GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सुभाषितकुसुमानि

1. अधोलिखितेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः समुचितम् उत्तरं चिनुत
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:
1. सद्भिः लीलया प्रोक्तं कीदृशम्?
(क) अचलम्
(ख) चलम्
(ग) नधरम्
(घ) असत्यम्
Answer: (क) अचलम्
In simple words: What good people say playfully is unshakeable or firm.

Exam Tip: Understand the context of the question within the chapter to pick the most appropriate meaning of the Sanskrit term.

Question 2. महता यत्नेन खिला कुत्र आरोप्यते?
(क) भूयै
(ख) नदीतटे
(ग) शैले
(घ) ग्रहे
Answer: (ग) शैले
In simple words: Where is a large stone placed with great effort? The answer is on a mountain.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the meaning of 'कुत्र' (where) and 'आरोप्यते' (is placed) to find the correct location.

Question 3. अव्यवस्थितचित्तस्य प्रसादः कीदृशः?
(क) भयङ्करः
(ख) दयनीयः
(ग) अनुकरणीयः
(घ) तुष्टिकरः
Answer: (क) भयङ्करः
In simple words: What kind of favor can someone with an unstable mind give? It is dreadful.

Exam Tip: Remember that the actions or favors of a person with an unsettled mind are considered dangerous.

Question 4. पुरुषः केन परीक्ष्यते?
(क) शीलेन
(ख) धनेन
(ग) पदेन
(घ) कनकेन
Answer: (क) शीलेन
In simple words: How is a person evaluated or tested? They are tested by their conduct or character.

Exam Tip: Recognize that a person's character (शीलेन) is considered the true measure, not wealth or position.

Question 5. कर्णः भव।
(क) नयेषु
(ख) दानेषु
(ग) समरेषु
(घ) आपत्सु
Answer: (ख) दानेषु
In simple words: You should be like Karna in what quality? You should be like Karna in generosity.

Exam Tip: Recall the famous qualities of mythological figures mentioned in the text to match them correctly.

Question 6. विक्रान्तकार्येषु ...... भव।
(क) भीमः
(ख) भीष्मः
(ग) आञ्जनेयः
(घ) कृष्णः
Answer: (ग) आञ्जनेयः
In simple words: Who should you be like in brave deeds? You should be like Anjaneya (Hanuman) in brave actions.

Exam Tip: Connect the trait 'brave deeds' with the corresponding legendary hero, Anjaneya.

Question 7. कैः कार्यं न प्रारभ्यते?
(क) उत्तमजनैः
(ख) नीचैः
(ग) मध्यमैः
(घ) जनैः
Answer: (ख) नीचैः
In simple words: By whom are tasks not started? Tasks are not started by inferior people.

Exam Tip: This question tests knowledge about the classification of people based on their approach to work, focusing on those who do not even begin a task.

Question 8: के कार्य प्रारभ्य न परित्यजन्ति?
(क) मध्यमजनाः
(ख) नीचजनाः
(ग) सामान्यजनाः
(घ) उत्तमजनाः
Answer: (घ) उत्तमजनाः
In simple words: Who starts a task and does not give it up? Excellent people start a task and do not abandon it.

Exam Tip: Differentiate between different types of people and their work ethics as described in the chapter.

2. एकवाक्येन संस्कृतभाषायाम् उत्तरं लिखत
Answer in one Sanskrit sentence:

Question 1. कैः प्रोक्तं जले लिखितमक्षरं भवति?
Answer: असद्भिः प्रोक्त जले लिखितमक्षरं भवति।
In simple words: What is said by bad people is like words written on water.

Exam Tip: Focus on identifying who speaks words that are considered fleeting or unstable.

Question 2. शिला कथं शैले आरोप्यते?
Answer: शिला महता यत्नेन शैले आरोप्यते।
In simple words: How is a rock placed on a mountain? A rock is placed on a mountain with great effort.

Exam Tip: Note the key phrases 'महता यत्नेन' (with great effort) and 'शैले' (on a mountain) from the original verse.

Question 3. गुणेन कः परीक्ष्यते?
Answer: गुणेन पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते।
In simple words: Who is tested by virtue? A man is tested by his virtues.

Exam Tip: Understand that qualities or virtues are the true measure of a person.

Question 4. कार्य प्रारभ्य के परित्यजन्ति?
Answer: कार्य प्रारभ्य मध्यमजनाः परित्यजन्ति।
In simple words: Who abandons work after starting it? Ordinary people abandon work after beginning it.

Exam Tip: Remember the specific category of people (मध्यमजनाः) who start but then give up when faced with obstacles.

3. उदाहरणानुसारं शब्दरूपाणां परिचयं कारयत –
Write the form of words according to example

Exam Tip: When identifying word forms, carefully analyze the ending of the word to determine its 'अन्तः' (ending sound), 'लिङ्गम्' (gender), 'विभक्ति' (case), and 'वचनम्' (number).

4. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत
Answer the following questions in English:

Question 1. How is gold tested?
Answer: Gold is evaluated in four different ways. It is tested by rubbing it against a touchstone, and also by cutting, heating, and striking. These tests help to determine whether the metal is real, authentic gold or merely an imitation.
In simple words: Gold is checked in four steps: rubbing on a touchstone, cutting, heating, and hitting. These steps show if it's real or fake.

Exam Tip: Remember the four specific methods of testing gold mentioned in the verse: rubbing, cutting, heating, and striking, as these are the key points examiners look for.

Question 2. Who should be the ideals in keeping promises? Why?
Answer: According to the poet, Lord Rama should be our ideal when we face difficulties. He spent a very long time in the forest, experienced many troubles, yet he never gave up on fulfilling his pledges. Similarly, Bhishma should be our ideal. He promised that he would never marry in his lifetime, and he kept his word.
In simple words: Lord Rama is an example for keeping promises even in hard times, because he never broke his pledges during his long forest stay. Bhishma is another ideal for keeping his vow never to marry.

Exam Tip: Identify the specific individuals (Lord Rama, Bhishma) and their respective actions that exemplify promise-keeping as taught in the text.

Question 3. How is a man, not starting any activity, known as?
Answer: There are three kinds of men in the world: the best, the middle, and the lowest. According to the poet, a man who does not even start any activity, being afraid of facing potential difficulties, belongs to the lowest category.
In simple words: There are three types of people. A person who fears problems and does not even begin a task is called the lowest type.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the three classifications of men and specifically describe the characteristics of the 'lowest type' as mentioned in the poetic context.

5. आङ्ग्लभाषायाम् अनुवादं कृत्वा अर्थ विस्तरत
Translate into English and expand the meaning:

Question 1. यथा चतुर्भिः कनकं परीक्ष्यते, निघर्षणच्छेदनतापाडनैः। (तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते, श्रुतेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा।)
Answer:
Translation:
Just as gold is tested in four ways—rubbing, cutting, heating, and striking—a person is similarly tested in four ways: by education, character, virtues, and actions.
Expansion of meaning:
In the first line, the four ways gold is tested are given. Real, genuine gold shines brighter after going through these tests; fake gold does not. Similarly, a person is judged in society not by their appearance or clothes but by their knowledge, character, virtues, and work. Character and virtues are shown in one's words and behavior. From these ideas, we understand the importance of developing good qualities, a good character, knowledge, and doing good work to prove our worth.
Moral: We should try to develop good qualities.
In simple words: Gold is checked by rubbing, cutting, heating, and hitting. Likewise, people are checked by their knowledge, character, good traits, and what they do. This teaches us to build good character.

Exam Tip: For such questions, provide a clear, direct translation first. Then, for the expansion, elaborate on the analogy, explaining how the testing of gold relates to the evaluation of a human being in society.

Question 2. सेवितव्यो महावृक्षः फलच्छाया-समन्वितः। यदि दैवात्फलं नास्ति च्छाया केन निवार्यते।।
Answer:
Translation:
A large tree that has both fruit and shade should be sought out. Even if, by chance, there is no fruit, who can prevent one from enjoying its shade?
Expansion of meaning:
A large tree offers many things: fruit, shade, and the pleasant sound of rustling leaves. A great person is like a big tree. If you take cover under a big tree, you are sure to enjoy its cool shade, and if you are fortunate, you might even have a chance to eat its fruits. Similarly, when you are in the company of a great person, you are certain to benefit in some way or another.
Moral: Being in the company of great people is always beneficial.
In simple words: Always choose a big tree that gives fruit and shade. Even if it has no fruit, its shade is still useful. This means associating with great people is always good because you will get some benefit, even if not the main one.

Exam Tip: When explaining a verse, first translate it accurately, then expand on its deeper meaning by drawing a clear comparison (e.g., big tree = great person) and concluding with a moral lesson.

6. श्लोकपूर्ति कुरुत –
Complete the following verses:

Question 1. आपत्सु रामः .......... भवाञ्जनेयः।।
Answer: आपत्सु रामः समरेषु भीमः दानेषु कर्णश्च नयेषु कृष्णः। भीष्मः प्रतिज्ञापरिपालनेषु विक्रान्तकार्येषु भवाञ्जनेयः।।
In simple words: You should be like Rama in tough times, Bhima in battles, Karna in charity, Krishna in policies, Bhishma in keeping promises, and Anjaneya (Hanuman) in brave actions.

Exam Tip: Memorize the specific qualities associated with each mythological figure to accurately complete the verse, ensuring correct placement and form.

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit सुभाषितकुसुमानि Additional Important Questions and Answers

1. अधोलिखितानां पद्यांशनाम् आङ्ग्लभाषायाम् अनुवाद कुरुत –
Translate the following verses into English:

Question 1. सद्भिर्वस्तु लीलया प्रोक्तं शिलालिखितमक्षरम्।
Answer: As something said by good people (even) casually, it is like a letter inscribed on the rock.
In simple words: What good people say, even by chance, is as lasting as words carved into rock.

Exam Tip: Understand that the essence of this verse emphasizes the reliability and permanence of words spoken by good individuals.

Question 2. अव्यवस्थितचित्तस्य प्रसादोऽपि भयङ्करः।
Answer: Even a favor from one whose mind is deranged is terrible.
In simple words: Even a kind act from someone with an unstable mind can be frightening.

Exam Tip: Focus on the negative implication of receiving favor from an unsettled mind, highlighting the danger it presents.

Question 3. विक्रान्तकार्येषु आञ्जनेयः भव।
Answer: Be Hanuman in act of valor.
In simple words: Be brave and courageous like Hanuman in your actions.

Exam Tip: Clearly associate 'विक्रान्तकार्येषु' (in valiant deeds) with 'आञ्जनेयः' (Hanuman).

Question 4. प्रारभ्य विघ्नविहताः विरमन्ति मध्या।
Answer: The middle ones stop after starting when they are struck down by difficulties.
In simple words: People of average resolve quit a task once problems arise after they have started.

Exam Tip: Identify the specific group ('मध्याः' - middle ones) and their characteristic action (giving up when encountering obstacles).

Question 5. आरोप्यते शिला शैले यत्नेन महता यथा।
Answer: As a boulder is placed on the mountain with a mighty effort.
In simple words: A large stone is moved onto a mountain with great effort.

Exam Tip: Remember that the verse describes the significant effort needed to place a rock on a mountain, setting up an analogy for difficult tasks.

Question 6. यथा चतुर्भिः कनकं परीक्ष्यते।
Answer: As gold is tested in four ways.
In simple words: Gold is checked in four different ways to determine its purity.

Exam Tip: Recognize that this line introduces the concept of testing, specifically for gold, which then extends metaphorically to humans.

Question 7. असद्भिः शपथेनापि जले लिखितमक्षरम्।
Answer: Something said by wicked people even under oath is like a letter written on the surface of the water.
In simple words: Even if bad people swear an oath, their words are like writing on water, meaning they are not reliable.

Exam Tip: Understand the analogy that words spoken by dishonest people, even under a solemn vow, lack permanence and trustworthiness.

Question 8. प्रारभ्य उत्तमजना न परित्यजन्ति।
Answer: And the best person does not give up once having started.
In simple words: Excellent people, once they begin a task, do not abandon it.

Exam Tip: This verse highlights the perseverance of 'उत्तमजनाः' (best people) who commit to completing what they start, despite challenges.

2. आङ्ग्लभाषायाम् अनुवादं कृत्वा अर्थ विस्तरत् –
Translate into English and expand the meaning:

Question 1. सद्भिस्तु लीलया प्रोक्त शिलालिखितमक्षरम्। असद्भिः शपथेनापि जले लिखितमक्षरम्।।
Answer:
Translation:
As to something said by good people (even casually or in jest), it is like a letter inscribed on the rock. On the other hand, something said by wicked people even under oath (or after taking an oath) is like a letter written on the surface of water.
Explanation of meaning:
We say "He is a man of his word" about a good person. Being true to one's word is important. King Dasaratha adhered to his word even though he had to stake everything. A bad person will easily change their word or break a promise they made. A good person's word is like an inscription. A bad person's word is like writing on water.
In simple words: Good people's casual words are permanent like writing on a rock. But bad people's words, even under oath, are temporary like writing on water. This shows good people keep promises, and bad people easily break them.

Exam Tip: When expanding the meaning of a contrasting verse, clearly explain both parts of the comparison (good people vs. bad people) and provide a concise conclusion about trustworthiness.

3. सन्धिविच्छेद कुरुत
Dissolve the sandhis:

Question 1. 'सद्भिस्तु' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) सद्भि + तु
(ख) सद्भि + स्तु
(ग) सद्भिः + तु
(घ) सद्भि + तु
Answer: (ग) सद्भिः + तु
In simple words: The correct way to separate 'सद्भिस्तु' is 'सद्भिः' and 'तु'.

Exam Tip: Focus on the rules of Visarga Sandhi, where a Visarga (ः) changes to 'स्' or 'र्' before certain consonants, or remains unchanged, to correctly identify the original components.

Question 2. 'शपथेनापि' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः? .
(क) शपथे + नापि
(ख) शपथ + नापि
(ग) शपथे + अपि
(घ) शपथेन + अपि
Answer: (घ) शपथेन + अपि
In simple words: The correct breakdown of 'शपथेनापि' into its parts is 'शपथेन' and 'अपि'.

Exam Tip: Look for the change in the vowel sound (ना to न + अ) which indicates a Dīrgha Sandhi or a combination that creates a long vowel sound, guiding you to the correct individual words.

Question 3. 'नास्ति' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) ना + स्ति
(ख) न + अस्ति
(ग) न + स्ति
(घ) न + स्ति
Answer: (ख) न + अस्ति
In simple words: The correct separation for 'नास्ति' is 'न' and 'अस्ति'.

Exam Tip: This is an example of Dīrgha Sandhi, where 'अ' + 'अ' combines to form 'आ'. Identifying this rule helps in correctly dissolving the sandhi.

Question 4. 'क्षणेनाधः' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) क्षणे + नाधः
(ख) क्षणे + न + अधः
(ग) क्षणेन + आधः
(घ) क्षणेन + अधः
Answer: (घ) क्षणेन + अधः
In simple words: The correct way to separate 'क्षणेनाधः' is 'क्षणेन' and 'अधः'.

Exam Tip: Focus on how the final 'न' of 'क्षणेन' combines with 'अ' of 'अधः' to form 'ना', indicating a combination that needs to be reversed for dissolution.

4. सन्धि कुरुत
Make sandhis:

Question 1. 'तथा + आत्मा – एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) तथत्मा
(ख) तथात्मा
(ग) तथाआत्मा
(घ) तथातमा
Answer: (ख) तथात्मा
In simple words: When 'तथा' and 'आत्मा' are combined, the resulting word is 'तथात्मा'.

Exam Tip: Recognize this as Dīrgha Sandhi where two similar long vowels ('आ' from 'तथा' and 'आ' from 'आत्मा') combine to form a single long vowel ('आ').

Question 2. 'प्रसादः + अपि – एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) प्रसादोऽपि
(ख) प्रसादपि
(ग) प्रसादोपि
(घ) प्रसादेपि
Answer: (क) प्रसादोऽपि
In simple words: When 'प्रसादः' and 'अपि' are joined, the combined word becomes 'प्रसादोऽपि'.

Exam Tip: This involves Utta Sandhi, where the Visarga (ः) changes to 'ओ' and the following 'अ' is dropped, indicated by an avagraha (ऽ).

Question 3. 'कर्ण + य' – एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) कर्णीय
(ख) कर्णच
(ग) कर्णश्च
(घ) कर्णेच
Answer: (ग) कर्णश्च
In simple words: When 'कर्ण' and 'च' are combined, the resulting word is 'कर्णश्च'.

Exam Tip: This is a simple conjunction. When 'ण' is followed by 'च', 'ण' often becomes 'ण्' and 'च' can become 'छ' or remain 'च' depending on specific rules, here 'श्च' is formed.

Question 4. 'भव + आञ्जनेयः' – एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) भवञ्जनेयः
(ख) भवाञ्जनेयः
(ग) भवाञ्जनेयः
(घ) भवञ्जने
Answer: (ख) भवाञ्जनेयः
In simple words: When 'भव' and 'आञ्जनेयः' are joined, the combined word is 'भवाञ्जनेयः'.

Exam Tip: This is a Dīrgha Sandhi where 'अ' from 'भव' and 'आ' from 'आञ्जनेयः' combine to form 'आ'.

Question 5. 'पुनः + अपि' – एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) पुनअपि
(ख) पुनरपि
(ग) पुनापि
(घ) पुनरापि
Answer: (ख) पुनरपि
In simple words: When 'पुनः' and 'अपि' are combined, the resulting word is 'पुनरपि'.

Exam Tip: This is an example of Rutva Sandhi, where the Visarga (ः) changes to 'र्' before a soft consonant or a vowel.

Question 6. 'च + उत्तमजनाः' – एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) चात्तमजनाः
(ख) चत्तमजनाः
(ग) चौत्तमजनाः
(घ) चोत्तमजनाः
Answer: (घ) चोत्तमजनाः
In simple words: When 'च' and 'उत्तमजनाः' are joined, the combined word becomes 'चोत्तमजनाः'.

Exam Tip: This is a Guṇa Sandhi, where 'अ' + 'उ' combines to form 'ओ'.

सुभाषितकुसुमानि Introduction

Answer: Jesus said, "Man does not live by bread alone." He suggested that food, water, air, and similar things are vital for humans, just like for any living creature, but people also require more than just basic needs. Good thoughts are as necessary for human well-being as food. Subhashitas are good thoughts enhanced with the appeal of poetry. Because these thoughts are expressed or condensed in two or four lines of poetry, they can be easily remembered.
In the seven Subhashitas of this lesson, we find: (1) The importance of good people's speech, (2) The usefulness of trees, (3) The benefit of acquiring good qualities through effort, (4) The harm caused by associating with fickle-minded individuals, (5) The methods for testing a person, (6) The admirable virtues of great men, and (7) A description of the nature of courageous men.
In simple words: Jesus taught that humans need more than just physical needs. Good thoughts, like Subhashitas (poetic verses), are also essential. This lesson's seven Subhashitas cover topics like good speech, helpful trees, gaining good traits, dangers of unstable minds, how to test people, great men's virtues, and brave people's nature.

Exam Tip: When summarizing an introduction, identify the core concept (importance of good thoughts/Subhashitas) and list the main themes or topics covered in the subsequent lessons or verses.

सुभाषितकुसुमानि Summary Of The Chapter

Answer: What good people say casually is like a letter inscribed on a rock, meaning it is permanent. On the other hand, what bad people say, even under oath, is like a letter written on the surface of water, which disappears quickly. A tree offers shelter and also provides fruits, symbolizing good friendship. By having virtue, a person becomes strong, but without virtue, they are quickly diminished. If someone frequently changes moods, being displeased and pleased at every moment, that person can be dangerous for everyone.
It is also stated here that gold can be tested. In different situations, different methods should be employed. The chapter also describes three types of individuals found in the world.
In simple words: Good people's words are firm, like writing on rock. Bad people's words vanish like writing on water. Trees symbolize friendship by giving shelter and fruit. Virtue makes a person strong, but without it, they fall. Someone whose mood constantly changes can be dangerous. The chapter also covers how gold is tested and describes three types of people.

Exam Tip: For a chapter summary, aim to capture the main ideas from each key verse or section, focusing on the central message and any significant comparisons or classifications presented.

सुभाषितकुसुमानि Prose-Order, Translation And Glossary

Question 1. सद्भिस्तु लीलया प्रोक्तं शिलालिखितमक्षरम्। असद्धिः शपथेनापि जले लिखितमक्षरम्॥1
Answer:
Prose-order:
सद्भिः तु लीलया प्रोक्तम् शिलालिखितम् अक्षरम् (भवति)। असद्भिः शपथेन अपि (प्रोक्तम्) जले लिखितम् अक्षरम् (अस्ति)। (अनुष्टुभ्)
Translation:
As to something said by good people (even) casually, it is like a letter inscribed on the rock. On the other hand, something said by wicked people even under oath (or after taking oath) is like a letter written on the surface of the water.
Explanation:
Good people are true to their word; they mean what they say. So, they do not need to retract their statements or go back on them. Their words are permanent, like an inscription on a rock. Wicked people are prone to twisting or changing their own words to suit their convenience or selfish motives. Their words are like words written on water—temporary and momentary.
Glossary:
सान्दी - by good people, सत् – (Adjective ending in ) masculine instrumental plural; Subject of the past passive participle, प्रोक्तम् तु – as regards as to; this indeclinable has many meanings like but, and now. It is also used as an emphatic particle or a mere expletive, लिलिया – लीला (Feminine noun ending in आ) instrumental singular; casually lightly or playfully, प्रोक्तम् – said, spoken; प्र + क्षू (2U) or प्र + वच् (2P) past passive participle, कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त, neuter nominative, accusative singular, शिलालिखितम् – शिलायाम् लिखितम् – सप्तमी तत्पुरुष समास; – written or engraved on a rock; adjective of the neuter noun, अक्षरम् असद्भिः – न सन्तः असन्तः, तैः – नञ् तत्पुरुष समास; by wicked people, शपथेनोक्तम् – शपथेन + उक्तम् – said solemnly or by oath (शपथ)।
In simple words: Good people's casual words are lasting, like rock carvings. Bad people's words, even sworn, are fleeting, like writing on water. This highlights that good people are reliable, while bad people's words are unstable and change often.

Exam Tip: For verses that offer a contrast, clearly articulate the meaning of each contrasting part in your translation and explanation. In the glossary, make sure to break down complex words with their grammatical information and precise meanings.

अव्ययानां – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः

Question. अव्ययाः – वाक्य प्रयोगः
अपि – अहमपि कार्यं करोमि ।
तु – समयः तु शाश्वतः अस्ति।
Answer:
अपि (also/even) – अहमपि कार्यं करोमि। (I also do the work.)
तु (but/indeed) – समयः तु शाश्वतः अस्ति। (Time, however, is eternal.)
In simple words: 'अपि' means 'also,' as in "I also work." 'तु' means 'but' or 'indeed,' as in "Time is indeed eternal."

Exam Tip: When creating sentences for indeclinable words (avyaya), ensure the example sentence clearly demonstrates the word's meaning and appropriate usage in a simple, direct manner.

विशेषण विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेष्य – विशेषणम्

Question. विशेष्य – विशेषणम्
शिलालिखितम् – असरम्
लीलया – प्रोक्तम्
Answer:
शिलालिखितम् (inscribed on rock) – अक्षरम् (word)
लीलया (playfully) – प्रोक्तम् (spoken)
In simple words: 'अक्षरम्' (word) is described as 'शिलालिखितम्' (written on rock). 'प्रोक्तम्' (spoken) is described as being done 'लीलया' (playfully).

Exam Tip: To identify adjectives and nouns, look for words that describe or qualify another word. The word being described is the noun (विशेष्य), and the describing word is the adjective (विशेषणम्).

Question 2. सेवितव्यो महावृक्षः फलच्छाया-समन्वितः। यदि दैवात्फलं नास्तिच्छाया केन निवार्यते॥2॥
Answer:
Prose-order:
फलच्छाया-समन्वितः महावृक्षः सेवितव्यः यदि दैवात् फलम् न अस्ति छाया केन निवार्यते? (अनुष्टुभ्)
Translation:
A big tree having fruit and shade is worthy to be resorted to. Even if by chance there is no fruit, who can prevent (one from enjoying its) shade?
Explanation:
When someone takes shelter under a large tree, they are at least sure of being able to enjoy its cool shade. If it is the season for fruit, that would be an added benefit. It is good to cultivate friendship with great, successful people.
Glossary:
फलच्छाया – समन्वितः – फलम् च छाया च फलच्छाये – इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास, फलच्छायाभ्याम् समन्वितः – तृतीय तत्पुरुष समास, having fruits and shade; adjective or the noun महावृक्षः, महावृक्षः – महान वृक्षः or महान च असवृक्षः च – कर्मधारय समास, a big tree, सेवितव्यः – should be served, सेव् (1A) potential passive participle, कर्मणि विध्यर्थक कृदन्त, masculine nominative singular, नरेण महावृक्षः सेवितव्यः – passive voice; नरः महावृक्षः सेवेत – active voice, दैवात – by chance, hereby (our) bad luck, छाया – shade, के निवार्यते – by whom is (shade) prevented, by whom is it taken away, केन छाया निवार्यते – passive voice, के छायाम् निवारयति – active voice.
In simple words: A big tree with fruit and shade should be sought. If it has no fruit by chance, who can stop its shade? This means always seeking great people, whose presence gives comfort, and sometimes extra benefits too.

Exam Tip: For verses, ensure your translation is accurate and that the explanation clearly connects the literal meaning of the tree and its benefits to the metaphorical lesson about associating with great individuals. The glossary should comprehensively break down key terms.

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः

Question. अव्ययाः – वाक्य प्रयोगः
यदि – यदि त्वम् अकीयं करोषि, तव निन्दा भविष्यति।
न – सत्यं त्यजेत्।
Answer:
यदि (if) – यदि त्वम् अकीयं करोषि, तव निन्दा भविष्यति। (If you do a wrong deed, you will be criticized.)
न (not) – सत्यं त्यजेत्। (One should not abandon truth.)
In simple words: 'यदि' means 'if,' as in "If you do wrong, you'll be blamed." 'न' means 'not,' as in "Do not give up truth."

Exam Tip: When using indeclinables in sentences, ensure the example sentences are clear and accurately reflect the meaning and grammatical role of the avyaya.

विशेषण विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेष्य – विशेषणम्

Question. विशेष्य – विशेषणम्
वृक्षः – फलच्छाया
Answer:
वृक्षः (tree) – फलच्छाया-समन्वितः (associated with fruit and shade)
In simple words: The 'वृक्षः' (tree) is described by 'फलच्छाया-समन्वितः' (having fruit and shade).

Exam Tip: In adjective-noun identification, remember that the adjective (विशेषणम्) provides a quality or characteristic of the noun (विशेष्य).

Question 3. आरोप्यते शिला शैले यत्नेन महता यथा। निपात्यते क्षणेनाधः तथात्मा गुणदोषयोः॥३॥
Answer:
Prose-order:
यथा महता यत्नेन शिला शैले आरोप्यते क्षणेन अधः निपात्यते/तथा गुणदोषयोः आत्मा (उपरि आरोप्यते अधः निपात्यते च)।
Translation:
Just as a boulder is placed on the mountain with great effort (but) is pushed down in a moment. Likewise, in the case of (man's) soul (going up and down) due to virtue or vice.
Explanation:
Cultivating virtues and building good character requires considerable effort and a long time. The downfall, however, happens quickly and practically requires no effort. One should be cautious forever.
Glossary:
महता यत्नेन – with great effort, महत् – (adjective ending in ) masculine instrumental singular, शैले – पर्वते – on the mountain, आरोप्यते – in placed, is lifted up, आ + रुह (1P) casual passive present tense, प्रेरक कर्मणि लट् लकार, third person singular, क्षणेन – in a moment, अधः – down; this is an indeclinable, निपात्यते – pushed down, made to fall down; नि + पत् (1P) casual passive present tense, प्रेरक कर्मणि, लट् लकार – third person singular, तथा – similarly, गुणदोषयोः – गुणः च दोषः च तयोः – इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास, in case of virtues and defect/vices.
In simple words: Like a rock that takes great effort to place on a mountain but falls quickly, a person's soul goes up with good deeds and down with bad ones. Building good habits takes time and effort, but bad ones lead to a quick fall. Always be careful.

Exam Tip: When analyzing a verse about effort and consequences, ensure your explanation clearly links the physical analogy (rock on mountain) to the abstract concept (virtues/vices). Emphasize the disparity between the effort required to build and the ease of downfall.

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः

Question. अव्ययाः – वाक्य प्रयोगः
यथा – यथा उक्तं तथा कुरु ।
अधः – वृक्षस्य अधः बालकः सन्ति।
उपरि – वृक्षे उपरि वानरः अस्ति।
Answer:
यथा (as/like) – यथा उक्तं तथा कुरु। (Do as said.)
अधः (below/under) – वृक्षस्य अधः बालकः सन्ति। (Children are under the tree.)
उपरि (above/on) – वृक्षे उपरि वानरः अस्ति। (A monkey is on the tree.)
In simple words: 'यथा' means 'as,' as in "Do as told." 'अधः' means 'below,' as in "Children are under the tree." 'उपरि' means 'above,' as in "A monkey is on the tree."

Exam Tip: For spatial avyayas like 'अधः' and 'उपरि', ensure your example sentences correctly illustrate their meaning in relation to objects, showing precise location.

विशेषण विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेष्य – विशेषणम्

Question. विशेष्य – विशेषणम्
शिला – महता.
आत्मा – गुणदोषयोः
Answer:
शिला (rock/boulder) – महता (by great [effort])
आत्मा (soul) – गुणदोषयोः (due to virtues and vices)
In simple words: 'शिला' (rock) is related to 'महता' (great effort). 'आत्मा' (soul) is linked to 'गुणदोषयोः' (virtues and vices).

Exam Tip: When choosing a noun and its adjective, verify that the adjective genuinely describes or modifies the noun in the context of the verse, showing a clear connection.

Question 4. क्षणे रुष्टः क्षणे तुष्टः रुष्टः तुष्टः क्षणे क्षणे। अन्यवस्थितचित्तस्य प्रसादोऽपि भयङ्करः ॥4॥
Answer:
Prose-order:
क्षणे रुष्टः क्षणे तुष्टः, रुष्ट तुष्टः क्षणे क्षणे। अव्यवस्थितचित्तस्य प्रसादः अपि भयङ्करः (भवति)।
Translation:
Displeased in one moment, pleased in the next, angry and content alternately every moment. Even the favor of a person with an unsettled mind is terrible.
Glossary:
रुष्टः -angry, तुष्टः -pleased; रुष्टः and तुष्टः are past active participles of रुष् (4P) and तुष् (4P), अव्यवस्थितचित्तस्य न व्यवस्थितम् अव्यवस्थितम् – नञ् तत्पुरुष समास, अव्यवस्थितम् चित्तम् यस्य सः, तस्य – बहुव्रीहि समास – whose mind is deranged or whimsical, प्रसादः – favour pleasure, भयङ्करः – भयम करोति इति – उपपद तत्पुरुष समास – terrible causing fear.
In simple words: Someone who is angry one moment and happy the next, constantly changing their mood, has an unstable mind. Even a favor from such a person is frightening.

Exam Tip: For verses describing character, focus on highlighting the inconsistency of the person's mood and its consequence (their favor being terrible). The glossary should clearly define the emotional states and the nature of an unstable mind.

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः

Question. अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
अपि – अद्य अहमपि विद्यालयं गतिष्यामि।
Answer:
अपि (also/even) – अद्य अहमपि विद्यालयं गतिष्यामि। (Today, I also will go to school.)
In simple words: 'अपि' means 'also,' as in "Today, I will also go to school."

Exam Tip: Ensure the example sentence provides a simple and clear illustration of the indeclinable word's meaning in context.

विशेषण विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेष्य – विशेषणम्

Question. विशेष्य – विशेषणम्
चित्तस्य – अव्यवस्थितः
Answer:
चित्तस्य (of the mind) – अव्यवस्थितः (unsettled/unstable)
In simple words: 'चित्तस्य' (of the mind) is described by 'अव्यवस्थितः' (unstable).

Exam Tip: When identifying special adjectives and nouns, look for terms that specifically characterize or modify the noun, such as 'unsettled' describing 'mind'.

Question 5. तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते श्रुतेन शीलेन गुणने कर्मणा॥5॥
Answer: As gold is checked in four different ways, for example, by rubbing, cutting, heating, and also striking, a person is similarly tested in four ways: through their education, character, virtues, and hard work. All things that sparkle are not always gold, so tests are designed to find real, authentic gold from fake copies. In the same way, education, character, good qualities, and work are the four main tests that determine a person's value.
In simple words: Just like gold is checked in four ways (rubbing, cutting, heating, striking), a person is also checked in four ways: education, character, virtues, and work. These methods help determine a person's true worth.

Exam Tip: When analyzing verses, break down the text into its components for translation, and then elaborate on the underlying message or moral presented.

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः

अव्ययाः - वाक्य प्रयोगः
यथा - यथा अहं अकथयम् तथा कुरु।

Question 6. आपत्सु रामः समरेषु भीमः दानेषु कर्णश्च नयेषु कृष्णः। भीष्मः प्रतिज्ञापरिपालनेषु विक्रान्तकार्येषु भवाञ्जनेयः॥6॥ आञ्जनेयः भवः। (इन्द्रवज्रा)
Answer: You should be like Rama during difficult times, like Bhima in battles, like Karna in acts of giving, like Krishna in making good decisions, like Bhishma in keeping promises, and like Hanuman in brave actions. This verse teaches that a wise person should embody the best qualities of these great heroes in various situations. It offers a model for proper conduct by listing the famous virtues each character possesses.
In simple words: Be strong like Rama in trouble, brave like Bhima in fights, generous like Karna, wise like Krishna in plans, firm like Bhishma in promises, and courageous like Hanuman in big tasks. This verse tells us to copy the best qualities of these heroes.

Exam Tip: When verses feature multiple examples, ensure each example is clearly translated and its specific virtue identified within the explanation.

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः

अव्ययाः - वाक्य प्रयोगः
च - रामः श्यामः च विद्यालयं गच्छतः।

Question 7. प्रारम्भते न खलु विघ्नभयेन नीचैः प्रारभ्य विघ्नविहताः विरमन्ति मध्याः। विजैः पुनः पुनरपि प्रतिहन्यमानाः प्रारभ्य चोत्तमजना न परित्यजन्ति॥7॥
Answer: The lowest kind of people do not even begin a task because they fear obstacles. They choose to avoid work altogether rather than face challenges. Average people, however, start a task but stop when they face difficulties or problems. They might feel defeated after experiencing a setback and discontinue their efforts. But the best kind of people, even when repeatedly hit by many obstacles, once they begin a task, they never give it up. They show strong determination and resilience, seeing challenges as temporary hurdles rather than reasons to quit. This verse outlines three distinct approaches to work, highlighting the importance of perseverance.
In simple words: Lowly people don't start work because they are scared of problems. Middle-level people start but stop if problems appear. But the best people, even when troubles come again and again, never quit once they have started.

Exam Tip: For verses describing human nature or categories, clearly define each category with its characteristics, using examples if provided in the text.