GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit अभ्यास 4 कृदन्त-परिचयः Solutions

Gujarat Board Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar अभ्यास कृदन्त-परिचयः

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit कृदन्त-परिचयः Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1. अधोलिखितानां कृदन्तपदानां प्रकारं लिखत।
1. पठनीयम्
2. दानीयः
3. रक्षितः
4. गन्तव्यः
Answer:
1. पठनीयम् – Potential participle (ending in अनीयर्)
2. दानीयः – Potential participle (ending in अनीयर्)
3. रक्षितः – (Past passive participle participle (ending in त- क्त)
4. गन्तव्यः – Potential participle (ending in तव्य)
In simple words: This task asks to identify the type of participle for each word, specifying its ending suffix. Each word shows a different Sanskrit participle form with its grammatical rule.

Exam Tip: When asked to identify participle types, always look for the ending suffix of the word and match it to known participle forms and their rules.

Question 2. अधोलिखित पदेषु विध्यर्थकृदन्तपदानां चयनं कृरुत।
1. स्थातव्यम्
2. पानीयम्
3. परिचेतुम्
4. हसनीयम्
5. लिखिता
6. द्रष्टव्या
Answer:
1. स्थातव्यम् – Potential participle (ending in तव्य)
2. पानीयम् – Potential participle (ending in अनीयत्)
3. परिचेतुम् – Infinitive of purpose participle (ending in तुम्)
4. हसनीयम् – Potential participle (ending in अनीयर्)
5. लिखिता – Potential participle (ending in तव्य)
6. द्रष्टव्या – Potential participle (ending in तव्य)
In simple words: For this exercise, you identify the type of participle and its ending for each word provided. Each word shows a specific Sanskrit participle form and its matching grammatical rule.

Exam Tip: To select the correct participle type, concentrate on the suffix of each word. Suffixes like -तव्य, -अनीय, and -तुम् help categorize participles correctly.

Question 3. निम्नलिखितानां कृदन्तानां प्रत्ययनिर्देशपूर्वकं प्रकार लिखित।
1. गन्तव्यम्
2. कृता
3. भूतः
4. खादनीयः
5. पठितव्यम्
6. प्रवेष्टव्यम्
Answer:
1. गन्तव्यम् – Potential passive (ending in तव्य)
2. कृता – Past passive participle (ending in क्त-त)
3. भूतः – Past active participle (ending in क्त-त)
4. खादनीयः – Potential passive participle (ending in अनीयर)
5. पठितव्यम् – Potential passive participle (ending in तव्य)
6. प्रवेष्टव्यम् – Potential passive participle (ending in तव्य)
In simple words: The task requires identifying the participle type and its ending suffix for each given word. Each word represents a different Sanskrit participle form, with its corresponding grammatical rule.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the suffixes (-तव्य, -त, -अनीय) as these are key to correctly identifying the type of participle (potential passive, past passive, past active).

Question 4. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
1. मत्स्यः उत्प्लुत्य गभीरं नीरं प्राविशत्।
Answer: मत्स्यः उत्प्लुत्य गभीरं नीरं प्रविष्टवान्।
In simple words: The fish jumped and entered the deep water. We change the verb 'प्राविशत्' to the past participle form 'प्रविष्टवान्'.

Exam Tip: When changing a verb to a past participle, ensure the new form agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence.

Question 4. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
2. पितामहं द्रष्टुं त्वं स्वर्गम् अगच्छः।
Answer: पितामहं द्रष्टुं त्वं स्वर्गम् गतवान् (गतवती)।
In simple words: You went to heaven to see your grandfather. We change the verb 'अगच्छः' to the past participle form 'गतवान्' (or 'गतवती' if the subject is feminine).

Exam Tip: Remember to use the correct gender for the past participle (गतवान् for masculine, गतवती for feminine) to match the subject.

Question 4. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
3. वेदव्यासः महाभारतम् अरचयत्।
Answer: वेदव्यासः महाभारतम् रचितवान्।
In simple words: Vedavyasa composed the Mahabharata. We change the verb 'अरचयत्' to the past participle form 'रचितवान्'.

Exam Tip: Ensure the past participle form accurately reflects the action and links correctly to the subject performing it.

Question 4. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
4. बालकाः संस्कृतम् अपठन्।
Answer: बालकाः संस्कृतम् पठितवन्तः।
In simple words: The boys studied Sanskrit. We change the verb 'अपठन्' to the past participle form 'पठितवन्तः'.

Exam Tip: When dealing with plural subjects, ensure the past participle also takes the appropriate plural form.

Question 4. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने कर्मणि भूतकृदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
5. देवेशः इदानीं किम् अपश्यत्।
Answer: देवेशः इदानीं किं दृष्टवान्।
In simple words: What did Devesh see just now? We change the verb 'अपश्यत्' to the past participle form 'दृष्टवान्'.

Exam Tip: For verbs of seeing, remember that 'दृश्' root changes to 'दृष्ट' in past participle forms, so be careful with common transformations.

Question 5. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने विध्यर्थवदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
1. नन्दस्य गुणान् स्मरेत्
Answer: नन्दस्य गुणाः स्मर्तव्या। (स्मरणीयाः वा)
In simple words: Nanda's qualities should be remembered. We change the verb 'स्मरेत्' to the potential participle form 'स्मर्तव्याः' (or 'स्मरणीयाः').

Exam Tip: Potential participles (-तव्य or -अनीय) indicate something "should be done" or "is fit to be done" and must agree with the object in gender, number, and case.

Question 5. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने विध्यर्थवदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
2. क्वचित् सहसा न वदेः।
Answer: क्वचित् सहसा न वदितव्यम् (वदनीयम वा)।
In simple words: One should not speak suddenly sometimes. We change the verb 'वदेः' to the potential participle form 'वदितव्यम्' (or 'वदनीयम्').

Exam Tip: In impersonal constructions where the potential participle is used, it often takes the neuter singular form.

Question 5. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने विध्यर्थवदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
3. एवं कथं भवेत्।
Answer: एवं कथं भवितव्यम् (भवनीयम् वा)
In simple words: How should this happen? We change the verb 'भवेत्' to the potential participle form 'भवितव्यम्' (or 'भवनीयम्').

Exam Tip: When using potential participles for "how something should be," the neuter singular form is typically used.

Question 5. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने विध्यर्थवदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
4. नीरिमा एव पुरतः प्रविशेत्।
Answer: निर्मलया एव पुरतः प्रवेष्टव्यम् (प्रवेशणीया वा)।
In simple words: Nirmala herself should enter forward. We change the verb 'प्रविशेत्' to the potential participle form 'प्रवेष्टव्यम्' (or 'प्रवेशणीया').

Exam Tip: The potential participle should agree with the object or implied object; if feminine, use the feminine form like 'प्रवेशणीया'.

Question 5. क्रियापदस्य स्थाने विध्यर्थवदन्तस्य योग्यं रूपं लिखत।
5. विद्याभ्यासं समाचरेत्।
Answer: विद्याभ्यासः समाचरितव्यः (समाचरणीया वा)।
In simple words: One should do academic study. We change the verb 'समाचरेत्' to the potential participle form 'समाचरितव्यः' (or 'समाचरणीया').

Exam Tip: Ensure that the potential participle form correctly reflects the "should be done" meaning and agrees with the implied subject or object.

GSEB Class 10 Sanskrit कृदन्त-परिचयः Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1. अधोलिखितेभ्यः शुद्धं पदं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
(1) आप् + क्त =
(2) प्र + आप् + क्त =
(3) गम् + क्तवतु =
(4) श्रु + क्त =
(5) दृश् + क्त =
(6) श्रु + क्तवतु =
(7) भक्षु + क्त =
(8) गम् + तव्यत् =
(9) गम् + अनीयर् =
(10) चुर + अनीयर् =
(11) दा + तव्यत् =
(12) हस् + अनीयर् =
(13) इष् + क्त =
(14) क्री + क्तवतु =
(15) इष् + क्तवतु =
(16) चुर् + क्तवतु =
(17) त्रस् + क्त =
(18) रक्ष् + अनीयर् =
(19) कृ + अनीयर् =
(20) क्षिप् + क्तवतु =
Answer:
(1) आप्त
(2) प्राप्त
(3) गतवान्
(4) श्रुतः
(5) दृष्टः
(6) श्रुतवान्.
(7) भक्षितः
(8) गन्तव्यम्
(9) गमनीयम्
(10) चोरणीयम्
(11) दातव्यम्
(12) हसनीयम्
(13) इष्टः
(14) क्रीतवान्
(15) इष्टवान्
(16) चोरितवान्
(17) त्रस्तः
(18) रक्षणीयम्
(19) करणीयम्
(20) क्षिप्तवान्
In simple words: This exercise requires combining verb roots with given suffixes to form the correct participle. Each combination creates a specific grammatical form, which needs to be accurately identified and written.

Exam Tip: Practice forming participles from various roots and suffixes. Pay close attention to phonetic changes and common transformations that occur when roots combine with specific suffixes.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
1. शिक्षकेण छात्रः पठनाय कथितः।
(क) कथ् + क्त
(ख) कथ् + क्तवतु
(ग) कथ् + इतः
(घ) कथ् + क्तः
Answer: (क) कथ् + क्त
In simple words: In the sentence, "The teacher was told by the student for reading," the word 'कथितः' comes from the root 'कथ्' and the suffix 'क्त'.

Exam Tip: For participle identification, separate the root from the suffix. The 'क्त' suffix often indicates past passive participles, but observe gender and number changes.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
2. बालकेन हसितम्।
(क) हस् + क्तवतु
(ख) हस् + तव्यत्
(ग) हस् + क्त
(घ) हस् + तम्
Answer: (ग) हस् + क्त
In simple words: The word 'हसितम्' in the sentence "It was laughed by the boy" is formed by combining the verb root 'हस्' with the suffix 'क्त'.

Exam Tip: When a word ends in -इतम् or -तम् (neuter singular), it often indicates a past passive participle formed with 'क्त'.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
3. बालकः हसितवान्।
(क) हसित + वान्
(ख) हस् + इत् + क्त
(ग) हस् + क्तवतु
(घ) हस् + कतः
Answer: (ग) हस् + क्तवतु
In simple words: In the sentence "The boy laughed," the word 'हसितवान्' comes from the root 'हस्' and the suffix 'क्तवतु'.

Exam Tip: Forms ending in -वान् (masculine), -वती (feminine), -वत् (neuter) are strong indicators of a 'क्तवतु' (past active participle) suffix.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
4. मम जनकेन भिक्षुकाय रूप्यकाणि दत्तानि।
(क) दा + क्त
(ख) दत् + आनि
(ग) दत्त + नि
(घ) दत्त + क्तवतु
Answer: (क) दा + क्त
In simple words: In the sentence, "My father gave rupees to the beggar," the word 'दत्तानि' is formed by combining the root 'दा' with the suffix 'क्त'.

Exam Tip: The 'क्त' suffix is used to form past passive participles. The form 'दत्तानि' is the neuter plural form of 'दत्त', which comes from 'दा + क्त'.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
5. रामस्य चरित्रे सर्वेः अनुकरणीयम्।
(क) अनु + कर + अनीयर्
(ख) अनु + कृ + अनीयर्
(ग) अनु + कृ + तव्यत
(घ) अनु + कृ + क्तवतु
Answer: (ख) अनु + कृ + अनीयर्
In simple words: In the sentence, "Everyone should imitate Rama's character," the word 'अनुकरणीयम्' comes from the prefix 'अनु', the root 'कृ', and the suffix 'अनीयर्'.

Exam Tip: The 'अनीयर्' suffix forms potential participles, indicating something "is to be done" or "should be done." Look for verb roots and prefixes attached to this suffix.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
6. अस्माभिः गुरूपदेशः श्रेतव्यः।
(क) श्रु + अनीयर्
(ख) श्रु + क्त
(ग) श्रु + तव्यत्
(घ) श्रु + क्तवतु
Answer: (ग) श्रु + तव्यत्
In simple words: In the sentence, "The guru's advice should be heard by us," the word 'श्रेतव्यः' comes from the root 'श्रु' and the suffix 'तव्यत्'.

Exam Tip: The 'तव्यत्' suffix also forms potential participles, similar to 'अनीयर्', denoting obligation or suitability. Distinguish between 'तव्यत्' and 'अनीयर्' based on the exact form of the word.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
7. बालैः कन्दुकम् क्रीडितव्यम्
(क) क्रीड् + तव्यत्
(ख) क्रीड् + क्तवतु
(ग) क्रिड + क्त
(घ) क्रीड् + क्त
Answer: (क) क्रीड् + तव्यत्
In simple words: In the sentence, "The ball should be played by the boys," the word 'क्रीडितव्यम्' comes from the root 'क्रीड्' and the suffix 'तव्यत्'.

Exam Tip: When a verb root combines with 'तव्यत्', it often forms a word ending in -तव्यम् (neuter singular), signifying "should be done."

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
8. छात्रेण ऋषेः ज्ञानोपदेशः श्रुतः।
(क) श्रु + क्तवतु
(ख) श्रु + क्त
(ग) श्रु + अनीयर्
(घ) श्रु + तव्यत
Answer: (ख) श्रु + क्त
In simple words: In the sentence, "The sage's advice was heard by the student," the word 'श्रुतः' comes from the root 'श्रु' and the suffix 'क्त'.

Exam Tip: The 'क्त' suffix can form past passive participles. The ending -तः (masculine singular) often results from a 'क्त' suffix attached to a verb root.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
9. पुत्री पितरम् पुस्तकम् याचितवती।
(क) याच् + क्तवतु
(ख) याच् + क्त
(ग) याच् + वती
(घ) याचित + क्तवतु
Answer: (क) याच् + क्तवतु
In simple words: In the sentence, "The daughter asked her father for a book," the word 'याचितवती' comes from the root 'याच्' and the suffix 'क्तवतु'.

Exam Tip: Forms ending in -वती are a clear sign of a feminine 'क्तवतु' (past active participle) form, indicating an action performed by a female subject.

Question 2. निम्नलिखितान् स्थूलपदेषु प्रत्यान् विभज्य शुद्धं पदं चिनुत
10. कः अत्र आगत्य लेखितव्यं लेखं लेखिष्यति।
(क) लिख् + अनीयर्
(ख) लिख् + तव्यत्
(ग) लिख् + क्त
(घ) लिख् + क्तवतु
Answer: (ख) लिख् + तव्यत्
In simple words: In the sentence, "Who will come here and write the letter that should be written?", the word 'लेखितव्यं' is formed by combining the root 'लिख्' with the suffix 'तव्यत्'.

Exam Tip: 'तव्यत्' suffix creates potential participles indicating obligation. Look for words ending in -तव्यं or similar forms to identify this suffix.

Question 3. स्तम्भ्योः यथोचितं योजयत -
(1) छात्रः पठितं पाठं – (क) पुनरावृत्तिं कर्तुं कथयति।
(2) आचार्यः पठितानां पाठानां – (ख) पठितानि।
(3) अहम् जलम् – (ग) पठितव्यम्।
(4) मया पुस्तकानि – (घ) श्रावयितव्या।
(5) बालकेन पुस्तकम् – (ङ) रक्षणीयाः
(6) एवमेव श्रावणीया कथा – (च) पठितव्यानि
(7) वृक्षाः – (छ) क्रीडितवती
(8) पुस्तकानि – (ज) उपदिष्टः
(9) कन्या गृहे – (झ) पीतवान्/पीतवती
(10) आचार्येण शिष्यः – (ञ) गृहे पुनः पुनः पठति।
Answer:
(1) – (ञ) गृहे पुनः पुनः पठति।
(2) – (क) पुनरावृत्तिं कर्तुं कथयति।
(3) – (झ) पीतवान् / पीतवती
(4) – (ख) पठितानि ।
(5) – (ग) पठितव्यम्।
(6) – (घ) श्रावयितव्या।
(7) – (ङ) रक्षणीयाः
(8) – (च) पठितव्यानि
(9) – (छ) क्रीडितवती
(10) – (ज) उपदिष्टः
In simple words: This matching exercise connects sentences or phrases with their appropriate endings or related concepts. Each pair forms a grammatically correct and meaningful expression in Sanskrit.

Exam Tip: Read both columns carefully and understand the meaning of each part. Pay attention to grammatical agreement (gender, number, case) and verb forms to make the correct matches.

Question 4. अधोलिखिताः प्रश्नां 'क्तवतु प्रत्ययान्ताः तेषाम् उत्तराणि कृतप्रत्ययम् प्रयुज्य देयानि'
1. त्वम् अव्य किं पठितवान् ?
2. राधा किं क्रीतवती ?
3. पाकशालायां सूद किं पक्ववान ?
4. देश कः आक्रान्तवान् ?
5. गरुडः किम् त्यक्तवान् ?
6. देशभक्तः कस्मै प्रतिज्ञातवान् ?
7. बलिः ब्राह्मणाय किं समर्पितवान् ?
8. रामायणं कः लिखितवान् ?
9. महर्षिः व्यासः किं रचितवान् ?
Answer:
1. मया अद्य भर्तृहरिपद्यानि पठितानि।
2. राधया 'सर्पसोपानं' इति खेलं क्रीतम्।
3. पाकशालायां सूदेन भोजनं पक्वम्।
4. देशः शत्रुणा आक्रान्तः।
5. गरुडेन सर्पभक्षणं त्यक्तम्।
6. देशभक्तेन राष्ट्ररक्षणाय प्रतिज्ञातम्।
7. बलिना ब्राह्मणाय राज्यं समर्पितम्।
8. रामायणं वाल्मीकिना लिखितम्।
9. महर्षिणा व्यासेन महाभारतं रचितम्।
In simple words: The questions ask about past actions using the 'क्तवतु' participle. The answers rephrase these actions using the 'कृतप्रत्ययम्' participle, maintaining the past tense but changing the grammatical structure to passive or impersonal forms.

Exam Tip: When converting sentences from 'क्तवतु' (past active) to 'कृतप्रत्ययम्' (past passive/impersonal), remember to adjust the case of the subject (to instrumental) and the verb's gender/number (to agree with the object or be neuter singular).

Question 5. शुद्धपदेन वाक्यपूर्ति कुरुत –
1. सत्येन पन्थाः .......... देवयानः। (विनतः / विततः)
2. अत्र .......... समिद्भिः अतिनमितः छदिप्रान्त। (शुष्यमाणैः / शुयमाणैः)
3. तेन अत्र प्रवेशः न (तव्यत्) ........। (करणीयः / कर्तव्यः)
4. मया परिहिताय सर्वस्वं ........। (त्यक्त / त्यक्तव्यम्)
5. युष्माभि प्रशस्त मार्ग: एवं ........। (अनुसरणव्यम् / अनुसरणीयः)
Answer:
1. विततः
2. शुष्यमाणैः
3. कर्तव्यः
4. व्यक्तव्यम्
5. अनुसरणीयः
In simple words: This fill-in-the-blanks exercise requires choosing the correct word from the provided options to complete each Sanskrit sentence grammatically and meaningfully. The options are usually participle forms or adjectives.

Exam Tip: Read the entire sentence to understand its context. Consider the gender, number, and case required for the blank. Then, select the option that best fits both grammatically and semantically.

Question 6. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु तव्यत् प्रत्ययस्य स्थाने अनीयर् प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः करणीयःयथा-छात्रैः पाठः पठितव्यः। पाठः
(1) मालाकारेण पुष्पाणि चेतव्यानि ।
(2) कथाकारेण कथा कथयितव्या।
(3) अस्माभिः गुरवः सदा पूजयितव्याः।
(4) त्वया कुमार्गः त्यक्तव्यः।
(5) सर्वैः महापुरुषाणां चरितानि स्मर्तव्यानि।
Answer:
(1) मालाकारेण पुष्पाणि चयनीयानि।
(2) कथाकारेण कथा कथनीया।
(3) अस्माभिः गुरवः सदा पूजनीयाः।
(4) त्वया कुमार्गः त्यजनीयः।
(5) सर्वैः महापुरुषाणा चरितानि स्मरणीयानि।
In simple words: The task is to replace the 'तव्यत्' suffix with 'अनीयर्' in each sentence. This means changing the potential participle form while maintaining the meaning that something "should be done" or "is fit to be done".

Exam Tip: Both 'तव्यत्' and 'अनीयर्' suffixes form potential participles with similar meanings. When converting, ensure the new 'अनीयर्' form agrees in gender, number, and case with the object, just as the original 'तव्यत्' form did.

Question 7. अनीयर प्रत्ययस्य स्थाने तव्यत् प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः करणीयः यथा-प्रातः उद्याने भ्रमणीयम्।
(1) नृपेण प्रजाः पालनीयाः।
(2) त्वया धर्मग्रन्थाः श्रवणीयाः।
(3) अस्माभिः अपरेषां गुणाः एव अनुकरणीयाः।
(4) कृषकैः पशवः स्नेहेन रक्षणीयाः।
(5) छात्रैः प्रातः उत्थाय ईशः स्मरणीयः।
Answer:
(1) नृपेण प्रजाः पालयितव्याः।
(2) त्वया धर्मग्रन्थाः श्रोतव्याः।
(3) अस्माभिः अपरेषां गुणाः एव अनुकर्त्तव्याः।
(4) कृषकैः पशवः स्नेहेन रक्षितव्याः।
(5) छात्रैः प्रातः उत्थाय ईशः स्मर्तव्यः।
In simple words: This exercise requires changing the 'अनीयर्' suffix to 'तव्यत्' in each sentence. This means converting the potential participle form while keeping the meaning that something "should be done" or "is worthy of being done".

Exam Tip: Remember that both 'अनीयर्' and 'तव्यत्' convey a sense of obligation or fitness. When transforming, ensure the 'तव्यत्' form correctly matches the gender, number, and case of the object in the sentence.

Question 8. अधोलिखितेषु वाक्येषु कोष्ठकनिर्दिष्टैः उचितपदैः रिक्तस्थानानि पूर्यन्ताम्
(1) बालिकाभिः राष्ट्रगीतं ............ (गै+तव्यत)
(2) छात्रैः .......... (उपदेश) पालनीयाः।
(3) .............. (युष्मद्) शुद्ध जलम् पातव्यम्।
(4) मुनिभिः। ........... (तपस्) करणीयम्।
(5) न्यायाधीशेन न्यायः ...........। (कृ + अनीयर)
(6) .............. (भवती) पाठः लेखनीयः।
(7) विद्वदभिः कविताः............। (रच + अनीयर)
(8) अस्माभिः ................" (लता) आरोपयितव्याः।
(9) पत्रवाहकेन पत्राणि । (आ + नी + तव्यत्)
(10) .............. (राजन्) प्रजाः पालनीयाः।
(11) .............. (पितृ) पुत्राः पुत्र्यः च पाठनीयाः।
(12) कृषकैः .............. (पशु) स्नेहेन रक्षणीयाः।
Answer:
(1) गातव्यम्
(2) उपदेशाः
(3) त्वया
(4) तपः
(5) करणीयः
(6) भवत्या
(7) रचनीयाः
(8) लताः
(9) आनीतव्यानि
(10) राज्ञा
(11) पित्रा
(12) पशवः।
In simple words: This fill-in-the-blanks exercise asks to complete each sentence with the correct word from the options given in parentheses. The chosen word must grammatically and logically fit the sentence, often involving participle forms or appropriate nouns.

Exam Tip: For each blank, analyze the surrounding words to determine the required grammatical form (e.g., gender, number, case, participle type). Select the option that precisely matches these requirements.

कृदन्त-परिचयः 1. Past Participle (भूतकृदन्त)

Read the following sentences of group 'क' and group 'ख'

'क'
1. कृष्णः पठनाय गुरुकुलम् अगच्छत्।
2. गार्गी एकं वेदम् अपठतु।
3. छात्रः काव्यम् अलिखत्।

'ख'
1. कृष्णः पठनाय गुरुकुलम् गतवान्।
2. गार्गी एकं वेदं पठितवती।
3. छात्रः काव्यं लिखितवान्।

The above sentences in 'ख' group are present in front of 'क' group. The highlighted words in both groups are verbs. The forms of अगच्छत् and गतवान् verbs in both sentences are different, yet the meaning of both sentences is similar. Thus, in both sentences, different forms of verbs have been used for the same sense.

It is understood from the above that the speaker can use another sentence from 'ख' group instead of the sentence given in 'क' group. Stating it differently, despite different verb-forms in the above sentences (of 'क' group and 'ख' group), the meaning of both sentences is similar. The speaker can use any sentence according to their wish.

In verbs of both sentences, for 'क' group 1. कृष्णः पठनाय गुरुकुलम् अगच्छत्। and 'ख' group 2. कृष्ण पठनाया, गच्छ् verb-root is used. Here in both sentences, the speaker wishes to state the past tense. Thus, even with similar verb-root and tense in both sentences, the forms अगच्छत्। and गतवान् are different. The reason here is the suffix after the verb-root, as

1. The verb given in the sentence of 'क' group is of Imperfect past tense (हस्तावन भूतकाल – ) and here, the ending suffix is तीए, which is तीडन (having तिप suffixes of Parasmaipada). Therefore, in such verbs, the proper arrangement for person and number should be considered. (You have already learned the rule of such arrangement in standard IX.)

2. The verbs given in the sentence of 'ख' group are of past tense but they are participles (having कुतः suffixes), not of तीडन. In sentences with such verbs, the arrangement of person and number is not considered like a तीडत्न verb.

But it is important to remember that such verbs of past participle are of two types: 1. ending with a (क्त) suffix or 2. ending with वात (वतवत) suffix. While using such verbs, certain following things need to be considered, as

(क) The verb ending with त (क्त) is either in passive or in भावे sense. Because of this, while using the verb ending with the suffix त (क्त), the sentence has to be constructed in passive or in भावे. Now, for the passive construction, the following three things have to be considered, as,

1. In the sentence construction of passive and भावे, the subject is always in the third case.
2. The object is in the first case.
3. The verb takes its gender, case, and number like the object. as
चन्दनदासः शिष्येण अत्र आनेतव्यः। (Chandandasa should be brought here by the disciple.)
Here, the subject शिष्येण is in the third case, the object चन्दनदासः is in the first case and masculine, and so the verb आनेतव्यः is used in a masculine and first case according to the object - चन्दनदास: (In the same way, when the अनिया suffix is used, the sentence will be like चन्दनदासः शिष्येण अत्र आनेतव्यः।)

In this very way, when the sentence-construction needs to be made, the following three things are important to remember. For that also.

1. The subject is always placed in the third case in quasi-passive.
2. There is never an object in भावे sentences. (Because of this, nothing needs to be kept in mind for its case.)
3. The verb is always in the neuter gender, first case, and singular.
For example, (इदमासनम्, तत्र) मोहेशेन स्थातव्यम्। (This is the seat, Mahesh should sit there.)
Here, मोहेशेन the subject is in the third case, the object does not exist, hence nothing is to be considered for that, and the verb स्थातव्यम् is used in the neuter gender, first case, and singular. (In the same way, when the अनीय suffix is used, such sentences (इदमानसम्, तत्र) मोहेशेन स्थानीयम् is used.

Forms Ending With Suffix क्त > त

1. कृ + त = कृत। (पुं. कृतः, स्त्री. कृता, नपुं. कृतम्।)
2. भू + त = भूत। (पुं. भूतः, स्त्री. भूता., नपुं. पीतम्।)
3. पा + त = पीत। (पुं. पीतः, स्त्री. पीता, नपुं. पीतम्।)
4. खाद् + त = खादित। (पुं. खादितः, स्त्री. खादिता, नपुं. खादितम्।)
5. गम् + त = गत। (पुं. गतः, स्त्री. गता, नपुं. गतम्।)
6. दा + त = दत्त। (पुं. दत्तः, स्त्री. दत्ता, नपुं. दत्तम्।)

कर्तरि भूतकृदन्त (Forms Ending With Suffix क्तवतु > तवतु > तवत्)

1. कृ + तवत् = कृतवत्। (पुं. कृतवान्ः, स्त्री. कृतवती, नपुं. कृतवत्।)
2. भू + तवत् = भूतवत्। (पुं. भूतवान्ः, स्त्री. भूतवती, नपुं. भूतवत्।)
3. पा + तवत् = पीतवत्। (पुं. पीतवान्ः, स्त्री. पीतवती, नपुं. पीतवत्।)
4. खाद् + तवत् = खादितवत्। (पुं. खादितवान्ः, स्त्री. खादितवती, नपुं. खादितवत्।)
5. गम् + तवत् = गतवत्। (पुं. गतवान्ः, स्त्री. गतवती, नपुं. गतवत्।)
6. दा + तवत् = दत्तवत्। (पुं. दत्तवान्ः, स्त्री. दत्तवती, नपुं. दत्तवत्।)

From the above examples, it will be understood that by adding वत् suffix to past passive participle (भूत) it becomes active past participle (भूतवत्).

कृदन्त-परिचयः 2. विध्यर्थ कृदन्त (Potential Participle)

Read carefully the following sentences given in क and ख:

क
1. कृष्णः श्लोकं लिखेत्।
2. छात्राः प्रातः वेदं पठेयुः।
3. छात्रः हसेत्।

ख
1. कृष्णेन श्लोकः लिखितव्यः।
2. छात्रैः प्रातः वेदः पठितव्यः।
3. छात्रेण हसितव्यम्।

In the sentences of both groups, the highlighted words are verbs. In both groups, the verbs given in the first sentence of each group (as लिखेत् and लिखितव्यः) are of different types, yet both sentences convey the same meaning. Thus, different verbs are used in both sentences to convey one meaning.

Hence, it is clear that if the speaker chooses to use the sentence of "ख" group in place of the sentence given in front of it in the "क" group, they can do so. To understand the construction of such a sentence, certain things need to be known. Many of those things you have already learned while considering the rule of sentence construction for past participles. Here is a review of similar concepts.

In both sentences, 1. कृष्ण श्लोकं लिखेत्। of 'क' group and 2. कृष्णेन श्लोकः लिखितव्यः। of 'ख' group, the लिखि verb-root has been used as a verb. In both sentences, the speaker wishes to use a potential mood. In this way, even though the mood and meaning are the same in both sentences, the verbs लिखेत्: and लिखितव्यः are in different forms. The reason behind this is the suffix added after the verb-root, as –

1. The verbs used in the sentences given in 'क' groups are of potential mood (विद्यादि) तीडत्न. In such verbs, the proper order of gender and person needs to be maintained. (You have already studied this in standard IX.)

2. In the sentences given in 'ख' group, the verbs are of विद्यादि (potential mood), but they are participles (विद्यादि) with a suffix, not तीडन. For sentences having such verbs, the order of person and number is not considered like a तीडन verb.

Remember, the verbs of the potential participle (कुदन्थ) are of two kinds – 1. ending with suffix तव्य and 2. ending with suffix अनिया. While using such verbs, it is important to remember that these two suffixes of potential participle (विध्यर्थ कृदन्त) are used in both कर्मणि and भावेप्रयोग. Therefore, all sentence-constructions having only either with this dog and अनिया suffix apply all the rules like the use of the verb ending with the suffix of क्त (त).

Forms of Potential Participle (विध्यर्थ कृदन्त) (with the Suffix तव्य)

1. भू + तव्य = भवितव्य। (पुं. भवितव्यः, स्त्री. भवितव्या, नपुं. भवितव्यम्।)
2. पा + तव्य = पातव्य। (पुं. पातव्यः, स्त्री. पातव्या, नपुं. पातव्यम्।)
3. खाद् + तव्य = खादितव्य। (पुं. खादितव्यः, स्त्री. खादितव्या, नपुं. खादितव्यम्।)
4. गम् + तव्य = गन्तव्य। (पुं. गन्तव्यः, स्त्री. गन्तव्या, नपुं. गन्तव्यम्।)
5. दा + तव्य = दातव्य। (पुं. दातव्यः, स्त्री. दातव्या, नपुं. दातव्यम्।)

Forms of Potential Participle (विध्यर्थ कृदन्त) (Ending with अनीय Suffix)

1. भू + अनीय = भवनीय। (पुं. भवनीयः, स्त्री. भवनीया, नपुं. भवनीयम्।)
2. पा + अनीय = पानीय। (पुं. पानीयः, स्त्री. पानीया, नपुं. पानीयम्।)
3. खाद् + अनीय = खादनीय। (पुं. खादनीयः, स्त्री. खादनीया, नपुं. खादनीयम्।)
4. गम् + अनीय = गमनीय। (पुं. गमनीयः, स्त्री. गमनीया, नपुं. गमनीयम्।)
5. दा + अनीय = दानीय। (पुं. दानीयः, स्त्री. दानीया, नपुं. दानीयम्।)