Download Class 10 English Concept Summaries: CBSE Class 10 English Grammar Clauses Noun Adjective and Adverb Clauses Notes Set 02
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What is a Clause?
A clause is a group of words that forms part of a sentence and has its own subject and predicate, with a finite verb. A phrase has no finite verb of its own, for example in the park or how to do it, while Who gave you the book and You have made a mistake are clauses.
The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about, and the predicate tells what the subject does or is. In A bad workman quarrels with his tools, the subject is A bad workman and the predicate is quarrels with his tools.
A finite verb changes with the person and number of its subject (John cooks, They are). A transitive verb passes its action to an object (Somi sent the postcard), while an intransitive verb takes no object (The pirates laughed heartily).
Kinds of Clauses
| Clause | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Principal (main) clause | Has its own meaning and does not depend on any other clause | I lost the book which I bought yesterday. |
| Subordinate (dependent) clause | Needs the principal clause to complete its meaning, and begins with as, since, because, that, if, though, than, or a relative word | I don't know where she lives. |
| Co-ordinate clause | Joined by and, but, or, so, still, otherwise, and equal in rank | She is poor but she earns her living. |
Noun Clause
A noun clause does the work of a noun. I told him that he had failed: the clause is the object of told. A noun clause can be:
| Function | Example |
|---|---|
| Subject of a verb | What he said is true. |
| Object of a verb | He asked how they were going to solve the problem. |
| Complement of a verb | The question is where we can find the money. |
| Object of a preposition | He paid no attention to what I said. |
| In apposition to a noun | I accept the principle that all men are equal. |
| Nominative of address | Get out of my way, whoever you are. |
Adjective Clause
An adjective clause does the work of an adjective and qualifies a noun or pronoun. Desai is a wealthy man becomes This is a man who has great wealth. It is introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that, as, but) or relative adverbs (where, when, why): The house which is very old needs repairs; Spring is the season when nature is at her best.
Note: a clause beginning with a relative may really be co-ordinate (I met a friend who took me around the city means and he took me), or an appositional noun clause (I cannot accept the view that we are helpless).
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause does the work of an adverb, and answers when, where, how, why and so on. The milkman came at dawn (phrase) becomes The milkman came when the sun rose (clause).
| Type | Conjunctions | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Time | when, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, once | I shall wait until you have finished dressing. |
| Place | where, wherever, whence | Wherever you go I shall follow you. |
| Manner | as, as if, as though | He looks as if he were frightened. |
| Comparison | as...as, so...as, than | Sita is not taller than her husband. |
| Cause | because, since, as, that | I paint because I like painting. |
| Purpose | so that, in order that, lest | I worked hard so that I might win the medal. |
| Result | so...that, such...that | The famine was so severe that thousands perished. |
| Condition | if, unless, provided, so long as | If it rains, the match will be cancelled. |
| Concession | though, although, even if, whereas | Though he is poor, he is honest. |
Solved Exercises
1. Identify the subject and predicate.
Show answer
Answer: a. The earth | moves round the sun.
b. the shepherd | heard a barking sound (the sentence is inverted).
c. What a beautiful night! The subject it and the verb is are understood.
d. The uses of adversity | are sweet (inverted order).
e. (You, understood) | do not make a noise.
Teacher's Note: An inverted sentence still has the same subject: ask 'who or what?' before the verb.
2. Complete the sentences with noun clauses.
Show answer
Answer: a. Can you tell me where the post office is?
b. It is uncertain whether he will come.
c. I often wonder why he left so early.
d. No one knows what will happen tomorrow.
e. What you say will not change my view.
Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.
3. Pick out the adjective clauses and the noun they qualify.
Show answer
Answer: 1. whom we all respect: man
2. when the visitors will arrive: time
3. who is lazy: boy
4. that wears a crown: head
5. that glitters: all
Teacher's Note: Write a short, clear answer.
4. Complete with adverb clauses.
Show answer
Answer: 1. You may go home when you have finished your work. (time)
2. He drew his sword so that he might defend himself. (purpose)
3. He behaved as if nothing had happened. (manner)
4. She is as witty as her brother is clever. (comparison)
5. I was annoyed because he did not keep his word. (reason)
6. Such was his fear that he could not speak. (result)
7. She won't survive unless she gets proper treatment. (condition)
Teacher's Note: Remember this for your exam.
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