated in the household sector may be made useful. (Give one example) [1 Mark]

Answer: Kitchen organic waste (vegetable peels) can be converted into nutrient-rich compost through composting for garden use.

Teacher's Note:
a) Give organic kitchen waste as example.
b) Explain conversion to compost.

12.3. (b) Explain how waste generated in the industry sector may be made useful. (Give one example) [1 Mark]

Answer: Blast furnace slag from steel plants can be processed and used as raw material for cement manufacturing or road construction.

Teacher's Note:
a) Give industrial slag or fly ash as example.
b) Mention use in construction or cement.

12.3. (c) Explain how waste generated in the agriculture sector may be made useful. (Give one example) [1 Mark]

Answer: Agricultural waste like crop residue or animal dung can be used in biogas plants to generate clean fuel and organic manure.

Teacher's Note:
a) Give crop residue/dung as example.
b) Mention biogas generation.

12.4. (a) Give two uses of composting. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. It improves soil structure, water retention capacity, and fertility naturally.
2. It reduces the volume of organic waste going into municipal landfills, promoting eco-friendly waste disposal.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention soil enrichment benefit.
b) Mention reduction of landfill burden.

12.4. (b) Why are landfills set up far away from the city? (Any two reasons) [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. To protect urban residents from foul smells, toxic fumes, and health hazards arising from decomposing garbage.
2. To prevent groundwater contamination from toxic leachate and because large land parcels are unavailable within city limits.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention health and air quality protection for citizens.
b) Mention land availability and prevention of water pollution.