CBSE Class 10 Social Science Question Paper 2026 Solved Code 32-1-3

1. The given image shows a famous painting. Choose the painter of this art work from the following options : [1 Mark]

(a) Satyendranath Bishi
(b) Abanindranath Tagore
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Raja Ravi Verma

Answer: (d) Raja Ravi Verma

Teacher's Note:

1) Identify the artistic style characteristic of late 19th-century Indian nationalist painting.
2) Recognize Raja Ravi Verma's iconic depiction of mythological and traditional Indian themes.
3) Eliminate other prominent Bengal school or modernist artists.

2. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ? [1 Mark]

Column - A (Writer) - Column - B (Contribution)
(a) Sudarshan Chakra - Anandmath
(b) Kashi Baba - Sacchi Kavitayen
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak - Kesari
(d) Pandita Ramabai - Amar Jiban

Answer: (c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak - Kesari

Teacher's Note:

1) Match the historical literary figures with their respective publications or newspapers.
2) Recall that Lokmanya Tilak edited the nationalist newspaper Kesari.
3) Review other nationalist authors and social reformers for accuracy.

3. Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option :
Assertion (A) : The Indian subcontinent was a crucial point in 'Indian Ocean trade flows' during sixteenth century.
Reason (R) : Its geographical location connected East-West Asia and Europe. [1 Mark]

Options :
(A) Both, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both, (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Answer: (A) Both, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Teacher's Note:

1) Analyze maritime trade routes across the Indian Ocean during the early modern era.
2) Confirm that India's central position served as a vital hub linking Western and Eastern commercial networks.
3) Validate the causal relationship between geographical placement and trade dominance.

4. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct option :
I. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
II. Rowlatt Act
III. Poona Pact
IV. Khilafat Movement [1 Mark]

Options :
(A) I, III, IV and II
(B) II, IV, III and I
(C) II, IV, I and III
(D) I, III, II and IV

Answer: (C) II, IV, I and III

Teacher's Note:

1) Order major Indian national movement milestones by year of occurrence.
2) Note Rowlatt Act (1919) and Khilafat Movement (1919-1920) happened first.
3) Sequence Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) before the Poona Pact (1932).

5. (A) How had globalization begun long before sixteenth century ? Explain. [2 Marks]

Answer: Long before the sixteenth century, global connectivity primarily expanded through the ancient Silk Route, fostering active trade and cultural exchange. These extensive pathways linked distant regions of Asia with Europe and Northern Africa through both overland tracks and maritime networks.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain the foundational role of the ancient Silk Route in pre-modern globalization.
2) Mention how land and sea routes interconnected major civilizations across continents.
3) Highlight the exchange of commodities, travelers, missionaries, and cultural philosophies.

(B) How did trade help to spread diseases during the pre-modern world ? Explain. [2 Marks]

Answer: Commercial expeditions and conquests acted as carriers of deadly pathogens into isolated territories. Due to centuries of geographic separation, native populations lacked natural immunity against European-introduced afflictions like smallpox, which severely decimated entire communities and facilitated foreign conquest.

Teacher's Note:

1) Discuss the unintended biological consequences of early exploration and trade.
2) Highlight the vulnerability of indigenous populations lacking immunity to foreign diseases.
3) Explain how epidemics like smallpox devastated entire regions and paved the way for colonization.

6. (A) Explain the role of Johann Gutenberg in the spread of print culture in Europe. [3 Marks]

Answer: Johann Gutenberg utilized his background as a skilled goldsmith and his expertise with metal molds to develop the printing press. His mechanical innovation revolutionized book production, leading to the printing of his famous Bible and sparking a continent-wide print revolution.

Teacher's Note:

1) Trace Gutenberg's background in metalwork and stone polishing to his invention of the press.
2) Note the historic printing of the 42-line Bible as a monumental milestone.
3) Explain how the printing press accelerated literacy and mass book production across Europe.

(B) Explain the role of print in the expansion of protestant reformation. [3 Marks]

Answer: Print media allowed religious reformers like Martin Luther to widely distribute critiques against church practices, such as his Ninety-Five Theses. These inexpensive printed pamphlets and translated scriptures quickly reached the masses, generating widespread debate and fracturing religious unity.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain how Martin Luther's ideas were amplified through printed pamphlets and vernacular translations.
2) Show how rapid reproduction challenged traditional clerical authority and sparked theological debate.
3) Connect print expansion directly to the ideological roots of the Protestant Reformation.

7. (A) "Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the unification of Germany." Examine the statement. [5 Marks]

Answer: Otto von Bismarck masterminded the unification of German states through strategic diplomacy and military strength supported by the Prussian army. Over seven years, he successfully waged three decisive wars against Austria, Denmark, and France, culminating in the formal proclamation of the German Empire in 1871.

Teacher's Note:

1) Detail Bismarck's role as the diplomatic and political mastermind behind German unification.
2) Highlight the strategic use of the Prussian military and bureaucracy.
3) Mention the series of three victorious wars over seven years leading to the 1871 Versailles proclamation.

(B) "The 1830's were years of great economic hardship in Europe." Examine the statement. [5 Marks]

Answer: The 1830s witnessed severe economic distress across Europe due to rapid population growth that far outpaced available employment opportunities. Rural migrants flooded overcrowded cities, while small-scale urban artisans suffered immense pressure from cheap machine-made imports, alongside oppressive feudal burdens and agricultural failures.

Teacher's Note:

1) Analyze the socio-economic challenges of Europe during the 1830s.
2) Explain the impact of rapid population growth, rural-to-urban migration, and severe job shortages.
3) Discuss how industrial competition from cheaper imports and residual feudal obligations worsened popular misery.

'To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense.'
Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non-violence. In the year 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi. Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. In the same year there was an attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in. Bhagat Singh was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government. During his trial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify 'the cult of the bomb and pistol' but wanted a revolution in society -
'Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is the imprescriptible birthright of all. The labourer is the real sustainer of society. To the altar of this revolution we have brought your youth as incense, for no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause. We are content. We await the advent of revolution. Inquilab Zindabad!'

8.1 Why is the formation of 'Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)' considered as a turning point in the freedom struggle of India ? [1 Mark]

Answer: The creation of the HSRA marked a major shift because numerous nationalists felt that peaceful methods alone were insufficient to defeat colonial rule, inspiring a dynamic new generation of militant freedom fighters.

Teacher's Note:

1) Identify the ideological shift among young nationalists away from strict non-violence.
2) Highlight the rise of a new wave of radical leadership within the freedom movement.
3) Recognize the impact of armed revolutionary organizations on national sentiment.

8.2 How did Bhagat Singh's trial speeches transform him from a revolutionary to a philosopher of freedom ? [1 Mark]

Answer: During his trial, Bhagat Singh articulated deep ideals concerning human liberty, social justice, and systemic equality, elevating his image from a mere bomb-thrower to an intellectual visionary of freedom.

Teacher's Note:

1) Examine the intellectual depth expressed in Bhagat Singh's courtroom declarations.
2) Differentiate between the rejection of mere violence and the embrace of a broader societal transformation.
3) Emphasize his focus on justice, equality, and fundamental human rights.

8.3 In what way did Bhagat Singh redefine the meaning of 'revolution' for his generation ? Explain. [2 Marks]

Answer: Bhagat Singh redefined revolution as an essential human right aimed at dismantling unjust social structures and uplifting the working class. He viewed liberty as an uncompromised birthright, inspiring youth to dedicate their lives toward total societal emancipation.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain Bhagat Singh's conceptualization of revolution as a fundamental human right.
2) Highlight his emphasis on empowering laborers and dismantling unequal societal structures.
3) Mention the inspirational rallying cry of 'Inquilab Zindabad' in awakening national consciousness.

10. Identify the state related with the Chipko Movement : [1 Mark]

(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Uttarakhand
(d) Bihar

Answer: (C) Uttarakhand

Teacher's Note:

1) Recall the geographical origin of the famous forest conservation movement in India.
2) Identify Uttarakhand as the Himalayan region where villagers hugged trees to prevent felling.
3) Distinguish it from other environmental movements across different states.

11. Match Column - I with Column - II and choose the correct option : [1 Mark]

Column - I (Types of Farming) - Column - II (Features)
I. Primitive subsistence farming - (a) Use of modern inputs with less labour
II. Intensive subsistence farming - (b) Single crop cultivation on large scale
III. Commercial farming - (c) Slash and burn cultivation
IV. Plantation farming - (d) Labour intensive cultivation

Options :
    I     II     III     IV
(A) (c)   (a)   (d)   (b)
(B) (a)   (b)   (d)   (c)
(C) (c)   (d)   (a)   (b)
(D) (d)   (c)   (b)   (a)

Answer: (C) I -(c), II-(d), III-(a), IV-(b)

Teacher's Note:

1) Match various agricultural typologies with their defining operational features.
2) Link primitive farming to slash-and-burn methods and intensive farming to high labor input.
3) Connect plantation agriculture with large-scale single-crop commercial production.

12. Choose the appropriate option to fill in the blank : [1 Mark]

Minerals
Ferrous - [ ? ] - Precious
Nickel - Bauxite - Gold

Options :
(A) Energy Minerals
(B) Non-Metallic Minerals
(C) Non-Ferrous Minerals
(D) Precious Minerals

Answer: (C) Non-Ferrous Minerals

Teacher's Note:

1) Analyze the standard classification hierarchy of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
2) Identify bauxite as a major non-ferrous metallic ore used to extract aluminum.
3) Differentiate ferrous groups from precious and energy mineral categories.

13. Choose the correct option related to the factors that determined the land use pattern in India : [1 Mark]

(A) Political and Religious factors
(B) Cultural and Geological factors
(C) Economical and Historical factors
(D) Physical and Human factors

Answer: (D) Physical and Human factors

Teacher's Note:

1) Classify the core determinants governing regional land-use distributions.
2) Combine topographical, climatic, and soil conditions under physical factors.
3) Include population density, technological capability, and cultural traditions under human factors.

14. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ? [1 Mark]

Column - A (National Parks) - Column - B (States)
(A) Periyar - Madhya Pradesh
(B) Manas - Assam
(C) Bandhavgarh - Rajasthan
(D) Corbett - Uttar Pradesh

Answer: (B) Manas - Assam

Teacher's Note:

1) Verify the geographical locations of major wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India.
2) Confirm that Manas National Park is situated in the northeastern state of Assam.
3) Correctly locate Periyar in Kerala, Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh, and Corbett in Uttarakhand.

15. Identify the correct soil from the given options to complete the flow chart : [1 Mark]
Heavy Rainfall + High Leaching -> [ ? ] -> Useful for growing Coffee and Tea

Options :
(A) Alluvial soil
(B) Laterite soil
(C) Red soil
(D) Black soil

Answer: (B) Laterite soil

Teacher's Note:

1) Analyze soil formation characteristics under tropical regions experiencing heavy rainfall.
2) Understand how intense leaching washes away vital nutrients, resulting in acidic laterite soil.
3) Recognize laterite soil's suitability for plantation crops like tea and coffee when adequately fertilized.

16. Suggest any two measures for better productivity and organic farming. [2 Marks]

Answer: Farmers can enhance soil fertility naturally by incorporating organic manures and compost into their fields. Additionally, practicing methodical crop rotation helps control pests and weeds without relying on harmful chemical pesticides.

Teacher's Note:

1) List sustainable agricultural techniques that improve soil health naturally.
2) Highlight the importance of organic compost, crop rotation, and biological pest control.
3) Explain how these methods reduce chemical dependence and preserve long-term agricultural productivity.

17. (A) Examine the role of nuclear energy in meeting growing demand of power. [5 Marks]

Answer: Nuclear energy generates substantial electricity through controlled atomic structural alterations that release massive amounts of heat. With mineral deposits like uranium and thorium found in regions like Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and Kerala, nuclear power serves as a critical alternative energy source alongside its applications in medicine and defense.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain the scientific generation of electricity through atomic fission and heat release.
2) Highlight India's domestic resource availability of uranium and thorium deposits.
3) Discuss dual applications of nuclear technology in power generation, medical treatments, and national security.

(B) Examine potential of geothermal energy as a renewal power source. [5 Marks]

Answer: Geothermal energy harnesses deep subterranean heat from the Earth's interior to generate electricity and warmth. Underground water heated by hot rocks turns into high-pressure steam near the surface, driving turbines effectively, as demonstrated by promising experimental projects in India's Puga and Parvati valleys.

Teacher's Note:

1) Describe how subterranean thermal gradients produce natural steam and heated groundwater.
2) Explain the mechanism of utilizing geothermal steam to operate electrical turbines.
3) Provide examples of domestic geothermal projects located in the Manikaran and Puga regions.

Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow:
FLOODS
Basic safety precautions to be taken:
- Listen to radio/TV for the latest weather bulletins and flood warnings. Pass on the information to others.
- Make a family emergency kit which should include, a portable radio/transistor, torch, spare batteries, a first aid box along with essential medicines, ORS, dry food items, drinking water, matchboxes, candles and other essential items.
- Keep hurricane lamp, ropes, rubber tubes, umbrella and bamboo stick in your house. These could be useful.
- Keep your cash, jewellery, valuables, important documents etc. in a safe place.
- If there is a flood, move along with your family members and cattle to safe areas like relief camps, evacuation centers, elevated grounds where you can take shelter.
- Turn off power and gas connections before leaving your house.
During Floods
- Don't enter into flood waters; it could be dangerous.
- Don't allow children to play in or near flood waters.
- Stay away from sewerage line, gutters, drains, culverts etc.
- Be careful of snakes; snakebites are common during floods.
- Stay away from electric poles and fallen power-lines to avoid electrocution.
- Don't use wet electrical appliances, get them checked before use.
- Eat freshly cooked and dry food. Always keep your food covered.
- Use boiled and filtered drinking water.
- Keep all drains, gutters and around your house clean.
- Stagnation of water can breed vector/water-borne diseases. In case of sickness, seek medical assistance.
- Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surroundings.

18.1 Suggest one precaution before using water after floods. [1 Mark]

Answer: Water intended for drinking or cooking must be thoroughly boiled or filtered to remove harmful pathogens before consumption.

Teacher's Note:

1) Emphasize water safety guidelines during post-flood disaster management.
2) Highlight boiling or chemical purification to prevent waterborne infections.
3) Refer directly to the passage recommendations regarding water hygiene.

18.2 Mention any two measures related to protection of food items during floods. [1 Mark]

Answer: Individuals must consume only freshly prepared or dry food items and ensure that all stored food is tightly covered to prevent contamination.

Teacher's Note:

1) Focus on hygiene standards for food preservation during flood emergencies.
2) Highlight the importance of consuming freshly cooked meals and keeping containers securely covered.
3) Prevent foodborne illnesses through proper precautionary habits.

18.3 Suggest two actions to be taken before leaving the house during a flood warning. [2 Marks]

Answer: Residents must immediately shut off electrical mains and gas supplies to prevent fire hazards, while securing important documents, valuables, and emergency kits before evacuation.

Teacher's Note:

1) Identify critical pre-evacuation safety protocols during weather alerts.
2) Mention cutting off utility lines such as electricity and gas to mitigate hazards.
3) Advise gathering emergency supplies and securing valuables before moving to safe elevated shelters.

20. Find the odd one out regarding the Political Parties of India : [1 Mark]

(A) Indian National Congress and Communist Party of India (M)
(B) Rashtriya Janta Dal and Lok Jan Shakti Party
(C) Indian National Lok Dal and Jan Nayak Janta Party
(D) Rashtriya Lok Dal and Jan Satta Dal

Answer: (A) Indian National Congress and Communist Party of India (M)

Teacher's Note:

1) Distinguish between national political parties and regional state-level parties.
2) Identify Congress and CPI(M) as recognized national parties, unlike the other regional groupings.
3) Analyze party classification criteria established by the Election Commission of India.

21. Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option :
Assertion (A) : Both, Sri Lanka and Belgium faced challenges of ethnic and linguistic diversity.
Reason (R) : Sri Lanka had majority of Tamils whereas Belgium had majority of French speaking people. [1 Mark]

Options :
(A) Both, (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both, (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Answer: (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

Teacher's Note:

1) Compare demographic and linguistic compositions of Belgium and Sri Lanka.
2) Verify that Sri Lanka has a Sinhala majority and Belgium has a Dutch-speaking majority, proving the reason statement incorrect.
3) Acknowledge that both nations indeed encountered significant ethnic management hurdles.

22. Read the following statements regarding decentralization step India took in the year 1992 and choose the correct option :
I. Mandatory regular elections for local bodies
II. Two-third seats reserved for women
III. Formation of the State Election Commission
IV. Seats reserved for Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes [1 Mark]

Options :
(A) I, II and III are correct.
(B) I, III and IV are correct.
(C) II, III and IV are correct.
(D) I, II and IV are correct.

Answer: (B) I, III and IV are correct

Teacher's Note:

1) Review the constitutional amendments of 1992 concerning local self-government in India.
2) Confirm that women's reservation is one-third (33 percent), making statement II incorrect.
3) Verify that regular elections, state election commissions, and SC/ST seat reservations were mandatory features.

23. Look at the given picture carefully and choose the most appropriate option :
Which of the following values is being reflected through this picture ? [1 Mark]

(A) Unity and integration
(B) Equality and Justice
(C) Multitasking and Dedication
(D) Religions and Rituals

Answer: (C) Multitasking and Dedication

Teacher's Note:

1) Interpret visual symbolism depicting traditional or allegorical figures with multiple arms.
2) Relate the imagery to modern working women balancing diverse responsibilities.
3) Select the option highlighting diligence, multitasking, and commitment.

24. Explain any two features of federalism. [2 Marks]

Answer: Federal systems feature two or more distinct levels of government that govern the same citizens while exercising independent jurisdiction in legislative and administrative matters. Furthermore, the fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be altered unilaterally by any single tier without mutual consent.

Teacher's Note:

1) Highlight the existence of multiple tiers of government ruling over common citizens.
2) Explain constitutional guarantees defining specific jurisdictions of power for each level.
3) Mention that structural changes require consensus across different levels of government.

25. Suggest any two ways to support women in education in rural areas. [2 Marks]

Answer: Establishing schools closer to villages reassures parents about safety and encourages higher female enrollment. Additionally, providing financial scholarships and vocational training centers equips rural girls with practical skills for economic independence.

Teacher's Note:

1) Discuss measures to improve accessibility and safety for girls attending rural schools.
2) Highlight the significance of financial scholarships and awareness campaigns.
3) Emphasize vocational training integration to enhance future employment opportunities.

26. "Political parties perform a series of functions in the democracy." Explain the statement with examples. [3 Marks]

Answer: Political parties contest elections by fielding candidates and putting forward distinct policy platforms to shape public opinion. Winning parties form governments and draft legislation, while opposition parties hold the administration accountable by critiquing faulty policies.

Teacher's Note:

1) Outline core functions performed by political parties in democratic systems.
2) Explain candidate nomination, electoral competition, and policy formulation.
3) Describe the vital role of opposition parties in monitoring government actions and mobilizing public debate.

27. (A) "Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens." Examine the statement. [5 Marks]

Answer: Democratic governance ensures that majority rule accommodates minority perspectives, preventing permanent exclusions based on identity. By providing equal opportunities for political participation and representation, democracies successfully manage social diversity and foster peaceful coexistence.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain that democracy extends beyond simple majority rule to protect minority interests.
2) Emphasize that political inclusion must remain open to all citizens regardless of birth.
3) Show how institutionalized representation reduces social conflict and promotes harmony.

(B) "Democracy is based on the idea of deliberations and negotiations." Examine the statement. [5 Marks]

Answer: Democratic decision-making relies on structured discussions, established procedures, and extensive stakeholder consultations to ensure accountability. Although this deliberative process requires more time, it guarantees transparency and allows citizens to examine how policies are formulated.

Teacher's Note:

1) Discuss how democratic governance prioritizes open discussion, norms, and transparency.
2) Explain why deliberative procedures take longer due to necessary stakeholder consultations.
3) Highlight citizens' rights to scrutinize administrative procedures and hold rulers accountable.

Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow:
POWER SHARING
Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. In a democracy, we find interest groups, such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also will have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision-making process.

28.1 How do pressure groups influence the government ? [1 Mark]

Answer: Pressure groups actively influence governmental decisions and represent specific sectoral interests by participating in advisory committees and policy discussions.

Teacher's Note:

1) Identify the methods used by interest and pressure groups to shape policy.
2) Highlight their representation within government committees and decision-making bodies.
3) Refer directly to text evidence regarding influence on administration.

28.2 How do social groups benefit from power sharing ? [1 Mark]

Answer: Power-sharing mechanisms protect the cultural and linguistic interests of diverse social groups while reducing social conflict and ensuring stability.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain how power sharing safeguards minority and diverse social communities.
2) Note the reduction of social friction and enhancement of political stability.
3) Connect inclusive governance to equitable representation.

28.3 Explain the contributions of citizens in the power sharing process. [2 Marks]

Answer: Citizens actively contribute to power-sharing by participating in civil society organizations, joining interest groups, and monitoring governmental actions. Furthermore, public involvement in policy discussions helps influence legislative decision-making processes.

Teacher's Note:

1) Discuss grassroots citizen participation through civil society and interest groups.
2) Emphasize public monitoring of state actions and engagement in policy debates.
3) Highlight how active citizenry strengthens democratic accountability.

29. Which of the following organisations publishes the 'Human Development Report' ? [1 Mark]

(A) World Trade Organisation
(B) World Health Organisation
(C) United Nations Environmental Program
(D) United Nations Development Program

Answer: (D) United Nations Development Program

Teacher's Note:

1) Identify international organizational reports used for socio-economic comparisons.
2) Recognize the UNDP as the publishing body behind the annual Human Development Report.
3) Distinguish UNDP indicators from WTO, WHO, and UNEP mandates.

30. Which one of the following best describes liberalisation ? [1 Mark]

(A) Protecting domestic industries
(B) Banning foreign companies
(C) Removal of restrictions on trade
(D) Restricting foreign investment

Answer: (C) Removal of restriction on trade

Teacher's Note:

1) Define the core economic concept of liberalization in global trade.
2) Identify the removal of government-imposed barriers and restrictions on goods and capital.
3) Differentiate liberalization policies from protectionist measures.

31. Read the following case and choose the correct option :
Swapna owns a small farm in her village. She wants to take loan to meet the expense of cultivation.
From which of the following sources should Swapna take the loan ? [1 Mark]

(A) Reserve Bank of India
(B) Nearest nationalised bank
(C) Moneylender of the village
(D) Agricultural trader

Answer: (B) Nearest nationalised bank

Teacher's Note:

1) Evaluate formal versus informal credit options available to rural farmers.
2) Identify nationalized commercial banks as safe formal credit sources with lower interest rates.
3) Warn against exploitative informal lenders like local moneylenders or traders.

32. Match Column - I with Column - II and choose the correct option : [1 Mark]

Column - I (Sectors on the basis of ownership) - Column - II (Examples)
a. Public Sector - (i) Amul Dairy
b. Private Sector - (ii) Maruti Suzuki
c. Joint Sector - (iii) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
d. Cooperative Sector - (iv) Airtel Limited

Options :
    a     b     c     d
(A) (ii)   (iv)   (iii)   (i)
(B) (iii)   (ii)   (i)   (iv)
(C) (iii)   (iv)   (ii)   (i)
(D) (i)   (iii)   (iv)   (ii)

Answer: (C) a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(ii), d-(i)

Teacher's Note:

1) Categorize economic enterprises based on ownership structures.
2) Match ONGC with public sector, Airtel with private sector, Maruti Suzuki with joint sector, and Amul with cooperatives.
3) Verify structural definitions of industrial ownership models.

33. Study the data of a State given below and answer the question that follow :
Educational achievement of rural population of State
I. Literacy rate of rural population: Males 76% | Females 54%
II. Literacy rate of rural children in age group of 10-14 years: Males 90% | Females 87%
III. Percentage of rural children aged 10-14 years attending school: Males 85% | Females 82%
If rural children aged 10-14 years are considered, then how many female children are attending school ? [1 Mark]

(A) 90
(B) 85
(C) 82
(D) 83

Answer: (C) 82

Teacher's Note:

1) Analyze statistical tables representing regional educational indicators.
2) Extract the specific percentage matching female children aged 10-14 attending school.
3) Interpret tabular data accurately without miscalculating general literacy figures.

34. Choose the correct option to fill the blank :
Literacy Rate is expressed as a proportion of the literate population in the age group [ ? ] and above. [1 Mark]

(A) 7 years
(B) 8 years
(C) 9 years
(D) 10 years

Answer: (A) 7 years

Teacher's Note:

1) Recall standard demographic definitions used in census surveys.
2) Identify that the standard benchmark age for calculating literacy rate in India is 7 years and above.
3) Differentiate standard statistical age groupings from child labor definitions.

35. "New technology has helped the world to become connected." Justify the statement with suitable arguments. [3 Marks]

Answer: Rapid advancements in telecommunications, computing, and the internet have enabled instantaneous global communication at negligible costs. Furthermore, modern transportation technologies facilitate the swift and affordable delivery of goods across vast international distances, greatly accelerating globalization.

Teacher's Note:

1) Highlight the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in global connectivity.
2) Explain how improvements in transportation reduce shipping times and transit costs.
3) Discuss the impact of the internet and satellite communication on international trade and information sharing.

36. Why is it necessary to expand formal sources of credit in rural areas ? Explain. [3 Marks]

Answer: Expanding formal credit institutions like banks and cooperatives helps reduce rural communities' heavy reliance on exploitative informal moneylenders. Since formal lenders charge much lower interest rates, it protects vulnerable borrowers from falling into severe debt traps.

Teacher's Note:

1) Explain the necessity of increasing formal banking networks in underserved rural regions.
2) Contrast formal institutional loans with exploitative informal lending practices.
3) Emphasize how lower interest rates prevent farmers and poor households from getting trapped in debt cycles.

37. Why is sustainable development essential ? Explain with examples. [3 Marks]

Answer: Sustainable development ensures that economic growth meets present requirements without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Preserving vital resources like groundwater through judicious management prevents environmental degradation and ecological collapse.

Teacher's Note:

1) Define sustainable development as environmentally friendly economic growth.
2) Highlight the importance of conserving natural resources for future generations.
3) Provide examples such as managing renewable resources like groundwater to prevent depletion.

38. (A) Describe the Public work programs in job creation at rural and urban areas. [5 Marks]

Answer: Public work initiatives guarantee a specific number of employment days annually to individuals in need, focusing on projects that enhance land productivity and infrastructure development. These government programs provide steady incomes, uplift living standards, and stimulate local economies across both rural and urban sectors.

Teacher's Note:

1) Describe government-backed employment guarantee schemes like MGNREGA.
2) Explain how public works improve agricultural productivity and urban infrastructure.
3) Highlight the impact of guaranteed employment on poverty reduction and standard of living.

(B) Describe the role of primary sector in rural areas. [5 Marks]

Answer: The primary sector forms the backbone of the rural economy, providing essential livelihoods through agriculture, forestry, dairy, and fishing. It supplies raw materials for local industries, ensures food security, and generates widespread employment for rural households.

Teacher's Note:

1) Highlight the primary sector as the main source of livelihood in rural communities.
2) Explain its role in producing essential raw materials and ensuring food security.
3) Discuss how agriculture and allied activities support secondary cottage industries and local employment.

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