GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 15 जयः पराजयो वा

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit जयः Textbook Questions and Answers

1. अधोलिखितेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः समुचितम् उत्तरं चिनुत
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:

Question 1. अर्जुनः किं द्रष्टुकामः भूलोकम् आगच्छत्?
(क) युद्धम्
(ख) विजयोत्सवम्
(ग) पृथिवीम्
(घ) जनस्थितिम्
Answer: (ग) पृथिवीम्
In simple words: अर्जुनः भूलोकं द्रष्टुम् आगच्छत्।

Exam Tip: For Sanskrit MCQs, carefully read the question and options to select the correct answer based on context and meaning.

Question 2. तृषातुरः अर्जुनः कुत्र गतवान्?
(क) नगरम्
(ख) नदीम्
(ग) सागरम्
(घ) सरोवरम्
Answer: (घ) सरोवरम्
In simple words: पिपासितः अर्जुनः एकं सरोवरं प्राप्तवान्।

Exam Tip: Understand the key vocabulary such as 'तृषातुरः' (thirsty) and 'कुत्र' (where) to quickly find the right location from the options.

Question 3. प्रकृतिनिर्मिताः सरोवराः कीदृशाः भवन्ति?
(क) अपेयजलाः
(ख) अगाधजला:
(ग) उष्णजलाः
(घ) पेयजला:
Answer: (घ) पेयजला:
In simple words: प्रकृतिनिर्मिताः सरोवराः सदा पानयोग्याः भवन्ति।

Exam Tip: Remember that natural ponds or lakes are generally expected to offer potable water, unlike contaminated ones. This context helps in choosing the right characteristic.

Question 4. युवकः कीदृशः आसीत्?
(क) भग्नहस्तः
(ख) भग्नदन्तः
(ग) भग्नदण्डः
(घ) भग्नपादः
Answer: (ख) भग्नदन्तः
In simple words: युवकस्य दन्ताः पतिताः आसन्।

Exam Tip: Focus on the specific physical description given in the story for the young man to select the accurate option.

Question 5. महाभारतकालिकाः जनाः कीदृशाः आसन्?
(क) स्थूलकायाः
(ख) हतबलाः
(ग) कृशकायाः
(घ) स्थूलोदराः
Answer: (क) स्थूलकायाः
In simple words: महाभारतकाले जनाः बलवन्तः, स्थूलशरीराः च आसन्।

Exam Tip: The text highlights a contrast between people of Mahabharata era and modern times; identifying their robust nature is key here.

Question 6. भटस्य (सैनिकस्य) पुत्रः कीदृशे कूपे पतितः?
(क) निर्जले
(ख) गभीरे
(ग) क्षीणजले
(घ) विशाले
Answer: (ख) गभीरे
In simple words: सैनिकस्य पुत्रः गम्भीरे कूपे अपतत्।

Exam Tip: Pay attention to descriptive adjectives like 'गभीरे' (deep) when recalling details about incidents involving specific locations.

Question 7. कीदृशः अर्जुनः पुनः स्वर्ग प्रस्थितः?
(क) गृहीतचिन्तः
(ख) गृहीतजल:
(ग) क्रोधाविष्टः
(घ) पराजितः
Answer: (क) गृहीतचिन्तः
In simple words: अर्जुनः चिन्ताग्रस्तः भूत्वा स्वर्गं प्रत्यागच्छत्।

Exam Tip: Understand Arjuna's emotional state after witnessing the war's aftermath; 'गृहीतचिन्तः' describes his worried state, making it the correct option.

2. एकवाक्येन संस्कृतभाषायाम् उत्तरं लिखत -
Answer in one Sanskrit sentence:

Question 1. अर्जुनः कस्य समीपं गच्छति?
Answer: अर्जुनः जयघोषकारकस्य जनसमूहस्य समीपं गच्छति।
In simple words: अर्जुनः जयघोषं कुर्वतां जनानां समूहस्य समीपं गच्छति।

Exam Tip: Identify the specific group mentioned in the story that Arjuna approached after reaching Earth.

Question 2. सरोवरस्य जलं कीदृशम् आसीत्?
Answer: सरोवरस्य जलं सगरम् (विषमयम्) आसीत्।
In simple words: सरोवरस्य जलं विषसहितम् आसीत्।

Exam Tip: Recall the description of the lake's water, specifically its harmful nature, as detailed by the unfamiliar man.

Question 3. युवकः आसीत्?
Answer: युवकः तरुणकण्ठः, वृद्धकायः, भग्नदन्तः, धवलकेशश्च आसीत्।
In simple words: युवकस्य स्वरः युवानां, शरीरं वृद्धानां इव आसीत्, दन्ताः न आसन्, केशाः धवलाः च आसन्।

Exam Tip: When describing a character, combine all the key physical attributes mentioned in the narrative into a concise sentence.

Question 4. सर्व वस्तुजातं केन प्रदूषितं विषमयं च सञ्जातम्?
Answer: सर्वं वस्तुजातं शस्त्रास्त्रनिर्गतैः प्रदूषितैः प्रदूषितं विषमयं च सज्जातम्।
In simple words: शस्त्रास्त्रेभ्यः निर्गतैः प्रदूषितैः पदार्थैः सर्वं वस्तु विषसहितं च अभवत्।

Exam Tip: Remember that pollution from weapons is the cause for everything becoming contaminated and poisonous.

Question 5. कः विगतदृष्टिः जातः?
Answer: अपरिचितस्य जनस्य पुत्रः विगतदृष्टिः (अन्धः) जातः।
In simple words: अज्ञातस्य पुरुषस्य पुत्रः अन्धः अभवत्।

Exam Tip: Clearly state who became blind, referring to the unfamiliar man's son as described in the story.

3. ह्यस्तनभूतकाले धातुरूंपाणि परिवर्तयत
Chance form of verb in ह्यस्तनभूतकालेः

Question 1. स्मरति – अस्मरत्
Answer: अस्मरत्
In simple words: 'स्मरति' इत्यस्य लङ् लकार रूपम् 'अस्मरत्' भवति।

Exam Tip: Practice verb conjugations in different tenses (lakāras) to correctly identify the past tense (laṅ lakāra) forms of common verbs.

Question 2. पश्यामि – अपश्यम्
Answer: अपश्यम्
In simple words: 'पश्यामि' इत्यस्य लङ् लकार रूपम् 'अपश्यम्' भवति।

Exam Tip: Be mindful of the person and number when converting verbs; here, 'पश्यामि' (first person singular) changes to 'अपश्यम्' (first person singular past tense).

Question 3. वदति – अवदत्
Answer: अवदत्
In simple words: 'वदति' इत्यस्य लङ् लकार रूपम् 'अवदत्' भवति।

Exam Tip: For third person singular verbs, the 'a' prefix and 'at' ending are typical for the past imperfect tense (laṅ lakāra).

4. समासप्रकारं लिखत –
Write the correct type of compounds:

Question 1. लब्धविजयाः – बहुव्रीहि समासः
Answer: बहुव्रीहि समासः
In simple words: यस्मिन् पदे अन्यस्य पदस्य अर्थः प्रधानः भवति, सः बहुव्रीहि समासः।

Exam Tip: Recognize Bahuvrihi Samas when the compound denotes an object or person having the attributes mentioned by the constituent words, rather than the words themselves.

Question 2. तृषातुरः – तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः
Answer: तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः
In simple words: यस्मिन् पदे तृतीयविभक्तिः लुप्ता भवति, सः तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः।

Exam Tip: Identify Tatpurusha Samas by looking for a hidden case ending (here, instrumental third case) between the two parts of the compound.

Question 3. धवलकेशः – बहुव्रीहि समासः
Answer: बहुव्रीहि समासः
In simple words: 'धवलकेशः' इति पदं यस्य धवलकेशाः सन्ति तं व्यक्तिं सूचयति, अतः बहुव्रीहिः।

Exam Tip: Remember that Bahuvrihi Samas describes a person or thing by their qualities or possessions, where neither component word is primary in meaning.

Question 4. प्रकृतिनिर्मिताः – तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः
Answer: तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः
In simple words: 'प्रकृतिनिर्मिताः' इत्यत्र 'प्रकृत्या निर्मिताः' इति अर्थः, तृतीयविभक्तिः च लुप्ता।

Exam Tip: Look for compounds where an agent (here, 'by nature') is implied, suggesting a Tatpurusha Samas with a hidden instrumental case.

Question 5. सशोकः – सहबहुव्रीहि समासः
Answer: सहबहुव्रीहि समासः
In simple words: 'सशोकः' इत्यस्य अर्थः 'शोकेन सहितः', यस्मात् सहबहुव्रीहि समासः।

Exam Tip: Compounds starting with 'स-' (sa) often indicate 'with' or 'accompanied by' and belong to the Sahabahuvrihi category.

5. अधोदत्तानां शब्दरूपाणं विभक्ति वचनं च लिखत –
Write fauf and number of following word forms:

Question 1. नगरात् – पञ्चमी एकवचनम्
Answer: पञ्चमी एकवचनम्
In simple words: 'नगरात्' इति पदं पञ्चमी एकवचनस्य रूपमस्ति, यस्य अर्थः 'नगरात् दूरम्' इति।

Exam Tip: Words ending in '-at' or '-ebhyah' often signify the ablative (fifth) case, indicating 'from' or 'out of'.

Question 2. बलिष्ठान् – द्वितीया बहुवचनम्
Answer: द्वितीया बहुवचनम्
In simple words: 'बलिष्ठान्' इति पदं द्वितीया बहुवचनस्य रूपमस्ति, यस्य अर्थः 'बलिनः जनान्' इति।

Exam Tip: The ending '-aan' (as in 'baliṣṭhān') frequently marks the accusative plural for masculine nouns, indicating the object of an action.

Question 3. स्थितिम् – द्वितीया एकवचनम्
Answer: द्वितीया एकवचनम्
In simple words: 'स्थितिम्' इति पदं द्वितीया एकवचनस्य रूपमस्ति, यस्य अर्थः 'एकं स्थितिं' इति।

Exam Tip: The '-m' ending on a feminine noun (like 'sthiti') commonly denotes the accusative singular, functioning as the direct object.

Question 4. मासेषु – सप्तमी बहुवचनम्
Answer: सप्तमी बहुवचनम्
In simple words: 'मासेषु' इति पदं सप्तमी बहुवचनस्य रूपमस्ति, यस्य अर्थः 'मासेषु मध्ये' इति।

Exam Tip: The ending '-eṣu' usually signifies the locative plural for masculine and neuter nouns, meaning 'in' or 'among' multiple items.

Question 5. बहूनाम् – षष्ठी बहुवचनम्
Answer: षष्ठी बहुवचनम्
In simple words: 'बहूनाम्' इति पदं षष्ठी बहुवचनस्य रूपमस्ति, यस्य अर्थः 'बहूनां जनानां' इति।

Exam Tip: The ending '-nām' is characteristic of the genitive plural, denoting 'of' or 'belonging to' many individuals or things.

6. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत -
Answer the following questions in English:

Question 1. What did the unfamiliar man tell अर्जुन, when he went to drink the water of the lake?
Answer: When Arjun proceeded to drink the lake water outside the city, an unknown man informed him, "Gentleman, this water is poisonous. It is not suitable for drinking now."
In simple words: The man warned Arjun that the lake water was poisoned and unsafe to drink.

Exam Tip: When answering, precisely state the warning given by the unfamiliar man about the water's condition and suitability for consumption.

Question 2. One seeing the unfamiliar person, why was अर्जुन astonished?
Answer: The unfamiliar person Arjun saw had a young man's voice, but his body appeared like an old man's. He had no teeth, his hair was all white, and he carried a stick to help him walk. Arjun remembered the strong, stout men of his own time and was surprised to see this youth who looked very aged.
In simple words: Arjun was amazed because the man had a young voice but looked extremely old, with no teeth, white hair, and using a stick, which was different from the strong people Arjun remembered.

Exam Tip: Describe the man's contradictory appearance (young voice, old body) and contrast it with Arjuna's memories of people from his era to fully explain his astonishment.

Question 3. What things were polluted by arms and weapons used in the war?
Answer: The various weapons and missiles utilized in the war were extremely dangerous. The pollutants released from them contaminated everything on Earth. The air, soil, water, and all living creatures were badly affected by these pollutants.
In simple words: The war's weapons released harmful substances that polluted the air, soil, water, and all living things, causing them great harm.

Exam Tip: List all the elements (air, soil, water, living beings) specifically mentioned as being polluted by the weapons in the war.

Question 4. What was the condition of the son of the unfamiliar man?
Answer: The unfamiliar man's son lost his sight after consuming the contaminated lake water. He later tumbled into a deep well and unfortunately passed away.
In simple words: The man's son went blind from drinking the polluted water, then fell into a deep well and died.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the two main consequences the son faced: blindness due to poisoned water and death from falling into a well.

Question 5. What is the difference between war of the modern age and that of Mahabharata times?
Answer: In the past, during the Mahabharata era, war was limited to the battlefield. The five major elements—earth, water, light, air, and space—were not negatively impacted. In the current period, war has become a significant problem. It is no longer restricted to just the battlefield; its adverse effects on the atmosphere are experienced long after the actual war concludes.
In simple words: Mahabharata wars were confined to battlefields with minimal environmental impact, while modern wars spread across wide areas and have lasting harmful effects on the environment and atmosphere.

Exam Tip: Compare and contrast the scope (battlefield vs. widespread) and environmental impact (minimal vs. severe, lasting effects) of ancient and modern warfare.

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit जयः पराजयो वा Additional Important Questions and Answers

1. आङ्ग्लभाषायां संक्षिप्ता टिप्पणी लिखित –
Write a short note in English:

Question 1. The difference between modern warfare and that of the times of Mahabharata.
Answer: During the Mahabharata period, war was restricted to the battlefield and took place only during daytime. Battles ended after sunset, and children and women were spared. In present-day warfare, the entire nation becomes a battlefield due to planes dropping bombs everywhere. The five essential elements—earth, water, light, air, and space—become contaminated, and people suffer for a long time even after the conflict ends. Chemical and biological wars are new additions to this destruction.
In simple words: Mahabharata wars were limited to specific battlefields, daytime, and spared civilians. Modern wars are widespread, involve air attacks, pollute nature's elements, and include chemical and biological weapons, causing long-term suffering.

Exam Tip: Structure your answer by first detailing Mahabharata-era warfare, then contrasting it with the broader scope, extended impact, and new weapon types of modern warfare.

2. भूलोक (The Earth).

According to Indian traditions, there are seven worlds above the earth. These are: भूः, भुवः, स्वः, महः, जनः, तपः and सत्यः. Similarly, there are seven worlds below the earth: अतल, वितल, सुतल, रसातल, तलातल, महातल and पाताल. In total, there are fourteen worlds or levels.

Exam Tip: When listing, ensure to include all seven realms above and seven realms below Earth as per Indian mythology for a complete answer.

2. अधोलिखितानां वाक्यानाम् आङ्ग्लभाषायाम् अनुवाद कुरुत –
Translate the following words in English:

Question 1. एकदा स्वर्गस्थितः अर्जुनः पृथिवीं द्रष्टुकामः भूलोकमागच्छत् तान् दृष्ट्वा अजुर्नोऽपि पुरातनं महाभारतविजयं तदानीन्तनान् प्राप्तविजयाम् जनान् च स्मरति।
Answer: Once, Arjun, residing in heaven and desiring to observe Earth, arrived in the mortal world. Upon seeing them, Arjun also recalled the ancient victory in the Mahabharata war and the people of those times who had achieved success.
In simple words: Arjun came from heaven to Earth wanting to see it. He then remembered the old Mahabharata war victory and the successful people of that time.

Exam Tip: Break the Sanskrit sentence into smaller phrases and translate each phrase, then combine them naturally to ensure accurate meaning and flow in English.

Question 2. मदीया भार्या विषमयस्य वायो : प्रभावेन निरुद्ध श्वासादिवंगता। प्रतिदिनं जलस्यास्य पानेन गतप्राणान् जीवान् पश्यन् अहमत्र स्थित्वा पशुपक्षिमानवान् अस्य जलपानात् वारयामि!”
Answer: "My wife passed away, having suffocated due to the influence of poisonous gas. Everyday, seeing living creatures losing their lives by drinking this water, I, who have suffered much, stay here and prevent birds, animals, and humans from drinking this water.”
In simple words: "My wife died from poisonous gas. Seeing creatures die daily from this water, I, having suffered, stay here to stop birds, beasts, and humans from drinking it.”

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the speaker's personal suffering and his motivation to protect others from the same fate, ensuring all details are included in the translation.

Question 3. याचिताश्वोऽसौ अश्वमाररूह्य जलं पातुं नगराबहिः स्थितमेकं परिचितपूर्वं सरोवरं गतवान्। तत्र यदा सः जलपानाय उद्यतो भवति, तदा कस्यचित् पुरुषस्य ध्वनिं श्रुतवान्।
Answer: Having requested a horse, he rode it to a familiar lake situated outside the city to drink water. When he prepared to drink water there, he heard the voice of a certain man.
In simple words: He asked for a horse, rode it to a known lake outside the city to drink, and then heard a man's voice as he was about to drink.

Exam Tip: Translate the sequence of events clearly: asking for a horse, riding to the lake, and the sudden interruption by a voice.

Question 4. अर्जुनः वृत्तान्तमेतं श्रुत्वा पुरातनीयस्य महाभारता भिधस्य युद्धस्य परिणाम स्मृतिपथमानयति। स विचारयति यत् तदा बहूनां जनानां संहारः सञ्जातः, तेन च परिवारेषु आपदानां परम्परा प्रवर्तिता।
Answer: Hearing this account, Arjun recalled the consequences of the ancient war known as Mahabharata. He reflected that during that time, many individuals were killed, and a series of misfortunes befell their families.
In simple words: After hearing the story, Arjun remembered the Mahabharata war's destruction. He thought about how many people died then and how their families faced many troubles.

Exam Tip: Highlight Arjun's reflection on the past war's impact, specifically focusing on the casualties and the resulting suffering for families.

3. सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत –
Dissolve the sandhis:

Question 1. 'विजयोत्सवमनुभावयन्तः' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) विजय + उत्सवम् + नुभावयतन्तः
(ख) विजयोत्सवम् + अनुभावयन्तः
(ग) विजयोत्सव + मनुभावयन्तः
(घ) विजय + उत्सवम् + अनुभावयन्तः
Answer: (ख) विजयोत्सवम् + अनुभावयन्तः
In simple words: 'विजयोत्सवमनुभावयन्तः' इति पदं 'विजयोत्सवम्' (victory celebration) तथा 'अनुभावयन्तः' (experiencing) इति द्वयोः पदयोः मेलनं अस्ति।

Exam Tip: To correctly break a sandhi, identify the root words and the rules of vowel or consonant blending that have occurred.

Question 2. 'जनाश्चस्मत् एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) जनां + च + स्मरत्
(ख) जनान् + च + स्मरत्
(ग) जनान् + च + अस्मरत्
(घ) जनान् + चास्मरत्
Answer: (ग) जनान् + च + अस्मरत्
In simple words: 'जनाश्चस्मत्' इति पदं 'जनान्' (people), 'च' (and) तथा 'अस्मरत्' (remembered) इति पदत्रयस्य मेलनं अस्ति।

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the transformation of 'न्' before 'च' and the retention of the past tense 'अ' prefix in 'अस्मरत्'.

Question 3. 'तवेदृश्यवस्था' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) तव + इदृश्य + वस्था
(ख) तव + ईदृशी + अवस्था
(ग) तव + एदृशी + वस्था
(घ) तव + ईदृशी + अवस्था
Answer: (ख) तव + ईदृशी + अवस्था
In simple words: 'तवेदृश्यवस्था' इति पदं 'तव' (your), 'ईदृशी' (such) तथा 'अवस्था' (condition) इति पदत्रयस्य मेलनं अस्ति।

Exam Tip: Recognize the ' गुणादेश ' (vowel sandhi) where 'अ' + 'ई' becomes 'ए', and the subsequent 'यणादेश' (vowel sandhi) where 'ई' becomes 'य्'.

4. सन्धिं कुरुत –
Make sandhis:

Question 1. 'देशस्य + एकः' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) देशस्यैकः
(ख) देशस्येकः
(ग) देशस्यएकः
(घ) देशस्येक
Answer: (क) देशस्यैकः
In simple words: 'देशस्य' तथा 'एकः' इति पदयोः सन्धिः 'देशस्यैकः' भवति।

Exam Tip: When 'अ' or 'आ' is followed by 'ए' or 'ऐ', they combine to form 'ऐ' (Vriddhi Sandhi).

Question 2. 'जलम् + अपि + एतस्मात् + एव' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) परिवारेषूपदानाम्
(ख) परिवारेष्वापदानाम्
(ग) परिवारेस्वापदानाम्
(घ) परिवारेष्वपदानाम्
Answer: (ख) परिवारेष्वापदानाम्
In simple words: 'जलम् + अपि + एतस्मात् + एव' इति पदानां सन्धिः 'जलमप्येतस्मादेव' इति भवति। (Note: The options provided in the source OCR seem unrelated to the Sanskrit input "जलम् + अपि + एतस्मात् + एव". I will provide the correct sandhi for the input, as the provided options are for a different question 'परिवारेषु + आपदानाम्'.)

Exam Tip: Carefully combine the words using the rules of sandhi. For 'जलम् + अपि', 'म्' becomes 'म' before 'अ'; for 'अ + ए', 'ए' remains, forming 'जलमप्येतस्मादेव'.

जयः पराजयो वा Introduction

Man considers himself better than other animals, but there are no wars among animals. Individual killing does occur among animals, but war—which can be described as mass murder—is unfamiliar to other animals. You might have heard terms like 'chemical warfare' or 'biological warfare'. We do not know how many more will be added to the vocabulary of war.
This lesson highlights the difference between ancient wars and modern warfare. In the periods of Ramayana and Mahabharata, war was fought on the battlefield and only during the day. Now, the civilian population is not spared. Nights are more suitable for attacking enemy countries. The impacts of war are felt long after the conflict ends. Even future generations suffer. The old proverb 'Sins of the parents are visited on the children' has never been so true as it is in contemporary times. If humanity learns from history, it will not repeat the same errors, and history will not recur.

Exam Tip: Understand how this introduction sets the stage for comparing ancient and modern warfare, focusing on humanity's moral standing and the destructive nature of conflict.

जयः पराजयो वा Summary Of The Chapter

Once, Arjun, living in heaven and wishing to see Earth, descended to the mortal world. Upon reaching Earth, he heard a loud proclamation of victory. He approached a group of people celebrating a victory in a recent world war. Seeing them, Arjun also remembered the triumph in the ancient Mahabharata war and the victorious people of that era. The crowd, which included this Arjun (unfamiliar to them before), joyfully accepted him into their victory celebration. Delighted, Arjun also joined them.
After some time, he became thirsty. As a guest, he asked for a house. Having requested a horse, he rode to a familiar lake situated outside the city. As he was about to drink water there, he heard a man's voice say, “Gentleman, this water is poisonous. It is now unsuitable for drinking.” Surprised, Arjun asked the unfamiliar man, "How is this water poisonous? Lakes created by nature are always full of potable water.”
A man with a youthful voice but an old man's body—who had lost his teeth, had white hair, and carried a walking stick—approached Arjun. Seeing such a man, whom he had never met before, Arjun was astonished. He felt sad recalling the strong, stout people of the Mahabharata era. Observing the man's condition, Arjun asked in surprise, "Who are you? Why have you been reduced to this state?”
He replied, "I am a soldier of this country. For many months, numerous countries have been at war. Many types of weapons were employed. Because of this, various elements of the world—like water, land, and living beings—have been affected in diverse ways. What more can I tell you? All things have become contaminated and poisonous by the pollutants released from weapons and missiles; the water of this lake is also poisoned for the same reason.
"My current state is a result of repeatedly consuming this water. My son, who lost his sight after drinking only this water, fell into a deep well and died. My wife suffocated and passed away due to the effect of poisonous gas. Seeing living beings dying from drinking this water, I, who have suffered, stay here to deter birds, beasts, and humans from drinking it."

Exam Tip: Summarize the key events in chronological order: Arjun's arrival, encounter with the celebrating crowd, his thirst, the poisonous lake, the meeting with the old-looking man, and the man's explanation of modern warfare's devastating consequences.

जयः पराजयो वा Prose, Translation And Glossary

1. संस्कृतम्:

एकदा स्वर्गस्थितः अर्जुनः पृथिवीं द्रष्टुकामः भूलोकमागच्छत्। प्राप्तभूलोकः सः महान्तं जयघोषं श्रुतवान्। सः जयघोषकारकं जनसमूहस्य समीपं गच्छति। सद्यः विरमिते विश्वयुद्धे लब्धविजयाः जनाः विजयोत्सवम् अनुभावयन्तः आसन्। तान् दृष्ट्ा अर्जुनोऽपि पुरातनं महाभारतविजयं तदानीन्तनान् प्राप्तविजयाम् जनान् च स्मरति। एतम् अपरिचितपूर्वं समुपस्थितम् अजुनं ते जनाः। स्वकीये विजयोत्सवे योजितवन्तः अर्जुनाऽपि जातहर्षः तैः सह संलग्नोऽभवत्।

Exam Tip: Read the Sanskrit passage carefully to understand the context and the key actions performed by Arjun upon reaching Earth.

Translation:

Once Arjun, living in heaven and desiring to see Earth, descended to Earth. Upon reaching Earth, he heard a loud proclamation of victory. He approached a group of people who were celebrating victory. People who had achieved success in the world war that had just concluded were experiencing their victory celebration. Seeing them, Arjun also recalled the victory in the ancient Mahabharata war and the victorious people of that time. These people included Arjun, who was unknown to them before and had appeared at their victory celebration. Delighted, Arjun also joined them.

Exam Tip: Ensure your English translation accurately reflects the Sanskrit text, particularly the sequence of Arjun's observations and reactions to the celebrating crowd.

Glossary:

स्वर्गस्थितः – स्वर्गे स्थितः – सप्तमी तत्पुरुष समास, residing in heaven; adjective of the substantive, 'अर्जुन'
पृथिवीम् – the earth; object of द्रष्टुम् (to see) so the accusative form
द्रष्टुकामः – द्रष्टुम कामः यस्य सः – बहुव्रीहि समास, who had desire (कामः) to see the earth
भूलोकमागच्छत् – भूलोकम् + आगच्छत् – came to the earth. According to our scriptures there are seven higher regions rising from the earth one above the other, i.e., भूर्लोक, भुवर्लोक, स्वर्गर्लोक, मह:लोक, जन:लोक, तप:लोक and सत्यलोक similarly there are seven regions descending from the earth one below the other, i.e., अतल, वितल, सुतल, रसातल, तलातल, महातल and पाताल
प्राप्तभूलोकः – प्राप्तः भूलोकः येन सः – बहुव्रीहि समास;

Exam Tip: Memorize the meanings of key Sanskrit terms and their grammatical constructions (e.g., samas types, case endings) as provided in the glossary to enhance comprehension and translation skills.

2. संस्कृतम्:

कञ्चित्कालानन्तरं सः तृषामनुभूतवान्। अभ्यागतेन तेन अश्व एको याचितः। याचिताश्वोऽसौ अश्वमाररुह्य जलं पातुं नगराबहिः स्थितमेकं परिचितपूर्वं सरोवरं गतवान्। तत्र यदा सः जलपानाय उद्यतो भवति, तदा कस्यचित् पुरुषस्य ध्वनि श्रुतवान्-"महाशय, सगरम् इदं जलम्। अधुना अपेयमस्ति।” अर्जुनः साश्चर्यः तमदृष्टपूर्वं पुरुषं पृच्छति, “कथमिदं सगरंजलम्। प्रकृतिनिर्मिताः सरोवराः तु सर्वदैव पेयजलाः एव भवन्तीति।”

Exam Tip: Focus on the dialogue and questions in the Sanskrit text to understand the turning point where Arjun learns about the poisoned water.

Translation:

After some time, he felt thirsty. As a guest, he requested a horse. Having received the horse, he rode it to a previously known lake situated outside the city to drink water. When he prepared to drink water there, he heard a man's voice saying, “Gentleman, this water is poisonous. It is now not suitable for drinking.” Surprised, Arjun asked the unfamiliar man, "How is this water poisonous? Natural lakes are always full of potable water.”

Exam Tip: Ensure that the translated dialogue accurately conveys the warning about the poisonous water and Arjun's subsequent astonished question about its nature.

Glossary:

कञ्चित् कालानन्तरम् – after a gap of time
तृषाम् अनुभूतवान् – he experienced thirst, he got thirsty
अभ्यागतेन तेन – by the guest who had come
याचिताश्वः (असौ) – याचितः अश्वः येन सः – बहुव्रीहि समास – who had asked for a horse
अश्वम् आरुह्य – riding the horse; आ + रुह् (1P) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त or ल्यबन्त gerund
पातुम् – to drink
नगराबहिः – नगरात् + बहिः – outside the city; Note that the indeclinable बहि, used with the ablative case so TRICafe:, used with the ablative case so नगरात् बहिः
स्थितम् एकम् – one (lake) that lay or existed
परिचितपूर्वम् – पूर्वम् परिचितः, तम् – कर्मधारय समासः, that was known (to him) in the past adjective of the noun,

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the meanings of compound words and adverbs, as they often provide crucial context for understanding the narrative's flow.

सरोवरम् Note सरस् (N) but सरोवर (M) thought both the words are synonyms
जलपानाय – जलस्य पानम्, तस्मै – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास; for drinking water
उद्यतः – ready prepared
ध्वनि श्रुतवान् - he heard a voice, श्रु (5P) past active participle, तवत् प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त, masculine nominative singular
सगरम् – poisonous, गर means poison so, सगरम् – गरेण सहितम् - सहबहुव्रीहि समास
अपेयम्, न पेयम् – नञ् तत्पुरुष समास, not worthy of drinking
साश्चर्यः – आश्चयेण सह – सहबहुव्रीहि समास – surprised
तमदृष्टपूर्वम् पुरुषम् - तम् + अदृष्टपूर्वम् - पुरुषम् - to the man whom, अर्जुन – had not seen (met) before
प्रकृतिनिर्मिताः – प्रकृत्या निर्मिता: – तृतीया तत्पुरुष समासः – created by nature; adjective of the masculine noun
सरोवराः सर्वदेव – सर्वदा + एव – always
पेयजला: – पेयम् जलम् येषाम् ते – बहुव्रीहि समास – whose water is suitable for drinking.

Exam Tip: Understanding the nuances of words like 'सगरम्' (poisonous) and 'अपेयम्' (undrinkable) is vital for grasping the story's central conflict.

3. संस्कृतम्:

स्वरेण युवकः कायेन वृद्धः इव कश्चित् भग्नदन्तः धवलकेशः सदण्डः एकः जनः अर्जुनस्य समीपमागतवान्। अदृष्टपूर्वं तादृशं जनं दृष्ट्रा अर्जुनः आश्चर्यचकितः सञ्जातः। महाभारतकालिकान् स्थूलकायान् बलिष्ठान् जनान् स्मरन् स कष्टमपि अनुभूतवान्। अस्य एतादृशी स्थितिं दृष्ट्वा अर्जुनः साश्चर्यं पृष्ठवान्-“को भवान्? कस्मात् तव ईदृशी अवस्था जाता।”

Exam Tip: Focus on the vivid descriptions of the man's appearance and the contrast with Arjun's memories, which leads to his questioning.

Translation:

A man with a youthful voice, an old body, who had lost his teeth, whose hair was white, and who carried a walking stick, approached Arjun. Seeing such an unfamiliar man, Arjun was astonished. Remembering the stout, strongest people of the Mahabharata era, he also felt sorrow. Observing this man's condition, Arjun asked in surprise, “Who are you? Why have you been reduced to this state?”

Exam Tip: Ensure the translation clearly captures both the physical description of the man and Arjun's emotional response of surprise and sorrow, followed by his direct questions.

Glossary:

स्वरेण युवकः – young by voice, whose voice was like that of a young man
कायेन वृद्धः - (but) old by body
इव — like, this is an indeclinable
भग्नदन्तः - भग्नाः दन्ताः यस्य सः - बहुव्रीहि समास; whose teeth had fallen
धवलकेशः – धवलाः केशाः यस्य सः - बहुव्रीहि समास - whose hair were (had turned) white
सदण्डः - दण्डेन सहितः - सहबहुव्रीहि समास - with (having) a stick (in his hand)
आश्चर्यचकितः - आश्चर्येण चकितः - तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास - surprised
महाभारतकालिकान् – of the time of महाभारत adjective of the noun - substantive जनान्,

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the Bahuvrihi Samas examples, as they describe a person or object by their specific characteristics or possessions.

स्थूलकायान् - स्थूलः कायः येषाम् ते, तान् - बहुव्रीहि समासः - whose body was big or stout
बलिष्ठान् जनान् स्मरन् – remembering the strongest people
बलिष्ठ - is the superlative of बलवत् or बलिन्
कष्टम् अपि अनुभूतवान् - (he) experienced sorrow, felt sorry
अनु + भू (1P) past active participle, तवत् प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त, masculine nominative, singular
एतादृशीम् स्थितिम् - this kind of condition, such condition
पृष्टवान् - अपृच्छत् - he asked
कस्मात - कस्मात् कारणात् - why
ईदृशी – like this
ईदश् - तादृश् - कीदृश are adjectives and change Turn on screen reader support

Exam Tip: Understand the superlative forms like 'बलिष्ठ' to gauge the intensity of qualities described and the various ways to ask 'why' in Sanskrit.

4. संस्कृतम्:

सः प्रत्यवदत्-"अहम् अस्य देशस्य एकः सैनिकः। विगतेषु कतिपयेषु मासेषु बहूनां देशानां परस्परं युद्धम् अभवत्। तत्र विविधानि शस्त्राणि प्रयुक्तानि। तस्मात् कारणात् जलं स्थलं वायुः प्राणिनिः इत्येवं बहुविधं जगत् विविधरूपेण प्रभावितमस्ति। किं ते कथयामि, शस्त्रास्त्रनिर्गतैः प्रदूषितैः सर्वं वस्तुजातं प्रदूषितं विषमयं च सज्जातम्। अस्य सरोवरस्य जलमपि एतस्मादेव कारणात् सगरमस्ति। अत्रव्यं जलं पीत्वा मदीया एषा स्थितिः सञ्जाता। मदीयः पुत्रः इदमेव जलं पीत्वा विगतदृष्टिः गभीरे कूपे पतितो मृतश्च। मदीया भार्या विषमयस्य वायोः प्रभावेन निरुद्धश्वासा दिवंगता। प्रतिदिनं जलस्थास्य पानेन गतप्राणान् जीवान् पश्यन् भुक्तभोगः अहमत्र स्थित्वा पशुपक्षिमानवान् अस्य जलपानात् वारयामि।”

Exam Tip: Identify the speaker's identity and main points: he is a soldier, the recent war, types of weapons, widespread pollution, his family's fate, and his current mission.

Translation:

He replied, "I am a soldier of this country. For the past several months, many countries were at war with each other. Many types of weapons were employed there. Because of this, the diverse world—water, land, air, and living beings—has been impacted in numerous ways. What more can I tell you? All things have become contaminated and poisonous by the pollutants released from weapons and missiles. The water of this lake is also poisonous for the same reason.
This condition of mine is the result of repeatedly consuming this water. My son, who lost his sight after drinking only this water, fell into a deep well and died. My wife suffocated and passed away due to the influence of poisonous gas. Seeing living beings dying by drinking this water, I, who have suffered much, remain here to prevent birds, beasts, and human beings from drinking it.”

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the personal account of the soldier's suffering and his family's fate, as these details emphasize the tragic consequences of modern warfare.

Glossary:

प्रत्यवदत् – replied
विगतेषु कतिपयेषु मासेषु – during the several months that passed
प्रयुक्तानि - used, employed
बहुविधम् जगत् – many types of world
विविधरूपेण – in various forms/ways
शस्त्रास्त्रनिर्गतैः – शस्त्राणि च अस्त्रणि च, शस्त्रास्त्राणि – इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास, शस्त्रास्त्रेभ्यः निर्गतानि, तैः – पञ्चमी तत्पुरुष समास – by the (polluted objects) shut out from arms and weapons
सर्वम् वस्तुजातम् – all the things, everything
प्रदूषितम् – polluted
अत्रत्यम् - belonging to this place
पीत्वा पीत्वा – drinking repeatedly
मदीया – mine
एषा स्थितिः – this condition
विगतदृष्टिः – विगता दृष्टिः यस्य सः – बहुव्रीहि समास – whose eyesight is lost
गभीरे कूपे this condition, विगतदृष्टिः – विगता दृष्टिः यस्य सः – बहुव्रीहि समास – whose eyesight is lost
गभीरे कूपे – in a deep well
विषमयस्य वायोः – of the poisonous gas.

Exam Tip: Understanding the terms related to war ('शस्त्रास्त्रनिर्गतैः'), pollution ('प्रदूषितम्'), and consequences ('विगतदृष्टिः') is crucial for grasping the central theme.

5. संस्कृतम्:

अर्जुनः वृत्तान्तमेतं श्रुत्वा पुरातनीयस्य महाभारताभिधस्य युद्धस्य परिणामं स्मृतिपथमानयति। स विचारयति यत् तदा बहूनां जनानां संहारः सञ्जातः, तेन च परिवारेषु आपदानां परम्परा प्रवर्तिता। परन्तु जलवायुभूम्याकाशादयो महाभूतास्तथैव शुद्धाः आसन्। ते जीवानां कृते यथापूर्वम् उपयोगिनः एवासन्। सम्प्रति यदहं पश्यमि तत् अधिकं शोचनीयमस्ति । किमयम् अधुना प्रवर्तितः मानवस्य जयः, जयः अस्ति पराजयो वा? एवं सशोकः अर्जुनः अपीतजलः एव स्वर्गं प्रत्यावर्ततः।

Exam Tip: Observe how Arjun's internal monologue shifts from remembering past war's destruction to lamenting the present, questioning whether it's victory or defeat.

Translation:

Having heard this account, Arjun recalled the consequences of the ancient war called Mahabharata. He reflected that at that time, many people were killed, and a series of calamities befell their families. However, the great elements like earth, water, air, light, and space were pure as before. They were as useful for living beings as in the past. Now, what I observe is more regrettable. Is what has occurred now a human victory, or is it a defeat? Thus, a distressed Arjun returned to heaven without drinking water.

Exam Tip: The translation should clearly convey Arjun's comparison between the past (pure elements) and present (lamentable state), culminating in his deep philosophical question about victory and defeat.

Glossary:

स्मृतिपथम् आनयति – स्मृतेः पन्थाः, तम् – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास; recalls; literally it means (he) brings it within the reach of memory
आपदानाम् परम्परा – series of calamities
महाभूताः – elements
जीवानाम् कृते – for the sake of living beings
कृते – is an indeclinable and it is used with the genitive case; e.g., छात्रणाम् कृते ग्रन्थालयः वर्तते
अन्धानाम् कृते ब्रेललिपिः उपयुक्ता
यथापूर्वम् – as in the past
शोचनीयम् – lamentable, शुच – (1P) potential passive participle विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त – neuter nominative-accusative singular, शोचतुम् योग्यतम् शोचनीयम्
सशोकः – शोकेन सहितः – सहबहुव्रीहि समास, sorry
अपीतजलः – न पीतम्, अपीतम् – नञ् तत्पुरुष समास; अपीतम् जलम् येन सः बहुव्रीहि समास – without drinking water
गृहीतचिन्तः – worried
प्रत्यावर्तत् – returned.

Exam Tip: Focus on terms that convey emotional states ('सशोकः', 'गृहीतचिन्तः') and philosophical concepts ('जयः पराजयो वा') to capture the essence of Arjun's final thoughts.