GSEB Class 10 Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 Social Change

I. Answer Questions in Detail.

Question 1. Which (Juvenile Rights) are included in the Indian Constitution?
Answer: The United Nations accepted the Charter of Children's Rights in 1992 for child welfare and growth. These rights have been incorporated into our Constitution. The following Juvenile Rights/Rights of children are given below:
1. Every child has a right to live without prejudice based on caste, skin color, language, or nationality.
2. Every child has a right to receive appropriate care from their parents. A child cannot be separated from their parents without a valid reason.
3. It is a legal entitlement for every child to receive education so they can develop their personality.
4. Every child has a right to a healthy life. A child has the right to live happily by engaging in games and entertainment.
5. Every child has a right to preserve their culture and reside among their religious community.
6. Every child has a right to object to any physical or mental abuse, the use of illegal drugs, and protection from inhumane forms of punishment or fines.
7. Every child has a right to secure safety and a proper quality of life for their mental, physical, and moral growth.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution includes specific rights for children, known as Juvenile Rights, based on the UN Charter. These rights cover living without discrimination, getting proper upbringing, education, a healthy life, cultural preservation, protection from abuse, and securing a good standard of living.

Exam Tip: When discussing constitutional rights, always mention the relevant acts or charters (like the UN Charter in this case) and list the key rights clearly with numbering for full marks.

Question 2. Describe the problems of elderly people and provisions made for their protection and welfare.
Answer: The difficulties faced by older people are widespread. In India, the number of older people has risen due to an increase in life expectancy. This has resulted in the following social and physical problems:
1. Children often forget their moral duties, values, and traditions because of the influence of modern culture.
2. Joint families have been replaced by smaller nuclear families.
3. Many older people are forced to reside in 'Old Age Homes'.
4. Since most older people have retired from their jobs, they possess very little or no earnings. They are dependent on their children for their basic needs.
5. Their physical and emotional needs are ignored. They feel neglected and unsafe.
Provisions made for protecting and supporting older people:
Attention was drawn to the issues of older people. The Government of India has passed the National Policy for Senior Citizens. The following provisions have been made for the protection and welfare of older and senior citizens:
1. The National Policy has offered pensions to older people.
2. A higher interest rate is set for their savings in Post Offices and Banks.
3. Older citizens get a 30% to 50% discount on bus, rail, and air tickets.
4. State governments have opened 'Old Age Homes' in every district with good facilities.
5. Some seats in public transport are reserved for them.
6. Gardens have been developed in cities where they can leisurely sit, walk, and take part in music and yoga activities with other older people.
7. The Parental Care and Welfare Act, 2007, safeguards them from domestic violence, exploitation, and abuse. Any harassment by children is a punishable offense.
8. The duty of maintaining parents is placed on their children or relatives.
9. The government honors senior citizens for their contributions to the nation's formation.
In simple words: Elderly people face universal problems like neglect by children, living in old age homes due to nuclear families, lack of income, and feeling insecure. To help them, the government provides pensions, higher interest on savings, travel concessions, 'Old Age Homes', reserved transport seats, and laws to protect them from abuse.

Exam Tip: When answering questions about societal problems and government efforts, categorize your points clearly (e.g., problems vs. provisions) and use numbered or bulleted lists for better organization and readability.

Question 3. Explain the objectives of right to information and explain the process of obtaining information.
Answer: The Right to Information Act was passed by the Government of India on June 15, 2005. Its goals are as follows:
1. To ensure clear, clean, and straightforward administrative operations.
2. To encourage public collaboration to bring about openness in administration.
3. To enable people to seek details or a proper response about their pending work.
4. To seek details about various programs and related aspects.
The method for getting information is as follows:
The applicant must pay a set fee of Rs. 20/- in cash/postal order/pay order/- by attaching a non-judicial stamp with the application. Families below the poverty line (BPL) are free from paying this fee. The application can be handwritten or typed and must be signed by the applicant.
This can also be sent by email to the relevant department. The applicant has to pay charges per page for copies of documents. Applications are received by the Assistant Public Information Officer (APIO) who gives a receipt/acknowledgment after assigning a serial – ID number to the application.
The ID number must be mentioned in all future communications. The APIO must provide the details within 30 days of receiving the application. The APIO may decline to give information on specific matters, such as those related to national security.
If the APIO does not provide information within 30 days, the applicant can contact the Public Information Officer (PIO) within 30 days of the refusal.
For the appeal, applicants are not required to pay any fees. If the information does not arrive, the applicant can make an appeal to the Chief Information Officer of the state within 90 days.
In simple words: The Right to Information Act (RTI) aims for clear government operations and public participation. To get information, you pay a Rs. 20 fee (BPL families are exempt) and submit an application. The officer gives you a receipt, and you should get information within 30 days. If not, you can appeal.

Exam Tip: For questions about important acts, always remember the enactment date, main objectives, and the key steps or provisions. Use clear, concise language to explain the process.

Question 4. State the main seven promotions for right to free and compulsory education.
Answer: The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act was passed by the Parliament in 2009. As per this Act, primary education has been made free and mandatory for all children aged 6 to 14 years. The main provisions of the Act are as follows:
1. Every child in the age group of 6 to 14 years should get admission to a school near their home. Admission cannot be denied for failing to provide proof of age, such as a birth certificate.
2. The age for admission should be 6 years. If parents cannot provide proof of age, an age-related affidavit from them should be enough.
3. There should be no prejudice in admission.
4. No fees, such as donation, deposits, or capitation fees, should be taken for admission.
5. The practice of interviewing children and/or parents at the time of admission should be stopped. Parents' income, their educational qualifications, and abilities should not be considered during admission.
6. A child who has reached 14 years of age but has not finished primary education should receive free education to enable them to complete it.
7. Pre-primary education for children aged 3 to 5 years has been brought under the law. Rules have been established for special training for pre-primary teachers.
8. 25% of seats in the first standards in government-recognized primary schools have been reserved for children from BPL families.
9. School teachers are not permitted to give private tuitions.
10. Under-qualified teachers must improve their qualifications within five years of appointment.
In simple words: The 86th Amendment Act of 2009 made primary education free and mandatory for children aged 6-14. Key provisions include guaranteed admission to local schools without discrimination or fees, no interviews for admission, free education for older children who haven't finished primary school, and specific rules for pre-primary education and teacher qualifications.

Exam Tip: When discussing constitutional amendments or acts, it's crucial to state the year of enactment and list the main provisions clearly. Focus on how each provision addresses the core objective of the act.

Question 5. Discuss in various provisions related to framework for foodgrain distribution and public distribution system the National Food Security Act.
Answer: The Union Parliament passed the National Food Security Act in 2013 to ensure the right to Food Security for citizens. Food Security means that “every person gets nutritious food for remaining active and living a healthy life”.
The goals of the National Food Security Act are as follows:
1. To meet the food requirements of the growing population by making sure of adequate quality and quantity of food and supplying it at a reduced rate.
2. To reduce malnutrition by inspiring an increase in the production of nutritious food.
3. To offer food security to the Antyodaya and BPL families.
4. To offer nutritious food to pregnant and lactating women.
5. To make the Public Distribution System (PDS) efficient, clear, and straightforward.
The provisions of the Act are as follows:
1. To offer foodgrains to needy and poor families in urban and rural areas at a reduced price.
2. These families will receive food grains at subsidized prices as under:
• Rice Rs. 3 per kg.
• Wheat Rs. 2 per kg.
• Coarse grains Rs. 1 per kg.
3. They will also receive sugar, iodized salt, kerosene, and edible oil at a reduced rate.
4. These foodgrains will be provided in a fixed amount of 5 kg per person per month.
5. The government will give an allowance of Rs. 6000 to pregnant women.
6. A food security allowance will be paid to beneficiaries if they choose not to purchase foodgrains.
7. 35 kg of foodgrains per month will be supplied free to the Antyodaya and BPL families.
8. The state government will prepare a list of families who will receive the benefits on a priority basis. This list will be updated and shown in public places and on websites.
9. Biometric identity cards will be issued to beneficiaries along with ration cards.
10. A system to handle complaints will be set up by the state government, with Nodal Officers managing them.
11. The State Food Commission will be established, and a Food Commissioner will be appointed to carry out the scheme.
In simple words: The National Food Security Act of 2013 aims to provide nutritious food to everyone for a healthy life. Its goals include meeting food needs at affordable prices, reducing malnutrition, helping vulnerable families, and making the Public Distribution System efficient. Provisions include giving subsidized foodgrains (rice, wheat, coarse grains) and other essentials, an allowance for pregnant women, and free foodgrains for Antyodaya and BPL families.

Exam Tip: For detailed questions about acts, remember to cover both objectives and provisions. Break down long lists into clear, concise points, ensuring all numerical values and categories are accurately stated.

II. Answer the Following Questions Point-Wise:

Question 1. Explain the main factors responsible for social change.
Answer: Social change is defined as the process of transformations occurring in social structure, social institutions, social values, and the functions of society. Social changes are evident in social relationships, family matters, marriage arrangements, values, and people's lifestyles, as well as in fine arts. Westernization, globalization, and urbanization are the primary factors leading to social change. The impact of materialistic culture, luxury items, and modern equipment is even noticeable in rural areas.
Changes have also occurred in physical things such as people's homes and their living standards. The Western influence is more apparent in the lifestyle of people in urban areas.
In simple words: Social change means shifts in society's structure, institutions, values, and functions. Key reasons for these changes include Westernization, globalization, and urbanization, which influence everything from family life and values to art, music, and the adoption of modern luxuries in both cities and villages.

Exam Tip: When explaining social change, define it first, then list the main contributing factors. Provide examples to illustrate how these factors cause changes in various aspects of society, like lifestyle or technology.

Question 2. Why it is necessary to have general knowledge about the laws?
Answer: It is important for common people to have general knowledge about the laws for the following reasons:
1. It will stop them from committing crimes and facing punishment for offenses. (Not knowing the law is not an excuse for breaking it.)
2. They will become aware of abusive practices and seek assistance to prevent their exploitation.
3. They will be able to enjoy the rights granted to them by the constitution.
4. They will become aware of the legal protection offered to them.
5. Their loyalty towards society, state, and nation will grow.
6. They will be able to carry out their basic duties and help society.
7. People can live with dignity when they understand the laws.
In simple words: Knowing the law is important because it prevents people from committing crimes, helps them avoid exploitation, allows them to use their constitutional rights, and fosters respect for society and the nation. It also helps citizens fulfill their duties and live with self-respect.

Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of legal knowledge, focus on both preventive (avoiding crime, exploitation) and empowering aspects (claiming rights, fulfilling duties). Use clear, numbered points for better comprehension.

Question 3. Explain "Child development is a pre-condition for economic development”.
Answer: Child development and child welfare are essential for social progress because:
1. The growth of any nation relies on the overall development of its children.
2. When children are protected, cared for, and educated, they will become good citizens and help with the well-being of the family, the progress of society, and the growth of the nation.
3. Children are the nation's asset. Their upbringing and development require proper attention from the family and society for the nation's future.
In simple words: Child development is vital for a country's economic progress because well-cared-for and educated children grow into good citizens who contribute to family, society, and national growth. Children are a national asset, and their proper upbringing is crucial for the future.

Exam Tip: When asked to explain a statement, first rephrase the statement in your own words. Then, provide 2-3 strong, clear points that elaborate on and justify the statement, showing cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 4. Write about the government efforts to curb corruption.
Answer: The government has made several efforts to control corruption:
1. The Central Anti-Corruption Bureau was formed in 1964. It conducts investigations against government officials found guilty of corruption. It has offices in all major cities, with its Gujarat office in Shahibaug, Ahmedabad.
2. The Anti-Corruption Act was passed by the Union Parliament in 1988, aiming to provide open public life and prevent government officials from misusing power. It made it mandatory for politicians (Ministers) and high officials to declare their assets, made concealment a punishable offense, and allowed the government to confiscate these assets.
3. The Right to Information Act had the goal of bringing openness to government operations by giving people the right to demand information.
4. The Black Money Act, 2005, considered corruption a criminal offense.
5. The Central Vigilance Commission and Gujarat Vigilance Commission conduct departmental inquiries into corruption charges and misuse of power by government officials.
6. Other legal provisions include:
• Foreign Exchange Management Act
• Money Laundering Act
• Section 132 Customs Act, and
• Appointment of Lok Pal and Lokayukta.
In simple words: The government has taken steps to fight corruption, including establishing the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau in 1964 and enacting the Anti-Corruption Act in 1988. They also passed the Right to Information Act for transparency, the Black Money Act, and set up Vigilance Commissions. Other laws like the Foreign Exchange Management Act and the appointment of Lok Pal and Lokayukta also help.

Exam Tip: When listing government efforts, organize them chronologically or by type of initiative (e.g., acts, institutions). Mention specific years or names of acts where possible to demonstrate thorough knowledge.

Question 5. Describe the objectives of the Food Safety Bill.
Answer: The Union Parliament enacted the National Food Security Act in 2013 to provide the right to Food Security to its citizens. Food Security means that “every person gets nutritious food for remaining active and living a healthy life.”
The goals of the National Food Security Act are as follows:
1. To meet the food requirements of the growing population by making sure of adequate quality and quantity of food and supplying it at a reduced rate.
2. To reduce malnutrition by inspiring an increase in the production of nutritious food.
3. To offer food security to the Antyodaya and BPL families.
4. To offer nutritious food to pregnant and lactating women.
5. To make the Public Distribution System (PDS) efficient, clear, and straightforward.
In simple words: The Food Safety Bill (National Food Security Act, 2013) aims to give everyone the right to nutritious food for a healthy life. Its key goals are to meet the food needs of the growing population at affordable rates, reduce malnutrition by encouraging nutritious food production, provide food security to poor families, and offer nutritious food to pregnant and lactating women.

Exam Tip: For questions about the objectives of a bill, define the core concept first. Then, list the specific goals clearly and concisely, focusing on the main beneficiaries and desired outcomes.

II. Answer the Following Questions Briefly.

Question 1. Why is child labour very much in demand?
Answer: Child labor is in high demand for the following reasons:
1. Child labor is much cheaper compared to adult labor. Employers can extract more work while paying child laborers less wages.
2. Child labor is unorganized and cannot protest against abuse.
3. Child labor is easily available due to poverty.
4. Illiterate and poor parents in rural areas send their children to work to help with family needs.
In simple words: Child labor is sought after because children are cheaper to hire than adults, employers can get more work for less pay, and child laborers are unorganized, making them less likely to protest exploitation. Additionally, poverty and illiterate parents in rural areas make children readily available for work.

Exam Tip: When explaining demand for child labor, focus on economic factors (cost, exploitation) and social factors (poverty, parental illiteracy). Use clear, numbered points to present your reasons.

Question 2. Mention the Fundamental Rights of the citizens.
Answer: The Constitution of India has granted the following Fundamental Rights to its citizens:
1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right Against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.
The Right to Property, a fundamental right earlier, was removed by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1978. It is now only a civil right since 1978.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution provides citizens with six Fundamental Rights: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right Against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Right to Property was removed as a fundamental right in 1978.

Exam Tip: When listing fundamental rights, it's important to name all of them accurately. Mentioning any significant changes, like the removal of the Right to Property, adds depth to your answer.

Question 3. Describe the various forms of child labour.
Answer: Despite legal regulations, children are employed in dangerous settings such as manufacturing firecracker kilns.
They are employed in factories and at building sites. They work in shops, hotels, dhabas (roadside eateries), and tea-stalls. They are also employed in the agricultural sector, animal husbandry, and fishery, and to pick up plastic and debris, pull carts, and work in garages. They are employed as domestic helpers and in the distribution of newspapers, etc.
In simple words: Child labor happens in many forms, even with laws against it. Children work in dangerous places like firecracker factories, construction sites, and garages. They are also found in shops, hotels, farms, and as domestic helpers, often pulling carts or distributing newspapers.

Exam Tip: When describing various forms of child labor, provide specific examples of hazardous environments and common occupations. This helps illustrate the breadth of the problem and shows your understanding.

Question 4. Give reason for price rise.
Answer: Corruption generates black money, which increases the purchasing power of corrupt people. They spend excessively on luxury items, thereby increasing the money supply. Corrupt individuals lend their funds to traders who create artificial scarcity of essential goods. These corrupt individuals engage in speculative trading activities. All these actions create an imbalance between demand and supply in the market and contribute to price increases.
In simple words: Price rises occur because corruption creates black money, increasing spending on luxuries and boosting the money supply. Corrupt people also fund traders who create artificial shortages and engage in speculative trading, leading to an imbalance between demand and supply, which pushes prices up.

Exam Tip: When explaining economic phenomena like price rise, connect the causes (corruption, black money, speculative trading) to their effects (increased demand, artificial scarcity, supply-demand imbalance). Use clear cause-and-effect language.

Question 5. Mention the important Provision of 'Maa Annapurna Yojana'.
Answer: The National Food Security Act is implemented in Gujarat under the name 'Maa Annapurna Yojana'. The main provisions of 'Maa Annapurna Yojana' are as follows:
1. To supply food grains to needy middle-class families in urban and rural areas at a subsidized rate.
2. To provide 35 kg of foodgrains free to Antyodaya and BPL families.
3. Under the PDS, needy middle-class families will be supplied 5 kg of grains per person per month at the reduced rate of rice Rs. 3 per kg, wheat Rs. 2 per kg, and coarse grains Rs. 1 per kg. There are 3.62 crore beneficiaries of 'Maa Annapurna Yojana' in Gujarat.
In simple words: The 'Maa Annapurna Yojana' in Gujarat, based on the National Food Security Act, aims to give subsidized foodgrains to needy middle-class families. It also provides 35 kg of free foodgrains to Antyodaya and BPL families, with specific low prices for rice, wheat, and coarse grains per person each month.

Exam Tip: When asked about a specific scheme, always mention its full name, the implementing body (if applicable), and list its key provisions, including specific numbers or rates if relevant.

IV. Choose the Correct Answer and Write It:

Question 1. Which is the main factor responsible for social change in India?
(a) Conservative traditions
(b) Public opinion
(c) Westernization
(d) Literacy
Answer: (c) Westernization
In simple words: Westernization, which means adopting Western ideas and culture, is a key driver of social change in India.

Exam Tip: For MCQs about social factors, consider broad societal influences. Westernization often brings significant shifts in values, lifestyles, and institutions, making it a powerful agent of social change.

Question 2. Who declared manifesto of human rights?
(a) Great Britain
(b) United Nation
(d) World Bank
Answer: (b) United Nation
In simple words: The United Nations is the international organization that created and announced the manifesto, or declaration, of human rights.

Exam Tip: For questions about international declarations or charters, recall which global body is responsible for setting universal standards and principles, as this often points to the UN.

Question 3. When is 'World Elderly People Day celebrated?
(a) 8th March
(b) 1st October
(c) 1st April
(d) 15th June
Answer: (b) 1st October
In simple words: 'World Elderly People Day' is celebrated on the first day of October each year.

Exam Tip: For questions about specific dates, memorizing important international or national days and their associated causes can help you choose the correct option quickly.

Question 4. Which of the following informations may be refused to the given?
(a) Election Commission
(b) Government Schemes
(c) Judgment
(d) Matter related to sovereignty
Answer: (d) Matter related to sovereignty
In simple words: Information concerning a nation's sovereignty, which is its power to govern itself without external control, can be legally withheld.

Exam Tip: The Right to Information (RTI) Act has exemptions. Information that could jeopardize national security, sovereignty, or public order is typically excluded from disclosure. Knowing these exceptions is key.

Question 5. Which things are forbidden in the law related to free education?
(a) Admission without birth certificate
(b) Facility of special training
(c) Admission without entrance test
(d) Capitation fee at time of admission
Answer: (d) Capitation fee at time of admission
In simple words: The law on free education forbids schools from asking for a 'capitation fee,' which is an extra payment for admission, beyond the regular fees.

Exam Tip: Understanding the provisions of the Right to Education (RTE) Act is crucial. Remember that any form of extra charge for admission (like a capitation fee) is strictly prohibited to ensure free and compulsory education.

Question 6. Which new aspects have been implemented to strengthen public distribution system?
(a) Barcoded Ration Card
(b) ATM Card
(c) Bio-metric Identity
Answer: (c) Bio-metric Identity
In simple words: Using biometric identity, like fingerprints or iris scans, is a new feature added to make the public distribution system stronger and more secure.

Exam Tip: For questions about modernizing government systems, focus on technological advancements that aim to increase efficiency, reduce fraud, and ensure rightful beneficiaries receive services, such as biometric identification.

Gujarat Board Class 10 Social Science Social Change Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. How many Fundamental Rights are given by the Indian Constitution?
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) Five
(d) Six
Answer: (d) Six
In simple words: The Indian Constitution grants six main Fundamental Rights to its citizens.

Exam Tip: Remember the exact number of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. This is a basic factual question often tested.

Question 2. Which type of harassment is considered to be child abuse?
(a) Physical
(b) Mental
(c) Sexual
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Child abuse includes any form of harm to a child, whether it is physical, mental, or sexual.

Exam Tip: When defining child abuse, understand that it encompasses a wide range of harm, not just physical. Mental and sexual harassment are also critical forms of abuse.

Question 3. Which of the following reasons is not for having great demand of child labour?
(a) The number of child laborers is less so they are not easily available
(b) Child laborers do not oppose their employers
(c) Child labour is the cheapest factor for production
(d) In hard and hazardous conditions work could be taken from them by paying less wages.
Answer: (a) The number of child laborers is less so they are not easily available
In simple words: Child labor is in high demand because it's cheap and children often don't resist exploitation, not because there are fewer child laborers making them hard to find.

Exam Tip: For "not" questions, carefully evaluate each option. Identify the one statement that contradicts the common reasons or facts associated with the topic, in this case, the actual factors contributing to child labor demand.

Question 4. Make the following pairs and select the correct option.
(a) (1 – d), (2 – c), (3 – b), (4 – a)
(b) (1 – c), (2 – d), (3 – b), (4 – a)
(c) (1 – b), (2 – a), (3 – d), (4 – c)
(d) (1 – c), (2-6), (3 – a), (4 – d)
Answer: (a) (1 – d), (2 – c), (3 – b), (4 – a)
In simple words: This option correctly matches each item from the first list to its corresponding item in the second list.

Exam Tip: For matching questions, it's often helpful to find one or two definite matches first, which can then help eliminate incorrect options and quickly lead to the correct overall pairing.

Question 5. Which year has been declared as “International Elderly Year” by UN?
(a) 1990
(b) 1995
(c) 1999
(d) 2000
Answer: (c) 1999
In simple words: The United Nations officially named the year 1999 as the 'International Elderly Year'.

Exam Tip: Factual questions about specific years or events require precise recall. Try to associate key dates with the significant declarations or policies made by international bodies like the UN.

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which charter has been declared by UN?
Answer: Human Rights Charter.
In simple words: The United Nations established the Human Rights Charter.

Exam Tip: Always remember the full and correct name of important international documents like "Human Rights Charter" or "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" when answering factual questions.

Question 2. Which state has the maximum number of elderly people?
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh.
In simple words: Arunachal Pradesh is the state with the highest population of older people.

Exam Tip: For questions asking for specific data points like which state has the most of something, direct recall of the fact is necessary. These questions test your knowledge of statistics or geographical facts.

Question 3. By which name 1st October is known?
Answer: 1st October is known as 'World Elderly People Day'.
In simple words: The first day of October is celebrated as 'World Elderly People Day'.

Exam Tip: Connect specific dates with their associated observances. Remembering that October 1st is dedicated to elderly people helps link various facts related to senior welfare.

Question 4. What is the full form of RTF?
Answer: The full form of RTF is Right to Information.
In simple words: RTF stands for Right to Information.

Exam Tip: For acronyms, always provide the complete, accurate expansion. This shows a clear understanding of the term.

Question 5. Which scheme has been implemented by the Gujarat Government under food security?
Answer: The scheme implemented by the Gujarat Government under food security is 'Maa Annapurna Yojana'.
In simple words: The Gujarat Government has launched the 'Maa Annapurna Yojana' to ensure food security for its citizens.

Exam Tip: When asked about specific government schemes, provide the exact name of the scheme. Knowledge of state-specific initiatives is often tested in regional exams.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. It is important to make people aware about basic laws and rights. Give reasons.
Answer: Due to factors such as low literacy rates, lack of awareness, and limited understanding, many people in our country do not possess information about daily laws. Since people do not understand the law, they often break it, and ignorance of the law is not a valid excuse in court. Therefore, it is important to inform people about basic laws and rights. Moreover, people who understand basic rights and laws can help maintain a fair society, a peaceful environment, and ensure everyone is treated equally and with respect.
In simple words: It's important to educate people about basic laws and rights because many lack this knowledge, leading them to break laws unknowingly, and ignorance is no defense in court. Such awareness also helps foster a fair and peaceful society where everyone is treated equally.

Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of something, provide multiple reasons, focusing on both individual benefits (avoiding penalties, exercising rights) and societal benefits (justice, equality, peace).

Question 2. Right to constitutional remedies is the soul of Constitution. Give reason.
Answer: The Right to Constitutional Remedies is not just a special fundamental right but also a unique feature of the Constitution. This right allows a citizen to approach the court if they are deprived of any of their Fundamental Rights. The court ensures complete protection for citizens by listening to their complaints and taking proper action. Since a citizen can fight for any right they are denied through the Right to Constitutional Remedies, this right is known as the 'Soul of the Constitution'.
In simple words: The Right to Constitutional Remedies is called the 'Soul of the Constitution' because it lets citizens go to court if their Fundamental Rights are violated. This ensures that the courts protect citizens' rights by hearing complaints and acting appropriately, making all other rights enforceable.

Exam Tip: When explaining why a particular right is significant (like being the "soul" of the Constitution), emphasize its enabling function—how it ensures the effectiveness and enforceability of all other rights.

Question 3. Children should be protected from exploitation. Give reason.
Answer: Children are highly sensitive. Any type of abuse, whether physical or mental, can harm their lives for a very long time. We frequently see reports in newspapers, TV, and other mass media about children becoming victims of exploitation by their relatives, close friends, neighbors, acquaintances, or even parents. It has been documented in several cases that children who undergo such abuse are never able to overcome the shame and fear, ultimately leading to them ending their lives. Every child has the right to a healthy life free of fear and exploitation. However, due to their young age, they may be exploited and deprived of these rights and a good life. Therefore, citizens should help children save them from exploitation.
In simple words: Children are very vulnerable, and any form of physical or mental exploitation can cause lasting harm. Many children are abused by relatives or others, leading to lasting shame, fear, and even suicide. Since children cannot always protect themselves, citizens must help save them from exploitation to ensure they can live healthy, fear-free lives.

Exam Tip: When discussing child protection, highlight the vulnerability of children and the long-term impact of exploitation. Emphasize both the moral imperative and the societal responsibility to safeguard their rights and well-being.

Question 4. State the important reasons for child labour.
Answer: The situation for working children in the nation is very poor. This difficult situation comes from weak governance and laws not being properly put into practice. This is a primary cause why individuals take part in child labor. Major reasons for children entering child labor include poverty, parents lacking education, large families, family needs, adult unemployment within the family, and the wish to raise family income. Sometimes, children are sent to larger cities for employment, or they are abducted and become victims of child trafficking. Lack of food and housing forces such children into child labor. Occasionally, children who have left their homes and found refuge with relatives or friends are compelled into labor as payment for their stay.
In simple words: Child labor happens because of poverty, uneducated parents, big families, and adults not having jobs, leading children to work to help their families. Some children are also forced into labor due to hunger, lack of shelter, or being kidnapped.

Exam Tip: When discussing child labor, ensure you cover both economic and social factors contributing to its existence and exploitation.

Question 5. State the efforts made by the government to abolish child labour.
Answer: To end child labor, the government has included several rules in the Constitution. These provisions state: 1. No child under 14 years old shall be employed in any factory, occupation, or job. If someone violates this rule, legal action can be taken against the employer.
In simple words: The government has made laws to stop child labor, including banning employment of children under 14 and allowing legal action against employers who break this rule.

Exam Tip: Focus on specific constitutional provisions and laws implemented by the government when answering questions about efforts to abolish child labor.

Question 6. What is corruption? Explain.
Answer: As per the World Bank, “Corruption means the misuse of a public role for personal gain." From this statement, we understand that corruption occurs when people abuse their position and influence. In corrupt acts, individuals dishonestly convince others to act in their favor using money or other gifts. This behavior of influencing for personal advantage through offerings is known as bribery. Bribery and corruption come in various forms. These can include giving and receiving cash, presents, expensive jewelry or items, offering trips abroad, showing favoritism, affecting decisions, and supporting relatives and friends. In India, corruption is widespread across most public and some private areas. Both the person giving and the person taking a bribe are involved in corruption, and both should face consequences.
In simple words: Corruption is when someone in a powerful position uses their job for personal gain, often by taking or giving bribes, gifts, or favors. This happens a lot in India, affecting both government and private sectors, and both parties involved should be held responsible.

Exam Tip: Begin with a clear definition of corruption, then elaborate on its various forms and common examples to provide a comprehensive explanation.

Question 7. State the effects of corruption on the economy and the society.
Answer: Corruption lessens the moral standards and the rules and laws intended for society. The issue of black money starts in the economy. Black money greatly obstructs the nation's growth. Honest individuals' confidence in state laws, legal procedures, government, and administrative systems diminishes. These individuals then feel upset and let down. Unfairness and differences in earnings arise, leading to class conflict. This leads to human rights violations. Because of corruption, ethical values and national identity are endangered. The country's economic structure becomes fragile.
In simple words: Corruption harms society by lowering moral values, causing illegal money to grow, and slowing down national development. It makes honest people lose faith in the system, leading to feelings of frustration, unfairness, and class struggle, which also weakens the country's economy.

Exam Tip: Organize your answer into distinct points for economic and social effects, using strong vocabulary to describe the negative impacts of corruption.

Question 8. Corruption is the evil of many economic and social problems. Give reason.
Answer: Corruption happens when individuals abuse their position and authority. In corrupt acts, people dishonestly convince others to act in their favor using money or other gifts. The problem of illegal money starts in the economy. Illegal money is a significant obstacle to the country's progress. Corruption lowers the moral standards and the rules and regulations intended for society. The faith of honest individuals in state laws, legal procedures, government, and administrative systems declines. Because corruption is harming India's economy, reducing public morale, and damaging its national and global standing, it is rightly stated that corruption causes many economic and social difficulties.
In simple words: Corruption leads to illegal money, hinders development, and reduces trust in government, which hurts the economy. Socially, it damages moral values and national reputation, causing many societal problems.

Exam Tip: Connect the definition of corruption to its wider implications, emphasizing how it creates and exacerbates a range of societal and economic issues.

Question 9. RTI is the biggest right given to people to pull the thread of corruption. Give reason.
Answer: Under the RTI, any citizen can contact a senior official of a department and ask questions to get accurate details about their pending tasks, the execution of plans, or the progress of public-focused initiatives. Because of concerns about RTI, government operations have become more clear and effective. According to RTI, all information should be accessible and revealed to everyone. Therefore, officials are wary of engaging in corruption. Furthermore, if a citizen suspects any work being done by the government, they can get printed copies of the relevant documents. All these rights granted to citizens by RTI compel the government to stay vigilant, truthful, effective, and transparent. Thus, it is rightly stated that RTI is the most powerful right given to people to combat corruption. To support this goal, the government offers amenities such as: 1. Suitable school buildings and classrooms, along with providing funds to schools. 2. Laboratories and electrical supply. 3. Clean drinking water and providing mid-day meals. 4. Ensuring the quality and qualifications of teachers, and creating and keeping a standard format for hiring, etc.
In simple words: RTI lets citizens ask government officials for information on their work, which makes government operations more transparent and efficient, as officials fear being caught in corruption. This right helps people to fight corruption by holding the government accountable.

Exam Tip: Highlight how RTI fosters transparency and accountability, empowering citizens to access information and curb corruption effectively.

Question 1. What is social change? Explain. Also give a few examples of social changes taking place in Indian Society.
Answer: Social change is defined as the transformation that happens over time in a society's social structure. It can involve shifts in social groups, community behavior, or interpersonal connections. Because of these elements, India has seen considerable societal changes in social ties, family structures, culture, people's way of life, literature, art, music, and dance, among other areas. Social change in India has also resulted from the influence of Westernization, globalization, and urban growth. Examples of these societal shifts in India include: People now prefer nuclear families over extended families. Untouchability has been removed through legal actions. Inter-caste marriages are becoming more common. The desire for a male child has decreased, and child labor is falling. With new technology, physical goods, luxury items, modern tools, and different forms of entertainment have now reached even rural areas. Changes have also happened in the design, materials used, and construction methods for homes. All these developments have bettered people's living conditions, ways of thinking, and overall lives. We can clearly observe the influence of Western culture on Indian lifestyles today.
In simple words: Social change is how society's structure, behavior, and relationships transform over time. In India, this includes shifts from joint to nuclear families, the end of untouchability, more inter-caste marriages, less preference for male children, and the impact of technology and Western culture on daily life.

Exam Tip: Define social change clearly and then provide a diverse set of examples from Indian society to illustrate its various manifestations across different aspects of life.

Question 2. Discuss the present situation of elderly and helpless people in India.
Answer: In many families, when people grow old, their children and the public often view them as a burden. Consequently, they neglect them, fail to provide proper care, and sometimes even place them in old age homes. These elderly individuals become vulnerable. It is our duty to care for such people, guarantee their safety, and ensure they do not experience hardship. Currently, a person's life expectancy has grown by 4.3 years, thanks to better health services, advanced medical equipment, and prompt treatment. The average life expectancy in India was around 63.5 years between 2001 and 2015. In India, there was an increase of about 2.75 crore elderly people in the decade from 2001-2011. Estimates show that in 2011, there were 5.11 crore elderly males and 5.28 crore elderly females in India. Arunachal Pradesh holds the highest count of elderly individuals in the country.
In simple words: Many older people in India face neglect and are seen as a burden by their families, sometimes ending up in old age homes. Despite increased life expectancy due to better healthcare, the growing number of elderly individuals highlights the need for better care and security for this vulnerable group.

Exam Tip: When discussing the elderly, include statistics or trends like increased life expectancy and population numbers to support your points on their current situation.

Question 3. State the steps taken by India for providing security and safely to elderly and helpless people.
Answer: Measures implemented for the safety and protection of older adults include: In 1999, the government created the "National Policy for Senior Citizens." Following this policy, older people receive pensions. Through various programs, senior citizens are given higher interest rates on their deposits in post offices or banks. They also receive 30% to 50% discounts or concessions on bus, train, and plane tickets. The State Government has established 'Old Age Homes' with all necessary amenities in every district. These homes also manage several gardens created for them in cities. The government passed a law in 2007 related to parent and senior citizen care and welfare to safeguard them from domestic abuse, exploitation, or mistreatment. This law includes rules to penalize children who mistreat their elderly parents. The obligation to care for older people falls on their family and relatives. Older people have the right to receive support from their children. Thus, the Central Government has launched a program to recognize senior citizens for their contributions to the country and community.
In simple words: India has implemented several steps for elderly safety, including the "National Policy for Senior Citizens" which provides pensions, higher interest rates on savings, and travel concessions. State governments have also opened 'Old Age Homes' and passed laws like the 2007 Parental Care and Welfare Act to protect them from abuse, even penalizing children who mistreat their parents.

Exam Tip: Detail specific government initiatives, policies, and laws, along with practical benefits like pensions and concessions, to show a comprehensive understanding of the protective measures for the elderly.

Question 4. What is RTI? Explain.
Answer: On June 15, 2005, the Central Government of India passed an entitlement known as the "Right to Information (RTI) Act." This Act applies to all Indian states except Jammu and Kashmir. It also does not cover the nation's secret services, organizations dealing with security and safety, bodies promoting unity and integrity, or foreign embassies. The Gujarat government implemented its 'Gujarat Right to Information Act, 2005' rules on October 5, 2005, based on the legislative regulations created under RTI. The core purpose of RTI legislation is to achieve open, straightforward, and fast administrative processes, and to encourage public participation. Through RTI, any citizen can approach higher officials in a department and ask questions to get accurate details about their pending tasks, the execution of plans, or the progress of public-focused work. For the first time in India, the government has launched a helpline to resolve inquiries, offering specific information or guidance on using the Right to Information Act. This number is 9924085000. You can reach this number every day during working hours, except public holidays. Moreover, the 'Civil Rights' Letter sets a deadline for finding solutions in the relevant offices. Under this right, applicants can check the progress of their applications. This Act marks a significant move to eliminate corruption.
In simple words: RTI, or the Right to Information Act (2005), lets citizens access government information to promote transparency and accountability, helping to curb corruption. It allows people to inquire about pending work, schemes, or public-oriented tasks, with officials fearing scrutiny.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the full form, enactment date, and primary objective of RTI. Mention its scope and impact on government transparency and accountability.

Question 5. Why was RTE 2009 formed? Which facilities does the government raise for the school under RTE?
Answer: The 'Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act,' also known as the 'Right to Education (RTE) Act,' was passed by the Parliament of India in 2009. As per the 86th Amendment to the Indian Constitution, basic education has been made free and mandatory for all children between 6 and 14 years old. This represents an important stride towards nurturing children to become future citizens of India. With the goal of ensuring children's physical, mental, and overall growth, essential learning opportunities have been created. Not only is education offered free, but the government has also set particular standards to be followed when delivering this free education. These standards were established to provide suitable learning environments and to maintain the physical and mental well-being of students. With this aim, the government provides facilities like: 1. Proper school building and classrooms and giving grants to the schools. 2. Laboratory and electricity. 3. Clean drinking water providing midday meal. 4. Maintaining the quality and qualification of teachers and developing and maintaining standard format for recruitment, etc.
In simple words: The RTE Act of 2009 was created to provide free and compulsory primary education to children aged 6-14, ensuring their overall development. The government supports this with proper school buildings, grants, labs, electricity, clean drinking water, midday meals, and qualified teachers.

Exam Tip: Explain the core purpose of the RTE Act and list the key facilities provided by the government to support its implementation in schools.

Question 6. Highlight the provisions made under RTE Act, 2009.
Answer: The provisions established under the RTE Act of 2009 include: (1) According to the RTE Act, every child aged 6 to 14 years should gain admission to a school near their home. Children without birth certificates as age proof cannot be denied entry. (2) If a child is older than 14 but has not finished primary education, they should still receive free schooling. (3) At the time of admission, a child's age should be 6 years, and if a birth certificate is unavailable, hospital records or an age-related affidavit from parents should be accepted as proof of age. (4) All students must be given admission without any discrimination. (5) No fees, including capitation fees, admission fees, or deposits, can be collected. (6) During admission, neither children nor parents should be interviewed. Furthermore, no tests should be conducted for the parents when admitting their child. Admission should not be based on parents' income, educational qualifications, or abilities. (7) To ensure children aged 3 to 5 also receive education, a groundbreaking step has been taken for the first time by introducing nursery schooling under the law. As a result, rules have been created to provide special training for pre-school teachers, and to design their courses, curriculum, and assessment. These provisions also extend to children from weaker sections and backward classes (SCs and STs). (8) If students from these castes and tribes are keen on studying and their families are in the BPL category, they should be admitted to government-recognized private primary schools. As per the directive, 25% of first-grade students must come from these societal sections. (9) School teachers are not permitted to give private tuition. (10) All unqualified teachers in the school must acquire the necessary academic qualifications within five years. (11) Any child who has not finished primary education cannot be removed from school until they are transferred. (12) In private primary schools, the government pays the fees for children belonging to SC and ST communities, under specific conditions. (13) To ensure these provisions are followed, a planned management, tribunal, or state council has been established. The Director of the School may face penalties, or the school's recognition may be revoked if the Act's provisions are not met.
In simple words: The RTE Act 2009 guarantees free admission for children aged 6-14 near their homes, regardless of birth certificate availability. It prohibits discrimination, fees, and interviews during admission. It also provides for nursery schooling, special training for teachers, and reserves 25% of seats for weaker sections in private schools, while banning private tuition for school teachers.

Exam Tip: List the provisions of the RTE Act clearly and systematically, covering aspects like admission, fees, non-discrimination, special education, and teacher qualifications.

V. Fill in the blanks
Answer:1. Child labour is a global problem. 2. UN has announced year 1999 as the International Elderly Year. 3. It is a legal right of the child to get education so that he can develop his personality. 4. The Central Government implemented law regarding right to free and compulsory education for children in year 2009. 5. Food Security means every person gets nutritious food for remaining active and for healthy life and offood.
In simple words: Child labor is a worldwide issue. The UN designated 1999 as the International Year of Older Persons. Education is a child's legal right for personality development. India's free and compulsory education law for children was enacted in 2009. Food Security means everyone receives wholesome food to stay energetic and live a healthy life.

Exam Tip: For fill-in-the-blanks, focus on recalling key terms, dates, and concepts directly from the chapter content to ensure accuracy.