UP Board Solutions Class 12 English Chapter 2 Synthesis

Excellent General English Grammar Book Class 12 Solutions Synthesis Exercises

Synthesis Of Sentences Class 12 Exercise 1

Question 1. He came in singing.
Answer: He came in singing. This shows that both actions occurred simultaneously.
In simple words: This combines two actions happening at the same time by using the "-ing" form of the verb.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining two actions done by the same person at the same time, use a present participle (verb+ing) to make the sentence concise.

Question 2. Seeing a lion he ran away.
Answer: Seeing a lion he ran away. The sight of the lion caused immediate fear and action.
In simple words: This combines two actions where one happens immediately after the other, using a participle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a participle clause at the beginning of the sentence to show a quick sequence of events where one action leads to another.

Question 3. Opening the cupboard, he took out his shirt.
Answer: Opening the cupboard, he took out his shirt. He did this in order to get dressed quickly.
In simple words: This shows one action leading directly to another action by the same person.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the subject of both actions is the same when using a participle clause at the start of a sentence.

Question 4. It being cold, we stayed indoors.
Answer: It being cold, we stayed indoors. The weather conditions prevented us from going outside.
In simple words: This uses a nominative absolute structure because the two parts of the sentence have different subjects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the "noun/pronoun + being" structure (nominative absolute) when the cause and effect clauses have different subjects.

Question 5. While playing, I fell down.
Answer: While playing, I fell down. This accident happened suddenly during the game.
In simple words: This shows an action that was interrupted by another action.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "while" followed by a participle to indicate an ongoing action during which another event occurred.

Question 6. Beaten by the police, he fainted.
Answer: Beaten by the police, he fainted. The physical exhaustion and pain caused him to lose consciousness.
In simple words: This uses a past participle to show that one action was done to the person before the next action happened.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a past participle (V3) at the beginning of the sentence when the first action is in the passive voice.

Question 7. Combine the sentences using a participle: Turn to the right. You will reach my house.
Answer: Turning to the right, you will reach my house. This simple present participle clause helps to smoothly connect the action with its immediate result.
In simple words: We combine the two actions by turning the first verb 'turn' into 'turning'. This shows that the second action happens right after the first one.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a comma after the introductory participle phrase to separate it clearly from the main clause.

Question 8. Combine the sentences using a participle: I saw a large ship. I went to its captain at once.
Answer: Seeing a large ship, I went to its captain at once. The use of the present participle highlights the immediate sequence of events.
In simple words: Instead of saying 'I saw' and 'I went', we use 'Seeing' to show that the second action was a direct reaction to the first.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the subject of the participle clause matches the subject of the main clause to avoid a dangling modifier.

Question 9. Combine the sentences using a participle: I saw a beggar. He was begging on the platform.
Answer: I saw a beggar begging on the platform. Here, the participle acts as an adjective describing the beggar's ongoing action.
In simple words: We shorten 'He was begging' to just 'begging' and place it right after 'beggar' to describe what he was doing when seen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place the participle phrase immediately after the noun it describes to keep the meaning clear.

Question 10. Combine the sentences using a participle: The police arrested a thief. He was running on the road.
Answer: The police arrested a thief running on the road. This structure keeps the sentence concise and active.
In simple words: We use 'running' to describe the state of the thief at the exact moment the police arrested him.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not use helping verbs like 'was' or 'is' when converting a clause into a participle phrase.

Excellent General English Class 12 Solutions Exercise 2

Question 1. Combine the sentences using a participle: The traveller was tired. He sat in the shade of a tree.
Answer: The tired traveller sat in the shade of a tree. Using 'tired' as a pre-nominal adjective makes the sentence flow much better.
In simple words: We turn the state of being 'tired' into a simple describing word and place it right before 'traveller'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a past participle acts as a simple adjective, place it directly before the noun it modifies.

Question 2. Combine the sentences using a participle: The letter was very badly written. I could not read it.
Answer: The letter was so badly written that I could not read it. This structure effectively links the cause with its direct consequence.
In simple words: We use 'so... that' to show that the bad writing was the direct reason why the letter could not be read.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'so... that' clauses to show a strong cause-and-effect relationship between two statements.

Question 3. Combine the sentences using a participle: The boy is searching for his books. He lost them.
Answer: The boy is searching for his lost books. The past participle 'lost' functions perfectly as an adjective here.
In simple words: Instead of using a separate sentence 'He lost them', we just use the word 'lost' to describe the books.

🎯 Exam Tip: Past participles like 'lost', 'broken', or 'written' can be used directly as adjectives before nouns.

Question 4. Combine the sentences using a participle: The door was locked. We had to wait outside.
Answer: The door being locked, we had to wait outside. This nominative absolute construction clearly explains the reason for our waiting.
In simple words: Since the two sentences have different subjects ('door' and 'we'), we use 'being' with 'the door' to show the reason.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the two sentences have different subjects, use the nominative absolute structure (Noun + Participle).

Question 5. Combine the sentences using a participle: They were interested in the movie. They bought tickets.
Answer: Being interested in the movie, they bought tickets. This present participle phrase clearly establishes the motivation behind their action.
In simple words: We use 'Being interested' at the start to show the reason why they decided to buy the tickets.

🎯 Exam Tip: Start with 'Being' followed by an adjective or past participle to express a cause or reason.

Question 6. Combine the sentences using a participle: Nobody touched the mangoes. They were rotten.
Answer: Nobody touched the rotten mangoes. This keeps the sentence direct and avoids unnecessary repetition.
In simple words: We take the describing word 'rotten' and put it right before 'mangoes' to make one short sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always look for simple adjectives or participles that can be placed directly before the noun to simplify sentences.

Question 7. Combine the sentences using a participle: He was not willing to go out. He was in torn clothes.
Answer: He was not willing to go out in torn clothes. The prepositional phrase with a past participle adjective describes his condition perfectly.
In simple words: We combine the sentences by describing his clothes as 'torn' and adding it to the end of the first sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure that the participle 'torn' directly modifies 'clothes' to maintain grammatical clarity.

Question 8. Combine the sentences using a participle: He was deceived by his friends. He was very sad.
Answer: Being deceived by his friends, he was very sad. This passive participle construction highlights the cause of his sadness.
In simple words: We start with 'Being deceived' to show that his friends' betrayal was the reason he felt so sad.

🎯 Exam Tip: For passive voice actions that cause a state of mind, use 'Being + Past Participle' to start the sentence.

Question 9. Combine the sentences using a participle: He was accompanied by his brother. He went outside.
Answer: Accompanied by his brother, he went outside. This past participle phrase acts as an adjective modifying the subject 'he'.
In simple words: We start the sentence with 'Accompanied by his brother' to show who was with him when he went out.

🎯 Exam Tip: A past participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence must always refer to the subject that follows the comma.

Question 10. Combine the sentences using a participle: I brought my fan home. It was mended.
Answer: I brought my mended fan home. This is a highly efficient way to describe the state of the object.
In simple words: Instead of saying 'It was mended' separately, we use 'mended' as a describing word right before 'fan'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the past participle as a pre-modifier to describe the completed state of an object.

English Grammar Class 12 Up Board Exercise 3

Question 1. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: The teacher taught the students. He went home.
Answer: Having taught the students, the teacher went home. The perfect participle is ideal here because one action was fully completed before the next began.
In simple words: We use 'Having taught' to show that the teacher finished teaching completely before leaving for home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'Having + Past Participle' (Perfect Participle) when one action is fully completed before another action starts.

Question 2. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: The son was rebuked by his father. He left home.
Answer: Having been rebuked by his father, the son left home. The passive perfect participle is necessary here because the subject received the action.
In simple words: Since the son was the one who got scolded, we use 'Having been rebuked' to show this happened first.

🎯 Exam Tip: For passive actions in the past, use 'Having been + Past Participle' to form the perfect participle.

Question 3. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: She cooked the food. She put it into the cupboard.
Answer: Having cooked the food, she put it into the cupboard. This structure emphasizes the chronological order of her household tasks.
In simple words: We use 'Having cooked' to show she finished cooking the food before putting it away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the subject of both actions is the same when using a perfect participle at the start of a sentence.

Question 4. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: They relaxed for an hour. They started their journey again.
Answer: Having relaxed for an hour, they started their journey again. This clearly shows that the rest period was completed before they resumed traveling.
In simple words: 'Having relaxed' tells us that their one-hour break was completely over before they hit the road again.

🎯 Exam Tip: Perfect participles help avoid using conjunctions like 'and then' or 'after that'.

Question 5. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: The boat anchored. We landed on the shore.
Answer: The boat having anchored, we landed on the shore. This nominative absolute construction is used because the two clauses have different subjects.
In simple words: Since 'the boat' and 'we' are different, we keep 'the boat' and add 'having anchored' to show it happened first.

🎯 Exam Tip: When subjects are different, do not omit the first subject; keep it as a nominative absolute before the participle.

Question 6. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: He was warned of the danger. He escaped unhurt.
Answer: Having been warned of the danger, he escaped unhurt. The passive perfect participle shows that the warning was received prior to his escape.
In simple words: 'Having been warned' means someone else warned him first, which helped him escape safely.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always use 'Having been' instead of just 'Having' when the action in the participle clause is passive.

Question 7. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: The terrorist was caught by the police. He committed suicide.
Answer: Having been caught by the police, the terrorist committed suicide. This passive construction highlights the sequence of these dramatic events.
In simple words: The terrorist was caught first, and because of that, he committed suicide. We use 'Having been caught' to show this.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the agent (by the police) to identify that a passive perfect participle is required.

Question 8. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: She failed in her attempt twice. She gave up the idea of trying once more.
Answer: Having failed in her attempt twice, she gave up the idea of trying once more. This structure clearly links her repeated failures to her final decision.
In simple words: Because she failed twice before, she decided not to try again. 'Having failed' shows the completed past attempts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place any frequency modifiers (like 'twice') immediately after the participle verb phrase.

Question 9. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: The school was closed. The children dispersed to their homes.
Answer: The school having been closed, the children dispersed to their homes. This absolute construction uses a passive perfect participle because the school was closed by someone else.
In simple words: Since 'the school' and 'the children' are different subjects, we write 'The school having been closed' to show the reason.

🎯 Exam Tip: For different subjects where the first action is passive, use '[Subject] + having been + past participle'.

Question 10. Combine the sentences using a perfect participle: I finished the book. I put it on the shelf.
Answer: Having finished the book, I put it on the shelf. This is a clean and grammatically precise way to show completed action.
In simple words: 'Having finished' shows that the reading was completely done before the book was placed on the shelf.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a perfect participle to show a clear gap in time or completion between two actions performed by the same subject.

Excellent General English Grammar Class 12 Solutions Exercise 4

Question 1. Combine the sentences using a participle: The door was locked. We had to wait outside.
Answer: The door being locked, we had to wait outside. This absolute phrase explains the circumstance that forced us to wait.
In simple words: Since the door was locked, we had no choice but to wait. We use 'The door being locked' to explain this.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'being' when the first sentence has a form of 'to be' (is, am, are, was, were) as the main verb and a different subject.

Question 2. Combine the sentences using a participle: The police arrested a thief. He was running on the road.
Answer: The police arrested a thief running on the road. This present participle phrase acts as an adjective describing the thief.
In simple words: We attach 'running on the road' directly to 'thief' to show what the thief was doing when caught.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not add a comma before the participle if it is a restrictive modifier identifying the noun.

Question 3. Combine the sentences using a participle: I took my breakfast. I went to my school.
Answer: Having taken my breakfast, I went to my school. The perfect participle is used here because eating breakfast was fully completed before going to school.
In simple words: 'Having taken' shows that I finished eating my breakfast completely before leaving for school.

🎯 Exam Tip: When one action is fully completed before the next starts, always prefer the perfect participle over the present participle.

Question 4. Combine the sentences using a participle: Some farmers saw a snake. They ran away at once.
Answer: Seeing a snake, some farmers ran away at once. The present participle is appropriate here because the reaction was immediate.
In simple words: As soon as they saw the snake, they ran. 'Seeing' shows that the action happened instantly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the present participle (verb+ing) when the second action happens immediately as a result of the first.

Question 5. Combine the sentences using a participle: The principal reached the playground. He made a short speech.
Answer: Having reached the playground, the principal made a short speech. This perfect participle structure shows the completion of his arrival before speaking.
In simple words: The principal first arrived at the playground, and then he spoke. 'Having reached' connects these two actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a perfect participle to show a logical sequence where the first action must finish before the second can begin.

Question 6. Combine the sentences using a participle: The principal found out some students. They were copying.
Answer: The principal found out some students copying. The present participle 'copying' directly modifies the noun 'students'.
In simple words: We combine the sentences by putting 'copying' right after 'students' to show what they were caught doing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Participles can act as object complements to describe the state or action of the object.

Question 7. Combine the sentences using a participle: The washerman washed the clothes. He went home.
Answer: Having washed the clothes, the washerman went home. This perfect participle shows that the washing was fully completed first.
In simple words: The washerman finished washing all the clothes before he decided to go home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always use 'Having + V3' for active voice actions that are completed before the main action.

Question 8. Combine the sentences using a participle: She was punished by the teacher. She began to weep.
Answer: Having been punished by the teacher, she began to weep. The passive perfect participle is used because she received the punishment.
In simple words: Because the teacher punished her first, she started crying. We use 'Having been punished' to show this.

🎯 Exam Tip: If the first sentence is in the passive voice, the combined participle phrase must also be passive ('Having been + V3').

Question 9. Combine the sentences using a participle: I went to Mumbai last year. I met a film star.
Answer: Having gone to Mumbai last year, I met a film star. This perfect participle structure links the past travel with the meeting.
In simple words: After I had gone to Mumbai last year, I met a movie star there.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep time expressions like 'last year' within the participle phrase to maintain the correct context.

Question 10. Combine the sentences using a participle: He was unwilling to take any medicine. He went to sleep.
Answer: Being unwilling to take any medicine, he went to sleep. The present participle 'Being' is used to express his state of mind.
In simple words: Since he did not want to take medicine, he just went to sleep instead.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'Being' to replace state-of-being verbs (was, were) when they express a reason or cause.

Question 11. Combine the sentences using a participle: I received no reply. I sent him another letter.
Answer: Having received no reply, I sent him another letter. This perfect participle shows that the waiting period for a reply was over before the new letter was sent.
In simple words: Since I did not get any reply to my first message, I decided to write and send another letter.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the perfect participle to show a clear cause-and-effect relationship where one action is completed before the next starts.

Question 12. This poor man passed his life working and laughing
Answer: This poor man passed his life working and laughing. He found joy in his daily labor despite his difficult financial circumstances.
In simple words: Even though the man was poor, he spent his life working hard and staying happy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use participles like 'working' and 'laughing' to combine actions happening at the same time into a single simple sentence.

Excellent English Grammar Book Class 12 Up Board Exercise 5

Question 1. I hope to pass the examination this year.
Answer: I hope to pass the examination this year. This sentence uses an infinitive 'to pass' to combine the ideas of hoping and succeeding into a single simple sentence.
In simple words: I am planning and wishing to clear my exams this year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Infinitives ('to' + verb) are highly effective tools for combining sentences to express purpose or intention.

Question 2. Inspite of every body’s dying one day, no body likes to die.
Answer: Inspite of every body’s dying one day, no body likes to die. This sentence uses the prepositional phrase 'in spite of' to show contrast between the inevitability of death and the human desire to live.
In simple words: Even though everyone knows they will die eventually, no one actually wants to die.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'in spite of' followed by a gerund or noun phrase to show contrast in a simple sentence.

Question 3. He went to station to farewell, his guests.
Answer: He went to station to farewell, his guests. The infinitive 'to farewell' is used here to express the purpose of his visit to the station.
In simple words: He went to the station so that he could say goodbye to his guests.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always use the infinitive 'to' followed by the base form of the verb to show the purpose of an action.

Question 4. They will go to market to buy fruits.
Answer: They will go to market to buy fruits. The infinitive 'to buy' clearly states the purpose of their journey to the market.
In simple words: They are going to the market for the purpose of purchasing fruits.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining two sentences where one shows action and the other shows purpose, use an infinitive for the purpose clause.

Question 5. Give me some money to buy some books.
Answer: Give me some money to buy some books. This imperative sentence uses an infinitive to join the request for money with the reason for it.
In simple words: Please give me money so that I can purchase books.

🎯 Exam Tip: In imperative sentences, keep the command first and follow it with the infinitive of purpose.

Question 6. We went to Delhi to see the Red Fort.
Answer: We went to Delhi to see the Red Fort. The infinitive 'to see' combines the action of traveling with the specific sightseeing objective.
In simple words: Our main reason for traveling to Delhi was to visit and look at the Red Fort.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure proper nouns like 'Delhi' and 'Red Fort' are always capitalized to maintain grammatical accuracy.

Question 7. She goes to gym daily to reduce her weight.
Answer: She goes to gym daily to reduce her weight. The infinitive phrase 'to reduce her weight' explains the daily routine of going to the gym.
In simple words: She exercises at the gym every day because she wants to lose weight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use simple present tense for daily habits and combine them with an infinitive of purpose.

Question 8. I have sweets to be eaten.
Answer: I have sweets to be eaten. This sentence uses a passive infinitive 'to be eaten' to describe the sweets that are available.
In simple words: I have some sweets that are meant to be consumed.

🎯 Exam Tip: A passive infinitive ('to be' + past participle) is useful when the focus is on the object rather than the person performing the action.

Question 9. He has some files to be signed today.
Answer: He has some files to be signed today. The passive infinitive 'to be signed' indicates the action that needs to be performed on the files.
In simple words: There are some files that need to get signatures today.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'to be' + third form of the verb (past participle) to form passive infinitives correctly.

Question 10. They congratulated me to hear about my son’s marriage.
Answer: They congratulated me to hear about my son’s marriage. This sentence expresses the reason for congratulations using an infinitive construction.
In simple words: They wished me well when they found out that my son was getting married.

🎯 Exam Tip: When expressing congratulations, ensure the preposition or infinitive structure matches the context of the happy news.

Excellent English Grammar Book Class 12 Exercise 6

Question 1. On seeing the principal in the verandah, I ran away at once.
Answer: On seeing the principal in the verandah, I ran away at once. The preposition 'on' followed by the gerund 'seeing' indicates an immediate reaction to an event.
In simple words: As soon as I spotted the principal standing in the verandah, I immediately ran away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'On + -ing verb' to combine two actions where one happens immediately after the other.

Question 2. For killing a man two murderers were caught red handed.
Answer: For killing a man two murderers were caught red handed. The prepositional phrase 'for killing a man' explains the reason for the arrest.
In simple words: Two killers were caught in the act of committing a murder.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'for' followed by a gerund to express the reason or cause behind an action or consequence.

Question 3. I play all the games except playing hockey.
Answer: I play all the games except playing hockey. The preposition 'except' is used here to exclude hockey from the list of games played.
In simple words: I participate in every sport, but I do not play hockey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'except' or 'except for' to show exclusion when combining sentences with contrasting choices.

Question 4. On checking your all exercises, the teacher found many mistakes in them.
Answer: On checking your all exercises, the teacher found many mistakes in them. The phrase 'on checking' shows that the discovery of mistakes happened during the process of evaluation.
In simple words: When the teacher looked through all your exercises, they discovered a lot of errors.

🎯 Exam Tip: A gerund phrase starting with 'on' helps to smoothly connect a time-bound action with its outcome.

Question 5. After finishing his homework he went out to play.
Answer: After finishing his homework he went out to play. The preposition 'after' followed by the gerund 'finishing' establishes a clear chronological order of events.
In simple words: Once he completed his homework, he went outside to play.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'after + gerund' to combine two sequential actions performed by the same subject.

Question 6. On finding two students copying the invigilator cancelled their examination.
Answer: On finding two students copying the invigilator cancelled their examination. The gerund phrase 'on finding' indicates the immediate cause for the cancellation of the exam.
In simple words: The exam supervisor cancelled the papers of two students because they were caught cheating.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the subject of the main clause ('the invigilator') matches the implied agent of the gerund phrase to avoid dangling modifiers.

Question 7. On having arms in their hands, the soldiers were marching with pride.
Answer: On having arms in their hands, the soldiers were marching with pride. The phrase 'on having arms' describes the state of the soldiers during their proud march.
In simple words: Carrying weapons in their hands, the soldiers marched forward proudly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use perfect or continuous gerund phrases to describe the state or possession of the subject during an action.

Question 8. On his winning the first prize of lottery my father is very happy.
Answer: On his winning the first prize of lottery my father is very happy. The possessive pronoun 'his' is correctly used before the gerund 'winning' to show who won the prize.
In simple words: My father is extremely happy because he won the top lottery prize.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always use a possessive pronoun (like 'his', 'my', 'their') before a gerund when it acts as the subject or object of a preposition.

Question 9. Inspite of his being ungrateful I help him much.
Answer: Inspite of his being ungrateful I help him much. The phrase 'in spite of' followed by the gerund 'being' shows a strong contrast between his attitude and my actions.
In simple words: Even though he does not show any gratitude, I still help him a lot.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'In spite of' is a prepositional phrase and must be followed by a noun or a gerund phrase, not a full clause.

Question 10. You can escape the punishment only after telling me the secret.
Answer: You can escape the punishment only after telling me the secret. The prepositional phrase 'after telling' sets a strict condition for avoiding punishment.
In simple words: The only way you can avoid being punished is by sharing the secret with me.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'after' or 'by' followed by a gerund to express conditions or methods in a simple sentence.

Up Board Solution Class 12 English Grammar Exercise 7

Question 1. We have seen the Taj, one of the seven wonders of the world.
Answer: We have seen the Taj, one of the seven wonders of the world. This sentence uses a noun in apposition ('one of the seven wonders of the world') to describe 'the Taj'.
In simple words: We visited the Taj Mahal, which is famous for being one of the seven wonders of the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a noun or phrase in apposition (placed next to the noun it describes, separated by commas) to combine sentences without using a relative clause.

Question 2. I punished Ravindra, a naughty boy of his class.
Answer: I punished Ravindra, a naughty boy of his class. The phrase 'a naughty boy of his class' is placed in apposition to identify Ravindra.
In simple words: I gave a punishment to Ravindra, who is known as a mischievous student in his class.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place the descriptive noun phrase immediately after the noun it describes, and set it off with commas.

Question 3. Columbus, a man of great courage, discovered America.
Answer: Columbus, a man of great courage, discovered America. The appositive phrase 'a man of great courage' describes Columbus's character directly.
In simple words: Columbus, who was a very brave person, was the one who discovered America.

🎯 Exam Tip: Apposition is an excellent way to add descriptive details about a historical figure without making the sentence complex.

Question 4. Tagore, the author of Gitanjali, was a famous poet of India.
Answer: Tagore, the author of Gitanjali, was a famous poet of India. The phrase 'the author of Gitanjali' is in apposition to the subject 'Tagore'.
In simple words: Tagore, who wrote the famous book Gitanjali, was a well-known Indian poet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Book titles like 'Gitanjali' should be capitalized and can be placed in an appositive phrase to identify the author.

Question 5. Mr. Lal, the district magistrate, lived in Kolkata, one of the biggest cities of India.
Answer: Mr. Lal, the district magistrate, lived in Kolkata, one of the biggest cities of India. This sentence uses two appositive phrases: 'the district magistrate' for Mr. Lal, and 'one of the biggest cities of India' for Kolkata.
In simple words: Mr. Lal, who is the district magistrate, lived in Kolkata, which is one of India's largest cities.

🎯 Exam Tip: You can use multiple appositive phrases in a single sentence to describe different nouns, provided they are separated by commas.

Question 6. The cow gives us milk, the most nourishing food.
Answer: The cow gives us milk, the most nourishing food. The phrase 'the most nourishing food' is placed in apposition to 'milk'.
In simple words: Cows provide us with milk, which is considered a highly healthy and nutritious food.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use apposition to define or highlight the quality of a noun at the end of a sentence.

Question 7. His uncle, a great social worker, is the richest man of the town.
Answer: His uncle, a great social worker, is the richest man of the town. The appositive phrase 'a great social worker' provides additional information about his uncle.
In simple words: His uncle is a well-known social worker and also the wealthiest person in town.

🎯 Exam Tip: Apposition helps keep sentences concise by avoiding relative pronouns like 'who' or 'which'.

Question 8. Ramesh, the most intelligent boy of his class, has been selected in C.P.M.T.
Answer: Ramesh, the most intelligent boy of his class, has been selected in C.P.M.T. The appositive phrase 'the most intelligent boy of his class' describes Ramesh's academic standing.
In simple words: Ramesh, who is the smartest student in his class, got selected for C.P.M.T.

🎯 Exam Tip: Abbreviations like 'C.P.M.T.' should be written in capital letters with proper punctuation as shown in the source text.

Question 9. Marina, a very honest artist, is a photographer.
Answer: Marina, a very honest artist, is a photographer. The phrase 'a very honest artist' is placed in apposition to describe Marina.
In simple words: Marina is a photographer who is also known for being a very honest artist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the appositive phrase is placed directly next to the noun it modifies to avoid confusion.

Question 10. Newton, a famous scientist, made many inventions.
Answer: Newton, a famous scientist, made many inventions. The appositive phrase 'a famous scientist' identifies Newton's profession.
In simple words: Newton was a well-known scientist who created many new things and discoveries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use commas before and after the appositive phrase when it is placed in the middle of a sentence.

Question 11. American President has arrived in Delhi, the capital of India.
Answer: American President has arrived in Delhi, the capital of India. The phrase 'the capital of India' is in apposition to 'Delhi'.
In simple words: The President of America has reached Delhi, which is the capital city of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the appositive phrase comes at the end of the sentence, only one comma is needed before it.

Question 12. Mr. Verma, our smart principal, is a resident of Maharashtra.
Answer: Mr. Verma, our smart principal, is a resident of Maharashtra. The appositive phrase 'our smart principal' describes Mr. Verma.
In simple words: Our clever principal, Mr. Verma, lives in the state of Maharashtra.

🎯 Exam Tip: Apposition is a powerful tool in synthesis to combine two simple sentences into one single simple sentence.

English Grammar 12th Class Up Board Exercise 8

Synthesis Using Nominative Absolute

Question 1. The train having arrived, the passengers stood up.
Answer: The train having arrived, the passengers stood up. This structure uses a nominative absolute to join two independent actions where one follows the other.
In simple words: This sentence means that as soon as the train reached the station, the passengers stood up to get ready.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the nominative absolute construction (having + past participle) when two actions have different subjects and one happens right after the other.

Question 2. The second show being over, the people have gone to their houses.
Answer: The second show being over, the people have gone to their houses. Here, 'being' is used because the original helping verb was a form of 'to be'.
In simple words: Since the second movie or show finished, the audience went back to their homes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the first clause has a form of 'be' (is, am, are, was, were) as the main verb, change it to 'being' in the nominative absolute.

Question 3. The sun having risen, the birds made a noise.
Answer: The sun having risen, the birds made a noise. The rising of the sun is the cause, and the birds making noise is the effect.
In simple words: After the sun came up in the morning, the birds started chirping and making sounds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure that the subject of the absolute phrase ('the sun') is kept before the participle ('having risen').

Question 4. The time being over, now stop writing.
Answer: The time being over, now stop writing. This imperative sentence uses the nominative absolute to state the condition first.
In simple words: Because the allowed time is finished, you must stop writing your answers now.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to place a comma immediately after the nominative absolute clause to separate it from the main clause.

Question 5. The papers having been distributed, the students started writing.
Answer: The papers having been distributed, the students started writing. The passive form 'having been distributed' is used because the papers did not distribute themselves.
In simple words: Once the exam sheets were handed out to everyone, the students began to write their answers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'having been + V3' for the nominative absolute when the first action is in the passive voice.

Question 6. The train having arrived, the hawkers made a noise.
Answer: The train having arrived, the hawkers made a noise. The arrival of the train prompted the vendors to start shouting to sell their goods.
In simple words: As soon as the train came to the platform, the sellers started shouting loudly to attract customers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the active cause-and-effect relationship to correctly apply the 'having + past participle' structure.

Question 7. The officer being out of his office, the clerks made a lot of a noise.
Answer: The officer being out of his office, the clerks made a lot of a noise. The absence of the officer allowed the clerks to behave freely and noisily.
In simple words: Because the officer was not in his cabin, the clerks started talking and making a lot of noise.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep the exact wording of the question, even if there is a minor grammatical quirk like 'a lot of a noise', to match the textbook key.

Question 8. The curtain having been dropped, the people went to their houses.
Answer: The curtain having been dropped, the people went to their houses. This passive nominative absolute indicates the end of the theatrical performance.
In simple words: When the stage curtain was lowered to mark the end of the play, the audience left for home.

🎯 Exam Tip: For actions performed on an object (like a curtain), always use the passive participle 'having been' followed by the third form of the verb.

Question 9. The fire having broken out, all the workers ran out of the factory.
Answer: The fire having broken out, all the workers ran out of the factory. The sudden outbreak of fire was the immediate cause of the evacuation.
In simple words: As soon as a fire started inside the factory, all the workers rushed outside to save themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure both clauses have different subjects ('the fire' and 'all the workers') before using the nominative absolute.

Question 10. The match having been won, all the players are making merry.
Answer: The match having been won, all the players are making merry. Winning the match is a completed passive action that leads to the current celebration.
In simple words: Since they won the game, all the players are celebrating and having a great time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'having been won' because a match is won by the players (passive context).

Question 11. The police having arrived, all the strikers ran away in fear.
Answer: The police having arrived, all the strikers ran away in fear. The arrival of the police force caused the protesters to disperse quickly.
In simple words: When the police showed up, the protesting workers got scared and ran away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not use conjunctions like 'and' or 'so' when combining sentences using a nominative absolute.

Question 12. The commander having blown his horn, all the scouts become alert.
Answer: The commander having blown his horn, all the scouts become alert. The sound of the horn served as an immediate signal for readiness.
In simple words: As soon as the leader blew his horn, all the scouts stood at attention and became alert.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the tense of the main clause ('become' is present tense here) and keep it consistent.

Up Board 12th English Grammar Book Exercise 9

Question 1. Certainly he was a great favourite of his teachers.
Answer: Certainly he was a great favourite of his teachers. The adverb 'certainly' is used at the beginning to emphasize the entire statement.
In simple words: There is no doubt that he was a highly loved student among all his teachers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When synthesizing sentences using an adverb, place the adverb (like 'certainly') at the beginning or near the verb it modifies.

Question 2. He regularly takes a balanced uiti.
Answer: He regularly takes a balanced uiti. The adverb 'regularly' modifies the action of taking his daily meals.
In simple words: He makes sure to eat a healthy and balanced meal on a daily basis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep the exact spelling from the textbook, such as 'uiti', to ensure your answer matches the examiner's grading sheet.

Question 3. Regratefuly, they admitted their crime.
Answer: Regratefuly, they admitted their crime. This sentence uses the adverbial form to show the manner or feeling with which they confessed.
In simple words: Feeling sorry for what they did, they confessed to their crime.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbs expressing regret or attitude are usually placed at the very beginning of the sentence followed by a comma.

Question 4. Carelessly, he failed in the examination.
Answer: Carelessly, he failed in the examination. The adverb 'carelessly' highlights that his lack of attention was the reason for his failure.
In simple words: Because he was not careful or serious, he did not pass his exams.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use an adverb at the start of the sentence to show how an entire event occurred due to a specific attitude.

Question 5. Hurriedly, my friend came here.
Answer: Hurriedly, my friend came here. The adverb 'hurriedly' describes the fast manner in which the friend arrived.
In simple words: My friend arrived at this place in a very quick and rushed manner.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbs of manner ending in '-ly' can be placed either at the beginning of the sentence or after the verb.

Question 6. Luckily I got no injury in the accident.
Answer: Luckily I got no injury in the accident. The adverb 'luckily' expresses good fortune regarding the outcome of the crash.
In simple words: By good luck, I was not hurt at all during the accident.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sentence-modifying adverbs like 'luckily' or 'fortunately' set the tone for the entire clause that follows.

Question 7. Slowly, the children grow up to be young.
Answer: Slowly, the children grow up to be young. The adverb 'slowly' describes the gradual process of human growth over time.
In simple words: Over a long period of time, kids gradually grow up and become young adults.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a comma after an introductory adverb of manner to make the sentence clear and easy to read.

Question 8. The dacoits murdered the old man cruelly.
Answer: The dacoits murdered the old man cruelly. The adverb 'cruelly' is placed at the end of the sentence to emphasize the brutal nature of the act.
In simple words: The robbers killed the elderly man in a very harsh and merciless way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Placing the adverb of manner at the end of the sentence emphasizes the action itself.

Question 9. The people could not run fast.
Answer: The people could not run fast. Here, 'fast' acts as an adverb modifying the verb 'run' to show their speed limit.
In simple words: The crowd of people was unable to run at a high speed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'fast' is both an adjective and an adverb; never write 'fastly' as it is grammatically incorrect.

Question 10. Rapidly, he progressed much.
Answer: Rapidly, he progressed much. The adverb 'rapidly' indicates that his advancement or growth happened very quickly.
In simple words: He made a lot of improvement and progress in a very short amount of time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'rapidly' to show quick development or change in a positive direction.

Question 11. Unfortunately this cow will die soon.
Answer: Unfortunately this cow will die soon. The adverb 'unfortunately' expresses sadness or regret about the cow's upcoming fate.
In simple words: It is sad to say that this cow is going to pass away very shortly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place 'unfortunately' at the beginning of a sentence to show a negative or sad outcome.

Question 12. He fought the election in vain.
Answer: He fought the election in vain. The adverbial phrase 'in vain' indicates that his efforts did not produce any successful result.
In simple words: He contested the election, but all his hard work went to waste because he did not win.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the prepositional phrase 'in vain' as an adverbial modifier to show that an effort was useless.

Synthesis Class 12 UP Board Exercise 10

Question 1. The principal punished Suresh.
Answer: The principal punished Suresh. This simple sentence clearly states the action taken by the school head against the student.
In simple words: The head of the school gave a punishment to Suresh for some reason.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep the subject and object clear when writing simple, direct sentences.

Question 2. I have a Medico pen.
Answer: I have a Medico pen. The proper noun 'Medico' acts as an adjective describing the brand or type of the pen.
In simple words: I own a pen that belongs to the Medico brand.

🎯 Exam Tip: Capitalize proper nouns like brand names ('Medico') when they modify a common noun.

Question 3. I met a minister with my uncle.
Answer: I met a minister with my uncle. The prepositional phrase 'with my uncle' shows who accompanied the speaker during the meeting.
In simple words: My uncle and I went together to meet a government minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place prepositional phrases close to the words they modify to avoid any confusion in meaning.

Question 4. I met my friend Harish.
Answer: I met my friend Harish. The name 'Harish' is placed in apposition to identify the friend being referred to.
In simple words: I met a person named Harish, who is a good friend of mine.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use nouns in apposition (placing them side-by-side) to combine sentences that describe the same person.

Question 5. A boy was running on the road.
Answer: A boy was running on the road. This sentence uses the past continuous tense to describe an ongoing action in the past.
In simple words: There was a young boy who was jogging or running along the street.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the correct preposition 'on' when describing movement along a road or street surface.

Question 6. I live at Khatauli with my uncle.
Answer: I live at Khatauli with my uncle. The preposition 'at' is used for a smaller town or specific locality like Khatauli.
In simple words: My home is in a place called Khatauli, where I stay together with my uncle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'at' for small towns, villages, or specific addresses, and 'in' for large cities, states, or countries.

Question 7. He purchased a T.V. and a cooler.
Answer: He purchased a T.V. and a cooler. The conjunction 'and' is used to join two objects bought by the same person.
In simple words: He went to the market and bought two items: a television set and an air cooler.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the coordinating conjunction 'and' to combine two similar nouns acting as direct objects.

Question 8. I eat bread with butter.
Answer: I eat bread with butter. The preposition 'with' indicates the accompaniment or combination of food items.
In simple words: Whenever I have bread, I like to spread butter on it and eat them together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'with' to show that two food items are consumed or served together as a single meal.

Question 9. Will you tell me the aim of your life?
Answer: Will you tell me the aim of your life? This interrogative sentence asks about a person's primary goal or ambition.
In simple words: Could you please share with me what you want to achieve or become in the future?

🎯 Exam Tip: Always end an interrogative sentence with a question mark to maintain correct punctuation.

Question 10. He eats fruits and green vegetables daily.
Answer: He eats fruits and green vegetables daily. The adverb 'daily' shows the regular frequency of his healthy eating habits.
In simple words: Every single day, he makes sure to eat fresh fruits and healthy green veggies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place frequency adverbs like 'daily' or 'every day' at the end of the sentence for natural flow.

Question 11. Please tell me your address.
Answer: Please tell me your address. This polite imperative sentence requests location details from the listener.
In simple words: Kindly let me know where you live so that I can find your house.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'Please' at the beginning of imperative sentences to express a polite request rather than a command.

Question 12. They sing poems as well as songs.
Answer: They sing poems as well as songs. The phrase 'as well as' is a cumulative conjunction used to connect two related activities.
In simple words: They do not just sing songs; they also perform and sing poetry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'as well as' to add emphasis to the second item while keeping the subject-verb agreement aligned with the first subject.

Synthesis Exercise Class 12 Exercise 11

Question 1. I do not like this dirty city.
Answer: I do not like this dirty city. Living in a clean environment is much better for everyone's health.
In simple words: This sentence combines two ideas ("I do not like this city" and "The city is dirty") into one simple sentence by placing the adjective "dirty" before the noun "city".

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining sentences using an adjective, place the adjective directly before the noun it describes.

Question 2. Kamal is a very honest leader.
Answer: Kamal is a very honest leader. His integrity makes him highly respected by the entire community.
In simple words: This combines "Kamal is a leader" and "He is very honest" by placing the adjective phrase "very honest" before the noun "leader".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use adjectives to qualify nouns directly to make your sentences shorter and more effective.

Question 3. The boys are sitting on the green grass.
Answer: The boys are sitting on the green grass. They seem to be enjoying the pleasant outdoor weather.
In simple words: This combines "The boys are sitting on the grass" and "The grass is green" by using the adjective "green" before "grass".

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for describing words (adjectives) in the separate sentences and place them right before the nouns they qualify.

Question 4. Your brother is a very famous doctor.
Answer: Your brother is a very famous doctor. He has helped many patients recover from serious illnesses.
In simple words: This combines "Your brother is a doctor" and "He is very famous" into a single simple sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Avoid repeating pronouns like 'he' or 'she' by converting the description into an adjective phrase.

Question 5. You live in a very airy house.
Answer: You live in a very airy house. Good ventilation keeps the living space fresh and healthy.
In simple words: This combines "You live in a house" and "The house is very airy" using the adjective "airy".

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the adjective is placed immediately before the noun it modifies to maintain clear meaning.

Question 6. My grandmother told me a very interesting story.
Answer: My grandmother told me a very interesting story. It was filled with valuable life lessons and moral values.
In simple words: This combines "My grandmother told me a story" and "The story was very interesting" using the participle adjective "interesting".

🎯 Exam Tip: Present or past participles (like 'interesting' or 'broken') can act as adjectives to combine sentences.

Question 7. Pt. Nehru was the first prime Minister of India.
Answer: Pt. Nehru was the first prime Minister of India. He played a crucial role in shaping the nation's future.
In simple words: This combines facts about Pandit Nehru being the Prime Minister and being the first one into a single clear statement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use ordinal numbers like 'first', 'second', etc., as adjectives directly before the noun.

Question 8. There was a very thirsty crow.
Answer: There was a very thirsty crow. It searched everywhere to find some water to drink.
In simple words: This combines "There was a crow" and "The crow was very thirsty" by placing "very thirsty" before "crow".

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep the modifiers close to the subject they describe to avoid confusion.

Question 9. In old age he lost his strength.
Answer: In old age he lost his strength. This is a natural part of the human aging process.
In simple words: This combines "He became old" and "He lost his strength" by using a prepositional phrase "In old age".

🎯 Exam Tip: Prepositional phrases are excellent tools for combining sentences that show time, condition, or state.

Question 10. I got many precious gifts.
Answer: I got many precious gifts. Each of them held a special meaning and memory for me.
In simple words: This combines "I got many gifts" and "They were precious" into one simple sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the key descriptive word in the second sentence and move it next to the noun in the first sentence.

Question 11. A rich man had a new car.
Answer: A rich man had a new car. It was a luxurious model with advanced modern features.
In simple words: This combines "A man had a car", "The man was rich", and "The car was new" using two adjectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: You can use multiple adjectives in a single sentence to combine three or more simple sentences.

Question 12. I have read these very interesting books.
Answer: I have read these very interesting books. They provided me with deep insights and knowledge.
In simple words: This combines "I have read these books" and "They are very interesting" into one sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always place the adjective phrase right after the demonstrative adjective (like 'these' or 'those').

Class 12 English Grammar Synthesis Exercise 12

Question 1. I do not know where the thief has run away.
Answer: I do not know where the thief has run away. The police are currently investigating the matter.
In simple words: This combines "The thief has run away" and "I do not know where" using a noun clause starting with "where".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use noun clauses starting with 'where', 'why', or 'how' to act as the object of verbs like 'know' or 'tell'.

Question 2. Tell me why you are not working hard.
Answer: Tell me why you are not working hard. Consistent effort is essential to achieve success in life.
In simple words: This combines "You are not working hard" and "Tell me the reason" using the noun clause "why you are not working hard".

🎯 Exam Tip: When using a noun clause, keep the word order assertive (subject + verb) instead of interrogative.

Question 3. I asked him if he would go to Delhi on Monday.
Answer: I asked him if he would go to Delhi on Monday. He needed to attend an important business meeting there.
In simple words: This combines "Will you go to Delhi on Monday?" and "I asked him" using "if" to introduce an indirect question.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'if' or 'whether' to connect yes/no questions when synthesizing them into complex sentences.

Question 4. It is not known who entered the house.
Answer: It is not known who entered the house. The security cameras did not capture any clear footage.
In simple words: This combines "Someone entered the house" and "It is not known" using a noun clause as the subject.

🎯 Exam Tip: Noun clauses can act as the subject of a sentence, often introduced by 'who', 'what', or 'that'.

Question 5. I believe in what he advises me.
Answer: I believe in what he advises me. His guidance has always helped me make the right decisions.
In simple words: This combines "He advises me something" and "I believe in it" using the noun clause "what he advises me" as the object of a preposition.

🎯 Exam Tip: A noun clause can follow a preposition (like 'in', 'to', or 'at') to complete its meaning.

Question 6. The news that he has won the election is wrong.
Answer: The news that he has won the election is wrong. The official results have not been announced yet.
In simple words: This combines "He has won the election" and "The news is wrong" using a noun clause in apposition to the noun "news".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'that' to create a noun clause in apposition to explain nouns like 'news', 'rumour', or 'fact'.

Question 7. Listen to what your teachers say.
Answer: Listen to what your teachers say. Their experience can guide you toward a bright future.
In simple words: This combines "Your teachers say something" and "Listen to it" using a noun clause as the object of the preposition "to".

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the preposition is placed correctly before the noun clause to maintain grammatical accuracy.

Question 8. Iam worried why my son did not come.
Answer: Iam worried why my son did not come. He is usually very punctual and always arrives on time.
In simple words: This combines "My son did not come" and "I am worried about it" using a noun clause explaining the reason.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'why' to introduce a clause that explains the reason for an emotion or state of mind.

Question 9. It is not certain how long I shall teach him.
Answer: It is not certain how long I shall teach him. The duration depends entirely on his learning progress.
In simple words: This combines "I shall teach him for some time" and "It is not certain" using a noun clause starting with "how long".

🎯 Exam Tip: Noun clauses starting with 'how long' or 'how much' help express uncertainty about duration or quantity.

Question 10. Will you tell me why you did not attend the marriage of your friend?
Answer: Will you tell me why you did not attend the marriage of your friend? It was a beautiful celebration that everyone enjoyed.
In simple words: This combines "You did not attend your friend's marriage" and "Will you tell me the reason?" into a complex interrogative sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: In complex questions, only the main clause is inverted (verb before subject); the subordinate noun clause remains in assertive order.

Question 11. The problem is who will bell the cat.
Answer: The problem is who will bell the cat. Finding a brave volunteer for a difficult task is always challenging.
In simple words: This combines "Someone must bell the cat" and "That is the problem" using a noun clause as a subject complement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a noun clause after linking verbs like 'is', 'was', or 'seems' to define or explain the subject.

Question 12. Did you know that the teacher would be angry?
Answer: Did you know that the teacher would be angry? It is always best to complete your assignments on time to avoid this.
In simple words: This combines "The teacher would be angry" and "Did you know this?" using a noun clause introduced by "that".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'that' to introduce a noun clause when expressing a statement of fact or expectation.

Grammar Class 12 UP Board Exercise 13

Question 1. The boy who has lost his watch is very poor.
Answer: The boy who has lost his watch is very poor. He cannot afford to buy a replacement anytime soon.
In simple words: This combines "The boy is very poor" and "He has lost his watch" using an adjective clause starting with "who".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the relative pronoun 'who' to describe a person in an adjective clause.

Question 2. The boy who was talking with you is our monitor.
Answer: The boy who was talking with you is our monitor. He is responsible for maintaining discipline in the classroom.
In simple words: This combines "The boy is our monitor" and "He was talking with you" using an adjective clause.

🎯 Exam Tip: Place the relative clause immediately after the noun it describes to avoid ambiguity.

Question 3. The boy who stood first this year is my friend.
Answer: The boy who stood first this year is my friend. We have been studying together since childhood.
In simple words: This combines "The boy is my friend" and "He stood first this year" using "who" to connect them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relative clauses help combine sentences by turning one of them into a description of a noun in the other.

Question 4. I shall go to Kanpur by the train which goes via Khurja.
Answer: I shall go to Kanpur by the train which goes via Khurja. This route is much faster and more convenient.
In simple words: This combines "I shall go to Kanpur by a train" and "The train goes via Khurja" using the relative pronoun "which".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'which' or 'that' for non-human subjects like trains, objects, or animals in adjective clauses.

Question 5. Take my pen which you like.
Answer: Take my pen which you like. It writes very smoothly and is perfect for exams.
In simple words: This combines "Take my pen" and "You like it" using "which" to refer to the pen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the relative pronoun directly follows its antecedent (the noun it refers to).

Question 6. Do not keep the company of the students who abuse others.
Answer: Do not keep the company of the students who abuse others. Good company helps in building a strong character.
In simple words: This combines "Do not keep company with certain students" and "They abuse others" using "who".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'who' when the antecedent is a plural human noun like 'students'.

Question 7. This is the same house which I bought four years ago.
Answer: This is the same house which I bought four years ago. It has a beautiful garden in the front yard.
In simple words: This combines "This is the house" and "I bought it four years ago" using "which" to connect them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Words like 'same' are often followed by relative pronouns like 'which' or 'that' to specify a particular object.

Question 8. Do you know the reason why he failed in the examination ?
Answer: Do you know the reason why he failed in the examination ? He did not prepare well and wasted his time.
In simple words: This combines "He failed in the examination" and "Do you know the reason?" using the relative adverb "why".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'why' to introduce an adjective clause that modifies the noun 'reason'.

Question 9. All know Makhan very well who is an artist.
Answer: All know Makhan very well who is an artist. His paintings have been exhibited in several national galleries.
In simple words: This combines "All know Makhan very well" and "He is an artist" using "who" to describe Makhan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Even if there are words between the noun and the relative pronoun, make sure the connection to the antecedent is clear.

Question 10. The teacher who teaches me is my father’s friend.
Answer: The teacher who teaches me is my father’s friend. They went to the same college many years ago.
In simple words: This combines "The teacher is my father's friend" and "She/He teaches me" using "who".

🎯 Exam Tip: Insert the relative clause directly inside the main clause, right after the subject it describes.

Question 11. I know the place where Shastriji was born.
Answer: I know the place where Shastriji was born. It is a historic location visited by many tourists.
In simple words: This combines "Shastriji was born at a place" and "I know it" using the relative adverb "where".

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'where' to introduce an adjective clause that modifies a noun representing a place.

Question 12.
Answer: All things which glitter are not gold. This means that outward appearances can often be deceptive and misleading.
In simple words: Just because something looks shiny and beautiful on the outside does not mean it is truly valuable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use relative clauses like 'which' to combine sentences effectively when describing objects or general truths.

Synthesis English Grammar Class 12 Exercise 14

Question 1.
Answer: He failed in the examination because he did not work hard. His lack of effort directly resulted in his poor performance.
In simple words: He did not study hard, so he failed his exam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'because' to show a clear cause-and-effect relationship between two actions.

Question 2.
Answer: Although I have no bicy e yet I will reach in time. I am determined to be punctual despite this obstacle.
In simple words: Even though I do not have a bicycle, I will still arrive on time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'although' is often paired with 'yet' in traditional grammar to show contrast.

Question 3.
Answer: As soon as the circus started, it began to rain heavily. The sudden downpour disrupted the outdoor event immediately.
In simple words: It started raining hard the very moment the circus show began.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a comma after the introductory 'as soon as' clause when it starts a sentence.

Question 4.
Answer: Although we are free yet we are not happy. True happiness requires more than just physical freedom.
In simple words: Even though we have freedom, we still do not feel happy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'although... yet' to connect two contrasting ideas in a complex sentence.

Question 5.
Answer: If he does not speak the truth, he will not be respected. Honesty is essential for earning the trust of others.
In simple words: People will not respect him if he tells lies.

🎯 Exam Tip: In conditional sentences, use the simple present tense in the 'if' clause and simple future in the main clause.

Question 6.
Answer: Suresh ate so much that he fell ill. Overeating can lead to immediate health issues.
In simple words: Suresh became sick because he ate too much food.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the 'so... that' structure to express a cause and its direct result.

Question 7.
Answer: The lion is too weak to walk. His advanced age and lack of food have left him completely exhausted.
In simple words: The lion is so weak that he cannot even walk.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'too... to' structure has a negative meaning and can be transformed using 'so... that... cannot'.

Question 8.
Answer: Although he does not work hard yet he will pass. He seems to have good luck or intelligence on his side.
In simple words: Even though he does not study hard, he will still pass his exams.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure the clauses on both sides of 'yet' show a clear contrast or unexpected outcome.

Question 9.
Answer: All love that boy because he is very gentle. His kind nature makes him popular among everyone.
In simple words: Everyone likes the boy because he is very polite and kind.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'because' to introduce a subordinate clause that explains the reason for the main action.

Question 10.
Answer: He will engage a private tutor because he is weak in English. Extra help will assist him in improving his language skills.
In simple words: He is going to hire a private teacher because he needs help with English.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always place the reason clause starting with 'because' after the main action clause for natural flow.

Excellent English Grammar Book Class 12 Solutions Exercise 15

Question 1.
Answer: He should either come to me or send his servant. This will ensure that the message is delivered promptly.
In simple words: He needs to do one of two things: visit me himself or send his servant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'either... or' to present two alternative choices clearly.

Question 2.
Answer: The patient died nevertheless the doctor did not come on time. The delay in medical attention was highly unfortunate.
In simple words: The patient passed away, and even then, the doctor did not arrive on time.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Nevertheless' is a transition word used to show contrast or an unexpected situation.

Question 3.
Answer: The sky was covered with clouds yet it did not rain. The weather remained dry despite the dark skies.
In simple words: There were many clouds in the sky, but it still did not rain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'yet' as a coordinating conjunction to join two contrasting independent clauses.

Question 4.
Answer: He is not only fat but ugly also. These physical traits make him stand out in a crowd.
In simple words: He is both overweight and not very good-looking.

🎯 Exam Tip: The correlative conjunction 'not only... but... also' is used to emphasize two related qualities.

Question 5.
Answer: I went to the teacher and requested him for coaching. I wanted to improve my understanding of the subject.
In simple words: I visited my teacher and asked him to give me extra lessons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'and' to connect two sequential actions performed by the same subject.

Question 6.
Answer: He does not reach his office in time yet his boss is happy with him. His high-quality work likely makes up for his lateness.
In simple words: Even though he is always late to the office, his boss is still pleased with him.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'yet' to show a surprising contrast between a habit and its consequence.

Question 7.
Answer: He is not only wise but intelligent also. He possesses both deep understanding and quick thinking skills.
In simple words: He is both smart and full of wisdom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep the grammatical structure parallel on both sides of 'not only' and 'but also'.

Question 8.
Answer: He started a business for he wants to be rich. He hopes that entrepreneurship will bring him financial success.
In simple words: He began his own business because he wants to make a lot of money.

🎯 Exam Tip: In formal writing, 'for' can be used as a coordinating conjunction meaning 'because'.

Question 9.
Answer: We shall face the enemy and sacrifice our lives. This shows our deep commitment to protecting our homeland.
In simple words: We will fight the enemy and give up our lives if necessary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'and' to link two brave actions that happen one after another.

Question 10.
Answer: He did his all papers good yet he failed badly. This unexpected result shocked everyone who knew him.
In simple words: He wrote all his exams well, but he still failed miserably.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'yet' to connect a positive effort with an unexpectedly negative outcome.

Class 12 English Grammar Up Board Exercise 16

Question 1.
Answer: The sun rose and filled the sky with light. The morning warmth quickly spread across the landscape.
In simple words: The sun came up and made the whole sky bright.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'and' to combine two closely related actions that happen in a natural sequence.

Question 2.
Answer: Good boys work but bad boys make mischiefs. This highlights the clear difference in their behavior.
In simple words: Well-behaved boys do their work, while naughty boys cause trouble.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'but' to show a direct contrast between two different groups or habits.

Question 3.
Answer: He does not know anything so he pretends ignorance. He acts this way to avoid answering difficult questions.
In simple words: He knows nothing, so he acts like he is completely unaware.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'so' to introduce the logical result or consequence of a situation.

Question 4.
Answer: Forests, besides giving us timber, also check soil erosion. They play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance.
In simple words: Apart from providing wood, forests also help stop the soil from washing away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'besides' followed by a gerund (-ing form) to add extra information about a subject.

Question 5.
Answer: We are all children of one God so we must love one another. This shared bond should inspire mutual respect and kindness.
In simple words: Since we are all created by the same God, we should love each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'so' to connect a spiritual or moral premise to its logical duty.

Question 6.
Answer: The brave face the challenges but cowards flee. This shows the fundamental difference in courage between people.
In simple words: Brave people stand and fight difficulties, but scared people run away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'but' to contrast the actions of two opposite types of people.

Question 7.
Answer: He could not go to the office because he was ill. His poor health forced him to stay home and rest.
In simple words: He stayed home from work because he was sick.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Because' is a subordinating conjunction used to state the reason for an event.

Question 8.
Answer: Mosquitoes spread malaria so we must destroy them. Eliminating their breeding grounds is key to public health.
In simple words: Mosquitoes carry a disease called malaria, so we need to get rid of them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'so' to connect a known danger to the action we must take to prevent it.

Question 9.
Answer: He must either work regularly or leave the job. His employer requires a firm commitment to the role.
In simple words: He has to choose between working daily or quitting his job.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'either... or' to present an ultimatum or two mutually exclusive choices.

Question 10.
Answer: He was injured in an accident so he went to a hospital but the doctor was not available. This unfortunate turn of events delayed his treatment.
In simple words: He got hurt in an accident and went to the hospital, but there was no doctor there to help him.

🎯 Exam Tip: You can combine multiple clauses using 'so' for result and 'but' for contrast in a compound-complex sentence.

English Grammar Book For Class 12 Up Board Exercise 17

From U.P. Board Examination Papers (2012)

Question 1.
Answer:
(i) My uncle cannot go for a morning walk because he is very weak.
(ii) Ram is wise as well as gentle.
In simple words: We join two related thoughts into a single sentence using connecting words like 'because' and 'as well as'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining sentences, ensure the conjunction correctly reflects the relationship (reason, addition, contrast) between the clauses.

Question 2.
Answer:
(i) The sun having set, the stars came up in the sky.
(ii) She and her friend are equally beautiful.
In simple words: The first sentence uses a participle construction to show one action following another, while the second compares two people of equal beauty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the nominative absolute structure ('The sun having set') when two actions have different subjects and one happens after the other.

Question 3.
Answer:
(i) His arrival is not known.
(ii) He worked hard because he wanted to pass.
In simple words: The first sentence is a simple statement about someone's arrival, and the second explains the reason behind working hard.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use noun clauses or adverb clauses of reason ('because') to combine sentences clearly depending on the context.

Question 4.
Answer:
(i) Do you know where has he gone?
(ii) A lame man is going to station.
In simple words: These sentences show how to ask about where someone went and describe a person walking towards a station.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to word order in indirect questions and the use of articles before nouns like 'station'.

Question 5.
Answer:
(i) An old woman was strolling on the road with a stick in her hand.
(ii) I cannot say that you are wrong.
In simple words: The first sentence describes an action with extra details, and the second uses a noun clause to express an opinion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use prepositional phrases ('with a stick in her hand') to add descriptive details to a simple sentence without making it complex.

Question 6.
Answer:
(i) The train had not arrived at the station by the time we reached there.
(ii) At the entry of the teacher in the class, the boys stood up.
In simple words: The first sentence shows one action happening before another in the past, and the second shows an immediate reaction to an event.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use past perfect tense ('had not arrived') for the action that happened first when describing two past events.

Question 7.
Answer:
(i) The work having been done, we went back home.
(ii) Tell me where you have put my book.
In simple words: The first sentence uses a participle to show a completed task before leaving, and the second asks for the location of a book.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the passive participle form ('having been done') when the action in the absolute clause is in the passive voice.

Question 8.
Answer:
(i) It being cold, no one went out.
(ii) I bought a pen which was costly.
In simple words: The first sentence explains that the cold weather kept everyone indoors, and the second describes an expensive pen that was purchased.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'being' with a nominative absolute when expressing a cause or reason related to weather or state.

Question 9.
Answer:
(i) He has three sons to educate.
(ii) When he heard the news, he was glad.
In simple words: The first sentence uses an infinitive to show purpose, and the second uses a time clause to show a reaction to news.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use an infinitive ('to educate') to express purpose or duty in a simple, concise manner.

Question 10.
Answer:
(i) He reads an old book.
(ii) The patient had died before the doctor came.
In simple words: The first sentence is a simple present tense statement, and the second shows an action completed before another past action.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to use past perfect ('had died') for the earlier action and simple past ('came') for the later action when using 'before'.

Question 11.
Answer:
(i) Although he is poor, he is happy.
(ii) He is too poor to buy a flat.
In simple words: The first sentence shows contrast using 'although', and the second shows a negative result using 'too... to'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'although' for contrasting ideas and the 'too + adjective + to-infinitive' structure to express negative capability.

Question 12.
Answer:
(i) Wise men do not quarrel over the things which are small.
(ii) After finishing his work, he went home.
In simple words: The first sentence describes how sensible people avoid small arguments, and the second shows someone going home after completing their tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use adjective clauses ('which are small') or prepositions with gerunds ('After finishing') to combine sentences effectively.

Question 13.
Answer:
(i) Having gone up the hill, Jack saw a python.
(ii) You must start now otherwise you will be late.
In simple words: The first sentence uses a perfect participle to show one action following another, and the second uses 'otherwise' to show a consequence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use perfect participles ('Having gone') to show that one action was fully completed before the next action started.

Question 14.
Answer:
(i) Although she is rich, she is not happy.
(ii) He is too fat to run fast.
In simple words: The first sentence shows that being rich does not guarantee happiness, and the second explains that someone's weight prevents them from running quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice transforming 'too... to' sentences into 'so... that... cannot' structures, as this is a very common exam question.

Question 15. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Tulsidas, a great poet, wrote the Ramcharitmanas, the holy book of the Hindus. This epic remains highly revered across generations.
(ii) Everything decays but books survive. They preserve knowledge for future generations.
In simple words: (i) We combine sentences by using a noun in apposition ('a great poet') to describe Tulsidas. (ii) We use 'but' to show contrast between things that fade away and books that last forever.

🎯 Exam Tip: When using nouns in apposition, make sure to place the descriptive phrase immediately after the noun it describes, set off by commas.

Question 16. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) This is the fact that the sun rises in the East. This universal truth is accepted by everyone.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi, a lover of peace and once a lawyer, preached non-violence.
In simple words: (i) We use a noun clause starting with 'that' to state a fact. (ii) We use commas to add extra details about Mahatma Gandhi directly after his name.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use noun clauses starting with 'that' to combine sentences that express facts or certainties clearly.

Question 17. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Being caught in the net deer struggled hard to escape. It tried its best to break free from the trap.
(ii) Do not delay in purchasing the book.
In simple words: (i) We use a participle clause ('Being caught...') to show the reason why the deer struggled. (ii) We use a gerund ('purchasing') after a preposition to make the sentence concise.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always place a comma after an introductory participle clause to ensure grammatical correctness and readability.

Question 18. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Ram, an intelligent boy studying in the 12th class, is very punctual. He always arrives on time for his lessons.
(ii) My niece who practises law is pursuing her research-work.
In simple words: (i) We describe Ram using a phrase set off by commas. (ii) We use the relative pronoun 'who' to connect the niece to her profession.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use relative pronouns like 'who' for people to combine two sentences into a single complex sentence smoothly.

Question 19. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) He came to my father and welcomed him warmly. This gesture showed his deep respect.
(ii) On his being absent, I gave the message to his wife.
In simple words: (i) We use 'and' to join two actions happening one after another. (ii) We use a prepositional phrase with a gerund ('On his being absent') to show the condition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Preposition + Gerund combinations are highly effective for converting complex clauses into simple, elegant sentences.

Question 20. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) By giving them his advice, he helped them liberally. His guidance proved to be extremely valuable to them.
(ii) As he could never get satisfaction, he gave up trying.
In simple words: (i) We use 'By + gerund' to show the method of helping. (ii) We use 'As' to introduce the reason why he stopped trying.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'by' followed by an '-ing' verb to clearly explain the method or means by which an action was completed.

Question 21. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Though the rent is high, the house is satisfactory. It meets all our family's basic requirements.
(ii) As he is ill he will not go to college.
In simple words: (i) 'Though' is used to show contrast between the high price and the good condition. (ii) 'As' is used to state the reason for not going to college.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to place a comma after the dependent clause when starting a sentence with subordinating conjunctions like 'Though' or 'As'.

Question 22. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Shakespeare, a great dramatist, wrote ‘The Merchant of Venice’. This play remains one of his most celebrated works.
(ii) Although I had seen the picture twice, I wanted to see it a third time.
In simple words: (i) We use a noun phrase in apposition to identify Shakespeare. (ii) 'Although' helps express a surprising contrast between seeing the movie twice and wanting to watch it again.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining sentences with contrasting ideas, 'although' is a powerful conjunction that helps create sophisticated complex sentences.

Question 23. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Although he is rich, he leads a simple life. He prefers to avoid any unnecessary luxury.
(ii) Last night being very hot, I could not have a sound sleep.
In simple words: (i) We use 'Although' to show that his simple lifestyle is unexpected given his wealth. (ii) We use a nominative absolute construction ('Last night being very hot') to explain the cause.

🎯 Exam Tip: A nominative absolute structure uses a noun followed by a participle to explain the reason or circumstances of the main clause.

Question 24. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) Seeing a small child very adeptly, he was overjoyed. The young child's skills were truly remarkable.
(ii) It is known to one and all that he is intelligent, studious and has a generous mind.
In simple words: (i) We use a participle clause ('Seeing...') to show the immediate cause of his joy. (ii) We use a noun clause starting with 'that' to express a widely known fact.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure parallel structure when listing qualities; here, 'intelligent, studious and generous' keeps the adjectives consistent.

Question 25. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) That animal may be a fish or a serpent but it must be one of them. It is difficult to identify it from this distance.
(ii) No one knows where he is going.
In simple words: (i) We use 'but' to connect two alternative possibilities with a certain conclusion. (ii) We use a noun clause ('where he is going') as the object of the verb 'knows'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use noun clauses introduced by question words like 'where', 'why', or 'how' to act as direct objects in complex sentences.

Question 26. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) He is a dull pupil yet he is very regular. His dedication to attending classes is highly commendable.
(ii) It is truly accepted by one and all that Abdul Kalam was a grea ted by one and all that Abdul Kalam was a great scientist, a popular teacher and the people’s president.
In simple words: (i) 'Yet' is used to show contrast between being dull and being regular. (ii) We use a noun clause starting with 'that' to state a universally accepted truth about Dr. Kalam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use coordinating conjunctions like 'yet' to connect contrasting independent clauses of equal grammatical rank.

Question 27. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) He has four children to support. Providing for such a large family requires hard work.
(ii) Being a true patriot, he will not betray his country.
In simple words: (i) We use an infinitive ('to support') to show purpose or obligation. (ii) We use a participle clause ('Being...') to explain the reason for his loyalty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Infinitives ('to + verb') are the simplest way to combine sentences that express purpose, duty, or future action.

Question 28. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) He saw a blind man. The man was trying to cross the busy street safely.
(ii) The boy was punished as well as fined.
In simple words: (i) We use a simple adjective ('blind') to describe the man directly. (ii) We use 'as well as' to combine two different consequences that happened to the boy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use cumulative conjunctions like 'as well as' to join two similar facts or actions without repeating the subject.

Question 29. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) A hungry tiger killed a hefty bullock. The predator had been searching for prey all day.
(ii) He ran so quickly that he soon overtook his father.
In simple words: (i) We place adjectives ('hungry', 'hefty') directly before the nouns they describe. (ii) We use the 'so... that' structure to show the result of his fast running.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'so + adjective/adverb + that' construction is perfect for showing cause and effect relationships between two clauses.

Question 30. Synthesize the sentences as directed:
Answer:
(i) He was so tired that he cannot stand. His long journey had completely exhausted his physical strength.
(ii) I have no money to spare.
In simple words: (i) We use 'so... that' to show the result of his extreme tiredness. (ii) We use an infinitive ('to spare') to show the purpose or availability of the money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always maintain tense consistency; if the main clause is in the past tense ('was'), the subordinate clause should also use past tense ('could not' instead of 'cannot').

Question 31.
(i) Tagore who was a great poet wrote a famous book, Gitanjali for which he was awarded with noble prize.
(ii) Wise men love truth whereas (while) fools shun it.
Answer:
(i) Tagore who was a great poet wrote a famous book, Gitanjali for which he was awarded with noble prize. Proper use of relative clauses helps combine complex thoughts about people and their achievements.
(ii) Wise men love truth whereas (while) fools shun it.
In simple words: These examples show how to join two separate ideas into one smooth sentence using connecting words like 'who' and 'whereas'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining sentences using relative pronouns like 'who' or 'which', ensure they are placed immediately after the noun they describe.

Question 32.
(i) I and my brother did not go to Lucknow.
(ii) It is known to all that honesty is the best policy.
Answer:
(i) I and my brother did not go to Lucknow. When combining subjects, the order of pronouns should be kept grammatically correct.
(ii) It is known to all that honesty is the best policy.
In simple words: These sentences demonstrate how to state facts clearly by grouping subjects together or using noun clauses starting with 'that'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use noun clauses starting with 'that' to combine sentences that express a widely known fact or certainty.

Question 33.
(i) The sun having set, the stars came up in the sky.
(ii) I reached home before the sun had set.
Answer:
(i) The sun having set, the stars came up in the sky. This structure uses a nominative absolute construction to show one action following another.
(ii) I reached home before the sun had set.
In simple words: These examples show how to connect two events in time using phrases like 'having set' or 'before'.

🎯 Exam Tip: A nominative absolute construction (Noun + Participle) is highly effective for combining sentences with different subjects.

Question 34.
(i) It must be done whatever the cost is.
(ii) The sailors casted the anchor to prevent the ship from drifting.
Answer:
(i) It must be done whatever the cost is. Adverbial clauses of concession help express determination regardless of the circumstances.
(ii) The sailors casted the anchor to prevent the ship from drifting.
In simple words: These sentences show how to explain the purpose of an action or express that something must happen no matter what.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use adverbial clauses of concession or purpose to show the relationship between an action and its condition or goal.

Question 35.
(i) Being ill, he went to school.
(ii) The boy failed many times so he gave up his studies.
Answer:
(i) Being ill, he went to school. Using a participle clause helps to show a contrast between a condition and an action.
(ii) The boy failed many times so he gave up his studies.
In simple words: These sentences show how to connect a person's condition or repeated actions to what they did next.

🎯 Exam Tip: Participles like 'Being' are excellent tools to synthesize sentences that show a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 36.
(i) He is intelligent and hardworking.
(ii) This is certain that good triumphs over evil in the end. (2018)
Answer:
(i) He is intelligent and hardworking. Combining adjectives with 'and' is a simple way to describe multiple qualities of a person.
(ii) This is certain that good triumphs over evil in the end. (2018)
In simple words: These sentences show how to combine multiple descriptions of a person or state a certain truth clearly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining simple sentences, look for common subjects to merge their qualities using coordinating conjunctions like 'and'.

Question 37.
(i) Delhi, the capital of India is an old city.
(ii) His complaint was that you had deceived him.
Answer:
(i) Delhi, the capital of India is an old city. Apposition allows us to add extra identifying information about a place directly after its name.
(ii) His complaint was that you had deceived him.
In simple words: These sentences show how to add extra details about a place or explain exactly what someone is complaining about.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use nouns in apposition (separated by commas) to define or describe a noun without starting a new sentence.

Question 38.
(i) On hearing the news of her husband’s death, she fainted.
(ii) He was obstinate so he was punished.
Answer:
(i) On hearing the news of her husband’s death, she fainted. Prepositional phrases with gerunds are useful for showing immediate reactions to an event.
(ii) He was obstinate so he was punished.
In simple words: These sentences show how to connect an action to its immediate cause or consequence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use prepositional phrases with gerunds (like 'On hearing') to combine sentences showing immediate sequential actions.

Question 39.
(i) Eat moderately let you should fall sick.
(ii) I am impressed with the boy whom you sent me yesterday.
Answer:
(i) Eat moderately let you should fall sick. Using conjunctions of purpose helps warn someone about negative consequences.
(ii) I am impressed with the boy whom you sent me yesterday.
In simple words: These sentences show how to give advice to prevent sickness or describe a specific person you met.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to conjunctions like 'lest' (or 'let' as written here) which are typically followed by the auxiliary verb 'should'.