GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 17 स्वाभाविकं सादृश्यम्

स्वाभाविकं सादृश्यम्

अधोलिखितेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः समुचितम् उत्तरं चिनुत
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:

Question 1. केन रूपेण पदार्थाः परस्परं भिन्नाः प्रतीयन्ते?
(क) आकारेण
(ख) सत्तारूपेण
(ग) मूल्येन
(घ) प्रदेशरूपेण
Answer: (ख) सत्तारूपेण
In simple words: Things appear different from one another based on their existence or form.

Exam Tip: When answering questions about the nature of substances, focus on their fundamental form or existence as a distinguishing factor.

Question 2. यदा पदार्थाः क्रियायां प्रयुक्ताः भवन्ति तदा कस्य प्रतीतिः भवति?
(क) सादृश्यस्य
(ख) भिन्नतायाः
(ग) आकारस्य
(घ) प्रकारस्य
Answer: (ख) भिन्नतायाः
In simple words: When things are used in an action, their differences become apparent.

Exam Tip: Remember that while objects may have similarities, their unique properties (भिन्नतायाः) often become clear through their actions or use.

Question 3. स्वर्णादयः ........... सन्ति।
(क) पशवः
(ख) धातवः
(ग) मनुष्याः
(घ) भिन्नाः
Answer: (ख) धातवः
In simple words: Gold and similar items are metals.

Exam Tip: Be familiar with basic classifications of objects like metals, animals, and humans in the context of the text.

Question 4. पतञ्जलेः स्थितिकालः कति वर्षेभ्यः पूर्वमस्ति?
(क) द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम्
(ख) विंशतिसहस्रवर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम्
(ग) द्विसहस्रेभ्यः वर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम्
(घ) शतेभ्यः वर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम्
Answer: (क) द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम्
In simple words: Patanjali lived twenty-two hundred years ago.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to historical figures and their timelines mentioned in the text, as these are common factual questions.

Question 5. समाशेषु आस्यताम् इत्युक्ते कीदृशाः जनाः परस्पर निकटासनाः भवन्ति?
(क) आन्तरिकं समानत्वं पश्यन्तः
(ख) आकारं पश्यन्तः
(ग) भारं पश्यन्तः ।
(घ) पदवीं पश्यन्तः
Answer: (क) आन्तरिकं समानत्वं पश्यन्तः
In simple words: When told to sit together in gatherings, people sit close to each other by seeing their inner similarities.

Exam Tip: Understand that in social settings, people often gravitate towards others with whom they share an intrinsic connection or purpose.

विशेष्यानुसारं विभक्तिवचनयुक्तम् उपयुक्तं विशेषणपदं रिक्तस्थाने लिखत
Write proper adjective in the blank according to substantive vibhakti number.

Question 1. संसारे "..........." पदार्थाः सन्ति। (विविध)
Answer: संसारे विविधाः पदार्थाः सन्ति।
In simple words: There are many different types of things in the world.

Exam Tip: For fill-in-the-blank questions, ensure the chosen adjective correctly agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies.

Question 2. व्यवहारे भोजनार्थं जनाः निमन्त्रिताः। (सामाजिक)
Answer: सामाजिके व्यवहारे भोजनार्थं मानवाः आहूताः सन्ति।
In simple words: In social dealings, people are invited for food.

Exam Tip: Identify the word needing modification and select the correct form of the adjective to fit the sentence's grammatical structure and meaning.

Question 3. एवमेव................. पशूनामपि प्रवृत्तिर्भवति। (गवादि)
Answer: एवमेव गवादीनाम् पशूनामपि प्रवृत्तिर्भवति।
In simple words: Similarly, animals like cows also behave this way.

Exam Tip: When filling in blanks with examples, ensure they align with the general statement and the context provided in the sentence.

Question 4. ............ व्यावहारिक सिद्धान्तमुपदिशन्ति। (मानवीय)
Answer: मानवीयम् व्यावहारिकं सिद्धान्तमुपदिशन्ति।
In simple words: Humans teach practical principles.

Exam Tip: For sentences requiring an adjective to complete the subject, make sure the adjective agrees in case and number with the implied subject.

Question 5. आकारेण कश्चित् कृशः "............" कृशेन सः न तिष्ठति। (जन)
Answer: शारीरिकरूपेण एकः दुर्बलः व्यक्तिः अन्येन दुर्बलेन व्यक्तिना सह न तिष्ठति।
In simple words: Physically, a thin person does not sit with another thin person.

Exam Tip: Understand that in contexts of 'resemblance,' outward appearance (आकार) is often contrasted with deeper, internal connections.

एकवाक्येन संस्कृतभाषायाम् उत्तरं लिखत -
Answer in one Sanskrit sentence:

Question 1. परस्परं भिन्नेषु पदार्थेषु कीदृशम् आन्तयं भवति?
Answer: परस्परं भिन्नेषु पदार्थेषु स्वाभाविकम् आन्तर्यं भवति।
In simple words: In things that are different from each other, there is a natural inner resemblance.

Exam Tip: When asked about the underlying nature of things, remember that the text emphasizes a 'natural' or 'inherent' resemblance (स्वाभाविकम् आन्तर्यं), even amidst differences.

Question 2. के निकटासनाः भवन्ति?
Answer: सामाजिककार्येषु भोजनार्थं आहूताः लोकाः स्वरूपेण तथा प्रकारेण भिन्नाः भवन्ति। परन्तु यदा ते भोजनं कर्तुं आरम्भं कुर्वन्ति, तदा तेषां आन्तरिकं समानभावं दृष्ट्वा ते परस्परं समीपे उपविशन्ति।
In simple words: People invited to social meals, though different in appearance, sit close to each other when eating because they see their shared inner purpose.

Exam Tip: For descriptive answers, ensure you explain the context (social gathering, eating) and the underlying reason (seeing inner resemblance) for the observed behavior.

Question 3. गोष्ठेषु गावः केन सह शेरते?
Answer: धेनवः सन्ध्याकाले गोष्ठेषु आगम्य स्वबालकस्य सह शयनं कुर्वन्ति।
In simple words: Cows, gathering in their stables in the evening, sleep with their own calves.

Exam Tip: Identify the key actors (cows), time (evening), place (stables), and companion (their calves) to provide a complete answer.

Question 4. लोष्टः कस्य विकारः वर्तते?
Answer: लोष्टः पृथिव्याः विकारः वर्तते।
In simple words: A lump of clay is a transformation of the earth.

Exam Tip: Remember the concept of 'modification' (विकारः) in the context of the material origin of objects mentioned in the text.

Question 5. पार्थिवाग्नेः केन सह सम्बन्धः वर्तते?
Answer: पार्थिवाग्नेः सूर्येण सह सम्बन्धः वर्तते।
In simple words: The terrestrial fire is related to the sun.

Exam Tip: Focus on the direct relationship specified in the text, linking earthly fire to the sun due to shared characteristics.

विसर्गसन्धिं प्रयोजयत –
Make विसर्गसन्धिं

Question 1. स्वर्णादयः धातवः – स्वर्णादयो धातवः
Answer: स्वर्णादयो धातवः
In simple words: The combined form of 'स्वर्णादयः' and 'धातवः' is 'स्वर्णादयो धातवः'.

Exam Tip: Practice common Visarga Sandhi rules, especially those involving 'अः' followed by a soft consonant or vowel.

Question 2. कृशैः सहास्ते – कृशैस्सहास्ते
Answer: कृशैस्सहास्ते
In simple words: The combined form of 'कृशैः' and 'सहास्ते' is 'कृशैस्सहास्ते'.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the rule of 'स' becoming 'स्' before certain letters in Visarga Sandhi.

Question 3. तैः + एव – तैरेव
Answer: तैरेव
In simple words: The combined form of 'तैः' and 'एव' is 'तैरेव'.

Exam Tip: Remember that a Visarga followed by 'एव' often results in 'रेव' through R-Sandhi.

Question 4. प्रकारतः + च प्रकारतश्च
Answer: प्रकारतश्च
In simple words: The combined form of 'प्रकारतः' and 'च' is 'प्रकारतश्च'.

Exam Tip: Be aware of Visarga Sandhi rules where 'तः' followed by 'च' changes to 'तश्च'.

Question 5. नियमः अयम् दृश्यते – नियमोऽयं दृश्यते
Answer: नियमोऽयं दृश्यते
In simple words: The combined form of 'नियमः' and 'अयम् दृश्यते' is 'नियमोऽयं दृश्यते'.

Exam Tip: Recognize the common Utva Sandhi where Visarga changes to 'ओ' and the following 'अ' is dropped (Avagraha).

रेखातिपदानि आधृत्य कोष्ठगतैः प्रश्नार्थ सर्वनामैः प्रश्नवाक्यं रचयत –
Choose the correct word from the brackets to replace the underlined word and make interrogative sentences:
(कुत्र, कैः, कस्याः, कस्य, कस्मात्)

Question 1. कृशाः कृशैः सहासते।
Answer: कृशाः कैः सहासते?
In simple words: The question asks 'With whom do thin people sit?' when the original sentence stated they sit with thin people.

Exam Tip: To form interrogative sentences, identify the part of the sentence being asked about and replace it with the appropriate interrogative pronoun (e.g., कैः for 'with whom').

Question 2. गोष्ठेषु समागत्य स्ववत्सेन सह गावः शेरते। (Underlined: गावः)
Answer: गोष्ठेषु समागत्य स्ववत्सेन सह कैः शेरते?
In simple words: To ask 'who' sleeps with the calves in the stables, we use 'कैः' for the subject 'गावः'.

Exam Tip: When changing a statement into a question, select the correct interrogative pronoun that matches the case and number of the word being queried.

Question 3. सः पृथिव्याः विकारः वर्तते।
Answer: सः कस्याः विकारः वर्तते?
In simple words: The question asks 'whose modification is it?' when the original sentence stated 'it is a modification of the earth'.

Exam Tip: To inquire about possession or origin, use 'कस्याः' (whose/of what, feminine singular) when the noun is feminine singular like 'पृथिव्याः'.

Question 4. महाभाष्यकारः सम्बन्धस्य सिद्धान्तं सूचयति।
Answer: महाभाष्यकारः कस्य सिद्धान्तं सूचयति?
In simple words: The question asks 'whose principle' the Mahabhashyakara indicates, when the original stated 'the principle of relation'.

Exam Tip: When forming a question about a genitive noun, replace it with the appropriate genitive interrogative pronoun 'कस्य' (whose/of what, masculine/neuter singular).

अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत –
Answer the following questions in English:

Question 1. What is the reason for natural similarity (resemblance) of living beings?
Answer: Living beings seem different from each other. However, even among these outwardly distinct creatures, an inherent natural resemblance exists. This becomes clear when living beings participate in an activity. For instance, when people are called for lunch at a public event, they gather together, recognizing a common purpose of eating. Similarly, cows return to their stable and settle with their own young ones.
In simple words: Living things may look unalike, but they share a natural likeness. This likeness shows up when they do things together, like people eating lunch or cows resting with their calves.

Exam Tip: For questions about natural similarity, explain that it's an inner connection, not just outward appearance, and provide clear examples from the text.

Question 2. Why is similarity (resemblance) seen in non-living objects?
Answer: Resemblance is observed not just in living beings but also in non-living things. For instance, when a piece of clay is thrown, it does not rise upwards or go sideways. It returns to the ground because it is merely a change of the earth itself. Likewise, the fire's flame ascends because it shares a likeness with the sun.
In simple words: Similarity is found in non-living things too. For example, a thrown lump of clay returns to Earth because it's a part of Earth. A fire's flame goes up because it resembles the sun.

Exam Tip: Use specific examples from the text, like the lump of clay returning to earth and fire's flame rising to the sun, to illustrate resemblance in non-living objects.

Question 3. Why does the light go upwards?
Answer: Light is a change of the sun. There is a likeness and connection between light and the sun. The light from a fire on Earth also rises because it has a natural link with the sun due to their shared nature.
In simple words: Light goes up because it comes from the sun and is connected to it. Fire's light on Earth also rises because it shares a resemblance with the sun.

Exam Tip: Explain that light's upward movement is due to its origin as a modification of the sun and its inherent resemblance and connection to it.

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit स्वाभाविकं सादृश्यम् Additional Important Questions and Answers

आङ्ग्लभाषायां संक्षिप्तां टिप्पणी लिखित
Write a short note in English:

Question 1. आचार्य पतञ्जलि
Answer: About 2600 years ago, Panini wrote his work on Sanskrit grammar called Ashtadhyayi. He summarized the grammar into 4000 short rules (aphorisms). After some time, RR created detailed notes on these rules, which are known as Vartikas. Acharya Patanjali later wrote the Vyakarana Mahabhashya (The Great Commentary in Grammar). The Mahabhashya is presented as a dialogue, and it contains many references to the social, political, and economic aspects of his era, along with scientific ideas.
In simple words: Around 2600 years back, Panini created the Ashtadhyayi, a Sanskrit grammar book with 4000 short rules. Later, others wrote explanations called Vartikas. Acharya Patanjali then wrote the Vyakarana Mahabhashya, a big grammar book in dialogue form. It includes many details about society, politics, economy, and science from his time.

Exam Tip: When writing about historical figures like Patanjali, mention their key contributions (e.g., Mahabhashya), their relation to other scholars (Panini), and the nature/content of their works (grammar, social references).

Question 2. Natural resemblance among living beings.
Answer: Natural resemblance does not imply sameness in size, color, or height. Instead, it points to an inherent close connection or inner likeness. This similarity can stem from a shared goal or a particular event. For instance, people going to lunch demonstrate this; they share a common purpose. This same likeness causes cows to return to their calves in the evening. This concept also applies to non-living items.
In simple words: Natural similarity isn't about looking the same in size or color. It's an inner connection, often from a shared purpose or event. For example, people going for lunch feel similar, and cows go to their calves. This idea applies even to things that aren't alive.

Exam Tip: Define natural resemblance as an inner connection, not physical likeness. Provide specific examples like people at a lunch event and cows with their calves to support your explanation.

अधोलिखितयोः वाक्ययोः आङ्ग्लभाषायाम् अनुवाद कुरत –
Translate the following sentences in English:

Question 1. एषु पुनः प्रत्येकमपि पदार्थाः भिन्नाः भिन्नाः भवन्ति। तद्यथा-स्वर्ण लौहात् भिन्नं भवति। अथ च प्रत्येकः सुवर्णखण्डः परस्परम् आकारेण प्रकारेण च भिन्नः भिन्न भवति।
Answer: Among these items, each object is distinct. For instance, gold differs from iron. Furthermore, every individual piece of gold varies from other pieces in its shape and type.
In simple words: Each item is unique. Gold is not like iron. Also, every single piece of gold looks and acts differently from another piece of gold.

Exam Tip: When translating, ensure you capture both the general statement (every object is different) and the specific examples (gold vs. iron, individual gold pieces) accurately.

Question 2. एवमेव गवादीनां पशूनामपि प्रवृत्तिर्भवति। गावो दिवसं चरितवत्यो सायंकाले गोष्ठेषु समागत्य यो यस्याः वत्सो भवति तेन सह शेरते।
Answer: Similarly, animals like cows also act this way. After grazing throughout the day, the cows come together in their stables in the evening and each one rests with its own young one.
In simple words: Just like humans, animals like cows act the same. After eating grass all day, cows go back to their stables at night and sleep with their calves.

Exam Tip: Translate compound sentences carefully, breaking them down into clauses to ensure each part of the Sanskrit sentence is accurately rendered into English.

कोष्ठकगतानिपदानि प्रयुज्य अधोलिखितानां वाक्यानां संस्कृतभाषायाम् अनुवादं कुरुत –
Translate following sentences in Sanskrit using bracketed words:

Question 1. There are different kinds of things in the world. (संसार विभन्न पदार्थ अस्)
Answer: संसारे विभिन्नाः पदार्थाः सन्ति।
In simple words: To say 'different things exist in the world' in Sanskrit, we use 'संसारे विभिन्नाः पदार्थाः सन्ति'.

Exam Tip: When translating from English to Sanskrit, ensure correct case endings (e.g., locative for 'in the world') and verb conjugations (e.g., 'सन्ति' for 'are').

Question 2. Gold iron etc., are metals. (स्वर्ण लोह धातु अस्)
Answer: स्वर्ण-लौहादयः धातवः सन्ति।
In simple words: To say 'gold, iron, etc., are metals', we combine the words into 'स्वर्ण-लौहादयः धातवः सन्ति'.

Exam Tip: Use compound forms like '-आदयः' (and others) to represent lists, and ensure the verb 'सन्ति' (are) matches the plural subject.

Question 3. The great sage पतञ्जलिः lived before two thousand two hundred years. (महर्षि भू द्वाविंशतिशतवर्ष पूर्व)
Answer: द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्य पूर्वं महर्षिः पतञ्जलिः बभूव।
In simple words: To state that Patanjali lived 2200 years ago, we use 'द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्य पूर्वं' and the past tense verb 'बभूव'.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to numerical expressions and historical references, using appropriate Sanskrit terms for time periods and past events.

Question 4. Thin sit with the thin person. (कृश सह उप + विश्)
Answer: कृशाः कृशैः सह उपविशन्ति।
In simple words: To say 'thin people sit with thin people', we use plural forms for both 'thin' and 'sit', with 'सह' meaning 'with'.

Exam Tip: Ensure the noun and its adjective (कृशाः कृशैः) agree in number and case, and that the verb (उपविशन्ति) is correctly conjugated for the plural subject.

Question 5. The composer of महाभाष्य instructs rule of human life. (महाभाष्यकार मानवीय व्यावहारिक सिद्धान्त उप + दिशा)
Answer: महाभाष्यकारः मानवीयं व्यावहारिक सिद्धान्तम् उपदिशति।
In simple words: The composer of the Mahabhashya teaches human practical principles.

Exam Tip: Identify the subject (composer), object (principles), and verb (instructs) and translate them with their appropriate case endings and forms.

सन्धिस कुरुत
Make sandhis:

Question 1. 'लौहात् + भिन्नम्' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) लौहाभिन्नम्
(ख) लौहभिन्नम्
(ग) लौहाभिन्नम्
(घ) लौहाभिन्नम्
Answer: (ग) लौहाभिन्नम्
In simple words: The correct combined form for 'लौहात् + भिन्नम्' is 'लौहाभिन्नम्'.

Exam Tip: Practice the rules of Hal Sandhi (consonant conjunction), where 'त्' often changes before certain consonants.

Question 2. 'पदार्थेषु + अपि' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) पदार्थेष्वपि
(ख) पदार्थपि
(ग) पदार्थेऽपि
(घ) पदार्थेषुपि
Answer: (क) पदार्थेष्वपि
In simple words: The correct combined form for 'पदार्थेषु + अपि' is 'पदार्थेष्वपि'.

Exam Tip: Recognize the rule of Yan Sandhi (इ, उ, ऋ, लृ changing to य, व, र, ल) where 'उ' followed by 'अ' becomes 'व'.

Question 3. 'प्रवृत्तिः + भवति' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) प्रवृत्तिभवति
(ख) प्रवृत्तीभवति
(ग) प्रवृत्तिर्भवति
(घ) प्रवृर्तिभवति
Answer: (ग) प्रवृत्तिर्भवति
In simple words: The correct combined form for 'प्रवृत्तिः + भवति' is 'प्रवृत्तिर्भवति'.

Exam Tip: Understand Visarga Sandhi rules where a Visarga can change to 'र्' before a soft consonant.

सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत –
Dissolve sandhis:

Question 1. 'चास्यतामित्युक्ते' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) च + आस्यता + मित्युक्ते
(ख) च + आस्यताम् + इत्युक्ते
(ग) च + आस्यताम् + इति + उक्ते
(घ) च + आस्यता + मिति + उक्ते
Answer: (ग) च + आस्यताम् + इति + उक्ते
In simple words: The word 'चास्यतामित्युक्ते' separates into 'च', 'आस्यताम्', 'इति', and 'उक्ते'.

Exam Tip: When dissolving sandhi, identify the points of conjunction and reverse the rules (e.g., 'इत्युक्ते' into 'इति + उक्ते', 'म्' for 'न्').

Question 2. 'किञ्चिदर्थकृतमर्थात्' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) किञ्चत् + अर्थकृतम् + अर्थात्
(ख) किञ्चित् + अर्थकृत + मर्थात्
(ग) किञ्चि + दर्थकृत + अर्थात्
(घ) किञ्चित् + अर्थकृत + अर्थात्
Answer: (क) किञ्चत् + अर्थकृतम् + अर्थात्
In simple words: The word 'किञ्चिदर्थकृतमर्थात्' separates into 'किञ्चत्', 'अर्थकृतम्', and 'अर्थात्'.

Exam Tip: Carefully break down the compound word by identifying original words and applying reversal of sandhi rules, such as consonant changes.

Question 3. 'चोर्ध्वमारोहति' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) च + ऊर्ध्व + मारोहति
(ख) च + ऊर्ध्वम् + आरोहति
(ग) चोर्ध्व + मारोहति
(घ) च + ऊर्ध्व + आरोहति
Answer: (ख) च + ऊर्ध्वम् + आरोहति
In simple words: The word 'चोर्ध्वमारोहति' separates into 'च', 'ऊर्ध्वम्', and 'आरोहति'.

Exam Tip: Understand how Avagraha (ऽ) indicates a dropped 'अ', and how vowel changes occur in Sandhi (e.g., 'ओ' for 'उ' + 'अ').

स्वाभाविकं सादृश्यम् Introduction

Nearly 2600 years ago, पाणिनि composed a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named अष्टाध्यायी। There are 4000 aphorisms (मित्र s) in अष्टाध्यायी After two hundred years, कात्यायन wrote explanatory notes on पाणिनी's aphorisms. These explanations are called वार्तिकs. आचार्य पतंजलि composed his याकरण महाभाष्य. (The Great Commentary on Grammar). This lesson is based on the part of the commentary on पाणिनि's aphorism स्थानेऽन्तरतमः The point of the lesson is how पतंजलि describes social conventions and points out the theory of gravitation while explaining rule of grammar. याकरण महाभाष्य is in the form of a discussion or conversation. The prose is so lively and interesting that Swami Vivekananda has said that it is the best prose in Sanskrit literature.

स्वाभाविकं सादृश्यम् Summary Of The Chapter

In this world there are various types of things. For example: metals such as gold, iron, etc., trees like banyan, खदिर, etc., and beasts like cows, horses etc. Among these again every object is different. For example; gold is different from iron. And every single piece of gold is different from the other in shape and kind (quality).

In fact, it is experienced that these objects are different from one another in the form of existence or being. But actually, even in the objects that are different from one another, there is some sort of natural close relation also. When the respective objects of different types are used in some action, ascertainment of this (similarity) takes place. The mention of this principle is made before twenty-two hundred years by the great preceptor पतंजलि in his own (treatise named) व्याकरण महाभाष्य. There he narrates.

When one is told, “Sit in the assemblies, gatherings and among the people having some kind of food, the thin persons do not sit with the thin nor do the whites sit with the whites. They sit with only those who have a close relationship of some kind with purpose. That is to say people invited for lunch in social life are different in shape (or size) and types. But when they proceed for lunch, they sit close to one another seeing their own inner resemblance.

A man who is thin in shape does not sit with the other fat person. But among whom there is some sort of resemblance caused by purpose or occasion, following that resemblance only those sit close to one another. The members of the family of maternal uncle sit with other members of the maternal uncle, the paternal uncles with other paternal uncles, neighbours with the other neighbours.

Exactly, in the same way, the beasts such as cows etc. also behave. Having grazed during the daytime the cows gathering in the stable in the evening sleep, each one with her calf. This rule is seen in the inanimate objects also like that of the beasts such as cows etc.

For example:

a lump of clay when thrown having gone speedily does not go obliquely, nor does it climb upward. Being the modification of the earth, it comes back to the earth on account of its resemblance. Similarly, the flame of the fire which is the modification of the sunlit well in the place where there is not wind does not go in a horizontal direction, nor does it go down.

Being the modification of the sun it goes (upward i.e.,) towards the sun only, due to close relation. In this way here the composer of महाभाष्य. is instructing the principle of the practical human life and along with it he is also indicating the theory of gravitation (of the earth) and of the relation of fire on the earth with the sun.

स्वाभाविकं सादृश्यम् Prose-Order, Translation And Glossary

1. संस्कृतम्:

संसारे विविधाः पदार्थाः सन्ति। तद्यथा स्वर्ण-लौहादयो धातवः, वट-खदिरादयो वृक्षाः, गो-घोटकादयः पशवः च। एषु पुनः प्रत्येकमपि पदार्थाः भिन्नाः-भिन्नाः भवन्ति। तद्यथा-स्वर्णं लौहात् भिन्नं भवति। अथ च प्रत्येकः सवर्णखण्डः परस्परम् आकारेण प्रकारेण च भिन्नः भिन्न- भवति।

Translation:

In this world there are various types of things. For example Metals such as gold, iron etc., trees like banyan, ufce, etc. and beasts like cows, horses,s etc. Among these again every object is different. For example: gold is different from the other in shape and kind (quality)

Glossary:

संसारे – in the world, विविधाः पदार्थाः – various or different things, तद्यथा – तत् + यथा, for example, स्वर्ण-लौहादयः धातवः – स्वर्णम् च लौहम् च, स्वर्णलोहे – इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास, स्वर्णलोहे आदिः येषाम् ते – बहुव्रीहि समास – metals such as gold, iron etc, वट-खदिरादयः – वटः च खदिरः च वटखदिरौ – इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास, बटखदिरौ आदिः, येषाम् ते – बहुव्रीहि समास, (trees) banyan tree, खदिरे tree, etc. गोघोटकादयः आदिः येषाम् ते – बहुव्रीहि समास, (beasts) such as cows, horses, etc., एषू पुनः – again among these, एषु – इदम् – (pronoun) masculine locative plural, लौहात् – from iron, सुवर्णखण्डः – सुवर्णस्य खण्ड: – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास, a piece of gold, आकारेण प्रकारेण च – in respect of shape and type, भिन्नः – different.

2. संस्कृतम्:

वस्तुतः अस्तित्वरूपेण सत्तारूपेण वा एते पदार्थाः परस्परं भिन्नाः सन्तीति प्रतीयन्ते। परन्तु प्रत्यक्षतः परस्परं भिन्नेषु पदार्थेषु अपि किञ्चिदेकं स्वाभाविकम् आन्तर्यमपि भवति। ते ते पदार्थाः यदा क्रियायां प्रयुक्ताः भवन्ति, तदा अस्य प्रतीतिः भवति। अस्य सिद्धान्तस्य उपदेशः द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम् आचार्येण पतञ्जलिना स्वकीये व्याकरणमहाभाष्ये कृतः। तत्र ते क्थयन्ति

Translation:

In fact, it is experienced that these objects are different from one another in the form of existence or being. But actually, even in the objects that are different from one another, there is some sort of natural close relation also, when the respective objects of different types are used in some action, ascertainment of this (similarity) takes place. The mention of this principle is made before twenty-two hundred years by the great preceptor af in his own (treatise named) व्याकरण महाभाष्य. There he narrates.

3. संस्कृतम्:

वस्तुतः अस्तित्वरूपेण सत्तारूपेण वा एते पदार्थाः परस्परं भिन्नाः सन्तीति प्रतीयन्ते। परन्तु प्रत्यक्षतः परस्परं भिन्नेष पदार्थेषु अपि किञ्चिदेकं स्वाभाविकम् आन्तर्यमपि भवति। ते ते पदार्थाः यदा क्रियायां प्रयुक्ताः भवन्ति, तदा अस्य प्रतीतिः भवति। अस्य सिद्धान्तस्य उपदेशः द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम् आचार्येण पतञ्जलिना स्वकीये व्याकरणमहाभाष्ये कृतः। तत्र ते क्थयन्ति

Translation:

In fact, it is experienced that these objects are different from one another in the form of existence or being. But actually, even in the objects that are different from one another, there is some sort of natural close relation also, when the respective objects of different types are used in some action, ascertainment of this (similarity) takes place. The mention of this principle is made before twenty-two hundred years by the great preceptor si in his own (treatise named) 241972UT 4619104. There he narrates.

Glossary:

वस्तुतः – in fact, अस्तित्वरूपेण – in terms of being, सत्तारूपेण – in terms of existence, प्रतीयन्ते - (they)appear or seen, are understood, प्रति + इ (2P) passive present tense, कर्मणि लट् लकार, third person plural, प्रत्यक्षतः – in reality, this is an indeclinable, भिन्नेषु पदार्थेषु – in different things, किञ्चिदेकम् - किम् + चित् + एकम् some, स्वाभाविकम् – natural; adjective of the noun आन्तर्यम्, आन्तर्यम् – similarity, closest relationship, प्रयुक्ताः – used, employed, अस्य प्रतीतिः भवति – its experience occurs, it is experienced (by us), अस्य सिद्धान्तस्य उपदेशः – the instruction of this principle or theory, द्वाविंशतिशतवर्षेभ्यः पूर्वम् – before twenty-two hundred years, व्याकरण महाभाष्य – in a treatise called, व्याकरण महाभाष्य (Great commentary on Grammar).

4. संस्कृतम्:

'समाजेषु समाशेषु समवायेषु चास्यताम् इत्युक्ते नैव कृशाः कृशैः सहासते, न पाण्डवः पाण्डुभिः। येषामेव किंचिदर्थकृतमान्तर्यं तैरेव सहासते।' अर्थात् सामाजिके व्यवहारे भोजनार्थं निमन्त्रिताः जनाः आकारतः प्रकारतश्च भिन्नाः-भिन्नाः भवन्ति। परन्तु यदा तेषां भोजनविधौ प्रवृत्तिः भवति तदा ते स्वकीयम् आन्तरिकं समानत्वं पश्यन्तः परस्परं निकटासनाः भवन्ति। आकारेण कश्चित् कृशः जनः कृशेन सह न तिष्ठति, न तु कश्चित् पीनः पीनेन सह। परन्तु येषां किञ्चिदर्थकृतम् अर्थात् प्रयोजनकृतं सादृश्यं भवति, तत् सादृश्यमनुसरन्तः ते एव परस्परं निकटासनाः भवन्ति। मातुलकुलाः मातुलकुलैः सह, पितृव्याः पितृव्यैः, सह, उपवेशिनः उपवेशिभिः सह तिष्ठन्ति ।

Translation:

When one is told, “Sit in the assemblies, gatherings and among the people having same kind of food, the thin persons do not sit with the thin nor do the whites sit with the whites. They sit with only those who have a close relation of some kind with purpose. That is to say people invited for lunch in social life are different in shape (or size) and types. But when they proceed for lunch, they sit close to one another seeing their own inner resemblance.

A man who is thin in shape does not sit with the other thin person, nor does a fat one sit with the other fat person. But among whom there is some sort of resemblance caused by purpose or occasion, following that resemblance only those sit close to one another. The members of the family of maternal uncle sit with other members of the maternal uncle, the paternal uncles with other paternal uncles, neighbours with the other neighbours.

Glossary:

समाजेषु – in assemblies or meetings समाशेषु – among people having similar food, समानतम् अशनम् येषाम् ते, तेषु – बहुव्रीहि समास, आस्यताम् – sit, be seated; आस् (2A) impersonal imperative mood, भावे लोट् लकार, third person singular, इत्युक्ते – इति + उक्ते – this is locative absolute construction; It may be dissolved as, यदा इति उक्तम् तदा – when told like this, कृशाः – thin (persons), कृशैः सह न आसते – (they do not sit with the thin persons; आस् (2A) present tense, लट् लकार, third person plural, पाण्डवः – whites, white – skinned or persons with fair complexion, येषामेव-येषाम् + एव – only those whose, किञ्चितदर्शकृतमान्तर्यम् – किञ्चित् + अर्थकृतम् + आन्तर्यम some kind of close relation (आन्तर्यम) created by common motive or purpose (अर्थ) भोजनविद्यौ – भोजनस्य विधिः तस्मिन् – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास – in the ritual/function of meal (lunch, dinner) अर्थात् it means, स्वकीयम् आन्तरिकम् समानत्वम् – inner resemblance of (their) own, पश्यन्तः – seeing, here considering, talking into account, निकटासनाः – निकटे आसनानि येषाम् ते – बहुव्रीहि समास – whose seats are near or close to one another, पीन: – स्थूलः, fat, अर्थकृतम् – अर्थेन कृतम् - तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास – as a result of some purpose, प्रयोजनकृतम् – caused by occasion, तत् सादृश्यम् अनुसरन्तः – following that similarity, मातुलकुलाः – मातुलम् कुलम् येषाम् ते – बहुव्रीहि समास – members belonging to the family of maternal uncle, पितृव्याः – paternal uncles, उपवेशिनः – neighbours, उपवेशिभिः तिष्ठन्ति – sit with the neighbours.

4. संस्कृतम्:

एवमेव गवादीनां पशूनामपि प्रवृत्तिर्भवति। गावो दिवसं चरितवत्यो सायंकाले गोष्ठेषु समागत्य यो यस्याः वत्सो भवति तेन सह शेरते। गवादीनामिव अचेतनेषु अपि पदार्थेषु नियमोऽयं दृश्यते। तद्यथा-लोष्टः क्षिप्तो बहुवेगं गत्वा नैव तिर्यग् गच्छति नोर्ध्वमारोहति। सः पृथिव्याः विकारः वर्तते इति कृत्वा पृथिवीमेव आगच्छति, सादृश्यत्वात्। तथा ज्योतिषो विकारः अर्चिः आकाशदेशे निवाते सुप्रज्वलितं नैव तिर्यग् गच्छति नार्वागारोहति। ज्योतिषो विकारो ज्योतिरेव गच्छत्यान्तर्यतः। एवमत्र महाभाष्यकाराः मानवीयं व्यावहारिकं सिद्धान्तमुपदिशन्ति। तेन सह च गुरुत्वाकर्षणस्य सिद्धान्तं पार्थिवाग्नेः सूर्येण सह सम्बन्धस्य च सिद्धान्तं सूचयन्ति।

Translation:

Exactly in the some way the beasts such as cows etc. also behave. Having grazed during the day time the cows gathering in the stables in the evening sleep, each one with her calf. This rule is seen in the inanimate objects also like that of the beasts such as cows etc. Fro example, a lump of clay when thrown having gone speedily does not go obliquely, nor does it climb upward. Being the modification of the earth, it comes back to the earth an account of its resemblance. Similarly, the flame of the fire which is the modification of the sun lit well in the place where there is no wind does not go in a horizontal direction, nor does it go down. Being the modification of the sun it goes (upward i.e.,) towards the sun only, due to close relation. In this way here the composer of महाभाष्य is instructing the principle of the practical human life and along with it he is also indicating the theory of gravitation (of the earth) and of the relation of fire on the earth with the sun.

Glossary:

एवमेव – एवम् + एव - exactly (एव) in the same way (एवम्), गवादीनाम् - गौः आदिः येषाम् ते, तेषाम् – बहुव्रीहि समास, cows, etc., चरितवत्यः – having grazed, चर (1P) past active participle, तवत् प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त, feminine nominative plural, adjective of the substantive – गावः (F). अचेतनेषु अपि पदार्थेषु – even in case of inanimate things, अचेतनेषु – न विद्यते चेतना येषु ने, तेषु – नञ् बहुव्रीहि समास, नियमोऽयम् – नियमः + अयम् – this rule, दृश्यते – is seen (by us); the subject of दृश्यते is अस्माभि, which is understood, लोष्टः – lump of clay, क्षिप्तः – that is thrown, adjective of the noun, लोष्टः बहुवेगम् – बहुः वेगः यस्मिन् कर्मणि तथा स्यात् तथा-अव्ययीभाव समास, very speedily, नैव तिर्यक् गच्छति – it does not go obliquely/crookedly, नोर्ध्वम् - न + ऊर्ध्वम् (does) not (go) upward, पृथिव्या विकारः – modification of earth (a lump of clay is earth in a different form), इति कृत्वा – because of this, पृथिवीम् – to the earth, सादृश्यत्वात् – due to resemblance, ज्योतिषः विकारः – modification of the sun (i.e., ray); modification of fire (i.e., flame), ज्योतिस् – (1) sun (2) fire, अर्चिः – ray, flame (here it is the flame of the fire), आकाशदशे – in the sky or in the free space, निवाते – where there is no wind, in (a place) sheltered from the wind, सुप्रज्वलितम् – lighted well adjective of the noun, अर्चिः (N), नार्वागारोहति – न + अर्वाक + आरोहति – does not come/descend down, ज्योतिरेव – ज्योतिः + एव – (goes upwards in the direction of the sun only, गच्छत्यान्तर्यतः – गच्छति + आन्तर्यतः – goes. Due to its close relation (with the sun). The flame of the fire goes up because of its being related to the sun, एवमत्र – एवम् + अत्र – in this way (एवम्) here (अत्र), i.e., in this explanation in the first three paragraphs on textbook page 80., महाभाष्यकाराः – the composer of the treatise called, E14101: i.e., पतंजलि मानवीयम् – human, व्यावहारिकम् – pertaining to the day to day dealings (व्यवहार), the adjective of the noun, सिद्धान्तम् (principle or theory), गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तम् – theory of the gravitation, पार्थिवाग्नेः - पार्थिवः अग्निः, तस्य – कर्मधारय समास, of the fire on the earth पार्थिव (belonging to the earth) is the adjective of the noun, अग्नि सूर्येण सह – with the sun, सूचयन्ति – indicate, suggest; the verb of the subject महाभाष्यकाराः।