GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 8 साक्षिभूतः मनुष्यः

अधोलिखितेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः समुचितम् उत्तरं चिनुत - Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:

Question 1. के स्वयं क्रियां कर्तुं समर्थाः न सन्ति?
(क) पशवः
(ख) मनुष्याः
(ग) प्रस्तराः
(घ) पक्षिणः
Answer: (ग) प्रस्तराः
In simple words: The question asks who is unable to perform actions on their own. The given answer option (ग) प्रस्तराः means stones, which are inanimate and cannot act by themselves.

Exam Tip: When answering questions in Sanskrit, always identify the core subject of the question and select the option that best fits the meaning.

Question 2. गवादयः पशवः कीदृशाः भवन्ति?
(क) अचेतनाः
(ख) सबुद्धयः
(ग) असमर्थाः
(घ) निर्बुद्धयः
Answer: (घ) निर्बुद्धयः
In simple words: The question asks what kind of animals, like cows, are. The answer (घ) निर्बुद्धयः means unintelligent or devoid of intellect.

Exam Tip: Understand the adjectives describing different beings in the context of the chapter to answer such questions accurately.

Question 3. दुर्घटनाग्रस्तः जनः कुत्र नेतव्यः?
(क) गृहम्
(ख) ओषधालयम्
(ग) कुत्रापि न
(घ) पुलिसस्थानकम्
Answer: (ख) ओषधालयम्
In simple words: This question asks where an accident victim should be taken. The correct option (ख) ओषधालयम् means to a hospital or dispensary.

Exam Tip: Remember the ethical actions described in the lesson for accident situations to correctly identify the place where victims should go.

Question 4. घटनाया उत्थितेन.......... भयमनुभवन्ति ।
(क) दुःखेन्
(ख) ध्वनेः
(ग) सुखेन
(घ) ध्वनिना
Answer: (ख) ध्वनेः
In simple words: The question fills in the blank about what causes fear from an incident. The right answer (ख) ध्वनेः means from the sound, indicating that animals are scared by the noise of an accident.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to prepositional phrases and ablative case endings in Sanskrit, as they often indicate the cause or source of an action.

Question 5. दुर्घटनायाः साक्षिभूतेन मनुष्येण सदैव किमर्थं प्रयत्नः करणीयः?
(क) बोधप्राप्तये
(ख) धनप्राप्तये
(ग) सुखप्राप्तये।
(घ) शान्तिप्रात्ये
Answer: (क) बोधप्राप्तये
In simple words: This question asks why a human witness to an accident should always strive. The answer (क) बोधप्राप्तये means for gaining knowledge or learning a lesson.

Exam Tip: Focus on the moral and educational aspects of the lesson when questions relate to the duties or aims of a human witness.

Question 6. कः परस्य दुःखेन दुःखितः भवितुमर्हति?
(क) पशुः
(ख) वृक्षः
(ग) मनुष्यः
(घ) प्रस्तरः
Answer: (ग) मनुष्यः
In simple words: The question asks who can feel sad due to another's sorrow. The answer (ग) मनुष्यः means a human being, highlighting their capacity for empathy.

Exam Tip: Remember the central theme of the chapter, which emphasizes the unique role of humans in showing empathy and performing duties.

Question 7. दुर्घटनायाः साभिभूतस्य मनुष्यस्य द्वितीयं कार्यं किम् अस्ति ?
(क) बोधप्राप्तिः
(ख) दुःखानुभूति
(ग) भयानुभूतिः
(घ) कर्तव्यस्य निवाहः
Answer: (घ) कर्तव्यस्य निवाहः
In simple words: This question asks what the second duty of a human witness to an accident is. The correct answer (घ) कर्तव्यस्य निवाहः means carrying out one's duty.

Exam Tip: Keep in mind the three main duties of a human witness as outlined in the lesson to differentiate between them in multiple-choice questions.

एकवाक्येन संस्कृतभाषायाम् उत्तरं लिखत - Answer in one Sanskrit sentence:

Question 1. दुर्घटनयाः साक्षिणः के भवन्ति?
Answer: प्रायः प्रस्तरादयः जडपदार्थाः, गवादयः पशवः, मनुष्याः च इति त्रयः दुर्घटनायाः साक्षिणः भवन्ति।
In simple words: Usually, inanimate objects like stones, animals like cows, and human beings are the three types of witnesses to an accident.

Exam Tip: When asked to name types of witnesses, list all three categories mentioned in the text: inanimate objects, animals, and human beings.

Question 2. घटनाया उत्थितात् ध्वनेः भीताः पश्वः किं कुर्वन्ति?
Answer: घटनया उत्थितात ध्वनेः भीताः पशवः घटनास्थलात् दूरे धावन्ति।
In simple words: Animals, frightened by the noise rising from an event, run away from the scene of the incident.

Exam Tip: Focus on the reaction of animals to the sound of an accident as described in the chapter – they become scared and run away.

Question 3. दुर्घटनायाः कारणं किं भवति?
Answer: दुर्घटनायाः करणं कस्यचित् जनस्य त्रुटिः भवति।
In simple words: The cause of an accident is usually a mistake made by some person.

Exam Tip: Remember the lesson's teaching that accidents typically occur due to human error, not random chance.

Question 4. कर्तव्यस्य निर्वाहः कस्य कार्यमस्ति?
Answer: कर्तव्यस्य निर्वाहः मनुष्यस्य कार्यमस्ति।
In simple words: Fulfilling one's duty is a task that belongs to humans.

Exam Tip: Emphasize that performing duties is an exclusive responsibility and characteristic of human beings as per the chapter's context.

अधः प्रदत्तानां कृदन्तानां प्रकारं लिखत – Name the type of the following कृदन्तs:

Question 1. भूत्वा – भू धातोः सम्बन्धकं भूतकृदन्तम् (त्वान्तम् अव्ययम्)
Answer: The word `भूत्वा` is a `सम्बन्धकं भूतकृदन्तम्` (absolutive past participle) derived from the root `भू` (to be), and it is an `त्वान्तम् अव्ययम्` (indeclinable ending in `त्वा`).
In simple words: `भूत्वा` comes from the verb `भू` and means "having been" or "after being." It's a special verb form that doesn't change and acts like "after doing something."

Exam Tip: Recognize `त्वा` endings as indicators of `सम्बन्धकं भूतकृदन्तम्` or `त्वान्तम् अव्ययम्`, which always denote a completed action before the main verb.

Question 2. संगत्य – स्म् + गम् (1 आ) धातोः सम्बन्धकं भूतकृदन्तम् (ल्यबन्तम् अव्ययम्)
Answer: The word `संगत्य` is a `सम्बन्धकं भूतकृदन्तम्` (absolutive past participle) formed from the root `गम्` (to go) with the prefix `सम्`, and it is a `ल्यबन्तम् अव्ययम्` (indeclinable ending in `ल्यप्`).
In simple words: `संगत्य` means "having met" or "after meeting." It's formed with a prefix and `य` ending, showing an action completed before another.

Exam Tip: For verbs with prefixes, look for the `य` ending (replacing `त्वा`) to identify `ल्यबन्तम् अव्ययम्` or `सम्बन्धकं भूतकृदन्तम्`.

Question 3. करणीयः – कृ (83) धातोः विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्।
Answer: The word `करणीयः` is a `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्` (passive future participle or gerundive) derived from the root `कृ` (to do), indicating something "to be done" or "that should be done."
In simple words: `करणीयः` means "should be done" or "is to be done." It tells you something is a duty or necessary.

Exam Tip: Words ending in `अनीय` or `तव्य` generally signify `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्`, indicating obligation or suitability.

Question 4. दातव्यम् – दा (1प, उउ) घोतोः विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्।
Answer: The word `दातव्यम्` is a `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्` (passive future participle or gerundive) derived from the root `दा` (to give), meaning "to be given" or "that should be given."
In simple words: `दातव्यम्` means "should be given." It's like saying something needs to be handed over.

Exam Tip: Similar to `करणीयः`, words ending in `तव्य` (like `दातव्यम्`) are key indicators of `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्`, showing an action that is mandatory or appropriate.

Question 5. भावितुम् – भू (1प) धातोः हेत्वर्थकं तुमष्तम् अव्ययम्।
Answer: The word `भावितुम्` is a `हेत्वर्थकं तुमष्तम् अव्ययम्` (infinitive of purpose) derived from the root `भू` (to be), and it is an `अव्ययम्` (indeclinable). It conveys the meaning "in order to be" or "for being."
In simple words: `भावितुम्` means "to be" or "in order to be." It explains the purpose of an action.

Exam Tip: The ending `तुम्` is a clear marker for `हेत्वर्थकं तुमष्तम् अव्ययम्` (infinitive), which always expresses the purpose or reason for an action.

Question 6. प्राप्तव्यः – प्र + आप् (5प) धातोः विध्यर्थ कर्मणि । कृदन्तम्।
Answer: The word `प्राप्तव्यः` is a `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्` (passive future participle or gerundive) derived from the root `आप्` (to obtain) with the prefix `प्र`, meaning "to be obtained" or "that should be achieved."
In simple words: `प्राप्तव्यः` means "should be obtained" or "is to be received." It shows something that needs to be acquired.

Exam Tip: Look for the `तव्य` ending along with a prefix to identify `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्` for verbs that begin with prefixes.

सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत - Dissolve the sandhi:

Question 1. मनुष्याश्चेति = मनुष्याः + च + इति
Answer: The sandhi `मनुष्याश्चेति` breaks down into `मनुष्याः + च + इति`. This involves both Visarga sandhi (`ः + च` becomes `श्च`) and Jash twa sandhi (`च + इ` becomes `चे`).
In simple words: `मनुष्याश्चेति` is split into `मनुष्याः`, `च`, and `इति`. It combines "humans," "and," and "thus."

Exam Tip: When splitting complex sandhis, look for common patterns like Visarga changes (`ः` to `श्` or `र्`) and vowel combinations (`अ + इ` to `ए`, `आ + इ` to `ए`).

Question 2. प्रस्तरादयस्तु = प्रस्तरादयः + तु
Answer: The sandhi `प्रस्तरादयस्तु` dissolves into `प्रस्तरादयः + तु`. Here, the Visarga (`ः`) changes to `स्` before the unvoiced consonant `त्` (s-sandhi).
In simple words: `प्रस्तरादयस्तु` separates into `प्रस्तरादयः` (stones etc.) and `तु` (but/indeed). The `ः` sound becomes an `स्` sound.

Exam Tip: Recognize the transformation of Visarga (`ः`) to `स्` when followed by certain consonants like `त्`, `थ्`, `स्` in sandhi rules.

Question 3. मानवोऽपि = मानवः + अपि
Answer: The sandhi `मानवोऽपि` separates into `मानवः + अपि`. This is an example of `रुत्व` (R-sandhi) followed by `पूर्वरूप` (previous form) sandhi, where `ः` becomes `र्` which then combines with `अ` to form `ओ`, and the subsequent `अ` is dropped, indicated by the Avagraha (`ऽ`).
In simple words: `मानवोऽपि` breaks down into `मानवः` (man) and `अपि` (also). The `ओऽ` part shows that an `अ` was there before it combined.

Exam Tip: Look for the `ओऽ` combination, which usually indicates `रुत्व` and `पूर्वरूप` sandhi, where an `अ` following `ओ` is elided and marked by Avagraha.

Question 4. निर्वहन्तोऽपि = निर्वहन्तः + अपि
Answer: The sandhi `निर्वहन्तोऽपि` is resolved into `निर्वहन्तः + अपि`. Similar to the previous example, this shows the Visarga (`ः`) changing to `र्` then combining with `अ` to `ओ`, and the subsequent `अ` being dropped and marked by Avagraha.
In simple words: `निर्वहन्तोऽपि` splits into `निर्वहन्तः` (carrying out) and `अपि` (also). The `ओऽ` shows the sound change.

Exam Tip: Avagraha (`ऽ`) is a strong hint that a vowel (usually `अ`) has been dropped after a combined `ए` or `ओ` sound due to sandhi rules.

Question 5. पशुरेव = पशुः + एव
Answer: The sandhi `पशुरेव` breaks down into `पशुः + एव`. Here, the Visarga (`ः`) transforms into `र्` before a vowel (`ए`), which then combines with `ए` to maintain the `र्` sound.
In simple words: `पशुरेव` separates into `पशुः` (animal) and `एव` (only/indeed). The `र्` sound comes from the `ः` because it's followed by a vowel.

Exam Tip: Remember the rule where a Visarga (`ः`) changes to `र्` when it is followed by a vowel or a soft consonant, especially at the end of a word.

Question 6. यतो हि = यतः + हि
Answer: The sandhi `यतो हि` is dissolved into `यतः + हि`. This is another instance of Visarga sandhi where `ः` changes to `ओ` before a soft consonant (`ह`) and the `ह` remains unchanged.
In simple words: `यतो हि` breaks down into `यतः` (because) and `हि` (indeed). The `ः` sound changes to `ओ` before the `ह` sound.

Exam Tip: Be aware of the Visarga changing to `ओ` when followed by certain soft consonants (like `ह`) in Sanskrit sandhi.

रेखाङ्कितपदानां समास प्रकार लिखत – Name the type of the compound of underlined words:

Question 1. जड़पदार्थः साक्षिणः भवन्ति।
Answer: The compound word `जड़पदार्थः` breaks down as `जड़ाः पदार्थाः` (inert substances). This is an example of a `कर्मधारय` (Karmadharaya) `समासः` because it describes the qualities of the substance.
In simple words: `जड़पदार्थः` means "inert things." It's a compound word where the first part describes the second part, like "cold water."

Exam Tip: `कर्मधारय समास` is characterized by one part modifying or describing the other, often functioning like an adjective-noun pair within the compound.

Question 2. अतः घटनास्थलात् दूरे धावन्ति।
Answer: The compound word `घटनास्थलात्` splits into `घटनायाः स्थलम्, तस्मात्` (from the place of the event). This is a `षष्ठी तत्पुरुष` (Shashthi Tatpurusha) `समासः`, indicating a genitive relationship ("of the event").
In simple words: `घटनास्थलात्` means "from the accident spot." It's a compound showing a relationship like "of the accident" and "place."

Exam Tip: `तत्पुरुष समास` involves a case relationship between its parts; identify the case (like genitive for `षष्ठी`) to determine the specific type.

Question 3. दुर्घटनाग्रस्तं दुःखितं जीव पश्यन जन किं कुर्यात।
Answer: The compound `दुर्घटनाग्रस्तम्` can be analyzed as `दृष्टा घटना - दुर्घटना - प्रादि तत्पुरुष` (an accident that has occurred) or `दूर्घटनया ग्रस्तः, तम् - तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः` (afflicted by an accident). Both interpretations lead to a `तत्पुरुष समास`, with the latter being `तृतीया तत्पुरुष` due to the instrumental case meaning.
In simple words: `दुर्घटनाग्रस्तम्` means "affected by an accident." It's a compound that shows how something is impacted by an accident.

Exam Tip: When analyzing `तत्पुरुष समास`, consider different case endings that might apply (like instrumental for `तृतीया`) to fully understand the compound's meaning.

रेखातिपदानां स्थाने प्रकोष्ठात् उचितं पदं चित्वा प्रश्नवाक्यं रचयत – Make sentences with the help of given words:

Question 1. पश्वः कस्मात् भयमनुभवन्ति?
Answer: पशवः ध्वनेः भयमनुभवन्ति।
In simple words: Animals feel fear from noise.

Exam Tip: When creating sentences from given words, ensure the verb agrees with the subject in number and person, and the case of other words is appropriate to the meaning.

Question 2. कैः कर्तव्यस्य निर्वाहः करणीय?
Answer: मनुष्यैः कर्तव्यस्य निर्वाहः करणीयः।
In simple words: Duties should be performed by humans.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the instrumental case (like `मनुष्यैः`) when constructing sentences where an action is "done by" someone.

Question 3. विना कारणं का न भवति?
Answer: विना कारणं दुर्घटना न भवति।
In simple words: An accident does not happen without a reason.

Exam Tip: Ensure that the negative particle `न` is correctly placed to negate the verb, and that `विना` is used with the appropriate case (accusative or instrumental).

Question 4. दुर्घटनायाः कम् प्राप्तुम् अर्हाम?
Answer: दुर्घटनायाः बोधं प्राप्तुम् आर्हामः।
In simple words: We should gain knowledge from an accident.

Exam Tip: Construct sentences that clearly convey the intended meaning, using correct case endings for words like `बोधं` (knowledge) as the object of `प्राप्तुम्` (to obtain).

प्रदत्तपदानि प्रयुज्य वाक्यानि रचयत – Use words from brackets and make sentences:

Question 1. An accident does not occur without reason. (कारण विना दुर्घटना न भू।)
Answer: कारणं (कारणेन् कारणात् वा) विना दुर्घटना न भवति।
In simple words: Accidents do not happen without a cause or reason.

Exam Tip: When forming sentences using `विना`, remember that the word preceding `विना` can be in the accusative, instrumental, or ablative case, but accusative is most common. Ensure verb agreement.

Question 2. Ours are three duties. (अस्मद् त्रि कर्तव्य अस्।)
Answer: अस्माकं त्रीणि कर्तव्यानि सन्ति।
In simple words: We have three responsibilities.

Exam Tip: When expressing possession or existence with numbers, ensure that the numerical adjective (`त्रीणि`) agrees in gender and case with the noun (`कर्तव्यानि`), and the verb (`सन्ति`) agrees with the plural subject.

Question 3. Stones are inanimate. (प्रस्तर अचेतन भू)
Answer: प्रस्तराः अचेतनाः भवन्ति।
In simple words: Rocks are lifeless.

Exam Tip: Make sure the subject (`प्रस्तराः`) and predicate adjective (`अचेतनाः`) are in the correct number and case, and the verb (`भवन्ति`) agrees with the plural subject.

Question 4. Man experiences happiness and sorrow. (मानव सुख च दु:ख अनु + भू।)
Answer: मानवः सुखं च दुःखं च अनुभवति।
In simple words: A human experiences both joy and sadness.

Exam Tip: Ensure that the verb (`अनुभवति`) agrees with the singular subject (`मानवः`), and that conjunctions (`च`) are used correctly to link the objects of experience (`सुखं`, `दुःखं`).

अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत – Answer the following questions in English:

Question 1. Who happens to be the witness of an accident?
Answer: Lifeless objects like stones, creatures such as cows, and human beings are all witnesses to an accident.
In simple words: Stones, animals, and people can all witness an accident.

Exam Tip: Clearly state all three categories of witnesses mentioned in the lesson: inanimate objects, animals, and humans.

Question 2. Which man is considered to be an animal?
Answer: A smart person who runs away from the scene of an accident is regarded as an animal.
In simple words: A wise person who escapes an accident site without helping is seen as an animal.

Exam Tip: Emphasize that intelligence alone is not enough; a lack of compassionate action in an emergency reduces a human to the level of an animal.

Question 3. What are the three duties of a man, who has witnessed the accident?
Answer:
1. Feeling sadness.
2. Fulfilling duties such as taking the injured to a nearby medical facility.
3. Learning a valuable lesson from the incident.
In simple words: A man who sees an accident should feel sad, help the victims, and learn a lesson from it.

Exam Tip: List the three duties distinctly and ensure they are all covered: empathy (sorrow), practical help (duty), and personal growth (lesson).

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit साक्षिभूतः मनुष्यः Additional Important Questions and Answers

1. पद परिचयं कारयत – Make the Parsing:

Question 1. भूतः – भू (1प), त-प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त, पुं. प्रथमा एकवचन।
Answer: `भूतः` comes from the root `भू` (1st conjugation, `परस्मैपद`). It is a `त-प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त` (past active participle ending in `त`), masculine gender, first case (nominative), singular number.
In simple words: `भूतः` means "having been" or "become." It's a past participle for masculine singular subjects.

Exam Tip: When parsing, correctly identify the root, conjugation, participle type, gender, case, and number for each word.

Question 2. घटमानायाः – घट् (13), वर्तमानकृदन्त, स्त्री, पञ्चमी-षष्ठी एकवचन।
Answer: `घटमानायाः` is from the root `घट्` (13th conjugation). It is a `वर्तमानकृदन्त` (present participle), feminine gender, fifth case (ablative) or sixth case (genitive), singular number.
In simple words: `घटमानायाः` means "of the happening" or "from the occurring" (feminine singular).

Exam Tip: Recognize `मान` or `आन` endings for present participles. Distinguish between different cases that share the same ending (like `पञ्चमी-षष्ठी एकवचन` for feminine nouns).

Question 3. अधिकृत्य – अधि + कृ (83), सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त, ल्यबन्त अव्ययम्।
Answer: `अधिकृत्य` is formed from the root `कृ` (8th conjugation) with the prefix `अधि`. It is a `सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त` (absolutive past participle) and a `ल्यबन्त अव्ययम्` (indeclinable ending in `ल्यप्`).
In simple words: `अधिकृत्य` means "having based upon" or "concerning." It's a non-changing verb form used with a prefix.

Exam Tip: Always look for prefixes when identifying `ल्यबन्त` forms, which end in `य` instead of `त्वा` for the absolutive participle.

Question 4. कर्तुम् – कृ (83), हेत्वर्थक तुमन्त अव्ययम्।
Answer: `कर्तुम्` is derived from the root `कृ` (8th conjugation). It is a `हेत्वर्थक तुमन्त अव्ययम्` (infinitive of purpose ending in `तुम्`) and an `अव्ययम्` (indeclinable).
In simple words: `कर्तुम्` means "to do" or "in order to do." It shows the purpose of an action.

Exam Tip: The `तुम्` ending is a clear indicator of the infinitive, which always expresses purpose.

Question 5. उत्थितात् – उद् + स्था (1प), त – प्रत्यान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त, पु. – नपुं. पञ्चमी एकवचन।
Answer: `उत्थितात्` comes from the root `स्था` (1st conjugation, `परस्मैपद`) with the prefix `उत्`. It is a `त-प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त` (past active participle ending in `त`), masculine or neuter gender, fifth case (ablative), singular number.
In simple words: `उत्थितात्` means "from that which has arisen." It is a past participle, ablative case, masculine or neuter singular.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the combination of prefix + root + `त` ending for past participles, and ensure correct case and gender identification.

Question 6. दृष्ट्वा – दृश् (1प) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त, त्वान्त अव्ययम्
Answer: `दृष्ट्वा` is derived from the root `दृश्` (1st conjugation). It is a `सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त` (absolutive past participle) and a `त्वान्त अव्ययम्` (indeclinable ending in `त्वा`).
In simple words: `दृष्ट्वा` means "having seen." It's a non-changing verb form indicating a completed action.

Exam Tip: The `त्वा` ending (or its variants like `ष्ट्वा`) is the primary marker for `त्वान्त अव्ययम्` or `सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त`.

Question 7. पश्यन् – दृश (1प), कर्तरि वर्तमान कृदन्त, पुं. प्रथमा एकवचन।
Answer: `पश्यन्` is from the root `दृश` (1st conjugation). It is a `कर्तरि वर्तमान कृदन्त` (present active participle), masculine gender, first case (nominative), singular number.
In simple words: `पश्यन्` means "seeing" or "while seeing." It describes a masculine singular subject performing an action.

Exam Tip: The `अन्` ending is characteristic of masculine nominative singular present active participles, indicating an ongoing action.

Question 8. आगत्य – आ + गम् (1प), सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त, ल्यबन्त।
Answer: `आगत्य` is formed from the root `गम्` (1st conjugation) with the prefix `आ`. It is a `सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त` (absolutive past participle) and a `ल्यबन्त` (indeclinable ending in `ल्यप्`).
In simple words: `आगत्य` means "having come." It's a non-changing verb form used with a prefix to show a prior action.

Exam Tip: Remember that `ल्यबन्त` forms are used for compound verbs (with prefixes) and are indeclinable.

Question 9. ज्ञातव्या – ज्ञा (93), विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त, स्त्री, प्रथमा एकवचना
Answer: ` ज्ञातव्या` is from the root `ज्ञा` (9th conjugation). It is a `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त` (passive future participle or gerundive), feminine gender, first case (nominative), singular number.
In simple words: `ज्ञातव्या` means "should be known" or "is to be known" (feminine singular).

Exam Tip: The `तव्य` or `अनीय` endings are key for identifying `विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त`, and always match gender, case, and number with the noun it modifies.

Question 10. निर्वहन्त – निर् + वाह (1प), कर्तरि वर्तमान कृदन्त, पुं. प्रथमा बहुवचन।
Answer: `निर्वहन्त` is from the root `वाह` (1st conjugation) with the prefix `निर्`. It is a `कर्तरि वर्तमान कृदन्त` (present active participle), masculine gender, first case (nominative), plural number.
In simple words: `निर्वहन्त` means "carrying out" or "performing" (masculine plural).

Exam Tip: For present active participles, observe the `अन्त` ending and ensure correct identification of gender, case, and number, especially distinguishing singular from plural forms.

2. सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत – Dissolve the sandhis:

Question 1. 'विषयमधिकृत्य' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) विषयम् + अधिकृत्य
(ख) विषय + मधिकृत्य
(ग) विषयम् + धिकृत्य
(घ) विषयम् + अधिकृत्य
Answer: (क) विषयम् + अधिकृत्य
In simple words: The word `विषयमधिकृत्य` separates into `विषयम्` and `अधिकृत्य`. This is a sandhi where `म्` combines with `अ` to form `म`.

Exam Tip: In Sanskrit sandhi, `म्` followed by a vowel often results in the `म्` becoming part of the vowel, like `म् + अ` combining into `मा` or `म`.

Question 2. 'त्रयोऽपि' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) त्रयो + पि
(ख) त्रयः + अपि
(ग) तथा + एव
(घ) त्रय + अपि
Answer: (ख) त्रयः + अपि
In simple words: The word `त्रयोऽपि` breaks down into `त्रयः` (three) and `अपि` (also). This shows the `ः` changing to `ओ` and `अ` becoming `ऽ`.

Exam Tip: Look for `ओऽ` with Avagraha (`ऽ`) as a strong hint for `पूर्वरूप` sandhi, where a final `ओ` combines with an initial `अ` that is then dropped.

Question 3. 'तथैव' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) तथे + व
(ख) तथ + ऐव
(ग) तथा + एव
(घ) तथा + इव
Answer: (ग) तथा + एव
In simple words: The word `तथैव` splits into `तथा` (thus) and `एव` (only). This is a vowel sandhi where `आ` and `ए` combine to make `ऐ`.

Exam Tip: Remember the rules for vowel sandhi (स्वर सन्धि), where specific vowel combinations create new vowels (e.g., `आ + ए = ऐ`).

Question 4. 'पक्षिणश्च' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) पक्षिण + च
(ख) पक्षिणो + च
(ग) पक्षिण + क्ष
(घ) वस्तुतः + तस्तु
Answer: (क) पक्षिणः + च
In simple words: The word `पक्षिणश्च` splits into `पक्षिणः` (birds) and `च` (and). This is a sandhi where the visarga `ः` changes to `श्` before `च`.

Exam Tip: Be careful with Visarga sandhi rules; `ः` before `च` or `छ` typically changes to `श्`.

Question 5. 'वस्तुतस्तु' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) वस्तुतः + तु
(ख) वस्तु + तस्तु
(ग) वस्तुतः + अस्तु
(घ) वस्तुतः + तस्तु
Answer: (क) वस्तुतः + तु
In simple words: The word `वस्तुतस्तु` separates into `वस्तुतः` (actually/indeed) and `तु` (but). The visarga `ः` changes to `स्` before `त्`.

Exam Tip: Remember the rule where Visarga (`ः`) changes to `स्` when followed by `त्` or `थ्` in sandhi.

3. सन्धि कुरुत – Make the sandhis:

Question 1. 'कार्यम् + अचरति' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) कार्यमचरति
(ख) कार्यमाचरति
(ग) कार्याचरति
(घ) कार्यमचराति
Answer: (ख) कार्यमाचरति
In simple words: When `कार्यम्` (work) and `अचरति` (does) combine, they form `कार्यमाचरति`, meaning "does the work." The `म्` and `अ` merge into `मा` as per sandhi rules.

Exam Tip: When `म्` is followed by a vowel, it often combines with the vowel, and sometimes the vowel length changes, as `अ` becomes `आ` here.

Question 2. 'भवितुम् + अर्हति' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) भवितुर्हति
(ब) भवितुमर्हति
(ग) कार्ययरति।
(घ) भवितुर्हति
Answer: (ब) भवितुमर्हति
In simple words: The words `भवितुम्` (to be) and `अर्हति` (is able) combine to form `भवितुमर्हति`, meaning "is able to be." The `म्` changes to `म्` with `अ` merging.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the combination of `म्` (halant `म`) with a following vowel. The `म्` often becomes complete and the vowel joins, or a new consonant is inserted as an augment.

Question 3. 'पश्यन् + अपि' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) पश्यनपि
(ख) पश्यन्नपि
(ग) पश्यनपि
(घ) पश्यानपि
Answer: (ख) पश्यन्नपि
In simple words: `पश्यन्` (seeing) and `अपि` (also) combine to form `पश्यन्नपि`, meaning "even seeing." The final `न्` of `पश्यन्` combines with `अ` to create `न्ना`.

Exam Tip: When a word ending in `न्` is followed by a vowel, the `न्` may get doubled (reduplicated) before the vowel in some sandhi rules.

Question 4. 'तस्य + उचितः' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) तस्योचितः
(ख) तस्याचितः
(ग) तस्यौचितः
(घ) तस्यचितः
Answer: (क) तस्योचितः
In simple words: `तस्य` (his/its) and `उचितः` (proper/suitable) join to form `तस्योचितः`, meaning "his/its proper." The `अ` of `तस्य` and `उ` of `उचितः` combine to `ओ`.

Exam Tip: This is a `गुण` (Guna) vowel sandhi, where `अ` or `आ` followed by `उ` or `ऊ` combine to form `ओ`.

Question 5. 'मनुष्यैः + अस्य' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) मनुष्यैस्य
(ख) मनुष्यअस्यं
(ग) मनुष्यैरस्य
(घ) मनुष्येस्य
Answer: (ग) मनुष्यैरस्य
In simple words: `मनुष्यैः` (by humans) and `अस्य` (of this) combine to form `मनुष्यैरस्य`, meaning "of this by humans." The `ः` changes to `र्` before a vowel.

Exam Tip: In Visarga sandhi, `ः` often changes to `र्` when followed by a vowel, and the `र्` then combines with the vowel.

साक्षिभूतः मनुष्यः Introduction

In this world, various events constantly happen. Sometimes, accidents also occur. Inanimate objects like stones, which are present, are incapable of feeling or doing anything. Birds or animals get scared and run away from the scene. A man, however, should behave differently and better if he is present at such an event.

In this lesson, Ita and Punit rightly show that a man should not just be a spectator or a passive witness. Instead, like a good Samaritan, he should do everything he can to help and rescue the victims. Generally, most people hesitate to help road crash victims because they fear police harassment and legal difficulties. Even so, as human beings, we should perform the threefold duty suggested in the lesson. We should be sensitive and sensible individuals, especially when our fellow human beings are suffering from an accident.

साक्षिभूतः मनुष्यः Summary Of The Chapter

(Punit and Sunit are discussing who witnesses an accident on the street and what they do.)

पुनीतः

O brother! Accidents sometimes happen on the road. There are mostly three types of witnesses: inanimate objects like stones, animals like cows, and human beings. Do you know how these three act differently?

सुनीतः

I don't know. Please tell me first, what do the stones, etc., do?

पुनीतः

Objects like stones are lifeless. They cannot do anything by themselves. So, they just stay as they are.

सुनीतः

What do living beings like animals and birds do?

पुनीतः

All these creatures feel fear due to the noise made by the accident. So, they run away from the place where the accident happened.

सुनीतः

What you say is true. Animals like cows are simple-minded. But if any intelligent man runs away from the accident site, then he is surely just an animal.

पुनीतः

Actually, if a man behaves like a man, he performs three types of actions.

सुनीतः

What are these three types of actions?

पुनीतः

The first action is feeling sorrow. Only a human being can feel sad for the sorrow of others and happy for the happiness of another person. So, upon seeing someone afflicted and sad as a result of an accident, a man should feel sorry. Indeed, anyone who does not feel sorrow when witnessing such a sight is not truly a man but rather a stone, because a stone never feels the unhappiness of others.

सुनीतः

You have said the right thing. I too have often felt sadness upon seeing an unknown person suffering from an accident. What is the second action?

पुनीतः

The second action, of course, is doing one's duty. A person affected by an accident should be taken to a hospital or dispensary right away so that they can receive proper treatment. Sometimes, if there is a need for blood, one's own blood should be given. Their family should be informed so that relatives can come to the hospital and offer special help. The duty of a man who witnesses an accident is like this. This duty should be carried out by all individuals.

सुनीतः

What is the third action that a man who witnesses an accident should perform?

पुनीतः

The third action is learning a lesson. A person should always make an effort to learn lessons. When we witness an accident, even while feeling sorrow and performing our duty, we can also gain some wisdom from that event. An accident does not happen without a reason. The reason lies in someone's mistake or fault. We should realize that fault and resolve never to make such a mistake ourselves.

सुनीतः

You have spoken well. When we witness an incident, even if we perform our duty and feel sorrow, if we do not learn a lesson, we are not truly human beings.

2. संस्कृतम्: – (मार्गे घटमानायाः दुर्घटनायाः साक्षिणः के के भवन्ति, किं किं च ते आचरन्ति इति विषयमधिकृत्य पुनीतसुनीतौ परस्परं संपदतः।)

पुनीतः – भ्रातः ! मार्गे कदाचित् दुर्घटनाः अपि घटन्ति। तत्र प्रायः प्रस्तरादयो जडपदार्थाः, गवादयः पशवः मनुष्याश्चेति त्रयः साक्षिणः भवन्ति। किं त्वं जानासि यत् घटितायाः दुर्घटनायाः सन्दर्भ एते त्रयोऽपि भिन्न भिन्नं कर्म समाचरन्ति।

सुनीतः – न जानामि। प्रथमं कथयतु यत् प्रस्तरादयः किं कुर्वन्ति?

पुनीतः – प्रस्तरादयस्तु अचेतनाः सन्ति, ते स्वयं क्रियां कर्तुं समर्थाः न भवन्ति। अतः ते तथैव तिष्ठन्ति। सुनीतः : सचेतनाः पशवः पक्षिणश्च किं कुर्वन्ति?

Translation:

(Sunita and Punita are discussing who are the witnesses of an accident taking place in the street and what actions they perform.)

पुनीत: – O brother! Sometimes accidents also happen on the way. There are mostly three types of witnesses-inanimate objects like stones, animals like cows, and human beings. Do you know how all these three act differently?

सुनीत: – I don't know. Please tell first what the stones, etc., do?

पुनीत: – But objects like stones are lifeless. They are not able to do anything by themselves. So they stay as they are.

सुनीत: – What do living beings like animals and birds do?

Glossary:

घटमानायाः – of (the incident) taking place, happening; adjective of the noun, दुर्घटनायाः `घटमानायाः` – `घट्` (1A) present active participle, `वर्तमान कृदन्तः` feminine genitive singular, `साक्षिणः` – witness, `इति विषयम् अधिकृत्य` – about this subject, based on this subject, `पुनीतसुनीतो` – `पुनीतः च सुनीतः च` – `इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास` – these are proper nouns, `परस्परम्` – `परः परम्` – `अव्ययीभाव समास` - with one another, `संपदतः` – (both of them) are conversing; `सम् + पद्` (1P) present tense, `लट् लकार`, third-person dual; the verb of the subject `पुनीतसुनीतौ`। `भ्रातः` – O brother,

भातृ (masculine noun ending in `ऋ`), vocative singular, `दुर्घटनाः` – accidents, `घटन्ति` – (they) take place, happen, `प्रायः` – mostly: this is an indeclinable, `प्रस्तरादयः` – `प्रस्तरः आदौ दोषाम् ते` – `बहुव्रीहि समास`; stones, etc.; adjective of the noun, 'जड़पदार्थाः', `जड़पदार्थाः` – `जड़ा पदार्थाः` – `कर्मधारय समास` – inanimate objects, `गवादयः` – `गौः आदौ येषाम् ते` – `बहुव्रीहि समास` – cows etc.

adjective of the noun `पशवः`, `मनुष्याश्चेतिः` – `मनुष्य + च + इति` – and human beings, `त्रयः साक्षिणः` - three types of witness, `किं त्वं जानासि` – do you know?,

यत् – that, `घटितायाः दुर्घटनायाः सन्दर्भ` – In the context of the accident taken place, `एते त्रयः` - these three, `भिन्न भिन्नम्` – differently, `समाचरन्ति` – (they) behave; `सम् + आ + चर्` (1P) present tense, `लट् लकार`, third person plural; veb of the subject, `एते त्रयः`, `न जानामि` - I don't know, `अचेतनाः` – `न पिधते चेतना येषु ते – न! बहुव्रीहि समास`; adjective of the noun `प्रस्तरादयः`, inanimate, `प्रथमम्` – first; this is an indeclinable, `कथयतु` – tell; here the subject understood is, `‘भवान्'` `भवान् कथयतु` – `त्वं कथय`, `कुर्वन्ति` – (they) do; verb of the subject `प्रस्तरादयः`, `क्रियाम् कर्तुम्` – to do anything, `तथैव` – `तथा + एव`; in the same way, `सचेतनाः` – `चेतनया सह-सहबहुव्रीहि समास`; animate, `अत्ययम्` – `इति + इति सा वदति`, `प्रायः` – `अहं प्रायः इदं कार्य करोमि`, `यत्` – `स अकथयत् यत् सत्यम्`, `तथा` – `यथा सत्यं तथा वद`।

विशेष्य-विशेषणम्- पदार्थ – जड़ साक्षिणः – त्रय

3. संस्कृतम्:

पुनीतः – एते घटनया उत्थितात् ध्वनेः भयमनुभवन्ति। अतः घटनास्थलात् दूरे धावन्ति।

सुनीतः – सत्यं वदति भवान्। गवादयः पशवस्तु निर्बुद्धयः सन्ति। परन्तु कश्चित् सबुद्धिः मानवोऽपि यदि घटनास्थलात् दूरे धावति, तर्हि पशुरेव सः।

पुनीतः – वस्तुतस्तु मनुष्यः यदि मनुष्यः इव वर्तते, तदा सः दुर्घटनायाः साक्षी भूत्वा त्रिविधं कार्यम् आचरति।

Question. सुनीतः – कानि कानि तानि त्रिपिधानी कार्याणि?
Answer: The three types of duties are: दुःखानुभूतिः (experiencing sorrow), कर्तव्यनिर्वाहः (performing duty), and बोधप्राप्तिः (learning a lesson).
In simple words: The three actions are feeling sad, doing one's duty, and getting wisdom.

Exam Tip: Remember these three key responsibilities that define a truly human response to an accident.

Translation:

पुनीत – All these experience fear due to noise arisen by the accident. So they run away from the place of the accident.

सुनीत – When you say is true. But beasts like cow are dull. But if any man who has intelligence runs away from the place of accident, then he is surely a beast only.

पुनीत – Actually if a man behaves like a man, he performs three types of work.

सुनीत – What are those three types of work?

Glossary:

Living; adjective of the noun ‘पशवः पक्षिणः च' `उत्थितात् ध्वने` `उत्थितात् ध्वने` – due to sound produced/created; the noun, `भयम्` – is used with the ablative case, `अतः` – so, `घटना स्थलात्` – `घटनायाः स्थलम्`, `तस्मात्` – `षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास` – from the place of accident, `सत्यम् वदति भवान्` – `त्वम् सत्यम् वदसि` – what you say is true, Note: `भवान्` takes the third person verb whereas `त्वम्`

सत्यम् takes the second person verb, e.g., `त्वम् मधुरम् वदसि` but `भवान् मधुरम् वदति`। `निर्बुद्धयः` – `निर्गताः बुद्धिः येषाम् ते` – `प्रादि बहुव्रीहि समासः` – having no intelligence; adjective of the noun `पशवः`, `सबुद्धिः` – `बुद्धया सह – सहबहुव्रीहि समास` – intelligent; adjective of the noun 'मानवः', `पशुरेव` – `पशुः + एव` – only a beast, `वस्तुतस्तु` – `वस्तुत + तु` – but actually, `साक्षीभूत्वा` – becoming a witness, `त्रिविधम्` – `तिस्रः विधाः यस्य तत्` – `बहुव्रीहि समास` of three types; adjective of the noun `कार्यम् विध`, `अत्ययम्` – `अतः` – `अतः सः तत्र गच्छेत्`।

तु – सा तु प्रश्न प्रच्छपि। अपि – त्वमति स्वकपिं कुरु।

विशेष्य-विशेषणम्- कार्याणि – त्रिविधानि

4. संस्कृतम् :

पुनीत – प्रथमं कार्यम् अस्ति दुःखानुभूतिः। मनुष्य एव दुःखेन दुःखितो भवितुमर्हति, सुखेन च सुखितः। अतः दुर्घटनया पीडाग्रस्तं दुःखितं जनं दृष्ट्रा मनुष्येण दुःखानुभूतिः करणीय भवति। यः खलु एतादृशं जीवं पश्यन् अपि दुःखं न अनुभवति, सः मनुष्यः नास्ति, अपितु सः प्रस्तर एव। यतो हि प्रस्तरः कदापि अन्यस्य दुःखं न अनुभवति ।

Question. सुनीतः – यथार्थं भवानाह। मयापि बहुधा अपरिचितं दुर्घटनाग्रस्तं जनं पश्यता दुःखमनुभूतमस्ति। द्वितीयं कार्यं किमस्ति ?
Answer: The second duty is to provide immediate help, such as taking the injured person to a hospital for suitable treatment. If necessary, one should also donate their own blood and inform the victim's family for additional support.
In simple words: The second duty is to quickly help the injured person by taking them to a hospital, giving blood if needed, and telling their family.

Exam Tip: Remember that practical assistance and immediate medical care are crucial parts of a witness's second duty.

Translation:

पुनीत: – This first work is experiencing sorrow. Only a human is capable of feeling sad for the sorrow of others and happy for the happiness of another person. So, having seen someone afflicted and sad as a result of an accident, a man should feel sorry. Indeed, anyone who does not feel sorrow while watching such a soul is not truly a man but rather a stone, because a stone never feels the unhappiness of another.

Question. सुनीत: You have said the right thing. Even I have often experienced sorrow on seeing an unknown son afflicted by the accident. What is the second work?
Answer: The second responsibility is to perform one's duty. This includes immediately hospitalizing the accident victim for proper medical care. It also involves accompanying them, donating blood if required, and informing their family so they can provide further assistance. This is the duty expected from a human witness.
In simple words: The second job is to do your duty: take the hurt person to the hospital right away, give blood if they need it, and tell their family for more help.

Exam Tip: For this type of question, ensure you describe the specific, practical actions involved in fulfilling the second duty, like hospitalization, blood donation, and family notification.

Glossary:

दुःखानुभूतिः – `दुःखस्य अनुभूतिः` – `षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास` – the experience of sorrow, `दुःखितः` – sorrowful, unhappy participles of the nominal roots (`नामधातु`) `दु:खयति` and `सुखयति` respectively, `पीडाग्रस्तम्` – `पीडयाग्रस्तः`, `तम्` – `तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास`, `पीडाग्रस्तम्` `पीडितम्` – afflicted, troubled; object of `दृष्ट्वा`, `दृष्ट्ा` – having seen, `करणीया भवति` – should be done, is worthly to be done, `पश्यन् अपि` – ever watching, in spite of watching, `प्रस्तरः एव` – stone only, `भवानाह`

Question 5. दुर्घटनायाः साक्षिभूतस्य मनुष्यस्य द्वितीयं कर्तव्यं किम् अस्ति?
Answer: द्वितीयं कार्यं तु कर्तव्यस्य निर्वाहः। दुर्घटनाग्रस्तः जनः सद्यः एव ओषधालयश्रितः करणीय भवति येन तस्य उचितः उपचारः स्यात्। तत्र सङ्गत्य कदाचित् तस्मै रक्तस्य आवश्यकता भवति चेत्, स्वकीयं रक्तमपि तस्मै दातव्यं भवति। तस्य परिवारे सूचना दातव्या भवति येन तस्य परिवारजनः ओषधालयमागत्य तस्य विशेषः सहायो भवेत। दुर्घटनायाः साक्षिणः मनुष्यस्य एकादृशं कर्तव्यम्। सर्वैः मनुष्यैः अस्य कर्तव्यस्य निर्वाहः करणीयः एव।
In simple words: The second main task is performing one's duty. A person involved in an accident should be taken immediately to a hospital so they can get proper care. If blood is needed, one's own blood should be given. Their family should also be informed so relatives can come to the hospital and provide special help. This is a crucial duty for anyone who witnesses an accident, and all people should carry out this responsibility.

Exam Tip: When explaining duties, clearly state the action and the reason behind it, covering immediate assistance, personal sacrifice, and family notification.

Question. सुनीतः – तृतीयं कार्यं किमस्ति, यत् घटनायाः साखी मनुष्यः आचरेत्?
Answer: पुनीत : तृतीयं कार्यम् अस्ति बोधप्राप्तिः। मनुष्येण सदैव बोधप्राप्तिये प्रयत्नः करणीयो भवति। यदा वयं कस्याश्चित् दुर्घटनायाः साक्षिणः भवामः तदा कर्तव्यं समाचरन्तः दुःखमनुभवन्तः तस्याः दुर्घटनायाः कञ्चित् बोधमति प्राप्तुम् अर्हामः। विना कारणं दुर्घटना न भवति। तत्र कस्यचित् जनस्य त्रुटि: कारणं भवति। सा त्रुटिः ज्ञातव्या। तदनन्तरं तादृशीं त्रुटिमहं न कदापि करिष्यामीति बोधोऽपि प्राप्तव्य एव।
In simple words: The third main task is gaining knowledge. People should always make an effort to learn lessons. When we witness an accident, while feeling sorrow and performing our duty, we should also gain some knowledge from that event. Accidents do not happen without a reason; there is always someone's mistake involved. That mistake must be identified, and then we must ensure that we never make such a mistake ourselves. This awareness should also be acquired.

Exam Tip: Emphasize the importance of self-reflection and learning from mistakes, both our own and others', to prevent future accidents.