GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 11 यस्य जननं तस्य मरणम्

1. अधोलिखितेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः समुचितम् उत्तरं चिनुत

Choose the Correct Answer From the Given Alternatives:

Question 1. वित्तदासः धनिकोऽपि कीदृशः आसीत्?
(क) सन्तुष्टः
(ख) उदारः
(ग) लुब्धः
(घ) असन्तुष्टः
Answer: (ग) लुब्धः
In simple words: वित्तदास, even though he was wealthy, possessed a very greedy nature.

Exam Tip: In Sanskrit texts, understanding the meaning of key adjectives helps deduce character traits easily.

Question 2. कूटनाथस्य गृहे के अतिथयः भविष्यन्ति?
(क) कुटुम्बिजनाः
(ख) प्रातिवेशिकाः
(ग) साधवः
(घ) ग्रामजनाः
Answer: (क) कुटुम्बिजनाः
In simple words: Kootanath announced that his family members would be the guests at his home.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to characters' statements, as they often reveal future events or intentions.

Question 3. वित्तदासः कूटनाथाय केन भावेन पात्राणि प्रायच्छत्?
(क) मात्रधर्मभावेन
(ख) दयाभावेन
(ग) मित्रधर्मभावेन
(घ) प्रातिवेशिकधर्मभावेन
Answer: (घ) प्रातिवेशिकधर्मभावेन
In simple words: Vitthadas gave the utensils to Kootanath out of a sense of duty towards his neighbor.

Exam Tip: Understanding the motivations of characters is crucial for analyzing their actions in a story.

Question 4. कूटनाथः कदा पात्राणि प्रत्यर्पयितं वित्तदासस्य गृहम् अगच्छत्?
(क) भोजनावसाने
(ख) पात्रोपयोगावसाने
(ग) कार्यावसाने
(घ) आगामिनि दिवसे
Answer: (ख) पात्रोपयोगावसाने
In simple words: Kootanath visited Vitthadas's house to give back the utensils after their use was finished.

Exam Tip: Specific time references in the text can be key details for answering comprehension questions.

Question 5. किं सम्प्राप्य वित्तदासः विस्मितः अभवत्?
(क) पुरातनानि पात्राणि
(ख) अर्वाचीनानि पात्राणि
(ग) नूतनानि पात्राणि
(घ) गुरूणि पात्राणि
Answer: (ग) नूतनानि पात्राणि
In simple words: Vitthadas was quite surprised to receive new utensils.

Exam Tip: Identifying the cause of a character's emotion helps explain their reactions.

Question 6. 'भवतः सर्वाणि पात्राणि मृतानि।' इदं वाक्यं कः वदति?
(क) कूटनाथः
(ख) वित्तदासः
(ग) कूटमतिः
(घ) वित्तनाथः
Answer: (क) कूटनाथः
In simple words: Kootanath utters the sentence, "All your utensils have died."

Exam Tip: Attributing statements to the correct speaker is essential in narrative comprehension questions.

2. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानां प्रकोष्ठगतशब्दस्य योग्यरूपेण उत्तरं लिखत

Write the Real Meaning of the Following Sentences in the Blanks From Brackets Words:

Question 1. अस्ति वित्तदासो नाम प्रभूतलोभः ..." वणिग्जनः। (समृद्ध)
Answer: अस्ति वित्तदासो नाम प्रभूतलोभः समृद्धः वणिज्ञ्जनः।
In simple words: The blank needs to be filled with "समृद्धः" to complete the sentence, indicating that Vitthadas was a rich merchant.

Exam Tip: For fill-in-the-blanks, always use the correct form of the word given in brackets to match the sentence structure and meaning.

Question 2. कानिचित् लघूनि ..." पात्राण्यपि तत्र स्थापितानि। (नूतन)
Answer: कानिचित् लघूनि नूतनानि पात्राण्यपि तत्र स्थापितानि।
In simple words: The correct form "नूतनानि" must fill the blank, meaning "new", to describe the small utensils placed there.

Exam Tip: Ensure that adjectives correctly agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

Question 3. "........" कतिपयेषु दिवसेषु कूटनाथः पुनरपि वित्तदासं पात्रेभ्यः प्रार्थयते। (व्यतीत)
Answer: व्यतीतेषु कतिपयेषु दिवसेषु कूटनाथः पुनरपि वित्तदासं पात्रेभ्यः प्रार्थयते।
In simple words: The blank requires "व्यतीतेषु", which means "after a few days", to show when Kootanath asked for utensils again.

Exam Tip: Understand the temporal adverbs and their correct usage to indicate timing in sentences.

Question 4. तस्मै ........ पात्राणि दत्तवान्। (सर्व, इष्ट)
Answer: सः तस्मै सर्वाणि इष्टानि पात्राणि दत्तवान्।
In simple words: The blanks should be filled with "सर्वाणि इष्टानि" to mean "all desired utensils" were given.

Exam Tip: When multiple words are provided, select the ones that logically complete the sentence and fit grammatically.

Question 5. कूटनाथः ........ अकथयत्। (सशोक)
Answer: कूटनाथः सशोकम् अकथयत्।
In simple words: "सशोकम्" should fill the blank, indicating that Kootanath spoke with sorrow.

Exam Tip: Adverbs describing the manner of action often end with '-म्' in Sanskrit and are important for conveying the correct tone.

3. एकवाक्येन संस्कृतभाषायाम् उत्तरं लिखत

Answer in One Sanskrit Sentence:

Question 1. कूटनाथः किमर्थं पात्राणि अयाचत?
Answer: अतिथभूतानाम् कुटुम्बिजनानाम् भोजनादिकार्यक्रमाय कूटनाथः पात्राणि अयाचत।
In simple words: Kootanath requested the utensils for the meal program of his visiting family members.

Exam Tip: Always state the purpose clearly and concisely when asked for the reason behind an action.

Question 2. किं सम्प्राप्य वित्तदासः प्रसन्नः सञ्जातः?
Answer: अपव्यरूपेण नूतनानि पात्राणि सम्प्राप्य वित्तदासः प्रसन्नः सञ्जातः।
In simple words: Vitthadas became happy upon receiving new utensils in the form of offspring.

Exam Tip: Link the event directly to the character's emotional response for a complete answer.

Question 3. कूटनाथगृहं गत्वा वित्तदासः किम् अयाचत?
Answer: कूटनाथगृहं गत्वा वित्तदासः स्वकीयानि पात्राणि अयाचत।
In simple words: After going to Kootanath's house, Vitthadas asked for his own utensils.

Exam Tip: Focus on the specific action performed by the character at the specified location.

Question 4. निर्जीवानां पात्राणां किं न सम्भवति?
Answer: निर्जीवानां पात्राणं मरणं न सम्भवति।
In simple words: It is not possible for inanimate utensils to die.

Exam Tip: State the logical impossibility directly as per the question asked.

Question 5. जगति किं सर्वथा ध्रुवं नश्यति?
Answer: जगति यत्समुत्पन्नं तत् सर्वथा ध्रुवं नश्यति।
In simple words: In this world, whatever is born surely gets destroyed.

Exam Tip: Philosophical questions often require a universal truth or a general principle as the answer.

4. अधोलिखितानां पदानां कृदन्तप्रकारं लिखत

Name the Type of Following कृदन्तः।

Question 1. लुब्धः – लुभ धातो: त – प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्तम् पु. प्रथमा एकवचन।
Answer: लुब्धः – लुभ धातो: त – प्रत्ययान्त कर्तरि भूतकृदन्तम् पु. प्रथमा एकवचन।
In simple words: "लुब्धः" is a past active participle formed from the root 'लुभ' with the suffix 'त', appearing in the masculine singular first case.

Exam Tip: When identifying कृदन्त प्रकार, remember to specify the root verb, suffix, and grammatical form (gender, case, number).

Question 2. प्रत्यर्पयितुम् – प्रति + ऋ (1प) प्रेरक हेत्वर्धक धातुसाधितं कृदन्तम्।
Answer: प्रत्यर्पयितुम् – प्रति + ऋ (1प) प्रेरक हेत्वर्धक धातुसाधितं कृदन्तम्।
In simple words: "प्रत्यर्पयितुम्" is a causative infinitive participle (हेत्वर्धक धातुसाधित कृदन्तम्) derived from the root 'ऋ' with the prefix 'प्रति'.

Exam Tip: Causative forms often indicate a purpose or reason for an action.

Question 3. दत्तानि – दा (1प, 3उ) कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तम्, नपु. प्रथम द्वितीया बहुवचन।
Answer: दत्तानि – दा (1प, 3उ) कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तम्, नपु. प्रथम द्वितीया बहुवचन।
In simple words: "दत्तानि" is a past passive participle from the root 'दा', in the neuter gender, first or second case plural.

Exam Tip: Past passive participles in Sanskrit can function as adjectives and often appear in both nominative and accusative cases depending on context.

Question 4. वञ्चनीयः – वञ्च् (10प.) प्रेरक विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्, पु. प्रथमा एकवचन।
Answer: वञ्चनीयः – वञ्च् (10प.) प्रेरक विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्, पु. प्रथमा एकवचन।
In simple words: "वञ्चनीयः" is a causative potential passive participle (विध्यर्थ कर्मणि कृदन्तम्) from the root 'वञ्च्', in the masculine singular first case.

Exam Tip: The 'नीय' suffix typically indicates obligation or suitability ("should be" or "fit to be").

Question 5. सम्प्राप्य – सम् + प्र + आप् (प) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्तम् अथवा ल्यबन्तम् अव्ययम्।
Answer: सम्प्राप्य – सम् + प्र + आप् (प) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्तम् अथवा ल्यबन्तम् अव्ययम्।
In simple words: "सम्प्राप्य" is a conjunctive indeclinable participle (सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्तम्) or ल्यबन्त अव्यय, formed with prefixes 'सम्' and 'प्र' and root 'आप्'.

Exam Tip: ल्यबन्त अव्यय is used when the action of the participle precedes the main verb in the sentence, and the subject is the same.

Question 6. आपन्नः – आ + पद (4आ) कर्तरि भूतकृदन्तम्, पु. प्रथमा एकवचन।
Answer: आपन्नः – आ + पद (4आ) कर्तरि भूतकृदन्तम्, पु. प्रथमा एकवचन।
In simple words: "आपन्नः" is a past active participle (कर्तरि भूतकृदन्तम्) from the root 'पद' with prefix 'आ', in the masculine singular first case.

Exam Tip: Past active participles describe an action completed by the subject.

5. सन्धिं प्रयोजयत

Make Sandhis:

Question 1. वित्तदासः नाम = वित्तदासः + नाम = वित्तदासो नाम
Answer: वित्तदासः नाम = वित्तदासः + नाम = वित्तदासो नाम
In simple words: The sandhi combines "वित्तदासः" and "नाम" to form "वित्तदासो नाम".

Exam Tip: Remember to apply the rules of Visarga sandhi, specifically Utva sandhi, when combining words ending in Visarga with a soft consonant or 'अ'.

Question 2. क:चित् = कः + चित् = कश्चित्
Answer: क:चित् = कः + चित् = कश्चित्
In simple words: The sandhi joins "कः" and "चित्" to make "कश्चित्".

Exam Tip: This is an example of Visarga sandhi where 'विसर्ग' (ः) changes to 'श्' before 'च्' or 'छ्'.

Question 3. धनिकः अपि = धनिकः + अपि = धनिकोऽपि
Answer: धनिकः अपि = धनिकः + अपि = धनिकोऽपि
In simple words: The sandhi merges "धनिकः" and "अपि" into "धनिकोऽपि".

Exam Tip: Another example of Utva sandhi, where 'विसर्ग' (ः) changes to 'ओ' and the 'अ' of 'अपि' is elided, marked by an Avagraha ('ऽ').

Question 4. श्व अतिथयः = श्वः + अतिथयः = श्वोऽतिथयः
Answer: श्व अतिथयः = श्वः + अतिथयः = श्वोऽतिथयः
In simple words: The sandhi combines "श्वः" and "अतिथयः" to create "श्वोऽतिथयः".

Exam Tip: Similar to the previous rule, Utva sandhi applies here, changing 'विसर्ग' to 'ओ' and eliding the following 'अ'.

Question 5. वित्तदासः तस्मै = वित्तदासः + तस्मै – वित्तदासस्तस्मै
Answer: वित्तदासः तस्मै = वित्तदासः + तस्मै – वित्तदासस्तस्मै
In simple words: The sandhi connects "वित्तदासः" and "तस्मै" to form "वित्तदासस्तस्मै".

Exam Tip: This illustrates Visarga sandhi where 'विसर्ग' (ः) changes to 'स्' before a 'त्' or 'थ्'.

6. रेखाकितानां पदानां स्थाने प्रकोष्ठात् उचितं पदं चित्वा प्रश्नवाक्यं रचयत –

Choose the Correct Word From the Brackets to Replace the Underlined Word and Make Interrogative Sentences:

(कदा, कुत्र, कैः, कस्य, केषाम्, कः)

Question 1. पात्रैः सह अन्यानि पात्राणि स्थापितानि।
Answer: कैः सह अन्यानि पात्राणि स्थापितानि?
In simple words: To make it a question, "पात्रैः" (by utensils) is replaced with "कैः" (by whom/what) to ask what other items were placed along with.

Exam Tip: When forming questions, select the interrogative pronoun that matches the case and number of the word being replaced.

Question 2. पात्राणि रात्रौ प्रसूतानि।
Answer: पात्राणि कदा प्रसूतानि?
In simple words: "रात्रौ" (at night) is replaced by "कदा" (when) to ask about the time the utensils were born.

Exam Tip: Use 'कदा' for questions about time.

Question 3. कूटनाथः पात्रेभ्यः प्रार्थयत।
Answer: कः पात्रेभ्यः प्रार्थयत?
In simple words: "कूटनाथः" (Kootanath) is replaced by "कः" (who) to ask who requested the utensils.

Exam Tip: Use 'कः' for questions about the masculine singular subject.

Question 4. पात्राणि भवतः गृहे विलसन्ति।
Answer: पात्राणि कस्य गृहे विलसन्ति?
In simple words: "भवतः" (your) is replaced by "कस्य" (whose) to ask whose house the utensils were shining in.

Exam Tip: Use 'कस्य' for questions about possession (genitive case). Use 'कुत्र' for questions about location.

Question 5. पात्राणां जन्म भवति।
Answer: केषाम् जन्म भवति?
In simple words: "पात्राणां" (of utensils) is replaced by "केषाम्" (of whom/what) to ask whose birth it is.

Exam Tip: Use 'केषाम्' for questions about plural possession (genitive plural).

7. सूचनानुसारं शब्दरूपं लिखत

Write the Form of Words According to Information:

8. क्रियापदं वर्तमानकाले परिवर्त्य वाक्यं पुनः लिखत

Rewrite Sentences by Changing Root Verbs in Present Tense:

Question 1. कूटनाथः वित्तदासम् अकथयत्।
Answer: कूटनाथ: वित्तदासं कथयति। or कूटनाथः वित्तदासाय कथयति।
In simple words: The past tense verb "अकथयत्" (said) is changed to the present tense "कथयति" (says), and the dative case "वित्तदासाय" can also be used.

Exam Tip: When converting to present tense, ensure the verb ending matches the subject's person and number.

Question 2. कुटुम्बिजनाः अतिथयः भविष्यन्ति।
Answer: कुटुम्बिजनाः अतिथयः भवन्ति।
In simple words: The future tense verb "भविष्यन्ति" (will be) is converted to the present tense "भवन्ति" (are) while keeping the plural subject.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the verb roots and their present tense conjugations, especially for 'भू' (to be).

Question 3. वित्तदासः कूटनाथाय पात्राणि प्रायच्छत्। '
Answer: वित्तदासः कूटनाथाय पात्राणि प्रयच्छति।
In simple words: The past tense verb "प्रायच्छत्" (gave) is changed to the present tense "प्रयच्छति" (gives).

Exam Tip: Always make sure the converted verb agrees with the subject in person and number.

9. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि आङ्ग्लभाषायां लिखत

Answer the Following Questions in English:

Question 1. What was the planning of Kootanath to deceive Vitthadas?
Answer: Kootanath planned to borrow some utensils from Vitthadas and then return them along with additional small-sized ones, claiming they were the "young ones" born to the original utensils. Later, he borrowed more utensils but did not give them back at all, stating that Vitthadas's utensils had "died". When Vitthadas objected, Kootanath cunningly explained that if utensils could be born, they could also die. This way, Kootanath cheated his neighbor by exploiting his greedy nature.
In simple words: Kootanath planned to trick Vitthadas. He borrowed pots, returned them with new, small ones, saying they were "babies" born to the old ones. Later, he borrowed more and never returned them, saying they had "died," using the "birth" logic against Vitthadas's greed.

Exam Tip: For plot-based questions, summarize the sequence of events clearly, focusing on the character's intentions and actions.

Question 2. Why did Vitthadas give Kootanath utensils second time?
Answer: Vitthadas was a rich and greedy man. The first time he gave utensils, he was motivated by a sense of neighborly duty. However, when Kootanath returned the utensils with new, small-sized ones, Vitthadas readily believed the strange story of their "birth." When Kootanath made a second request, Vitthadas gave him all the utensils he asked for, driven by the strong impulse of greed. He was hoping to receive even more additional utensils in return, thus allowing his avarice to overpower his sense of duty.
In simple words: Vitthadas gave Kootanath utensils a second time because he was greedy. After Kootanath returned the first set with "baby" utensils, Vitthadas believed them to be born, hoping to get even more new utensils due to his immense avarice.

Exam Tip: When analyzing character actions, always consider their core traits and how those traits influence their decisions.

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit यस्य जननं तस्य मरणम् Additional Important Questions and Answers

1. सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत –

Question 1. 'धनिकोऽपि' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) धनिकः + अपि
(ख) धनिक + अपि
(ग) धनिको + अपि
(घ) धनिके + अपि
Answer: (क) धनिकः + अपि
In simple words: The sandhi 'धनिकोऽपि' is separated into its original parts, 'धनिकः' and 'अपि'.

Exam Tip: Look for the 'ोऽ' pattern, which often indicates an Utva sandhi where a Visarga (ः) becomes 'ओ' and a following 'अ' is elided.

Question 2. 'परश्वस्तानि' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) परश्व + तानि
(ख) परश्वः + तानि
(ग) परः + तानि
(घ) परश्वो + तानि
Answer: (ख) परश्वः + तानि
In simple words: The word 'परश्वस्तानि' is correctly divided into 'परश्वः' and 'तानि'.

Exam Tip: Identify the Visarga sandhi rules where 'विसर्ग' (ः) changes to 'स्' before certain consonants like 'त्' or 'थ्'.

Question 3. 'पात्राणामपव्यानि' एतस्य सन्धिविच्छेदः कः?
(क) पात्राणांम्+ मपत्यानि
(ख) पात्राणाम् + पत्यानि
(ग) पात्राणाम् + अपत्यानि
(घ) पात्राणं + अपत्यानि
Answer: (ग) पात्राणाम् + अपत्यानि
In simple words: The sandhi 'पात्राणामपत्यानि' is correctly broken down into 'पात्राणाम्' and 'अपत्यानि'.

Exam Tip: This is an example of Anusvara sandhi, where 'म्' at the end of a word changes to 'अनुस्वार' or 'म्' before a vowel.

2. अधोदत्तानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि चिनुत

Choose the Answer From Given Questions:

Question 1. अकथयत् – क्रियापदस्य कालं किम् अस्ति?
(क) वर्तमानकाल
(ख) विध्यर्थ
(ग) एकवचनं
(घ) ह्यस्तनभूतकाल
Answer: (घ) ह्यस्तनभूतकाल
In simple words: The verb "अकथयत्" belongs to the past tense, known as ह्यस्तनभूतकाल.

Exam Tip: Recognize the 'अ' prefix and the 'त्' ending as common indicators of the past tense in Sanskrit verbs.

Question 2. विलसन्ति – क्रियापदं किं रूपम् अस्ति?
(क) वर्तमानकाल एकवचनस्य
(ख) विध्यर्थं द्विवचनस्य
(ग) वर्तमानकाल बहुवचनम्
(घ) आज्ञार्थ बहुवचस्य
Answer: (ग) वर्तमानकाल बहुवचनम्
In simple words: The verb "विलसन्ति" is in the present tense and indicates a plural subject.

Exam Tip: The 'न्ति' ending is a clear sign of the present tense, third person plural in Sanskrit verbs.

Question 3. तस्मै सर्वाणि इष्टानि पात्राणि दत्तवान। रेखाङ्कितस्य कृदन्तस्य प्रकारः कः?
(क) हेत्वर्थ कृदन्त
(ख) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त
(ग) कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त
(घ) विध्यर्थ कृदन्त
Answer: (ग) कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त
In simple words: The underlined कृदन्त, "दत्तवान", is a past active participle, meaning the action of giving was performed by the subject.

Exam Tip: The suffix 'वत्' (वान्, वती, वत्) in participles typically indicates a past active participle (कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त).

Question 4. यच्छतु। अस्य वर्तमानकाले परिवर्तितं धातुरूपं किम् अस्ति ?
(क) यच्छतः
(ख) यच्छति
(ग) यच्छन्ति
(घ) प्रायच्छत्
Answer: (ख) यच्छति
In simple words: The imperative form "यच्छतु" (let him give) changes to the present tense singular form "यच्छति" (he gives).

Exam Tip: Remember the present tense conjugations for common verbs like 'दा' (to give), which becomes 'यच्छति' in the present tense.

Question 5. केनापि उपायेन मया असौ वञ्चनीयः। रेखाङ्कितस्य कृदन्तस्य प्रकारः कः?
(क) विध्यर्थ कृदन्त
(ख) सम्बन्धक भूतकृदन्त
(ग) कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त
(घ) हेत्वर्थ कृदन्त
Answer: (क) विध्यर्थ कृदन्त
In simple words: The underlined participle "वञ्चनीयः" is a potential passive participle, showing what should be done or is worthy of being done.

Exam Tip: The suffixes 'अनीय' and 'तव्य' are typical markers for potential passive participles (विध्यर्थ कृदन्त).

Question 6. 'कूटनाथगृहं गत्वा स्वकीयानि पात्राणि याचते स्म।' अस्य भूतकाले परिवर्तितः प्रयोगः किम् अस्ति?
(क) अयाचन्त
(ख) अयाचत
(ग) अयाचेते स्म
(घ) अयचेथाः
Answer: (ख) अयाचत
In simple words: The present tense form 'याचते स्म' (used for past action) is directly converted to the simple past tense 'अयाचत' (he asked).

Exam Tip: The 'स्म' particle attached to a present tense verb makes it express a past action; its direct past tense equivalent is often the imperfect form.

7. ........ अतिथयः। वचनानुसारं शब्दरूपाभ्यां रिक्तस्थानं पूरयत।

Question 1. (Fill in the blanks with word forms according to Vachana)
(क) अतिथिः, अतिथी
(ख) अतिथिम्, अतिथी
(ग) अतिथये, अतिभ्यिाम्
(घ) अतिथेः, अतिथयोः
Answer: (क) अतिथिः, अतिथी
In simple words: This option shows the correct singular and dual forms for the word "अतिथि" in the nominative case.

Exam Tip: Master the declension tables for 'इ-कारान्त' masculine nouns like 'अतिथि' to correctly identify their forms in different cases and numbers.

8. पुरुषवचनव्यवस्थाविषयकः प्रश्नः कः वर्तते?

Question 1. (Which question is about masculine gender and number arrangement?)
(क) भवतः पात्राणामपत्यानि अस्ति।
(ख) भवान् पात्राणामपत्यानि स्तः।
(ग) भवतेः पात्राणामपत्यानि सन्ति।
(घ) भवती पात्राणामपत्यानि अस्मि।
Answer: (ग) भवतेः पात्राणामपत्यानि सन्ति।
In simple words: This sentence correctly matches the plural subject 'पात्राणामपत्यानि' (offspring of utensils) with the plural verb 'सन्ति' (are).

Exam Tip: Ensure that the verb always agrees with its subject in number and person, and the possessive pronoun (भवतेः) also aligns logically.

9. पुरुषवचनव्यवस्थाविषयकः प्रश्नः कः वर्तते?

Question 1. (Which question is about masculine gender and number arrangement?)
(क) कूटनाथौ सशोकम् अकथयतम्।
(ख) कूटनाथः सशोकम् अकथयत्।
(ग) कूटनाथाः सशोकम् अकथयन्।
(घ) कूटनाथः सशोकं अकथयत।
Answer: (ख) कूटनाथः सशोकम् अकथयत्।
In simple words: This option correctly shows the singular subject 'कूटनाथः' (Kootanath) with the singular past tense verb 'अकथयत्' (said) and the adverb 'सशोकम्' (sadly).

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the number of the subject (singular, dual, plural) and ensure the verb's form matches it perfectly.

Question 10. मह्यम्-पदस्य विभक्तिः वचनं च किम् अस्ति?
(क) प्रथमा-एकवचनम्
(ख) द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्
(ग) चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्
(घ) चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम्
Answer: (ग) चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्
In simple words: The word "मह्यम्" is in the dative case (चतुर्थी विभक्ति) and singular number (एकवचनम्), meaning "to me" or "for me."

Exam Tip: Recognize common pronominal forms for different cases and numbers, as they are frequently tested.

यस्य जननं तस्य मरणम् Introduction

India has a very long tradition of stories with a moral. The tales of Lord Buddha's earlier births called जातककथा were collected for didactic purposes. These stories were extremely popular. Sanskrit literature abounds with such stories. A unique aspect of these stories in Sanskrit is the meaningful names given to the characters.

In the present story, for example, the two characters have names that reveal their nature. Vitthadas is truly a slave to money, and Kootanath is a master of deception. Greed, according to a popular saying लोभमिलनि पापानि, is at the root of many sins. This story clarifies that greed makes people easily deceived. Greed is the strong desire for what is not rightfully ours. Mahatma Gandhi once said, “There is enough in the world for man's need but not for his greed.”

यस्य जननं तस्य मरणम् Summary Of The Chapter

There was a certain wealthy merchant named Vitthadas who was very greedy. He had a neighbor who was a merchant known as Kootanath.

Once Kootanath thought, "This Vitthadas is greedy despite being rich. So, I must deceive him by any means." With this thought, Kootanath visited Vitthadas's house and said, "O rich merchant, tomorrow many of our relatives will be our guests. Please kindly lend me some utensils for preparing food for them. I will return them the day after tomorrow."

Vitthadas handed over the utensils to Kootanath with a sense of neighborly duty. After Kootanath had used the utensils, he went to Vitthadas's house to return them. Kootanath also placed some new, small-sized utensils along with the original ones. Vitthadas, surprised by the sight of these new utensils, asked Kootanath, "O friend, these utensils are not mine." Kootanath replied, "Friend, the utensils you gave me gave birth to these in my house last night. These new utensils are the young ones of your utensils."

Having received the new utensils as if they were offspring, Vitthadas was pleased. After some days, Kootanath again asked Vitthadas for utensils. Vitthadas, prompted by the mistaken belief that he would gain even more utensils, gave him all the utensils he desired. Even after a month passed, when Kootanath did not return the utensils, Vitthadas became worried and went to Kootanath's house to ask for his own utensils. Kootanath, feigning sadness, declared, "All your utensils have died."

Overwhelmed with anger, Vitthadas exclaimed, "How can this happen? O deceiver, you are telling a lie. How is the death of inanimate utensils possible?" Kootanath, gathering courage, calmly stated, "Great sir, if the birth of utensils can occur, then their death is also likely to happen. The utensils you gave me died in my house. What can I do about it?" He further added, "Look, the birth of utensils happens. How can there be any doubt about their death? In this world, whatever is produced (born) is certainly destroyed."

यस्य जननं तस्य मरणम् Glossary And Translation

1. संस्कृतम्:

अस्ति वित्तदासो नाम प्रभूतलोभः समृद्धः कश्चित् वणिग्जनः। तस्य कूटनाथाभिधः वैश्यः प्रातिवेशिकः आसीत्। एकदा कूटनाथेन चिन्तितं यदयं वित्तदासः धनिकोऽपि लुब्धो वर्तते। अतः केनापि उपायेन मया असौ वञ्चनीयः। एवं विचार सः कूटनाथः एकदा वित्तदासस्य गृहमुपगम्य अकथयत्, “भोः श्रेष्ठिन्, अस्माकं बहवः कुटुम्बिजनाः श्वः अतिथयः भविष्यन्ति। तेषामर्थे भोजनादिनिर्माणाय कानिचित् पात्राणि कृपया मह्यं यच्छतु। परश्वः तानि प्रत्यर्पयिष्यामि।”

Translation:

There was a certain rich merchant named Vitthadas who was very greedy. He had a neighbor who was a merchant by the name of Kootanath.

Once Kootanath thought, "This Vitthadas is greedy despite being rich. So, I must deceive him by any means." Thus thinking, Kootanath, once having visited Vitthadas's house, said, "O rich merchant, tomorrow many of our relatives will be our guests. Please give me some utensils for preparing (cooking) food, etc., for them. I shall return them the day after tomorrow."

Glossary:

वित्तदासः - वित्तस्य दासः – A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case), meaning "the slave of wealth"; here, this refers to the character's name. प्रभूतलोभः – प्रभूतः लोभः यस्य सः – A Bahuvrihi compound, meaning "very greedy"; this is an adjective for the noun Vitthadas. वणिग्जनः – वणिक् जनः or वणिक् च असौ जनः च – A Karmadharaya compound, meaning "merchant". कूटनाथाभिधः – कूटनाथः अभिधा यस्य सः – A Bahuvrihi compound, meaning "whose name was Kootanath". प्रातिवेशिकः – प्रतिवेशकः, प्रातिवेश्मकः – meaning "neighbor". चिन्तितम् – "thought"; from the root चिन्त् (10U), this is a past passive participle (कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त), neuter nominative/accusative singular. कूटनाथेन चिन्तितम् – a passive voice construction. कूटनाथः अचिन्तयत्/चिन्तितवान् – an active voice construction.

लुब्धः – greedy. केनापि उपायेन – केन + अपि उपायेन, meaning "by any means". वञ्चनीयः – "should be fooled/deceived"; an adjective. असौ – "this (one)". मया असौ वञ्चनीयः – a passive voice construction. अहम् अमुम् वञ्चयेयम् – an active voice construction. विचार्य – "having thought". कूटनाथः – कूटस्य नाथः – A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case), meaning "the master of deception or trick". गृहम् उपगम्य – "going to (Vitthadas's) house". श्वः – "tomorrow"; this is an indeclinable. परश्वः – "the day after tomorrow". भोजनादिनिर्माणाय – भोजनम् आदौ येषां तानि भोजनादीनि – A Bahuvrihi compound. भोजनादीनां निर्माणम् तस्मै – A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case), meaning "for preparing food/meal, etc.". प्रत्यर्पयिष्यामि – "I shall return".

अव्ययम् – श्वः – रमेशः श्वः आगमिष्यति।

परश्वः – सः परश्वः गमिष्यति।

प्रति – सीता राम प्रति पश्यति।

विशेष्य – विशेषणम् – लोभः प्रभूतः

2. संस्कृतम्:

प्रतिवेशिकधर्मभावेन वित्तदासः कूटनाथाय पात्राणि प्रायच्छत्। पात्रोपयोगावसाने कूटनाथः पात्राणि प्रत्यर्पयितुं वित्तदासस्य गृहमगच्छत्। तैः पात्रैः सह कूटनाथः अन्यानि कानिचित् लघूनि नूतनानि पात्राणि अपि तत्र स्थापितवान्। लघूनां नूतनानां पात्राणं दर्शनेन विस्मितः वित्तदासः कूटनाथमपृच्छत्, "भो वयस्य! एतानि पात्राणि मम न सन्ति।” कूटनाथः अकथयत् "मित्र! यानि पात्राणि भवता। दत्तानि तानि मम गृहे रात्रौ प्रसूतानि। एतानि लघूनि नूतनानि पात्राणि भवतः पात्राणामपत्यानि सन्ति।” अपत्यरूपेण नूतनानि पात्राणि सम्प्राप्य वित्तदासः प्रसन्नः जातः।

Translation:

Vitthadas handed over the utensils to Kootanath with a sense of his duty as a neighbor. After the purpose (use) of the utensils was fulfilled, Kootanath went to Vitthadas's house to return the utensils. Kootanath placed some new small-sized utensils along with those utensils. Vitthadas, who was surprised by the sight of the new utensils, asked Kootanath, “O friend, these utensils are not mine.” Kootanath said, “Friend, the utensils that were given to me by you gave birth to these in my house at night. These new utensils are the young ones of your utensils." Having received the new utensils as if they were offspring, Vitthadas was pleased.

Glossary:

प्रातिवेशिकधर्मभावेन – प्रातिवेशिकस्य धर्मः प्रातिवेशिक धर्मः – A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case). तेन- A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case), meaning "due to the feeling (भावेन) that it is the duty (धर्म) of a neighbor". पात्रोपयोगावसाने – पात्राणाम् उपयोगः – A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case). पात्रोपयोगस्य अवसानम्, तस्मिन्- A Tatpurusha compound (sixth case), meaning "when the use of utensils was over". प्रत्यर्पयितुम् – "in order to return"; from प्रति + ऋ (1P), a causative infinitive. प्रेरक हेत्वर्धक धातुसाधित तुमन्त अव्यय. स्थापितवान् – "placed"; from स्था-तिष्ठ – (1P), a causal past active participle, masculine nominative singular. प्रेरक कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त. विस्मितः – "surprised"; an adjective of the noun Vitthadas. भो वयस्य – "O friend". प्रसूतानि – "gave birth to".

अपत्यरूपेण – अपत्यम् रूपं यस्य सः तेन – A Bahuvrihi compound, meaning "in the form of children".

विशेष्य – विशेषणम्

वसनानि – प्रसूतानि

3. संस्कृतम्:

व्यतीतेषु कतिपयेषु दिवसेषु कूटनाथः पुनरपि वित्तदासं पात्रार्थं प्रार्थयत। प्रदत्तेभ्यः पात्रेभ्यः अपि अधिकानां पात्राणां लाभो भविष्यति इति दुर्मत्या प्रेरितो वित्तदासः तस्मै सर्वाणि इष्टानि पात्राणि दत्तवान्। व्यतीतेऽपि एकमासे यदा कूटनाथः पात्राणि न प्रत्यर्पितवान् तदा चिन्तामापन्नः वित्तदासः कूटनाथगृहं गत्वा स्वकीयानि पात्राणि अयाचत। कूटनाथः सशोकम् अकथयत्, “भवतः सर्वाणि पात्राणि मृतानि।”

Translation:

When some days passed, Kootanath again requested Vitthadas for the utensils. Vitthadas, prompted by the mistaken belief that there would be a gain of even more utensils than the ones already given, gave him all the desired utensils. Even after a month passed, when Kootanath did not return the utensils, Vitthadas, who was worried, went to Kootanath's house and asked for his own utensils. Kootanath, feigning dejection, said, "All your utensils died."

Glossary:

व्यतीतेषु कतिपयेषु (दिवसेषु) – "after some days passed"; this is an absolute locative or Sati Saptami construction and can also be expressed as, यदा कतिपयाः दिवसाः व्यतीताः तदाः. दुर्मत्या – दुष्टा मतिः, तया- A Pradi Tatpurusha compound, meaning "with a bad thought". प्रेरितः – "prompted; inspired"; an adjective of the noun Vitthadas. तस्मै (कूटनाथाय) – "to him". Note that the recipient is always in the dative case; e.g., गुरु शिष्याय ज्ञानं यच्छति। मेघः जनेभ्यः जलं ददाति। राजा कवये धनम् अयच्छत्। इष्टानि – "(all) the desired (utensils)"; from इष् – इच्छ् – (6P), this is a past passive participle (कर्मणि भूतकृदन्त), neuter nominative, accusative plural; an adjective of the neuter noun पात्राणि।

व्यतीतेऽपि एकमासे – यद्यपि एकमासः व्यतीतः तथापि, meaning "even though one month passed". न प्रत्यर्पितवान् – "did not give (the utensils) back"; from प्रति + ऋ (1P), a causative past active participle (प्रेरक कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त), masculine nominative singular; सः पात्राणि न प्रत्यर्पितवान् – an active voice construction. तेन पात्राणि न प्रत्यर्पितानि – a passive voice construction. चिन्तामापन्नः – चिन्ताम् + आपन्नः, चिन्तितः – "worried"; an adjective of the noun Vitthadas. सशोकम् – "with dejection"; शोकेन सह यथा स्यात् तथा, an Avyayibhava compound. कूटनाथ – "pretended to be dejected". मृतानि – अम्रियन्त – "died"; the verb of the subject पात्राणि; from मृ (6A), this is a past active participle (कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त), neuter nominative, accusative plural.

अव्ययम् – दुर् – जनैः सह दुर्व्यवहारं न कर्तव्यम्।

अपि – अत्र त्वमपि आगच्छ।

विशेष्य – विशेषणम्- दिवसेषु – कतिपयेषु

4. संस्कृतम्:

वित्तदासः कोपाविष्टः सन् अकथयत् “एवं कथं भवेत्। भो वञ्चक! त्वं मिथ्या वदसि। निर्जीवानां पात्राणं मरणं कथं सम्भवति?"

कूटनाथः धैर्यमवलम्ब्य शान्तवचसा अवदत्, “महोदय! यदि पात्रणां जन्म भवति, तर्हि तेषां मरणमपि भवति। पूर्व जातानि पात्राणि भवतः गृहे विलसन्ति। यानि पात्राणि भवद्भिः दत्तानि तानि मम गृहे मृतानि। तत्र अहं किं कर्तुं समर्थः। पश्य,