Read and download CBSE Class 11 Philosophy Square of Opposition in NCERT book for Class 11 Other Subjects. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Other Subjects textbook for Class 11 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 11 Other Subjects to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter
NCERT Book for Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition
Class 11 Other Subjects students should refer to the following NCERT Book Square Of Opposition in Class 11. This NCERT Book for Class 11 Other Subjects will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks
Square Of Opposition NCERT Book Class 11
Square of Opposition
What is opposition of propositions?
Four categorical propositions A, E, I and O are related and at the same time different from each other. The relation among them is explained by a diagram called the "Square of Opposition". A, E, I and O propositions differ from one another to which the traditional logicians have given a name of 'opposition'. The following diagram shows that opposition:
Two categorical propositions are said to be opposite if they differ in:
1. Quantity
2. Quality
3. Both Quantity and Quality
The pair of AI and EO differs in quantity but not in quality. AI has same quality; both are affirmative but A is universal and I is particular. Similarly EO have same quality; both are negative but E is universal and O is particular. AE and IO differ in quality. Both AE are universal in quantity but A is affirmative and E is negative. Similarly both IO are particular; they have same quantity but I is affirmative and O is negative. The pairs AO and EI, however, differ both in quality and quantity.
Contrary propositions :
Universal affirmative A proposition, "All S is P" and universal negative E proposition, "No S is P" are related to each other by the contrary relation. The proposition "All basket ball players are tall" is contrary to "No basket ball players are tall". Similarly, "No lion is black" is contrary to "All lions are black".
Sub-contrary propositions :
Particular affirmative I proposition, "Some politicians are well read scholars" is related to O proposition, "Some politicians are not well read scholars" by sub-contrary relation. Similarly O proposition, "Some animals are not carnivorous" is related to I proposition, "Some animals are carnivorous" by sub-contrary relation.
Subaltern and superaltern propositions :
Universal affirmative A proposition, "All army generals are soldiers" is superaltern to I proposition, "Some army generals are soldiers". Similarly, E proposition, "No fish is mammal" is superaltern to O proposition, "Some fish are not mammals". But I is related to A by subaltern and similarly O is related to E by subaltern. "Some cats are mammals" is subaltern to "All cats are mammals." Similarly, "Some roses are not red things." is subaltern to "No roses are red things."
Contradictory propositions :
The universal affirmative A proposition, "All S is P" is related to particular negative O proposition, "Some S is not P" by contradictory relation. The contradictory of "All men are mortal" is "Some men are not mortal" and vice versa. The contradictory of E proposition, "No egg is red" is I proposition, "Some eggs are red".
1. "All S is P" is contrary to "No S is P" and vice versa.
2. "Some S is P" is sub-contrary to "Some S is not P" and vice versa.
3. (i) "All S is P" is contradictory to "Some S is not P" and vice versa.
(ii) "No S is P" is contradictory to "Some S is P" and vice versa.
4. (i) "Some S is P" is subaltern to "All S is P".
(ii) "Some S is not P" is subaltern to "No S is P".
5. (i) "All S is P" is superaltern to "Some S is P".
(ii) "No S is P" is superaltern to "Some S is not P".
Each opposite relation has certain characteristics
Contrary proposition A and E cannot be both true together though they both can be false at the same time. If one of the contrary propositions is true, then the other contrary proposition is false. But if one of the contrary propositions is false then the other contrary proposition is undetermined
(it can be true or it can be false also). If "All politicians are honest" is false, then "No politician is honest" can be false, or, it can be true also.
Please refer to the link below - CBSE Class 11 Philosophy Square of Opposition
Other Subjects NCERT Book Class 11 Square Of Opposition
The above NCERT Books for Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Square Of Opposition Other Subjects Class 11 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Square Of Opposition NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 11 Other Subjects are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 11 Square Of Opposition book for Other Subjects also includes collection of question. We have also provided NCERT solutions for Class 11 Other Subjects which have been developed by teachers of StudiesToday.com after thorough review of the latest book and based on pattern of questions in upcoming exams for Class 11 students.
NCERT Book Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition
The latest NCERT book for Square Of Opposition pdf have been published by NCERT based on the latest research done for each topic which has to be taught to students in all classes. The books for Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition are designed to enhance the overall understanding of students. All Class 11 NCERT textbooks have been written in an easy to understand language which will help to enhance the overall level of Class 11 students.
Square Of Opposition NCERT Book Class 11 Other Subjects
As the students of Class 11 need the books for their regular studies, we have provided all NCERT book for Square Of Opposition in pdf here for free download. All pdf NCERT books available here for Class 11 will help them to read on their mobile or computers. They can take a print of the Class 11 Other Subjects NCERT Book Square Of Opposition pdf easily and use them for studies. The NCERT textbooks for Class 11 Other Subjects have been provided chapter-wise and can be downloaded for free of cost.
Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition NCERT Book
Along with Other Subjects Class 11 NCERT Book in Pdf for Square Of Opposition we have provided all NCERT Books in English Medium for Class 11 which will be really helpful for students who have opted for english language as a medium. Class 11 students will need their books in English so we have provided them here for all subjects in Class 11.
Class 11 Square Of Opposition NCERT Book Other Subjects
For Class 11 Square Of Opposition we have provided books for students who have opted for Hindi and Urdu medium too. You can click on the links provided above to download all Hindi medium Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition book in easy to read pdf format. These books will help Class 11 Other Subjects students to understand all topics and also strictly follow latest syllabus for their studies. If you are looking to download the pdf version of Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition textbook issued by NCERT then you have come to the correct website
You can download the NCERT Book for Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition for latest session from StudiesToday.com
Yes, you can click on the link above and download chapter wise NCERT Books in PDFs for Class 11 for Other Subjects Square Of Opposition
Yes, the NCERT Book issued for Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition have been made available here for latest academic session
You can easily access the link above and download the Class 11 NCERT Books Other Subjects Square Of Opposition for each chapter
There is no charge for the NCERT Book for Class 11 Other Subjects Square Of Opposition you can download everything free
Regular revision of NCERT Books given on studiestoday for Class 11 subject Other Subjects Square Of Opposition can help you to score better marks in exams