GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 14 क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात्

Adholikhitebhyaḥ Kalpebhyaḥ Samucitam Uttaram Cinuta
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives:

 

Question 1. चन्दनदासेन अमात्यराक्षसस्य गृहजनः कुत्र निर्वाहितः?
(क) स्वगृहे
(ख) अन्यत्र
(ग) मित्रगृहे
(घ) अरण्ये
Answer: (क) स्वगृहे
In simple words: Chandandas had taken the family of Amatyarakshasa to his own house.

Exam Tip: For Sanskrit MCQs, it's vital to understand the question and options to select the correct answer based on the chapter's narrative.

 

Question 2. नन्दाय किं रोचते स्म?
(क) अर्थः
(ख) प्रजाकल्याणम्
(ग) युद्धम्
(घ) धर्मवृद्धिः
Answer: (क) अर्थः
In simple words: Nand was interested in wealth.

Exam Tip: Understanding the characteristics of key figures like Nand and Chandragupta is essential for answering questions about their preferences.

 

Question 3. तृणानाम् ......... सह विरोधः कीदृशः?
(क) अग्निम्
(ख) अग्निना
(ग) अग्नेः
(घ) अग्निः
Answer: (ख) अग्निना
In simple words: The question asks about the type of conflict grass has with fire. The answer "अग्निना" indicates "with fire."

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the case endings in Sanskrit words, as they indicate the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence.

 

Question 4. चन्दनदासः स्वगतं वदति, अहं तु ..........
(क) निर्दोषः
(ख) साडाङ्कः
(ग) मुक्तदोषः
(घ) जातदोषः
Answer: (घ) जातदोषः
In simple words: Chandandas, thinking to himself, admits he is guilty or has committed a fault.

Exam Tip: Understanding the inner thoughts (स्वगतम्) of characters helps to grasp their true feelings and the underlying plot points.

 

Question 5. भीताः पूर्वराजपुरुषाः पौराणां गृहेषु गृहजनं निक्षिप्य देशान्तरं "............." ।
(क) व्रजति
(ख) व्रजतः
(ग) व्रजान्ति
(घ) व्रजते
Answer: (ग) व्रजान्ति
In simple words: The frightened former royal officials, after leaving their families in the homes of citizens, move to other countries. The verb "व्रजान्ति" means "they go."

Exam Tip: Correctly identifying the subject's number (singular/plural) helps to choose the appropriate verb form in Sanskrit grammar.

 

Question 6. चाणक्यः यदा आह्वयति तदा ".........." अपि साशङ्कः भवति।
(क) निर्दोषः
(ख) निर्दोषाः
(ग) निर्दोषेण
(घ) निर्दोषैः
Answer: (क) निर्दोषः
In simple words: When Chanakya summons, even an innocent person becomes apprehensive.

Exam Tip: The context of Chanakya's character, known for his shrewdness, explains why even the blameless might feel fear when called by him.

 

2. एकवाक्येन संस्कृतभाषायाम् उत्तरं लिखत
Answer in one Sanskrit sentence:

 

Question 1. चाणक्यः स्वशिष्याय किं कथयति?
Answer: चाणक्यः स्वशिष्याय कथयति-"वत्स, श्रेष्ठी चन्दनदासः अत्र आनेतव्यः।”
In simple words: Chanakya tells his disciple to bring the merchant Chandandas there.

Exam Tip: When answering in Sanskrit, ensure direct quotes from the text are accurate and enclosed in quotation marks.

 

Question 2. चन्द्रगुप्ताय किं रोचते?
Answer: प्रजानां परिक्लेशाभावः एव चन्द्रगुप्ताय रोचते।
In simple words: Chandragupta likes the absence of suffering for the people.

Exam Tip: Focus on the core values and priorities of rulers like Chandragupta when forming your answers, as this distinguishes them from others.

 

Question 3. भूपाः प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः किम् इच्छन्ति?
Answer: भूपाः प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियम् इच्छन्ति।
In simple words: Kings expect a return favor from their pleased subjects.

Exam Tip: This question highlights the reciprocal relationship between a ruler and the populace. The term "प्रतिप्रियम्" is key here.

 

Question 4. भीताः राजपुरुषाः कुत्र गृहजनं निक्षिपन्ति?
Answer: भीता राजपुरुषाः पौराणां गृहेषु गृहजनं निक्षिपन्ति ।
In simple words: The frightened royal officials leave their families in the houses of the citizens.

Exam Tip: Remember the specific actions of characters under duress, as these details often appear in direct questions.

 

3. अधोलिखितानां कृदन्तानां प्रकारं लिखत
Name the type of the following कृदन्तः।

 

Question 1. निष्क्रम्य – निस् + क्रम् (1प) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त अथवा ल्यबन्त अव्यय।
Answer: The type of 'निष्क्रम्य' is सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त or ल्यबन्त अव्यय.
In simple words: 'Nishkramya' is a past participle that shows connection or a gerundive form.

Exam Tip: Identifying prefixes (like 'निस्') and root verbs helps determine the type of 'कृदन्त' (participle or gerund).

 

Question 2. निर्वाहितः – निर् + वह् (1प) प्रेरक कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त
Answer: The type of 'निर्वाहितः' is प्रेरक कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त.
In simple words: 'Nirvāhitaḥ' is a past participle used in a causative passive sense.

Exam Tip: Note the 'इत' ending, which often signifies a past participle, and the causative nature implied by 'प्रेरक'.

 

Question 3. शङ्कनीयः – शङ्क (1आ) विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त।
Answer: The type of 'शङ्कनीयः' is विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त.
In simple words: 'Shaṅkanīyaḥ' is a gerundive showing something that should be feared or doubted.

Exam Tip: The suffix 'अनीय' usually indicates a gerundive or potential passive participle, meaning "fit to be" or "ought to be."

 

Question 4. इष्टः – इष् (64) कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त।
Answer: The type of 'इष्टः' is कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त.
In simple words: 'Iṣṭaḥ' is a past participle used in the passive sense, meaning "desired."

Exam Tip: Many past passive participles in Sanskrit end in 'त' or 'न', often preceded by 'इ'.

 

Question 5. प्रष्टव्यम् – प्रच्छ (64) विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त।
Answer: The type of 'प्रष्टव्यम्' is विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्त.
In simple words: 'Praṣṭavyam' is a gerundive showing something that should be asked.

Exam Tip: The suffix 'तव्य' indicates a gerundive or potential passive participle, meaning "fit to be" or "ought to be."

 

Question 6. निक्षिप्य – नि + क्षिप् (6प) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त अथवा ल्ब्यबन्त अव्यय।
Answer: The type of 'निक्षिप्य' is सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त or ल्यबन्त अव्यय.
In simple words: 'Nikṣipya' is a past participle that shows connection or a gerundive form.

Exam Tip: Recognize 'ल्यप्' (lyaBant) forms by a prefix, a root, and the ending 'य' or 'त्य', indicating an action completed before the main verb.

 

4. समासप्रकारं लिखित
Name the type of the compound:

 

Question 1. जातदोषः – जातः दोषः यस्य सः – बहुव्रीहि समासः
Answer: The type of 'जातदोषः' is बहुव्रीहि समासः.
In simple words: 'Jātadoṣaḥ' is a Bahuvrīhi compound, meaning "one whose fault has arisen" or "who has faults."

Exam Tip: Bahuvrīhi compounds describe a person or thing by referring to their qualities or attributes, often translating as "having..." or "whose...".

 

Question 2. वृद्धिलाभाः – वृद्धेः लाभाः – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समासः
Answer: The type of 'वृद्धिलाभाः' is षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समासः.
In simple words: 'Vṛddhilābhāḥ' is a Genitive Tatpuruṣa compound, meaning "profits of growth."

Exam Tip: Tatpuruṣa compounds are identified by the relationship between their components, often marked by a case ending (like genitive/sixth case for 'ṣaṣṭhī').

 

Question 3. नन्दराज्यम् – नन्दस्य राज्यम् – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समासः
Answer: The type of 'नन्दराज्यम्' is षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समासः.
In simple words: 'Nandarājyam' is a Genitive Tatpuruṣa compound, meaning "kingdom of Nand."

Exam Tip: Similar to the previous example, this compound shows a possessive or relational link between "Nand" and "kingdom."

 

Question 4. परकलत्रम् – परस्य कलत्रम् – षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समासः
Answer: The type of 'परकलत्रम्' is षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समासः.
In simple words: 'Parakalattram' is a Genitive Tatpuruṣa compound, meaning "another's wife."

Exam Tip: Understanding the meaning of the individual words in a compound is crucial for correctly identifying the type of समास.

 

Question 5. देशान्तरम् – अन्यः देशः – कर्मधारय समासः
Answer: The type of 'देशान्तरम्' is कर्मधारय समासः.
In simple words: 'Deśāntaram' is a Karmadhāraya compound, meaning "another country."

Exam Tip: Karmadhāraya compounds describe a noun using an adjective or another noun in apposition, where both parts refer to the same thing.

 

5. वचनानुसारं धातुरूपैः रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb according to member:

Answer: The table above shows the completed verb forms for each verb, following the rules of Sanskrit grammar for singular, dual, and plural.
In simple words: This table fills in the correct forms of verbs for one, two, or many subjects.

Exam Tip: Mastering verb conjugations is fundamental in Sanskrit. Practice identifying the root verb, the tense, and the subject's number to get these right.

 

6. रेखाङितानां पदानां स्थाने प्रकोष्ठात् उचितं पदं चित्वा प्रश्नवाक्य रचयत
Choose the correct word from the brackets to replace the underlined word and make
interrogative sentences:
(केन, कः, किम्, कीदृशम्, कस्य)

 

Question 1. नन्दस्य अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिजनकः।
Answer: कस्य अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिजनकः?
In simple words: The question asks "Whose connection with wealth is pleasing?" replacing "Nand's" with "Whose."

Exam Tip: To form interrogative sentences, select the pronoun that corresponds to the case and gender of the word being replaced.

 

Question 2. एतत् प्रच्छादनदोषम् उत्पादयति।
Answer: किं दोषम् उत्पादयति?
In simple words: The question asks "What fault does this produce?" replacing "the fault of concealment" with "What fault."

Exam Tip: "किम्" is often used to question an object or an action, effectively asking "what?".

 

Question 3. अमात्यराक्षसः चन्द्रगुप्तं न पराजेष्यति।
Answer: कः चन्द्रगुप्तं न पराजेष्यति?
In simple words: The question asks "Who will not defeat Chandragupta?" replacing "Amatyarakshasa" with "Who."

Exam Tip: When the subject of the sentence is being questioned, "कः" (who/what masculine singular) is the correct interrogative pronoun.

 

Question 4. शिष्यः चन्दनदासेन सह प्रविशति।
Answer: शिष्यः केन सह प्रविशति?
In simple words: The question asks "With whom does the disciple enter?" replacing "with Chandandas" with "with whom."

Exam Tip: The word "सह" (with) typically takes the instrumental case, so the interrogative pronoun "केन" (with whom) is appropriate.

 

7. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत
Answer the following questions in English:

 

Question 1. How does Chanakaya show respect towards Chandandas?
Answer: Chanakya welcomes Chandandas by saying, "This is a seat. Please be seated here." He then asks about Chandandas' business, inquiring, "Is the profit from the growth of business increasing?" Chanakya shows his respect by properly welcoming Chandandas and expressing interest in his business activities.
In simple words: Chanakya welcomes Chandandas, offers him a seat, and asks about his business. This shows he respects Chandandas.

Exam Tip: When describing a character's actions, include specific examples of their words or gestures to demonstrate your understanding.

 

Question 2. According to Chanakya, in what matter does Chandragupta's kingdom differ from that of Nand?
Answer: According to Chanakya, Nand was more interested in wealth, whereas Chandragupta is more concerned about the happiness of his subjects. Chandragupta intended to make people free from worry and anxiety.
In simple words: Chanakya explains that Nand cared about money, but Chandragupta cares about his people's happiness and freedom from worry.

Exam Tip: Comparative questions require you to highlight contrasting aspects between the two subjects mentioned in the question.

 

Question 3. Why does Chanakya believe (consider) Chandandas the first opponent of Chandragupta?
Answer: Chanakya considers Chandandas an opponent of Chandragupta because Chandandas had given shelter to Chandragupta's enemy Amatyarakshasa's family at his home. This act, according to Chanakya, was a gesture of hostility. By providing refuge to Chandragupta's enemy, Chandandas committed an act of defiance.
In simple words: Chanakya thinks Chandandas is an enemy because he protected the family of Chandragupta's rival, Amatyarakshasa, in his house.

Exam Tip: Identify the specific action that causes the conflict and clearly state the perspective of the character making the judgment.

 

Question 4. How does Chanakya threaten Chandandas?
Answer: Chandandas had provided refuge to Rakshasa's family in his house. When Chanakya questions him about this, he reluctantly admits he had assisted Rakshasa in the past and adds that they had left his house since then. When Chanakya asks where they had gone, Chandandas claims he does not know their whereabouts. Chanakya reminds him that Chandragupta imposes severe penalties on those who oppose the king. Chanakya threatens Chandandas, implying his and his family members' lives may be at risk if he does not disclose information. Chandandas' reply for not handing over Amatyarakshasa's family is that he would not have surrendered them even if they were in his house.
In simple words: Chanakya tells Chandandas that Chandragupta punishes enemies harshly. He warns Chandandas that his family might be in danger because he sheltered Rakshasa's family. Chandandas replies he wouldn't hand them over even if they were still there.

Exam Tip: When describing threats, detail the specific warnings given and the potential consequences mentioned by the character issuing the threat.

 

Question 5. What is Chandandas's reply for not entrusting family of अमात्यराक्षस?
Answer: When Chanakya threatens Chandandas that he and his family might lose their lives if he does not hand over Rakshasa's family to the current ruler, Chandandas refuses to move. He even states that if Rakshasa's family were still in his house, he would not have surrendered them to the rulers. When Chanakya asks again if it is his final decision, Chandandas firmly says that it is his solid and last reply.
In simple words: Chandandas says he would not give Rakshasa's family to the king, even if they were still with him. He stands firm that it's his final decision.

Exam Tip: Highlight the character's determination and unwavering commitment, as these are often crucial personality traits in the narrative.

 

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात् Additional Important
Questions and Answers

 

Question 1. कोष्ठकगत पदानि प्रयुज्य अधोदत्तानां वाक्यानां संस्कृतानुवादं कुरुत –
Choose the correct word from the brackets and translate following sentences into
Sanskrit:
(i) The subjects are more rejoicing by the moon of full-moon night.
(पूर्णिमाचन्द्र प्रकृति अधिक नन्द)
Answer: पूर्णिमाचन्द्रेण प्रकृतयः अधिकं नन्दन्ति।
In simple words: This sentence means the people are very happy because of the full moon.

Exam Tip: For translation, correctly identifying the case endings (e.g., instrumental for "by the moon") and verb forms is key.

 

Question 2. The kings expect favourable in return from the people.
(प्रीत प्रकृति प्रतिप्रिय न अप + ईक्षा)
Answer: प्रतिप्रियम् अपेक्षन्ते राजानः।
In simple words: Kings hope for good things in return from their pleased subjects.

Exam Tip: Understand how words like "प्रतिप्रियम्" (a return favor) are used to express reciprocal actions or expectations in Sanskrit.

 

Question 3. I am obliged (favoured).
(अस्मद् अनु + ग्रह अस्)
Answer: अहम् अनुगृहीतः (उपकृतः) अस्मि।
In simple words: This translates to "I am grateful" or "I am favored."

Exam Tip: Memorize common Sanskrit phrases for expressing gratitude or acknowledging a favor, as they often appear in dialogue.

 

Question 4. Who indeed is the unlucky one to behave unfavourably with the king?
(किम् अधन्य नृपति विरुद्ध आचर)
Answer: कः पुनः अधन्यो नृपतेः विरुद्धम् आचरति?
In simple words: This asks, "Who truly is the unfortunate person who acts against the king?"

Exam Tip: When forming interrogative sentences, ensure the pronoun chosen matches the grammatical role (subject in this case) and gender of the questioned entity.

 

Question 5. Only this much is the trick of speech.
(अस्मद् वाक्छल वृत् – वर्त एतावत्)
Answer: एतावदेव मम वाक्छल वर्तते।
In simple words: This means, "This is only my deception through words."

Exam Tip: Sanskrit often uses compound words or specific particles (like 'एव' for 'only') to convey nuances in meaning; recognize these for accurate translation.

 

2. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत
Answer the following questions in English:

 

Question 1. Who was Chanakya?
Answer: Chanakya was Chandragupta, the king of Patliputra's, Chief minister. His other name was Vishnugupta. Initially, he was a teacher of politics at the university of Takshashila.
In simple words: Chanakya was Chandragupta's main minister, also called Vishnugupta, and he used to teach politics at Takshashila.

Exam Tip: For biographical questions, include key roles, alternative names, and important associations of the person.

 

Question 2. What important role did Vishnugupta play in Patliputra?
Answer: Vishnugupta took great interest in politics to free the people from the unfair rule of Nand by causing the downfall of the Nanda dynasty and making Chandragupta the king. He performed the role of a kingmaker.
In simple words: Vishnugupta worked in politics to remove the bad King Nand, helping Chandragupta become king instead. He was a kingmaker.

Exam Tip: When discussing a character's role, emphasize their impact on major political events and their influence on leadership changes.

 

Question 3. How was Chandandas? What had he done against the king Chandragupta?
Answer: Chandandas was a wealthy merchant. He had given refuge to Amatyarakshasa's family in his house. Amatyarakshasa was Nandraj's trusted friend and minister.
In simple words: Chandandas was a rich trader. He had sheltered the family of Amatyarakshasa, who was King Nand's friend and minister, in his home.

Exam Tip: When a question has multiple parts, address each part separately and clearly to ensure a complete answer.

 

Question 4. Whom did आचार्य कोटियला give lessons in politics?
Answer: Acharya Kautilya gave lessons in politics to Chandragupta, who was born into a humble family. Later, he made Chandragupta the king of Patliputra after bringing about the downfall of the Nanda dynasty.
In simple words: Acharya Kautilya taught politics to Chandragupta, a boy from a simple family. Later, Kautilya helped Chandragupta become the king of Patliputra by defeating the Nanda dynasty.

Exam Tip: Connect the teacher and student relationship with their eventual political achievements to show the influence of education.

 

Question 5. Who was अमात्यराक्षस?
Answer: Rakshasa was Nandraj's minister. He was very loyal, efficient, and loved the subjects. When Nand lost, he also lost his ministership and had to leave Pataliputra in disguise.
In simple words: Rakshasa was King Nand's minister. He was very loyal and good at his job. When Nand lost his kingdom, Rakshasa also had to leave Patliputra secretly.

Exam Tip: Describe the character's key relationships, qualities, and fate to provide a comprehensive answer.

 

3. अधोदत्तानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषायां लिखत
Answer the following questions in Sanskrit:

 

Question 1. चाणक्यः चन्दनदासाय प्रथमं किं कथयति?
Answer: चाणक्यः चन्दनदासाय प्रथमं कथयति-'भो श्रेष्ठिन्! स्वागतं ते। इदमासनम् तत्र स्थातव्यम्!' सः चन्दनदासं पृच्छति-'अपि प्रचीयन्ते संव्यवहाराणां वृद्धिलाभाः वः?'
In simple words: Chanakya first welcomes Chandandas, offers him a seat, and asks if his business profits are growing.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the initial greetings and inquiries in dialogues, as they often set the tone for the conversation.

 

Question 2. चन्दनदासः चाणक्यं किम् उत्तरति?
Answer: चन्दनदासः प्रथमं स्वगतं वदति यत् अत्यादारः शङ्कनीयः। ततः सः चाणक्यम् उसरति-(अथ किम्, आर्यस्य प्रसादेन उखण्डिता मे वाणिज्या।'
In simple words: Chandandas first thinks to himself that such great respect is suspicious. Then, he openly tells Chanakya that his business is doing well thanks to Chanakya's grace.

Exam Tip: Distinguish between a character's inner thoughts (स्वगतम्) and their spoken replies, as they often reveal different layers of meaning.

 

Question 3. 'क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात्' इति गद्यांशे किं सुचारुतया निरूपितम्?
Answer: 'क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात्' इति गद्यांशे श्रेष्ठिनः चन्दनदासस्य अमात्यराक्षसेन सह मैत्र्याः चाणक्यस्य मनसि चन्दनदासस्य विषये वर्तमानस्य आदरस्य च सुचारुतया निरुपणं कृतम्।
In simple words: This passage beautifully describes Chandandas's strong friendship with Amatyarakshasa and Chanakya's growing respect for Chandandas.

Exam Tip: Identify the central theme or message that the passage aims to convey, focusing on character relationships and moral values.

 

4. आङ्ग्लभाषायां संक्षिप्तां टिप्पणी लिखत –
Write short note in English:

 

Question 1. उपाध्यायः (उपेत्य अधीयते अस्मात्)
Answer: A teacher or preceptor is someone to whom disciples go for studying, especially the Vedas. They are respected guides in learning.
In simple words: An Upadhyaya is a teacher whom students visit to learn, especially religious texts like the Vedas.

Exam Tip: For short notes, provide a concise definition and explain the significance or role of the term.

 

Question 2. आर्यः
Answer: A worthy, respectable person is called and addressed respectfully as 'Arya'. It is defined as someone who performs duties, avoids wrong actions, and generally upholds religious and country laws. An Arya is an individual who respects good conduct.
In simple words: An 'Arya' is a respected person who does what is right, avoids wrong, and follows the laws of their religion and country.

Exam Tip: When defining terms, include their literal meaning, their respectful usage, and the qualities associated with them.

 

Question 3. सगतम्
Answer: 'Svatam' or 'Atmagatam' is a stage instruction in drama. It means 'aside' or 'to oneself' and signifies that the speech that follows is not meant to be heard by other characters on stage. It helps convey to the audience what a particular character is thinking in their mind.
In simple words: 'Svatam' is a drama instruction where a character speaks their thoughts aloud, but only the audience is meant to hear it, not other characters on stage.

Exam Tip: Explain the dramatic function of such terms, clarifying who hears the dialogue and what purpose it serves in the play.

 

Question 4. प्रकाशम्
Answer: After 'Svatam' (what the character thinks), 'Prakasam' comes. It means the speech that follows is meant to be heard by all. 'Prakasam' signifies speaking aloud for everyone to hear.
In simple words: 'Prakasam' means speaking loudly so everyone on stage can hear, unlike 'Svatam' which is for inner thoughts.

Exam Tip: Contrast 'Prakasam' with 'Svatam' to highlight its opposite function in dramatic presentation.

 

Question 5. अमात्यराक्षसः
Answer: Amatyarakshasa was a thorough gentleman who served as the most efficient minister of Nandraj. He was very popular. Chanakya therefore wanted to win him over to Chandragupta's side. Amatyarakshasa had fled from the capital, leaving his family with his friend Chandandas, who was a rich merchant.
In simple words: Amatyarakshasa was King Nand's very good minister and a popular, skilled person. Chanakya wanted him to join Chandragupta's side. After Nand's defeat, Amatyarakshasa left his family with his rich friend, Chandandas.

Exam Tip: Summarize the character's role, key traits, and significant actions or relationships to provide a complete overview.

 

Question 6. शिबि:
Answer: Shibi was a king said to have rescued Agni, in the form of a dove, from Indra, disguised as a hawk, by offering an equal amount of his own flesh weighed on a balance. Chanakya remembers King Shibi when Chandandas shows a readiness to sacrifice his own life for his friend.
In simple words: King Shibi saved a dove by giving his own flesh, showing great sacrifice. Chanakya thinks of him when Chandandas is ready to risk his life for his friend.

Exam Tip: Briefly explain the mythological reference and its connection to the current narrative, highlighting the moral or thematic link.

 

Question 7. आर्य चाणक्य
Answer: Born in the capital city of Pataliputra as Vishnugupta while the Nanda dynasty was ruling Magadha, he later worked as a political science teacher at Takshashila University. He and Chandragupta Maurya brought about King Dhanananda's downfall. He also wrote the famous treatise Kautilya's Arthashastra.
In simple words: Arya Chanakya, also called Vishnugupta, was born in Pataliputra during Nand's rule. He taught politics at Takshashila. He and Chandragupta Maurya overthrew King Dhanananda and Chanakya wrote the famous book 'Arthashastra'.

Exam Tip: Include details about the character's birth name, education, major political achievements, and intellectual contributions.

 

5. सन्धिं कुरुत
Make sandhis:

 

Question 1. 'निर्दोषस्य + अपि' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) निर्दोषस्यपि
(ख) निर्दोषस्यापि
(ग) निर्दोषस्याअपि
(घ) निर्दोषापि
Answer: (ख) निर्दोषस्यापि
In simple words: When 'Nirdoṣasya' and 'Api' join, they form 'Nirdoṣasyāpi'.

Exam Tip: Remember the rules of Sandhi (euphonic combination) where 'अ' and 'अ' often combine to form 'आ' (Dirgha Sandhi).

 

Question 2. 'कियत् + च' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) कियत्व
(ख) कियच
(ग) कियच्च
(घ) कियताच
Answer: (ग) कियच्च
In simple words: When 'Kiyat' and 'Cha' join, they form 'Kiyachcha'.

Exam Tip: This is an example of 'Ścutva Sandhi', where 'त्' followed by 'च्' becomes 'च्च्'.

 

Question 3. 'अस्मात् + जनात् + इष्यते' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) आस्माजनातिष्यते
(ख) अस्माज्जनादिष्यते
(ग) अस्माद्धनादिष्यते
(घ) अस्माजनादिष्यते
Answer: (ख) अस्माज्जनादिष्यते
In simple words: When 'Asmāt', 'Janāt', and 'Iṣyate' join, they form 'Asmājjānādiṣyate'.

Exam Tip: Practice applying various Sandhi rules sequentially when combining multiple words to form a single compound word.

 

Question 4. 'कथम् + आविर्भवति + इति' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) कथमाविर्भवतीति
(ख) कथआविर्भवतीती
(ग) कथमार्विभवतिति
(घ) कथमाविभवतिती
Answer: (क) कथमाविर्भवतीति
In simple words: When 'Katham', 'Āvirbhavati', and 'Iti' combine, they form 'Kathamāvirbhavatīti'.

Exam Tip: The 'इ' of 'इति' often combines with the preceding vowel, as seen in this example.

 

Question 5. 'एतत् + निवेदितम्' एतस्य सन्धियुक्तः शब्दः कः?
(क) एतनिवेदितम्
(ख) एतनिवेदितम्
(ग) एतं निवेदितम्
(घ) एतन्निवेदितम्
Answer: (घ) एतन्निवेदितम्
In simple words: When 'Etat' and 'Niveditam' combine, they form 'Etanniveditam'.

Exam Tip: The final 'त्' of 'एतत्' often changes to 'न्' when followed by 'न', an example of 'Anunasika Sandhi'.

 

क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात् Introdution

In this 4th century BC, the Nanda dynasty ruled the kingdom of Magadha. Chanakya, whose original name was Vishnugupta, was a teacher of political science at Takshashila University. Later, he and his disciple Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the powerful Nanda dynasty of Pataliputra. Based on this historical event, Vishakhadatta wrote a seven-act play, Mudrarakshasam. This lesson is an extract from Act I of Mudrarakshasam. Rakshasa was a very popular, efficient, and loyal minister of Nandraj. When the Nanda dynasty was overthrown, Rakshasa fled from Pataliputra, entrusting his pregnant wife and children to Chandandas. When Chanakya learned this, he called Chandandas and threatened him with severe consequences if Chandandas would not hand over Rakshasa's family to him.

In this lesson, one will observe Chanakya as a ruthless statesman and a resistant human being who values Chandandas's loyalty to his friend. Notice how Chanakya opens his conversation by asking a casual question about Chandandas's business and then suddenly moves to the crucial point. Also, note how Chandandas is cautious and on his guard from the beginning but eventually rises to the occasion. Conflict is said to be the very soul of a drama. This passage is a good example of a powerful drama.

 

क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात् Summary Of The Chapter Divorce:

Chanakya: (To his disciple) O son, the merchant Chandandas should be brought here.

Disciple: As the preceptor orders. (Going out and entering again with Chandandas.)

Chandandas: (To himself) The fear of even an innocent man increases when Chanakya:

summons. Then what to say of one in guilt. It is only because of this that the family of the minister was sent elsewhere by me. As for me, come what may.

Disciple: O merchant, come this way.

Chandandas: Here I come (both moved round).

Disciple: Revered sir, here is the merchant Chandandas.

Chandandas: (Going near) victory to you noble sir!

Chanakya: Welcome to you. Here is the seat, be seated there.

Chandandas: As you order (sits).

Chanakya: Are the profits of your mercantile transactions increasing?

Chandandas: (to himself) under honor should be a cause of doubt. (Aloud) sir, certainly. By your favor my business is uninterrupted.

Chanakya: O merchant, do the subjects sometimes remember ansa's faults Chandragupta (and) the good qualities of the earlier king Nand now?

Chandandas: Good forbid! The subjects are immensely pleased as with the moon rising with full splendor on an autumnal full moon night.

Chanakya: O merchant, kings expect benefits return from the subjects, who are pleased.

Chandandas: Let Noble sir order, what and how much amount of money is desired from this person (me)?

Chanakya: O merchant, this is Chandragupta kingdom, not the kingdom of Nand. It was Nand who liked wealth but Chandragupta is interested in the absence of sorrow for the subjects.

Chanakya: (Joyfully) I am obliged.

Chanakya: And should you ask how the absence of sorrow will be brought about?

Chandandas: May your honor order.

Chanakya: In brief behaving in a manner which is not against the king.

Chandandas: Who indeed is the unlucky one that behaves against the king?

Chanakya: You yourself to begin with.

Chandandas: I deprecate the sinful thought! What kind of hostility can straws have with fire?

Chanakya: This is the hostility that you are even today protecting the family of Amatyarakshasa, the enemy of the king by taking them to your house.

Chandandas: It is false, noble sir! Some ignorant fellow might have told it to you.

Chanakya: Have no misgiving O merchant, officers of the former king fly to the other countries in panic, leaving their families in the houses of citizens. Then the very concealment of the fact become criminal.

Chandandas: This is indeed the case. That time the family of Amatyarakshasa, was in my house.

Chanakya: First you said 'It is false' and now you say it was in my house). these two are contradictory statements.

Chandandas: This much only is my fraud of speech.

Chanakya: O merchant, frauds are not acceptable in Chandragupta kingdom. So the family of Rakshasa should be handed over. You should be free from fraud.

Chandandas: Noble sir, I humbly say that the family of Rakshasa was in my house at that time.

Chanakya: And where has it gone how?

Chandandas: I don't know where it weak.

Chanakya: How is it that you don't know? O Chandandas, Chandragupta gives severe punishment to those who oppose the king. He will not tolerate your act of hiding Rakshasa family. So your own life and family should be protected by the family of others.

Chandandas: Noble Sir, are you threatening me? Even if the family of Rakshasa were in my house, I would not there in my house?

Chanakya: Chandandas, is it your decision?

Chandandas: Yes, this is my firm decision.

Chanakya: (to himself) Bravo, Chandandas, bravo!

Which person in the present age would do this, which is impossible except for fgifa, in spite of the advantages to be easily got by betraying others?

 

Prose, Translation And Glossary

 

1. संस्कृतम्

चाणक्यः : (स्वशिष्यं प्रति) वत्स, श्रेष्ठी चन्दनदासः अत्र आनेतव्यः।

शिष्यः : यदाज्ञापयति उपाध्यायः। (इति निष्क्रम्य चन्दनदासेन सह पुनः प्रविश्य)

चन्दनदासः : (स्वगतम्) चाणक्यः यदा आह्वयति तदा निर्दोषस्य अपि शङ्का वर्धते किं पुनः जातदोषस्य। अत एव मया अमात्यराक्षसस्य गृहजनोऽन्यत्र प्रेषितः। मम तावत् यद्भवति तद्भवतु नाम।

शिष्यः : भोः श्रेष्ठिन्! इतः इतः।

चन्दनदासः : अयमागतोऽस्मि । (उभौ परिक्रामतः।)

शिष्यः : उपाध्याय, अयं श्रेष्ठी चन्दनदासः।

 

Translation:

Chanakya: (To his disciple) O so the merchant Chandandas should be brought here.

Disciple: As the preceptor orders. (Going out and entering again with Chandandas.)

Chandandas: (to himself) the fear of even an innocent man increases when (14) summons. The what to say of one in guilt. It is only because this that the family of Amatya Rakshasa was sent elsewhere by me. As for me, come what may.

Disciple: O merchant, Come this way.

Chandandas: Here I come (both move round).

Disciple: Revered sir, here is the merchant Chandandas.

 

Glossary:

चाणक्य – the name of कौटिल्य, the chief minister of पाटलिपुत्र, स्वशिष्यम् प्रति – to his own disciple; the undeclinable प्रति is used with the accusative so स्वशिष्यं, वत्स – Son, disciple; the vocative form is used as a term of endearment which means 'my dear child', चन्दनदासः - the name of a rich merchant, अत्र आनेतव्य: – should be brought here (by you); आनेतव्य: – आ + नि (1P) potential passive participle कर्मणि विध्यर्थक कृदन्त, masculine nominative singular, यदाज्ञापयति – यद् + आज्ञापयति, as you (भवान्) order, उपाध्यायः – preceptor, निष्क्रम्य - going out, स्वगतम् – आत्मगतम् – to himself, speech spoken in a way which can be heard by oneself. In reality, the audience hears this and other characters present on the stage are not supposed to hear it. Fant is used by the writer to convey to the readers of spectators the thoughts of the character, आहयति – calls, is calling the verb of the subject चाणक्य, निर्दोषस्यापि – निर्दोषस्य + अपि, even the innocent person's निर्दोषस्य-निर्गत: दोषः यस्य सः, तस्य-प्राति बहुव्रीहि समास, शङ्का – doubt, suspicion; the subject of the verb, वर्धते - increases, किम् पुनः – how much more, जांतदोषस्य – जातः दोषः यस्य स बहुव्रीहि समास – of the one who has an offence. On one's part, अतएव – अतः + एव; only, therefore, it is only because of this that, मया – by me, अमात्यराक्षसस्य गृहजनः – the members of अमात्यराक्षस's family, अन्यत्र - elsewhere, प्रेषित – sent, मम तावत् यद् भवति तद् भवतु नाम – now whatever happens to me may happen, इतः इतः – (come) this way, this side, in this direction; this is an indeclinable, अयमागतोऽस्म – अयम् + आगत + अस्मि; here I have arrived, उभौ परिक्रामतः – both of them (here चन्दनदास and शिष्य) move round; this is to indicate that they have walked a distance; this the dramatist's stage direction for the actors so put into brackets.

 

2. संस्कृतम्

चन्दनदासः : (उपसृत्य) जयतु जयत्वार्यः।

चाणक्यः : श्रेष्ठिन् स्वागतं ते। इदमासनम्, तत्र स्थातव्यम्।

चन्दनदासः : यदार्य आज्ञापयति। (उपविष्टः)।

चाणक्यः : अपि प्रचीयन्ते संत्यवहाराणां वृद्धिलाभाः वः।

चन्दनदासः : (स्वगतम्) अत्यादारः शङ्कनीयः। (प्रकाशम्) आर्य! अथ किम, आर्यस्य प्रसादेन अखण्डिता मे वाणिज्या।

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