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Class 11 Maths Chapter 3 त्रिकोणमितीय कार्य UP Board Solutions PDF
प्रश्नावली 3.1
Question 1. निम्नलिखित डिग्री माप के संगत रेडियन माप ज्ञात कीजिए।
(i) 25°
(ii) – 47° 30′
(iii) 240°
(iv) 520°
Answer:
(i) 25°
हम जानते हैं कि \( 180° = \pi \) रेडियन
इसलिए, \( 1° = \frac{\pi}{180} \) रेडियन
\( 25° = \frac{\pi}{180} \times 25 \) रेडियन
\( = \frac{5\pi}{36} \) रेडियन।
(ii) – 47° 30′
पहले डिग्री को रेडियन में बदलने से पहले पूरे माप को डिग्री में परिवर्तित करते हैं।
हम जानते हैं कि \( 60' = 1° \) तब \( 30' = \left(\frac{30}{60}\right)° = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)° \)
अतः \( -47° 30' = -\left(47 + \frac{1}{2}\right)° = -\left(\frac{95}{2}\right)° \)
हम जानते हैं कि \( 180° = \pi \) रेडियन
इसलिए, \( -\left(\frac{95}{2}\right)° = -\frac{\pi}{180} \times \frac{95}{2} \) रेडियन
\( = -\frac{19\pi}{72} \) रेडियन।
(iii) 240°
हम जानते हैं कि \( 180° = \pi \) रेडियन
इसलिए, \( 240° = \frac{\pi}{180} \times 240 \) रेडियन
\( = \frac{4\pi}{3} \) रेडियन।
(iv) 520°
हम जानते हैं कि \( 180° = \pi \) रेडियन
इसलिए, \( 520° = \frac{\pi}{180} \times 520 \) रेडियन
\( = \frac{26\pi}{9} \) रेडियन।
In simple words: रेडियन माप ज्ञात करने के लिए, हम डिग्री माप को \(\frac{\pi}{180}\) से गुणा करते हैं। मिश्रित डिग्री और मिनट के माप को पहले पूरी तरह से डिग्री में बदला जाता है, फिर रेडियन में परिवर्तित किया जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: डिग्री को रेडियन में बदलते समय, \(\frac{\pi}{180}\) से गुणा करना याद रखें। यदि माप में मिनट भी शामिल हैं, तो पहले उन्हें डिग्री में बदलें।
Question 1. सिद्ध कीजिए : \( 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{13} \cos \frac{9\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} = 0 \).
Answer:
हल : बायाँ पक्ष \( = 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{13} \cos \frac{9\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} \)
\( = \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{13} + \frac{9\pi}{13}\right) + \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{13} - \frac{9\pi}{13}\right) + \cos \frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} \)
[ \(\because 2 \cos A \cos B = \cos (A + B) + \cos (A - B) \) ]
\( = \cos \frac{10\pi}{13} + \cos \left(-\frac{8\pi}{13}\right) + \cos \frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} \)
\( = \cos \left(\pi - \frac{3\pi}{13}\right) + \cos \left(\pi - \frac{5\pi}{13}\right) + \cos \frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} \)
\( = -\cos \frac{3\pi}{13} - \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos \frac{5\pi}{13} \)
\( = 0 \) दायाँ पक्ष ।
In simple words: इस समस्या को हल करने के लिए, हमने सबसे पहले \(2 \cos A \cos B\) के सूत्र का उपयोग करके पहले पद को विस्तारित किया। फिर, हमने \(\cos(\pi - \theta) = -\cos\theta\) सूत्र का उपयोग करके पदों को सरल बनाया और देखा कि सभी पद एक-दूसरे को रद्द कर देते हैं, जिससे परिणाम शून्य आता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: त्रिकोणमितीय सर्वसमिकाओं, विशेष रूप से \(2 \cos A \cos B\) और \(\cos(\pi - \theta)\) जैसे कोणों को ध्यानपूर्वक लागू करना महत्वपूर्ण है।
Question 2. निम्नलिखित रेडियन माप के संगत डिग्री माप ज्ञात कीजिए (\( \pi = \frac{22}{7} \)) का प्रयोग करें:
(i) \( \frac{11}{16} \)
(ii) -4
(iii) \( \frac{5\pi}{3} \)
(iv) \( \frac{7\pi}{6} \)
Answer:
हल : हम जानते हैं कि \( \pi \) रेडियन \( = 180° \)
(i) \( \frac{11}{16} \) रेडियन \( = \frac{180}{\pi} \times \frac{11}{16} \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{180}{22/7} \times \frac{11}{16} \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{180 \times 7}{22} \times \frac{11}{16} \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{315}{8} \) डिग्री \( = 39 \frac{3}{8} \) डिग्री
\( = 39° \left(\frac{3}{8} \times 60\right)' \)
\( = 39° 22' \left(\frac{1}{2} \times 60\right)'' \)
\( = 39° 22' 30'' \)
(ii) - 4 रेडियन
हम जानते हैं कि \( \pi \) रेडियन \( = 180° \)
इसलिए, -4 रेडियन \( = \frac{180}{\pi} \times (-4) \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{180 \times 7}{22} \times (-4) \) डिग्री
\( = -\frac{2520}{11} \) डिग्री
\( = -229 \frac{1}{11} \) डिग्री
\( = -229° \left(\frac{1}{11} \times 60\right)' \)
\( = -229° 5' \left(\frac{5}{11} \times 60\right)'' \)
\( = -229° 5' 27'' \) (निकटतम) ।
(iii) \( \frac{5\pi}{3} \)
हल : हम जानते हैं कि \( \pi \) रेडियन \( = 180° \)
\( \frac{5\pi}{3} \) रेडियन \( = \frac{180}{\pi} \times \frac{5\pi}{3} \)
\( = 300° \)
(iv) \( \frac{7\pi}{6} \)
हल : हम जानते हैं कि \( \pi \) रेडियन \( = 180° \)
\( \frac{7\pi}{6} \) रेडियन \( = \frac{180}{\pi} \times \frac{7\pi}{6} \)
\( = 210° \)
In simple words: रेडियन माप को डिग्री में बदलने के लिए, दिए गए रेडियन मान को \(\frac{180}{\pi}\) से गुणा करते हैं। यदि मान में \(\pi\) शामिल नहीं है, तो \(\pi\) का मान \(\frac{22}{7}\) उपयोग करें और फिर मिनट और सेकंड में बदलने के लिए भिन्नात्मक भाग को 60 से गुणा करें।
🎯 Exam Tip: रेडियन को डिग्री में बदलते समय, \(\frac{180}{\pi}\) से गुणा करें। यदि \(\pi\) का मान \(\frac{22}{7}\) का प्रयोग करना हो तो ध्यान रखें, और भिन्नात्मक डिग्री को मिनट और सेकंड में बदलने की प्रक्रिया को याद रखें।
Question 3. एक-पहिया एक मिनट में 360° परिक्रमण करता है तो एक सेकंड में कितने रेडियन माप का कोण बनाएगा?
Answer:
हल: परिक्रमण में पहिया द्वारा बना कोण \( = 2\pi \) रेडियन
360 परिक्रमण में पहिया द्वारा बना कोण \( = 360 \times 2\pi \) रेडियन
1 मिनट अर्थात् 60 सेकण्ड में \( 360 \times 2\pi \) रेडियन का कोण बनता है।
1 सेकण्ट में पहिया द्वारा बना कोण \( = \frac{360 \times 2\pi}{60} \) रेडियन
\( = 12\pi \) रेडियन।
In simple words: एक पहिया एक परिक्रमण में \(2\pi\) रेडियन का कोण बनाता है। चूंकि यह एक मिनट (60 सेकंड) में 360 परिक्रमण करता है, तो कुल कोण को 60 से भाग देकर एक सेकंड में बना कोण ज्ञात किया जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: एक परिक्रमण \(2\pi\) रेडियन के बराबर होता है। समय की इकाइयों को (मिनट से सेकंड) सही ढंग से बदलना सुनिश्चित करें।
Question 4. एक वृत्त जिसकी त्रिज्या 100 सेमी है, 22 सेमी लंबाई की चाप वृत्त के केन्द्र पर कितने डिग्री माप का कोण बनाएगी ? (\( \pi = \frac{22}{7} \)) का प्रयोग कीजिए)
Answer:
हल :
जहाँ चाप, \( l = 22 \) सेमी
त्रिज्या, \( r = 100 \) सेमी
हम जानते हैं कि \( l = r \theta \)
\( 22 = 100 \times \theta \)
\( \theta = \frac{22}{100} \) रेडियन
डिग्री में बदलने के लिए:
\( \theta = \frac{22}{100} \times \frac{180}{\pi} \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{22}{100} \times \frac{180}{22/7} \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{22}{100} \times \frac{180 \times 7}{22} \) डिग्री
\( = \frac{63}{5} \) डिग्री
\( = 12.6 \) डिग्री
\( = 12° 36' \)।
In simple words: वृत्त के केंद्र पर चाप द्वारा बनाए गए कोण को रेडियन में \(\theta = \frac{l}{r}\) सूत्र से ज्ञात किया जाता है, जहाँ \(l\) चाप की लंबाई और \(r\) त्रिज्या है। फिर, इस रेडियन मान को डिग्री में बदलने के लिए \(\frac{180}{\pi}\) से गुणा किया जाता है, और भिन्नात्मक भाग को मिनट में बदला जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: चाप की लंबाई और त्रिज्या का उपयोग करके कोण को रेडियन में ज्ञात करें। डिग्री में बदलने के लिए \(\frac{180}{\pi}\) का गुणा करें और दिए गए \(\pi\) मान का उपयोग करें। डिग्री के भिन्नात्मक भाग को मिनट में परिवर्तित करना न भूलें।
Question 5. एक वृत्त जिसका व्यास 40 सेमी. है, की एक जीवा 20 सेमी. लंबाई की है तो इसके संगत छोटे चाप की लंबाई ज्ञात कीजिए ।
Answer:
हलः
व्यास \( = 40 \) सेमी
त्रिज्या \( = 20 \) सेमी
जीवा की लंबाई \( = 20 \) सेमी
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक वृत्त दिखाया गया है जिसका केंद्र O है। वृत्त की त्रिज्या OA और OB दोनों 20 सेमी हैं। AB जीवा भी 20 सेमी की है, जिससे OAB एक समबाहु त्रिभुज बनता है।
त्रिभुज OAB एक समबाहु त्रिभुज है
\( \angle AOB = 60° \)
रेडियन में कोण \( = 60 \times \frac{\pi}{180} \) रेडियन
\( = \frac{\pi}{3} \) रेडियन
मान लीजिए चाप AB \( = l \).
केन्द्र O पर चाप द्वारा बना कोण, \( \theta = \frac{\pi}{3} \) रेडियन
चाप AB की लम्बाई, \( l = r\theta = 20 \times \frac{\pi}{3} \) रेडियन।
In simple words: वृत्त के व्यास से त्रिज्या ज्ञात की जाती है। यदि जीवा की लंबाई त्रिज्या के बराबर है, तो केंद्र पर बनने वाला कोण 60° (या \(\frac{\pi}{3}\) रेडियन) होता है, क्योंकि यह एक समबाहु त्रिभुज बनाता है। चाप की लंबाई \(l = r\theta\) सूत्र का उपयोग करके निकाली जाती है।
🎯 Exam Tip: यदि वृत्त की जीवा की लंबाई उसकी त्रिज्या के बराबर हो, तो केंद्र पर बना कोण 60° होता है। डिग्री को रेडियन में बदलना और चाप की लंबाई का सूत्र \(l=r\theta\) का सही उपयोग करना सुनिश्चित करें।
Question 6. यदि दो वृत्तों के समान लंबाई वाले चाप अपने केन्द्रों पर क्रमशः 60° तथा 75° के कोण बनाते हों, तो उनके त्रिज्याओं का अनुपात ज्ञात कीजिए।
Answer:
हल: पहले वृत्त के लिए,
माना त्रिज्या \( = r_1 \)
चाप की लंबाई \( = l \)
चाप द्वारा केन्द्र पर बना कोण, \( \theta_1 = 60° \)
\( = 60 \times \frac{\pi}{180} \) रेडियन
\( = \frac{\pi}{3} \) रेडियन
\( l = r_1 \theta_1 \implies l = r_1 \frac{\pi}{3} \) ..........(i)
दूसरे वृत्त के लिए,
माना त्रिज्या \( = r_2 \)
चाप की लंबाई \( = l \)
चाप द्वारा केन्द्र पर बना कोण, \( \theta_2 = 75° \)
\( = 75 \times \frac{\pi}{180} \) रेडियन
\( = \frac{5\pi}{12} \) रेडियन
\( l = r_2 \theta_2 \implies l = r_2 \frac{5\pi}{12} \) ..........(ii)
समीकरण (i) को समीकरण (ii) से विभाजित करने पर
\( \frac{r_1 \pi/3}{r_2 5\pi/12} = \frac{l}{l} \)
\( \frac{r_1 \pi}{3} \times \frac{12}{r_2 5\pi} = 1 \)
\( \frac{r_1}{r_2} \times \frac{4}{5} = 1 \)
\( \frac{r_1}{r_2} = \frac{5}{4} = 5:4 \).
In simple words: दिए गए कोणों को डिग्री से रेडियन में परिवर्तित करें। चाप की लंबाई के सूत्र \(l = r\theta\) का उपयोग करके, प्रत्येक वृत्त के लिए \(r_1\) और \(r_2\) के लिए एक समीकरण स्थापित करें। चूंकि चाप की लंबाई समान है, दोनों समीकरणों को एक दूसरे से विभाजित करके त्रिज्याओं का अनुपात ज्ञात किया जा सकता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: कोणों को रेडियन में बदलना पहला कदम है। फिर, \(l=r\theta\) संबंध का उपयोग करके दो समीकरण स्थापित करें और अनुपात ज्ञात करने के लिए उन्हें हल करें। यह एक सामान्य पैटर्न है।
Question 7. 75 सेमी लम्बाई वाले एक दोलायमान दोलक का एक सिरे से दूसरे सिरे तक दोलन करने से जो कोण बनता है, उसका माप रेडियन में ज्ञात कीजिए, जबकि उसके नोक द्वारा बनाए गए चाप की लम्बाई निम्नलिखित हैं:
(i) 10 सेमी
(ii) 15 सेमी
(iii) 21 सेमी
Answer:
हल : त्रिज्या \( = 75 \) सेमी
(i) चाप की लम्बाई \( l_1 = 10 \) सेमी
यदि चाप द्वारा केन्द्र पर बना कोण \(\theta_1\) रेडियन हो, तो
\( l_1 = r\theta_1 \)
\( 10 = 75\theta_1 \)
\( \theta_1 = \frac{10}{75} = \frac{2}{15} \) रेडियन।
(ii) \( r = 75 \) सेमी तथा \( l_2 = 15 \) सेमी
\( l_2 = r\theta_2 \)
\( \theta_2 = \frac{l_2}{r} = \frac{15}{75} = \frac{1}{5} \) रेडियन ।
(iii) \( l_3 = 21 \) सेमी, \( r = 75 \) सेमी
\( \theta_3 = \frac{l_3}{r} = \frac{21}{75} = \frac{7}{25} \) रेडियन।
In simple words: दोलक की लंबाई त्रिज्या का कार्य करती है। दोलक की नोक द्वारा बनाई गई चाप की लंबाई और दोलक की लंबाई का उपयोग करके \(\theta = \frac{l}{r}\) सूत्र से केंद्र पर बने कोण को रेडियन में सीधे ज्ञात किया जा सकता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: यह एक सीधा अनुप्रयोग है \(l = r\theta\) सूत्र का। सुनिश्चित करें कि आप चाप की लंबाई और त्रिज्या के सही मानों का उपयोग करके कोण को रेडियन में व्यक्त करें।
प्रश्नावली 3.2
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से पाँच अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
Question 1. \( \cos x = \frac{-1}{2} \), x तीसरे चतुर्थाश में स्थित है।
Answer:
हल : तीसरे चतुर्थांश में \(\cos x\) ऋणात्मक और \(\tan x\) धनात्मक होता है।
\( \sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1 \)
\( \sin^2 x = 1 - \cos^2 x = 1 - \left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)^2 \)
\( = 1 - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{3}{4} \)
\( \sin x = \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \)
चूंकि x तीसरे चतुर्थांश में है, \(\sin x\) ऋणात्मक है।
इसलिए, \( \sin x = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \)
\( \tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} = \frac{-\sqrt{3}/2}{-1/2} = \sqrt{3} \)
अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलन हैं:
\( \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{-\sqrt{3}/2} = -\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} \)
\( \sec x = \frac{1}{\cos x} = \frac{1}{-1/2} = -2 \)
\( \cot x = \frac{1}{\tan x} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \)
In simple words: \(\cos x\) का मान और x के चतुर्थांश का उपयोग करके, पाइथागोरस सर्वसमिका (\(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1\)) से \(\sin x\) ज्ञात करते हैं। फिर, \(\tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\) से \(\tan x\) ज्ञात करते हैं, और इन मानों के व्युत्क्रम से अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलन ज्ञात करते हैं, सभी में चतुर्थांश के अनुसार उचित चिह्न का ध्यान रखा जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: दिए गए त्रिकोणमितीय अनुपात और चतुर्थांश के आधार पर अन्य अनुपातों की गणना करते समय चतुर्थांश नियमों का सही अनुप्रयोग महत्वपूर्ण है। पाइथागोरस सर्वसमिका और व्युत्क्रम संबंध याद रखें।
Question 2. \( \sin x = \frac{3}{5} \), x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
Answer:
हल : \(\triangle OAB\) में, (माना OA \( = -1\), AB \( = \sqrt{3}\), OB \( = 2 \) से सम्बंधित नहीं है, यह पिछले हल से गलत OCR है, सही आकृति की आवश्यकता है)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक समकोण त्रिभुज OAB दिखाया गया है, जहाँ कोण O पर है और AB y-अक्ष के समानांतर है। त्रिभुज दूसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है। OA ऋणात्मक x-अक्ष पर, AB धनात्मक y-अक्ष पर, और OB कर्ण है। (इसमें x-निर्देशांक ऋणात्मक और y-निर्देशांक धनात्मक होगा)
\(\sin x = \frac{3}{5}\), x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
दूसरे चतुर्थांश में \(\sin x\) धनात्मक होता है और \(\cos x\) ऋणात्मक होता है।
\( \sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1 \)
\( \cos^2 x = 1 - \sin^2 x = 1 - \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^2 \)
\( = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25} \)
\( \cos x = \pm \frac{4}{5} \)
चूंकि x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है, \(\cos x\) ऋणात्मक है।
इसलिए, \( \cos x = -\frac{4}{5} \)
\( \tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} = \frac{3/5}{-4/5} = -\frac{3}{4} \)
अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलन हैं:
\( \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{3/5} = \frac{5}{3} \)
\( \sec x = \frac{1}{\cos x} = \frac{1}{-4/5} = -\frac{5}{4} \)
\( \cot x = \frac{1}{\tan x} = \frac{1}{-3/4} = -\frac{4}{3} \)
In simple words: \(\sin x\) और चतुर्थांश का उपयोग करके, \(\cos x\) को \(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1\) से ज्ञात करते हैं, चतुर्थांश के अनुसार सही चिह्न चुनते हुए। फिर, \(\tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\) से \(\tan x\) ज्ञात करते हैं। अंत में, इनके व्युत्क्रमों का उपयोग करके शेष तीन त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों को ज्ञात किया जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: दूसरे चतुर्थांश में \(\sin\) और \(\operatorname{cosec}\) धनात्मक होते हैं, जबकि अन्य सभी फलन ऋणात्मक होते हैं। चिह्न के नियमों को ध्यान से लागू करें।
Question 3. \( \cot x = \frac{3}{4} \), x तृतीय चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
Answer:
हल: \( \cot x = \frac{3}{4} \), x तृतीय चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
तृतीय चतुर्थांश में \(\tan x\) और \(\cot x\) धनात्मक होते हैं, जबकि \(\sin x\) और \(\cos x\) ऋणात्मक होते हैं।
\( \tan x = \frac{1}{\cot x} = \frac{1}{3/4} = \frac{4}{3} \)
\( \sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x = 1 + \left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^2 \)
\( = 1 + \frac{16}{9} = \frac{9+16}{9} = \frac{25}{9} \)
\( \sec x = \pm \frac{5}{3} \)
चूंकि x तृतीय चतुर्थांश में है, \(\sec x\) ऋणात्मक है।
इसलिए, \( \sec x = -\frac{5}{3} \)
\( \cos x = \frac{1}{\sec x} = \frac{1}{-5/3} = -\frac{3}{5} \)
\( \sin x = \tan x \cos x = \frac{4}{3} \times \left(-\frac{3}{5}\right) = -\frac{4}{5} \)
अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलन हैं:
\( \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{-4/5} = -\frac{5}{4} \)
In simple words: \(\cot x\) का मान और x के तृतीय चतुर्थांश में होने का उपयोग करके, पहले \(\tan x\) ज्ञात करते हैं। फिर, \(\sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x\) से \(\sec x\) ज्ञात करते हैं और उचित चिह्न का चयन करते हैं। \(\cos x\) \(\sec x\) का व्युत्क्रम है। अंत में, \(\sin x = \tan x \cos x\) से \(\sin x\) ज्ञात करते हैं, और \(\operatorname{cosec} x\) \(\sin x\) का व्युत्क्रम है।
🎯 Exam Tip: तृतीय चतुर्थांश में \(\tan\) और \(\cot\) धनात्मक होते हैं। \(\sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x\) सर्वसमिका का उपयोग करें और ध्यान दें कि \(\sec x\) तृतीय चतुर्थांश में ऋणात्मक होता है।
Question 4. \( \sec x = \frac{13}{5} \), x चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
Answer:
हल : \( \sec x = \frac{13}{5} \), x चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में \(\cos x\) और \(\sec x\) धनात्मक होते हैं, जबकि अन्य सभी फलन ऋणात्मक होते हैं।
\( \cos x = \frac{1}{\sec x} = \frac{1}{13/5} = \frac{5}{13} \)
\( \sin^2 x = 1 - \cos^2 x = 1 - \left(\frac{5}{13}\right)^2 \)
\( = 1 - \frac{25}{169} = \frac{169-25}{169} = \frac{144}{169} \)
\( \sin x = \pm \frac{12}{13} \)
चूंकि x चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में है, \(\sin x\) ऋणात्मक है।
इसलिए, \( \sin x = -\frac{12}{13} \)
\( \tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} = \frac{-12/13}{5/13} = -\frac{12}{5} \)
अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलन हैं:
\( \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{-12/13} = -\frac{13}{12} \)
\( \cot x = \frac{1}{\tan x} = \frac{1}{-12/5} = -\frac{5}{12} \)
In simple words: \(\sec x\) और x के चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में होने का उपयोग करके, \(\cos x\) को \(\sec x\) के व्युत्क्रम के रूप में ज्ञात करते हैं। फिर, \(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1\) से \(\sin x\) ज्ञात करते हैं, चतुर्थांश के अनुसार सही चिह्न चुनते हुए। \(\tan x\) \(\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\) से ज्ञात होता है। अंत में, इनके व्युत्क्रमों का उपयोग करके शेष त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों को ज्ञात किया जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में \(\cos\) और \(\sec\) धनात्मक होते हैं। \(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1\) का उपयोग करें और ध्यान दें कि \(\sin x\) चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश में ऋणात्मक होता है।
Question 5. \( \tan x = -\frac{5}{12} \), x दुसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
Answer:
हल : \( \tan x = -\frac{5}{12} \), x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
दूसरे चतुर्थांश में \(\tan x\) ऋणात्मक होता है। \(\sin x\) धनात्मक और \(\cos x\) ऋणात्मक होता है।
\( \sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x = 1 + \left(-\frac{5}{12}\right)^2 \)
\( = 1 + \frac{25}{144} = \frac{144+25}{144} = \frac{169}{144} \)
\( \sec x = \pm \frac{13}{12} \)
चूंकि x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है, \(\sec x\) ऋणात्मक है।
इसलिए, \( \sec x = -\frac{13}{12} \)
\( \cos x = \frac{1}{\sec x} = \frac{1}{-13/12} = -\frac{12}{13} \)
\( \sin x = \tan x \cos x = \left(-\frac{5}{12}\right) \times \left(-\frac{12}{13}\right) = \frac{5}{13} \)
अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलन हैं:
\( \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{5/13} = \frac{13}{5} \)
\( \cot x = \frac{1}{\tan x} = \frac{1}{-5/12} = -\frac{12}{5} \)
In simple words: \(\tan x\) का मान और x के दूसरे चतुर्थांश में होने का उपयोग करके, पहले \(\sec x\) को \(\sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x\) से ज्ञात करते हैं, चतुर्थांश के अनुसार सही चिह्न चुनते हुए। \(\cos x\) \(\sec x\) का व्युत्क्रम है। \(\sin x\) को \(\tan x \cos x\) से ज्ञात करते हैं। अंत में, इनके व्युत्क्रमों का उपयोग करके शेष तीन त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों को ज्ञात किया जाता है।
🎯 Exam Tip: दूसरे चतुर्थांश में \(\tan\) और \(\cot\) ऋणात्मक होते हैं। \(\sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x\) सर्वसमिका का उपयोग करें और \(\sec x\) दूसरे चतुर्थांश में ऋणात्मक होता है, इस पर ध्यान दें।
प्रश्न संख्या 6 से 10 तक के मान ज्ञात कीजिए:
Question 6. \( \sin 765° \)
Answer:
हल : \( \sin 765° = \sin (2 \times 360° + 45°) \)
[ \(\because \sin (360° + \theta) = \sin \theta \) ]
\( = \sin 45° \)
\( = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \)
In simple words: \( \sin 765° \) का मान ज्ञात करने के लिए, हमने 765° को \( n \times 360° + \theta \) के रूप में लिखा। चूंकि \( 765° = 2 \times 360° + 45° \), और \(\sin (360° + \theta) = \sin \theta\) होता है, तो \( \sin 765° = \sin 45° \) होता है, जिसका मान \( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \) है।
🎯 Exam Tip: \( \sin(n \times 360° + \theta) = \sin \theta \) सूत्र का उपयोग करें, जहाँ \( n \) एक पूर्णांक है। यह बड़े कोणों को छोटे कोणों में बदलने के लिए उपयोगी है।
Question 7. \( \operatorname{cosec} (-1410)° \)
Answer:
हल : \( \operatorname{cosec} (-1410)° = -\operatorname{cosec} 1410° \)
[ \(\because \operatorname{cosec} (-\theta) = -\operatorname{cosec} \theta \) ]
\( = -\operatorname{cosec} (4 \times 360° - 30°) \)
[ \(\because \operatorname{cosec} (360° - \theta) = -\operatorname{cosec} \theta \) या \(\operatorname{cosec} (n \times 360° - \theta) = -\operatorname{cosec} \theta \) ]
\( = -(-\operatorname{cosec} 30°) \)
\( = \operatorname{cosec} 30° \)
\( = 2 \).
In simple words: \( \operatorname{cosec} (-1410)° \) का मान ज्ञात करने के लिए, हमने पहले \(\operatorname{cosec} (-\theta) = -\operatorname{cosec} \theta\) सूत्र का उपयोग किया। फिर, \(1410°\) को \(n \times 360° - \theta\) के रूप में व्यक्त किया। चूंकि \(1410° = 4 \times 360° - 30°\) और \(\operatorname{cosec}(360° - \theta) = -\operatorname{cosec} \theta\), इसलिए मान \( \operatorname{cosec} 30° \) के बराबर आता है, जो 2 है।
🎯 Exam Tip: त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के ऋणात्मक कोण गुणों (\(\operatorname{cosec} (-\theta) = -\operatorname{cosec} \theta\)) और बड़े कोणों को सरल बनाने के लिए \( n \times 360° \pm \theta \) के सूत्रों को याद रखें।
Question 8. \( \tan \frac{19\pi}{3} \)
Answer:
हल : \( \tan \frac{19\pi}{3} = \tan \left(6\pi + \frac{\pi}{3}\right) \)
[ \(\because \tan (n\pi + \theta) = \tan \theta \) ]
\( = \tan \frac{\pi}{3} \)
\( = \tan 60° = \sqrt{3} \).
In simple words: \( \tan \frac{19\pi}{3} \) का मान ज्ञात करने के लिए, हमने कोण को \((n\pi + \theta)\) के रूप में व्यक्त किया, जहाँ \(n\) एक पूर्णांक है। \( \frac{19\pi}{3} \) को \( 6\pi + \frac{\pi}{3} \) के रूप में लिखने पर, \(\tan (n\pi + \theta) = \tan \theta\) के सूत्र का उपयोग करके यह \( \tan \frac{\pi}{3} \) के बराबर हो जाता है, जिसका मान \(\sqrt{3}\) है।
🎯 Exam Tip: \( \tan(n\pi + \theta) = \tan \theta \) और \(\tan(n\pi - \theta) = -\tan \theta \) जैसे सूत्र महत्वपूर्ण हैं। \( \frac{19\pi}{3} \) को मिश्रित भिन्न के रूप में देखकर \( 6\frac{1}{3}\pi \) लिखने से भी \( 6\pi + \frac{\pi}{3} \) समझना आसान होता है।
Question 9. \( \sin \left(\frac{-11\pi}{3}\right) \).
Answer:
हल : \( \sin \left(\frac{-11\pi}{3}\right) = -\sin \frac{11\pi}{3} \)
[ \(\because \sin (-\theta) = -\sin \theta \) ]
\( = -\sin \left(4\pi - \frac{\pi}{3}\right) \)
[ \(\because \sin (n\pi - \theta) = -\sin \theta \) जब \( n \) सम हो, या \(\sin (2\pi - \theta) = -\sin \theta \) ]
\( = -(-\sin \frac{\pi}{3}) \)
\( = \sin \frac{\pi}{3} \)
\( = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \).
In simple words: \( \sin \left(\frac{-11\pi}{3}\right) \) का मान ज्ञात करने के लिए, हमने पहले \(\sin (-\theta) = -\sin \theta\) सूत्र का उपयोग किया। फिर, \(\frac{11\pi}{3}\) को \(4\pi - \frac{\pi}{3}\) के रूप में व्यक्त किया। चूंकि \( \sin (2n\pi - \theta) = -\sin \theta \), इसलिए \( -\sin (4\pi - \frac{\pi}{3}) \) \(( -(-\sin \frac{\pi}{3}) ) \) के बराबर होता है, जो \( \sin \frac{\pi}{3} \) है और इसका मान \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) है।
🎯 Exam Tip: \(\sin (-\theta) = -\sin \theta \) और \(\sin (n\pi \pm \theta)\) के नियमों का उपयोग बड़े कोणों को सरल बनाने के लिए करें। \( \frac{11\pi}{3} \) को \( 3\frac{2}{3}\pi \) या \( 4\pi - \frac{\pi}{3} \) के रूप में पहचानना महत्वपूर्ण है।
Question 10. \( \cot \left(\frac{-15\pi}{4}\right) \).
Answer:
हल : \( \cot \left(\frac{-15\pi}{4}\right) = -\cot \frac{15\pi}{4} \)
[ \(\because \cot (-\theta) = -\cot \theta \) ]
\( = -\cot \left(4\pi - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \)
[ \(\because \cot (n\pi - \theta) = -\cot \theta \) जब \( n \) सम हो, या \(\cot (2\pi - \theta) = -\cot \theta \) ]
\( = -(-\cot \frac{\pi}{4}) \)
\( = \cot \frac{\pi}{4} \)
\( = 1 \).
In simple words: \( \cot \left(\frac{-15\pi}{4}\right) \) का मान ज्ञात करने के लिए, हमने पहले \(\cot (-\theta) = -\cot \theta\) सूत्र का उपयोग किया। फिर, \(\frac{15\pi}{4}\) को \(4\pi - \frac{\pi}{4}\) के रूप में व्यक्त किया। चूंकि \( \cot (2n\pi - \theta) = -\cot \theta \), इसलिए \( -\cot (4\pi - \frac{\pi}{4}) \) \(( -(-\cot \frac{\pi}{4}) ) \) के बराबर होता है, जो \( \cot \frac{\pi}{4} \) है और इसका मान 1 है।
🎯 Exam Tip: \(\cot (-\theta) = -\cot \theta \) और \(\cot (n\pi \pm \theta)\) के नियमों का उपयोग बड़े कोणों को सरल बनाने के लिए करें। \( \frac{15\pi}{4} \) को \( 3\frac{3}{4}\pi \) या \( 4\pi - \frac{\pi}{4} \) के रूप में पहचानना महत्वपूर्ण है।
प्रश्नावली 3.3
Question 1. सिद्ध कीजिए: \(\sin^2 \frac{\pi}{6} + \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{3} - \tan^2 \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{2}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{6} + \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{3} - \tan^2 \frac{\pi}{4} \]
\[ = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 - (1)^2 \quad \left( \because \sin \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{1}{2}, \cos \frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{1}{2}, \tan \frac{\pi}{4} = 1 \right) \]
\[ = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} - 1 \]
\[ = \frac{1+1}{4} - 1 \]
\[ = \frac{2}{4} - 1 \]
\[ = \frac{1}{2} - 1 \]
\[ = -\frac{1}{2} = \text{दायाँ पक्ष ।} \]
In simple words: We calculated the value of the expression by substituting the known trigonometric values for the given angles. The sum of the first two terms is 1/2, and subtracting 1 from it results in -1/2.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember standard trigonometric values for common angles (like \(30^\circ, 45^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ\)) and how to apply them in expressions. Pay close attention to the signs and squares of the values.
Question 2. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(2 \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{6} + \text{cosec}^2 \frac{7\pi}{6} \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{3}{2}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = 2 \sin^2 \frac{\pi}{6} + \text{cosec}^2 \frac{7\pi}{6} \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{3} \]
\[ = 2 \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + \text{cosec}^2 \left(\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}\right) \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 \]
\text{
} \(\left( \because \sin 30^\circ = \frac{1}{2}, \cos 60^\circ = \frac{1}{2} \right)\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \text{cosec} (\pi + \theta) = - \text{cosec} \theta \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \text{cosec} 30^\circ = 2 \right]\)
\[ = 2 \times \frac{1}{4} + \left(- \text{cosec} \frac{\pi}{6}\right)^2 \times \frac{1}{4} \]
\[ = \frac{1}{2} + (-2)^2 \times \frac{1}{4} \]
\[ = \frac{1}{2} + 4 \times \frac{1}{4} \]
\[ = \frac{1}{2} + 1 \]
\[ = \frac{3}{2} = \text{दायाँ पक्ष ।} \]
In simple words: We simplified the expression by converting angles to their principal values and substituting standard trigonometric ratios. Using the identity \(\text{cosec}(\pi + \theta) = -\text{cosec}\theta\), we evaluated the cosecant term, leading to the desired result.
🎯 Exam Tip: Be proficient with quadrant rules for trigonometric functions, especially identities like \(\text{cosec}(\pi+\theta)\) or \(\sin(\pi-\theta)\). These are crucial for simplifying expressions involving angles outside the first quadrant.
Question 3. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cot^2 \frac{\pi}{6} + \text{cosec} \frac{5\pi}{6} + 3 \tan^2 \frac{\pi}{6} = 6\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cot^2 \frac{\pi}{6} + \text{cosec} \frac{5\pi}{6} + 3 \tan^2 \frac{\pi}{6} \]
\[ = (\sqrt{3})^2 + \text{cosec} \left(\pi - \frac{\pi}{6}\right) + 3 \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2 \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cot \frac{\pi}{6} = \sqrt{3}, \tan \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \right]\)
\[ = 3 + \text{cosec} \frac{\pi}{6} + 3 \times \frac{1}{3} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \text{cosec} (\pi - \theta) = \text{cosec} \theta \right]\)
\[ = 3 + 2 + 1 \]
\[ = 6 = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: The expression was evaluated by substituting the exact values of \(\cot(\pi/6)\), \(\text{cosec}(5\pi/6)\) (which simplifies to \(\text{cosec}(\pi/6)\)), and \(\tan(\pi/6)\). Adding these values together yields 6, proving the identity.
🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing trigonometric values for common angles and understanding reduction formulas for angles in different quadrants is key. Always simplify angles to their principal values before substitution.
Question 4. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(2 \sin^2 \frac{3\pi}{4} + 2 \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{4} + 2 \sec^2 \frac{\pi}{3} = 10\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = 2 \sin^2 \frac{3\pi}{4} + 2 \cos^2 \frac{\pi}{4} + 2 \sec^2 \frac{\pi}{3} \]
\[ = 2 \sin^2 \left(\pi - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) + 2 \times \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2 + 2 \times (2)^2 \]
\(\text{
} \left( \because \cos \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \sec \frac{\pi}{3} = 2 \right)\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin (\pi - \theta) = \sin \theta \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left( \because \sin \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right)\)
\[ = 2 \times \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2 + 2 \times \frac{1}{2} + 2 \times 4 \]
\[ = 2 \times \frac{1}{2} + 1 + 8 \]
\[ = 1 + 1 + 8 \]
\[ = 10 = \text{दायाँ पक्ष ।} \]
In simple words: The expression was simplified by using the identity \(\sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta\) to find \(\sin(3\pi/4)\), and then substituting the standard trigonometric values for \(\cos(\pi/4)\) and \(\sec(\pi/3)\). Summing the resulting terms gives 10.
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the squares of trigonometric functions. Remember that \(\sin^2\theta\) means \((\sin\theta)^2\). Also, apply angle reduction formulas correctly for angles outside the first quadrant, like \(\sin(3\pi/4)\).
Question 5. मान ज्ञात कीजिए:
(i) sin (75°)
(ii) tan 15°
Answer:
हल :
(i) sin (75°)
\[ \sin (75^\circ) = \sin (45^\circ + 30^\circ) \]
\[ = \sin 45^\circ \cos 30^\circ + \cos 45^\circ \sin 30^\circ \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin (A + B) = \sin A \cos B + \cos A \sin B \right]\)
\[ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \times \frac{1}{2} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \cos 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \cos 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, \sin 30^\circ = \frac{1}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{\sqrt{3}+1}{2\sqrt{2}} \]
(ii) tan 15°
\[ \tan 15^\circ = \tan (45^\circ - 30^\circ) \]
\[ = \frac{\tan 45^\circ - \tan 30^\circ}{1 + \tan 45^\circ \tan 30^\circ} \]
\(\text{
} \left( \tan (A-B) = \frac{\tan A - \tan B}{1 + \tan A \tan B} \right)\)
\[ = \frac{1 - \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{1 + 1 \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}} \]
\(\text{
} \left( \because \tan 45^\circ = 1, \tan 30^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \right)\)
\[ = \frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\frac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{3}}} \]
\[ = \frac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{3}+1} \times \frac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{3}-1} \]
\[ = \frac{(\sqrt{3}-1)^2}{3-1} \]
\[ = \frac{3+1-2\sqrt{3}}{2} \]
\[ = \frac{4-2\sqrt{3}}{2} \]
\[ = 2-\sqrt{3}. \]
In simple words: For \( \sin(75^\circ) \), we used the sum identity \(\sin(A+B)\) with \(45^\circ\) and \(30^\circ\). For \( \tan(15^\circ) \), we used the difference identity \(\tan(A-B)\) with \(45^\circ\) and \(30^\circ\). Both calculations involve substituting standard trigonometric values.
🎯 Exam Tip: Learn and memorize the trigonometric sum and difference formulas (\(\sin(A \pm B)\), \(\cos(A \pm B)\), \(\tan(A \pm B)\)). These are fundamental for evaluating trigonometric values of angles that are combinations of standard angles.
Question 6. सिद्ध कीजिए \(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right) \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-y\right) - \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right) \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-y\right) = \sin (x+y)\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right) \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-y\right) - \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right) \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-y\right) \]
\[ = \cos \left[ \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right) + \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-y\right) \right] \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos A \cos B - \sin A \sin B = \cos (A + B) \right]\)
\[ = \cos \left[ \frac{\pi}{2} - (x+y) \right] \]
\[ = \sin (x + y) = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: The expression matches the identity \(\cos A \cos B - \sin A \sin B = \cos(A+B)\). By substituting \(A = (\pi/4 - x)\) and \(B = (\pi/4 - y)\), the expression simplifies to \(\cos(\pi/2 - (x+y))\), which is equivalent to \(\sin(x+y)\) using the complementary angle identity.
🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize compound angle identities. This problem directly tests the application of the \(\cos(A+B)\) formula in reverse, followed by the complementary angle identity \(\cos(\pi/2 - \theta) = \sin\theta\).
Question 7. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}+x\right)}{\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right)} = \left(\frac{1+\tan x}{1-\tan x}\right)^2\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}+x\right)}{\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right)} \]
\[ \text{अब } \tan (A + B) = \frac{\tan A + \tan B}{1-\tan A \tan B} \]
\[ \text{और } \tan (A - B) = \frac{\tan A - \tan B}{1+\tan A \tan B} \text{ के प्रयोग से,} \]
\[ \tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}+x\right) = \frac{\tan \frac{\pi}{4} + \tan x}{1 - \tan \frac{\pi}{4} \tan x} \]
\[ = \frac{1 + \tan x}{1 - \tan x} \]
\[ \tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-x\right) = \frac{\tan \frac{\pi}{4} - \tan x}{1 + \tan \frac{\pi}{4} \tan x} \]
\[ = \frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \tan \frac{\pi}{4} = 1 \right]\)
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\frac{1 + \tan x}{1 - \tan x}}{\frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x}} \]
\[ = \frac{1 + \tan x}{1 - \tan x} \times \frac{1 + \tan x}{1 - \tan x} = \frac{(1 + \tan x)^2}{(1 - \tan x)^2} \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We used the tangent sum and difference formulas for \( \tan(A \pm B) \) with \( A = \pi/4 \) and \( B = x \). Since \( \tan(\pi/4) = 1 \), the numerator simplifies to \( (1+\tan x)/(1-\tan x) \) and the denominator to \( (1-\tan x)/(1+\tan x) \). Dividing these expressions gives the square of \( (1+\tan x)/(1-\tan x) \).
🎯 Exam Tip: Master the \(\tan(A \pm B)\) formulas and remember that \(\tan(\pi/4) = 1\). This shortcut simplifies many trigonometric expressions and is frequently tested.
Question 8. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\cos(\pi+x)\cos(-x)}{\sin (\pi-x)\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}+x\right)} = \cot^2 x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\cos (\pi + x)\cos (-x)}{\sin (\pi - x)\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}+x\right)} \]
\[ \text{अब } \cos (\pi + x) = - \cos x, \cos (-x) = \cos x, \]
\[ \text{और } \sin (\pi - x) = \sin x, \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2}+x\right) = - \sin x \text{ के प्रयोग से,} \]
\(\text{
} \implies \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{(- \cos x) \times \cos x}{\sin x (- \sin x)} \]
\[ = \frac{- \cos^2 x}{- \sin^2 x} \]
\[ = \frac{\cos^2 x}{\sin^2 x} \]
\[ = \cot^2 x = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: This problem involves simplifying each trigonometric term using quadrant rules: \(\cos(\pi+x) = -\cos x\), \(\cos(-x) = \cos x\), \(\sin(\pi-x) = \sin x\), and \(\cos(\pi/2+x) = -\sin x\). Substituting these simplified terms into the expression leads to \((-\cos^2 x)/ (-\sin^2 x)\), which equals \(\cot^2 x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: A solid understanding of the sign conventions and identities for angles in different quadrants (\(\pi \pm \theta\), \(\pi/2 \pm \theta\), \(2\pi \pm \theta\)) is fundamental. Practice simplifying expressions using these reduction formulas.
Question 9. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{2} + x\right) \cos (2\pi + x) \left[\cot \left(\frac{3\pi}{2} - x\right) + \cot (2\pi + x)\right] = 1\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{2} + x\right) \cos (2\pi + x) \left[\cot \left(\frac{3\pi}{2} - x\right) + \cot (2\pi + x)\right] \]
\[ \text{अब } \cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{2}+x\right) = \sin x, \cos (2\pi + x) = \cos x, \]
\[ \cot\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}-x\right) = \tan x \text{ और } \cot (2\pi + x) = \cot x \]
\[ \text{इन सबका मान रखने पर,} \]
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = (\sin x) (\cos x) [\tan x + \cot x] \]
\[ = \sin x \cos x \left[\frac{\sin x}{\cos x} + \frac{\cos x}{\sin x}\right] \]
\[ = \sin x \cos x \left[\frac{\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x}{\sin x \cos x}\right] \]
\[ = \sin^2 x + \cos^2 x \]
\[ = 1 = \text{दायाँ पक्ष} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1 \right]\)
In simple words: We first simplified each term using trigonometric identities for angles like \( (3\pi/2 + x) \) and \( (2\pi + x) \). After substitution, the expression becomes \(\sin x \cos x (\tan x + \cot x)\). Expanding the bracket and using \(\tan x = \sin x/\cos x\) and \(\cot x = \cos x/\sin x\) leads to \(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x\), which simplifies to 1.
🎯 Exam Tip: This question combines multiple identity concepts: angle reduction formulas, sum/difference of ratios, and the fundamental Pythagorean identity \(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1\). Break down complex problems into smaller, manageable simplification steps.
Question 10. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\sin (n + 1)x \sin (n + 2)x + \cos (n + 1)x \cos (n + 2)x = \cos x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायां पक्ष} = \sin (n + 1)x \sin (n + 2)x + \cos (n + 1)x \cos (n + 2)x \]
\[ \text{मान लीजिए } (n + 2)x = A, (n + 1) x = B \]
\[ = \cos A \cos B + \sin A \sin B \]
\[ = \cos (A - B) \]
\[ = \cos [(n + 2)x - (n + 1)x] \quad [\text{A और B के मान रख कर}] \]
\[ = \cos [nx + 2x - nx - x] \]
\[ = \cos x = \text{दाया पक्ष} \]
In simple words: The left-hand side of the equation directly matches the trigonometric identity \(\cos(A-B) = \cos A \cos B + \sin A \sin B\). By letting \(A = (n+2)x\) and \(B = (n+1)x\), the expression simplifies to \(\cos((n+2)x - (n+1)x)\), which further reduces to \(\cos(x)\).
🎯 Exam Tip: Be quick to identify standard trigonometric identities, even when terms are complex like \((n+1)x\). Often, a simple substitution can reveal the underlying identity. The \(\cos(A-B)\) identity is a common tool for such problems.
Question 11. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{4} + x\right) - \cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{4} - x\right) = -\sqrt{2} \sin x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{4}+x\right) - \cos \left(\frac{3\pi}{4} - x\right) \]
\[ \text{मान लो } \frac{3\pi}{4} + x = A, \frac{3\pi}{4} - x = B \]
\[ = \cos A - \cos B \]
\[ = -2 \sin \frac{A+B}{2} \sin \frac{A-B}{2} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos x - \cos y = -2 \sin \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2} \right]\)
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = - 2 \sin \left( \frac{\left(\frac{3\pi}{4} + x\right) + \left(\frac{3\pi}{4} - x\right)}{2} \right) \sin \left( \frac{\left(\frac{3\pi}{4} + x\right) - \left(\frac{3\pi}{4} - x\right)}{2} \right) \]
\[ = - 2 \sin \left( \frac{\frac{6\pi}{4}}{2} \right) \sin \left( \frac{2x}{2} \right) \]
\[ = - 2 \sin \left(\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) \sin x \]
\[ = - 2 \sin \left(\pi - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \sin x \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin \frac{3\pi}{4} = \sin \left(\pi - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) = \sin \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right]\)
\[ = - 2 \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \sin x \]
\[ = -\sqrt{2} \sin x \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We used the difference-to-product identity \(\cos A - \cos B = -2\sin((A+B)/2)\sin((A-B)/2)\). By substituting the given arguments, the expression simplifies to \(-2\sin(3\pi/4)\sin x\). Knowing that \(\sin(3\pi/4) = \sin(\pi - \pi/4) = \sin(\pi/4) = 1/\sqrt{2}\), the final result is \(-\sqrt{2}\sin x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: Master the sum-to-product and product-to-sum formulas. They are essential for simplifying expressions and proving identities. Also, accurately evaluate trigonometric functions for angles in various quadrants, such as \(\sin(3\pi/4)\).
Question 12. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\sin^2 6x – \sin^2 4x = \sin 2x \sin 10x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायां पक्ष} = \sin^2 6x – \sin^2 4x \]
\[ = \sin (6x + 4x) \sin (6x – 4x) \quad [\text{सूत्र } \sin^2 A – \sin^2 B = \sin (A + B) \sin (A – B) \text{ का प्रयोग करें}] \]
\[ = \sin (10x) \sin (2x) \]
\[ = \sin 2x \sin 10x = \text{दायां पक्ष} \]
In simple words: This identity is directly proven using the formula \(\sin^2 A - \sin^2 B = \sin(A+B)\sin(A-B)\). By substituting \(A = 6x\) and \(B = 4x\), the left side becomes \(\sin(6x+4x)\sin(6x-4x)\), which simplifies to \(\sin(10x)\sin(2x)\), matching the right side.
🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize and apply the \(\sin^2 A - \sin^2 B\) identity immediately. This formula is a powerful shortcut for simplifying expressions involving the difference of squares of sine functions.
Question 13. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cos^2 2x – \cos^2 6x = \sin 4x \sin 8x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायां पक्ष} = \cos^2 2x – \cos^2 6x \]
\[ = (1 – \sin^2 2x) – (1 – \sin^2 6x) \]
\[ = 1 – \sin^2 2x – 1 + \sin^2 6x \]
\[ = \sin^2 6x – \sin^2 2x \]
\[ = \sin (6x + 2x) \sin (6x – 2x) \quad [\text{सूत्र } \sin^2 A – \sin^2 B = \sin (A + B) \sin (A – B) \text{ का प्रयोग करें}] \]
\[ = \sin (8x) \sin (4x) \]
\[ = \sin 4x \sin 8x = \text{दाया पक्ष} \]
In simple words: We first converted \(\cos^2\) terms to \(\sin^2\) using the identity \(\cos^2 \theta = 1 - \sin^2 \theta\). This transforms the expression into \(\sin^2 6x - \sin^2 2x\). Then, we applied the identity \(\sin^2 A - \sin^2 B = \sin(A+B)\sin(A-B)\) to arrive at \(\sin(8x)\sin(4x)\), which is the right-hand side.
🎯 Exam Tip: When dealing with \(\cos^2 A - \cos^2 B\), it's often helpful to convert it to \(\sin^2 B - \sin^2 A\) using the Pythagorean identity \(\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1\), as the \(\sin^2 A - \sin^2 B\) form directly maps to a product formula.
Question 14. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\sin 2x + 2 \sin 4x + \sin 6x = 4 \cos^2 x \sin 4x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायां पक्ष} = \sin 2x + 2 \sin 4x + \sin 6x \]
\[ = (\sin 6x + \sin 2x) + 2 \sin 4x \]
\[ = 2 \sin \frac{6x+2x}{2} \cos \frac{6x-2x}{2} + 2 \sin 4x \]
\[ = 2 \sin 4x \cos 2x + 2 \sin 4x \]
\[ = 2 \sin 4x (\cos 2x + 1) \]
\[ = 2 \sin 4x (2 \cos^2 x - 1 + 1) \]
\[ = 2 \sin 4x (2 \cos^2 x) \]
\[ = 4 \sin 4x \cos^2 x \]
\[ = 4 \cos^2 x \sin 4x = \text{दाया पक्ष} \]
In simple words: We grouped \(\sin 2x\) and \(\sin 6x\) and applied the sum-to-product formula, which resulted in \(2 \sin 4x \cos 2x\). Factoring out \(2 \sin 4x\), we got \(2 \sin 4x (\cos 2x + 1)\). Using the double angle identity \(\cos 2x = 2 \cos^2 x - 1\), the expression simplifies to \(2 \sin 4x (2 \cos^2 x)\), which is \(4 \cos^2 x \sin 4x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: Look for opportunities to group terms and apply sum-to-product formulas. Also, remember the various forms of the double angle identity for \(\cos 2x\), especially \(\cos 2x = 2 \cos^2 x - 1\), as it helps simplify expressions involving \((\cos 2x + 1)\).
Question 15. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cot 4x (\sin 5x + \sin 3x) = \cot x (\sin 5x – \sin 3x)\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cot 4x (\sin 5x + \sin 3x) \]
\[ = \cot 4x \cdot 2 \sin \frac{5x + 3x}{2} \cos \frac{5x - 3x}{2} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C + \sin D = 2\sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{\cos 4x}{\sin 4x} \cdot 2 \sin 4x \cos x \]
\[ = 2 \cos 4x \cos x \]
\[ \text{दायाँ पक्ष} = \cot x (\sin 5x - \sin 3x) \]
\[ = \cot x \cdot 2 \cos \frac{5x + 3x}{2} \sin \frac{5x - 3x}{2} \]
\[ = \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} \times 2 \cos 4x \sin x \]
\[ = 2 \cos x \cos 4x \]
\[ \text{अत: बायाँ पक्ष = दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We applied sum-to-product and difference-to-product formulas to both sides of the equation. For the left side, \(\sin 5x + \sin 3x\) becomes \(2 \sin 4x \cos x\), simplifying to \(2 \cos 4x \cos x\). For the right side, \(\sin 5x - \sin 3x\) becomes \(2 \cos 4x \sin x\), also simplifying to \(2 \cos x \cos 4x\). Since both sides simplify to the same expression, the identity is proven.
🎯 Exam Tip: This problem demonstrates the symmetrical application of sum/difference-to-product formulas. Be careful with the choice of formula for \(\sin C + \sin D\) versus \(\sin C - \sin D\), as they differ in the sine/cosine terms.
Question 16. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\cos 9x - \cos 5x}{\sin 17x - \sin 3x} = -\frac{\sin 2x}{\cos 10x}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\cos 9x - \cos 5x}{\sin 17x - \sin 3x} \]
\[ = \frac{- 2\sin \frac{9x + 5x}{2} \sin \frac{9x - 5x}{2}}{2 \cos \frac{17x + 3x}{2} \sin \frac{17x - 3x}{2}} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos C - \cos D = -2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C - \sin D = 2\cos \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{- 2\sin 7x \sin 2x}{2\cos 10x \sin 7x} \]
\[ = -\frac{\sin 2x}{\cos 10x} \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष ।} \]
In simple words: We applied the difference-to-product formulas to both the numerator and the denominator. The numerator \(\cos C - \cos D\) becomes \(-2 \sin((C+D)/2)\sin((C-D)/2)\), and the denominator \(\sin C - \sin D\) becomes \(2 \cos((C+D)/2)\sin((C-D)/2)\). After simplification, common terms \(\sin 7x\) cancel out, leaving \(-\sin 2x / \cos 10x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful with the signs and order of terms when applying sum/difference-to-product formulas, especially for \(\cos C - \cos D\), which has a negative sign. Systematically apply the formulas to numerator and denominator separately.
Question 17. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\sin 5x + \sin 3x}{\cos 5x + \cos 3x} = \tan 4x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\sin 5x + \sin 3x}{\cos 5x + \cos 3x} \]
\[ = \frac{2 \sin \frac{5x + 3x}{2} \cos \frac{5x - 3x}{2}}{2 \cos \frac{5x + 3x}{2} \cos \frac{5x - 3x}{2}} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C + \sin D = 2\sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \text{और } \cos C + \cos D = 2\cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{\sin 4x \cos x}{\cos 4x \cos x} \]
\[ = \tan 4x = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We applied the sum-to-product formulas to both the numerator (\(\sin C + \sin D\)) and the denominator (\(\cos C + \cos D\)). This transforms the fraction into \(\frac{2 \sin 4x \cos x}{2 \cos 4x \cos x}\). Cancelling out \(2\) and \(\cos x\), we are left with \(\frac{\sin 4x}{\cos 4x}\), which is \(\tan 4x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: This problem is a classic example where sum-to-product formulas simplify a fraction to a single trigonometric function. Remember that \(\tan\theta = \sin\theta / \cos\theta\). Always look for common factors to cancel out after applying identities.
Question 18. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\sin x - \sin y}{\cos x + \cos y} = \tan \frac{x-y}{2}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\sin x - \sin y}{\cos x + \cos y} \]
\[ = \frac{2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}}{2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C - \sin D = 2\cos \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos C + \cos D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{\sin \frac{x-y}{2}}{\cos \frac{x-y}{2}} \]
\[ = \tan \frac{x-y}{2} \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We used the difference-to-product formula for the numerator (\(\sin x - \sin y\)) and the sum-to-product formula for the denominator (\(\cos x + \cos y\)). This transformed the expression into \(\frac{2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}}{2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}}\). Cancelling common terms, we get \(\frac{\sin \frac{x-y}{2}}{\cos \frac{x-y}{2}}\), which is \(\tan \frac{x-y}{2}\).
🎯 Exam Tip: This is another common identity proof. Ensure you correctly apply both \(\sin C - \sin D\) and \(\cos C + \cos D\) formulas. The key simplification often comes from cancelling common terms in the numerator and denominator.
Question 19. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\sin x + \sin 3x}{\cos x + \cos 3x} = \tan 2x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\sin x + \sin 3x}{\cos x + \cos 3x} \]
\[ = \frac{2 \sin \frac{x + 3x}{2} \cos \frac{3x - x}{2}}{2 \cos \frac{x + 3x}{2} \cos \frac{3x - x}{2}} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C + \sin D = 2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos C + \cos D = 2\cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{\sin 2x \cos x}{\cos 2x \cos x} \]
\[ = \tan 2x = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We applied the sum-to-product formulas to both the numerator (\(\sin C + \sin D\)) and the denominator (\(\cos C + \cos D\)). This transforms the fraction into \(\frac{2 \sin 2x \cos x}{2 \cos 2x \cos x}\). Cancelling out \(2\) and \(\cos x\), we are left with \(\frac{\sin 2x}{\cos 2x}\), which is \(\tan 2x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: This is a straightforward application of sum-to-product formulas. Make sure to correctly identify the \(C\) and \(D\) terms and apply the formulas for both sine and cosine sums. Simplification after applying the formulas is crucial.
Question 20. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\sin x - \sin 3x}{\sin^2 x - \cos^2 x} = 2 \sin x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\sin x - \sin 3x}{\sin^2 x - \cos^2 x} \]
\[ = \frac{2 \cos \frac{x + 3x}{2} \sin \frac{x - 3x}{2}}{- (\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x)} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C - \sin D = 2\cos \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = \cos 2x \right]\)
\[ = \frac{2 \cos 2x (-\sin x)}{- \cos 2x} \]
\[ = 2 \sin x = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: The numerator \(\sin x - \sin 3x\) is transformed using the difference-to-product formula to \(2\cos 2x \sin(-x)\), which is \(-2\cos 2x \sin x\). The denominator \(\sin^2 x - \cos^2 x\) is written as \( -(\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x) \), which simplifies to \(-\cos 2x\). Dividing these simplified terms, \(\frac{-2\cos 2x \sin x}{-\cos 2x}\), cancels out \(-2\cos 2x\), leaving \(2 \sin x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to negative signs and common identities like \(\sin(-x) = -\sin x\) and \(\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = \cos 2x\). These are critical for simplifying expressions correctly and reaching the final answer.
Question 21. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\frac{\cos 4x + \cos 3x + \cos 2x}{\sin 4x + \sin 3x + \sin 2x} = \cot 3x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \frac{\cos 4x + \cos 3x + \cos 2x}{\sin 4x + \sin 3x + \sin 2x} \]
\[ = \frac{(\cos 4x + \cos 2x) + \cos 3x}{(\sin 4x + \sin 2x) + \sin 3x} \]
\[ = \frac{2 \cos \frac{4x+2x}{2} \cos \frac{4x-2x}{2} + \cos 3x}{2 \sin \frac{4x+2x}{2} \cos \frac{4x-2x}{2} + \sin 3x} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos C + \cos D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin C + \sin D = 2\sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \right]\)
\[ = \frac{2\cos 3x \cos x + \cos 3x}{2 \sin 3x \cos x + \sin 3x} \]
\[ = \frac{\cos 3x(2\cos x + 1)}{\sin 3x(2 \cos x+1)} \]
\[ = \frac{\cos 3x}{\sin 3x} \]
\[ = \cot 3x \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We grouped \(\cos 4x + \cos 2x\) and \(\sin 4x + \sin 2x\), applying the sum-to-product formulas. This simplifies the numerator to \((2 \cos 3x \cos x) + \cos 3x\) and the denominator to \((2 \sin 3x \cos x) + \sin 3x\). Factoring out \(\cos 3x\) from the numerator and \(\sin 3x\) from the denominator, the common term \((2\cos x + 1)\) cancels, leaving \(\cos 3x / \sin 3x\), which is \(\cot 3x\).
🎯 Exam Tip: When faced with three terms in the numerator or denominator, try grouping two terms (often the outer ones for symmetry) to apply sum-to-product formulas. This strategy frequently creates a common factor that can be extracted and cancelled.
Question 22. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cot x \cot 2x - \cot 2x \cot 3x - \cot 3x \cot x = 1\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ 3x = x + 2x \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cot 3x = \cot (x + 2x) = \frac{\cot x \cot 2x - 1}{\cot x + \cot 2x} \right]\)
\[ \text{दोनों पक्षों में } (\cot x + \cot 2x) \text{ से गुणा करने पर} \]
\[ \cot 3x (\cot x + \cot 2x) = \frac{\cot x \cot 2x - 1}{\cot x + \cot 2x} (\cot x + \cot 2x) \]
\(\text{
} \implies \cot 3x (\cot x + \cot 2x) = \cot x \cot 2x - 1 \]
\(\text{
} \implies \cot 3x \cot x + \cot 3x \cot 2x = \cot x \cot 2x - 1 \]
\(\text{
} \implies \cot 3x \cot x + \cot 3x \cot 2x - \cot x \cot 2x = -1 \]
\(\text{
} \implies \cot x \cot 2x - \cot 2x \cot 3x - \cot 3x \cot x = 1. \]
In simple words: This identity is proven by starting with the angle sum identity for cotangent, \(\cot(A+B) = (\cot A \cot B - 1) / (\cot A + \cot B)\). Letting \(A=x\) and \(B=2x\), so \(A+B=3x\), we substitute these into the identity. Multiplying both sides by \((\cot x + \cot 2x)\) and rearranging the terms leads directly to the desired identity.
🎯 Exam Tip: For identities involving products of cotangents, consider using the angle sum/difference formulas for cotangent, specifically \(\cot(A+B)\) or \(\cot(A-B)\). Rearranging these formulas can often lead to the required expression.
Question 23. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\tan 4x = \frac{4\tan x (1-\tan^2 x)}{1-6\tan^2 x + \tan^4 x}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \tan 4x = \tan 2(2x) \]
\[ = \frac{2 \tan 2x}{1-\tan^2 2x} \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \tan 2A = \frac{2 \tan A}{1-\tan^2 A} \right]\)
\[ \text{tan 2x का मान रखने पर} \]
\[ \tan 4x = \frac{2 \left(\frac{2 \tan x}{1-\tan^2 x}\right)}{1 - \left(\frac{2 \tan x}{1-\tan^2 x}\right)^2} \]
\[ = \frac{\frac{4 \tan x}{1-\tan^2 x}}{1 - \frac{4 \tan^2 x}{(1-\tan^2 x)^2}} \]
\[ = \frac{\frac{4 \tan x}{1-\tan^2 x}}{\frac{(1-\tan^2 x)^2 - 4 \tan^2 x}{(1-\tan^2 x)^2}} \]
\[ = \frac{4 \tan x}{1-\tan^2 x} \times \frac{(1-\tan^2 x)^2}{(1-\tan^2 x)^2 - 4 \tan^2 x} \]
\[ = \frac{4 \tan x (1-\tan^2 x)}{(1-\tan^2 x)^2 - 4 \tan^2 x} \]
\[ = \frac{4 \tan x (1-\tan^2 x)}{1 - 2\tan^2 x + \tan^4 x - 4 \tan^2 x} \]
\[ = \frac{4 \tan x (1-\tan^2 x)}{1 - 6\tan^2 x + \tan^4 x} \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: This proof uses the double angle formula for tangent, \(\tan 2A = \frac{2 \tan A}{1-\tan^2 A}\), twice. First, \(\tan 4x\) is written as \(\tan(2 \cdot 2x)\). Then, \(\tan 2x\) is expanded using the formula, and the expression is simplified by finding a common denominator and performing algebraic operations until it matches the right-hand side.
🎯 Exam Tip: For identities involving \(\tan 4x\) or higher multiples, repeatedly apply the double angle formula. Be meticulous with algebraic manipulation, especially when dealing with squared terms in the denominator, to avoid errors.
Question 24. सिद्ध कीजिए: \(\cos 4x = 1 - 8 \sin^2 x \cos^2 x\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cos 4x = \cos 2(2x) \]
\[ = 2 \cos^2 2x - 1 \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos 2A = 2 \cos^2 A - 1 \right]\)
\[ = 2 [2 \cos^2 x - 1]^2 - 1 \]
\[ = 2 [4\cos^4 x - 4 \cos^2 x + 1] - 1 \]
\[ = 8 \cos^4 x - 8 \cos^2 x + 2 - 1 \]
\[ = 8 \cos^4 x - 8 \cos^2 x + 1 \]
\[ = 1 + 8 \cos^2 x (\cos^2 x - 1) \]
\[ = 1 - 8 \cos^2 x (1 - \cos^2 x) \]
\[ = 1 - 8 \cos^2 x \sin^2 x \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because 1 - \cos^2 x = \sin^2 x \right]\)
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष ।} \]
In simple words: We started by expressing \(\cos 4x\) as \(\cos(2 \cdot 2x)\) and then applied the double angle identity \(\cos 2A = 2 \cos^2 A - 1\). We applied this identity again for \(\cos 2x\), leading to \(2(2\cos^2 x - 1)^2 - 1\). After expanding and simplifying, we factored to get \(1 - 8\cos^2 x(1 - \cos^2 x)\), which becomes \(1 - 8\cos^2 x \sin^2 x\) using the Pythagorean identity.
🎯 Exam Tip: For identities involving \(\cos 4x\), it's often effective to apply the double angle formula for cosine twice. Remember to correctly expand \((a-b)^2\) and to use \(\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1\) to convert between \(\sin^2 x\) and \(\cos^2 x\).
Question 25. सिद्ध कीजिए : \(\cos 6x = 32 \cos^6 x – 48 \cos^4 x + 18 \cos^2 x – 1\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{बायाँ पक्ष} = \cos 6x = \cos 3(2x) \]
\[ \text{मान लिया } 2x = A \]
\[ = \cos 3A = \cos (2A + A) \]
\[ = \cos 2A \cos A - \sin 2A \sin A \]
\[ = (\cos 2A) \cos A - (2 \sin A \cos A) \sin A \]
\[ = (2 \cos^2 A-1) \cos A - 2 \sin^2 A \cos A \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \cos 2A = 2 \cos^2 A - 1, \sin 2A = 2 \sin A \cos A \right]\)
\[ = 2 \cos^3 A - \cos A - 2 (1 - \cos^2 A) \cos A \]
\(\text{
} \left[ \because \sin^2 A = 1 - \cos^2 A \right]\)
\[ = 2 \cos^3 A - \cos A - 2 \cos A + 2 \cos^3 A \]
\[ = 4 \cos^3 A - 3 \cos A \]
\[ = 4 \cos^3 (2x) - 3 \cos (2x) \quad [\text{A का मान रखने पर}] \]
\[ = 4 (2 \cos^2 x - 1)^3 - 3 (2 \cos^2 x - 1) \quad \left( \because \cos 2x = 2 \cos^2 x - 1 \right) \]
\[ = 4[(2 \cos^2 x)^3 - 3(2 \cos^2 x)^2(1) + 3(2 \cos^2 x)(1)^2 - 1^3] - (6 \cos^2 x - 3) \]
\[ = 4[8 \cos^6 x - 12 \cos^4 x + 6 \cos^2 x - 1] - 6 \cos^2 x + 3 \]
\[ = 32 \cos^6 x - 48 \cos^4 x + 24 \cos^2 x - 4 - 6 \cos^2 x + 3 \]
\[ = 32 \cos^6 x - 48 \cos^4 x + 18 \cos^2 x - 1 \]
\[ = \text{दायाँ पक्ष।} \]
In simple words: We started with \(\cos 6x\) as \(\cos(3 \cdot 2x)\), using the triple angle formula \(\cos 3A = 4\cos^3 A - 3\cos A\) where \(A = 2x\). Then, we substituted \(\cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x - 1\) into this expression. Expanding \((2\cos^2 x - 1)^3\) and simplifying the resulting polynomial leads to the final expression, \(32 \cos^6 x – 48 \cos^4 x + 18 \cos^2 x – 1\).
🎯 Exam Tip: This is a lengthy proof requiring careful application of both triple and double angle identities. Memorize \(\cos 3A = 4\cos^3 A - 3\cos A\) and \(\cos 2A = 2\cos^2 A - 1\). Be extremely cautious with algebraic expansion and simplification of polynomial terms to avoid errors.
प्रश्नावली 3.4
निम्नलिखित समीकरणों का मुख्य तथा व्यापक हल ज्ञात कीजिए (प्रश्न 1 से 4 तक):
Question 1. \(\tan x = \sqrt{3}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \tan x = \sqrt{3} = \tan \frac{\pi}{3} = \tan\left(\pi + \frac{\pi}{3}\right) = \tan \frac{4\pi}{3} \]
\(\text{
} \implies x \text{ के मुख्य मान } = \frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{4\pi}{3} \]
\(\text{
} x \text{ का व्यापक हल } = n\pi + \frac{\pi}{3}, n\in Z. \]
In simple words: To find the principal solutions, we identify angles in the first and third quadrants where \(\tan x = \sqrt{3}\), which are \(\pi/3\) and \(\pi + \pi/3 = 4\pi/3\). The general solution for \(\tan x = \tan \alpha\) is \(x = n\pi + \alpha\), so \(x = n\pi + \pi/3\).
🎯 Exam Tip: For \(\tan x = k\), the principal solutions are in the 1st and 3rd quadrants. The general solution is always \(n\pi + \alpha\), where \(\alpha\) is the principal value in \((-\pi/2, \pi/2)\) or \((0, \pi)\).
Question 2. \(\sec x = 2\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \sec x = 2 \text{ या } \cos x = \frac{1}{2} = \cos \frac{\pi}{3} \]
\[ = \cos \left(2\pi - \frac{\pi}{3}\right) = \cos \frac{5\pi}{3} \]
\(\text{
} \implies x \text{ के मुख्य मान } = \frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{5\pi}{3} \]
\(\text{
} x \text{ का व्यापक हल } = 2n\pi \pm \frac{\pi}{3}, n\in Z. \]
In simple words: Since \(\sec x = 2\), we know \(\cos x = 1/2\). The principal solutions for \(\cos x = 1/2\) are \(\pi/3\) (in the first quadrant) and \(2\pi - \pi/3 = 5\pi/3\) (in the fourth quadrant). The general solution for \(\cos x = \cos \alpha\) is \(x = 2n\pi \pm \alpha\), thus \(x = 2n\pi \pm \pi/3\).
🎯 Exam Tip: When given \(\sec x, \text{cosec} x\), or \(\cot x\), convert them to \(\cos x, \sin x\), or \(\tan x\) respectively to solve. For \(\cos x = k\), the principal solutions are in the 1st and 4th quadrants, and the general solution is \(2n\pi \pm \alpha\).
Question 3. \(\cot x = -\sqrt{3}\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \cot x = -\sqrt{3} \implies \tan x = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = -\tan \frac{\pi}{6} \]
\[ = \tan \left(\pi - \frac{\pi}{6}\right) = \tan \frac{5\pi}{6} \]
\[ = \tan\left(2\pi - \frac{\pi}{6}\right) = \tan \frac{11\pi}{6} \]
\(\text{
} \implies x \text{ के मुख्य मान } = \frac{5\pi}{6}, \frac{11\pi}{6} \]
\(\text{
} x \text{ को व्यापक मान } = n\pi + \frac{5\pi}{6}, n\in Z. \]
In simple words: First, we convert \(\cot x = -\sqrt{3}\) to \(\tan x = -1/\sqrt{3}\). The principal solutions for \(\tan x = -1/\sqrt{3}\) are \(\pi - \pi/6 = 5\pi/6\) (in the second quadrant) and \(2\pi - \pi/6 = 11\pi/6\) (in the fourth quadrant). The general solution is \(x = n\pi + \alpha\), where \(\alpha\) is \(5\pi/6\).
🎯 Exam Tip: For negative values, remember the quadrants where the function is negative. For \(\tan x = k\) (negative), principal solutions are in the 2nd and 4th quadrants. The general solution for \(\tan x = \tan \alpha\) uses the principal value in \((0, \pi)\).
Question 4. \(\text{cosec}x = -2\).
Answer:
हल :
\[ \text{cosec} x = -2 \text{ या } \sin x = -\frac{1}{2} \]
\[ = \sin \left(\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}\right) = \sin \frac{7\pi}{6} \]
\[ = \sin\left(2\pi - \frac{\pi}{6}\right) = \sin \frac{11\pi}{6} \]
\(\text{
} \implies x \text{ के मुख्य मान } = \frac{7\pi}{6}, \frac{11\pi}{6} \]
\(\text{
} x \text{ का व्यापक मान } = n\pi + (-1)^n \left(\frac{7\pi}{6}\right), n\in Z. \]
In simple words: We convert \(\text{cosec} x = -2\) to \(\sin x = -1/2\). The principal solutions for \(\sin x = -1/2\) are \(\pi + \pi/6 = 7\pi/6\) (in the third quadrant) and \(2\pi - \pi/6 = 11\pi/6\) (in the fourth quadrant). The general solution for \(\sin x = \sin \alpha\) is \(x = n\pi + (-1)^n \alpha\), using \(7\pi/6\) as \(\alpha\).
🎯 Exam Tip: For \(\sin x = k\) (negative), principal solutions are in the 3rd and 4th quadrants. The general solution \(\sin x = \sin \alpha\) is \(x = n\pi + (-1)^n \alpha\), where \(\alpha\) is typically chosen in \([-\pi/2, \pi/2]\) or in \((0, 2\pi)\) according to convention. Choosing the smallest positive principal value is usually preferred.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक समीकरण का व्यापक हल ज्ञात कीजिए (प्रश्न 5 से 9 तक):
Question 5. \(\cos 4x = \cos 2x\).
Answer:
हलः
\[ \cos 4x = \cos 2x \]
\[ \cos 4x - \cos 2x = 0 \]
\[ -2 \sin \frac{4x + 2x}{2} \sin \frac{4x - 2x}{2} = 0 \]
\(\text{
} \implies -2 \sin 3x \sin x = 0 \]
\(\text{
} \implies \sin 3x \sin x = 0 \]
\(\text{
} \text{(i) जब } \sin 3x = 0, 3x \text{ का मुख्य मान } = 0 \]
\(\text{
} \implies 3x \text{ का व्यापक मान } = n\pi \]
\(\text{
} \implies x = \frac{n\pi}{3} \]
\(\text{
} \text{(ii) जब } \sin x = 0, x \text{ का मुख्य मान } = 0 \]
\(\text{
} \implies x \text{ का व्यापक मान } = n\pi \]
\[ \text{दिए हुए समीकरण का व्यापक हल } x = n\pi, \frac{n\pi}{3}, n\in Z. \]
In simple words: We transformed \(\cos 4x = \cos 2x\) into \(\cos 4x - \cos 2x = 0\), then applied the sum-to-product formula for \(\cos C - \cos D\). This resulted in \(\sin 3x \sin x = 0\), meaning either \(\sin 3x = 0\) or \(\sin x = 0\). The general solution for \(\sin \theta = 0\) is \(\theta = n\pi\). Thus, \(3x = n\pi\) or \(x = n\pi\), leading to the combined general solutions \(x = n\pi/3\) and \(x = n\pi\).
🎯 Exam Tip: For equations like \(\cos A = \cos B\), use the identity \(\cos A - \cos B = 0\) and apply sum-to-product formulas. Remember that if \(XY=0\), then \(X=0\) or \(Y=0\). Also, be thorough in deriving all possible general solutions from each condition.
Question 6. \(\cos 3x + \cos x - \cos 2x = 0\).
Question 7. sin 2x + cos x = 0.
Answer: हल : sin 2x + cos x = 0
∴ 2 sin x cos x + cos x = 0
या cos x (2 sin x + 1) = 0
(i) जब cos x = 0, x = \( (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2} \)
(ii) और जब 2 sin x + 1 = 0;
sin x = \( -\frac{1}{2} \) = sin(-30°) = \( \sin\left(-\frac{\pi}{6}\right) \)
\( \implies \) \( -\sin\frac{\pi}{6} = \sin\left(\pi+\frac{\pi}{6}\right) = \sin\frac{7\pi}{6} \)
x = \( n\pi +(-1)^n\frac{7\pi}{6} \)
दिए गए समीकरण का व्यापक हल = \( (2n + 1)\frac{\pi}{2} \), \( n\pi + (-1)^n \frac{7\pi}{6} \), \( n \in Z \).
[∵ sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x]
In simple words: This problem involves solving a trigonometric equation by factoring. First, use the double angle identity for sin 2x, then factor out cos x. This leads to two separate equations, cos x = 0 and 2 sin x + 1 = 0, which are then solved to find the general solutions for x.
🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to express all general solutions using the proper trigonometric forms (e.g., \( (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2} \) for cos x = 0, and \( n\pi + (-1)^n \alpha \) for sin x = \( \sin \alpha \)). Pay attention to the signs and quadrants to find the correct principal values.
Question 8. sec² 2x = 1 - tan 2x
Answer: हल : sec² 2x = 1 - tan 2x
या 1 + tan² 2x = 1 - tan 2x
या tan² 2x + tan 2x = 0
या tan 2x (tan 2x + 1) = 0
∴ tan 2x = 0 या tan 2x + 1 = 0
(i) जब tan 2x = 0, 2x = \( n\pi \) या x = \( \frac{n\pi}{2} \)
(ii) जब tan 2x + 1 = 0
tan 2x = -1 = \( \tan(\pi-\frac{\pi}{4}) = \tan\frac{3\pi}{4} \)
∴ 2x = \( n\pi + \frac{3\pi}{4} \)
या x = \( \frac{n\pi}{2} + \frac{3\pi}{8} \)
दिए हुए समीकरण का व्यापक हल = \( \frac{n\pi}{2} \), \( \frac{n\pi}{2} + \frac{3\pi}{8} \), \( n \in Z \).
[∵ sec² A = 1 + tan² A]
In simple words: This problem requires solving a trigonometric equation by converting secant to tangent. Factor the resulting quadratic-like equation in terms of tan 2x, and then solve for the two possible cases where tan 2x = 0 or tan 2x = -1 to find the general solutions for x.
🎯 Exam Tip: When solving equations with squared trigonometric functions, always convert to a single trigonometric function if possible. Remember the general solutions for tan x = 0 and tan x = \( \tan \alpha \), and ensure to divide the angle by 2 if the variable is 2x.
Question 9. sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0
Answer: हल : sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0
या (sin 5x + sin x) + sin 3x = 0
या \( 2 \sin \frac{5x+x}{2} \cos \frac{5x-x}{2} + \sin 3x = 0 \)
या 2 sin 3x cos 2x + sin 3x = 0
⇒ sin 3x (2 cos 2x + 1) = 0
या sin 3x = 0
और जब 2 cos 2x + 1 = 0
जब sin 3x = 0 = sin 0°, 3x = \( n\pi \) या x = \( \frac{n\pi}{3} \)
और जब \( \cos 2x = -\frac{1}{2} = \cos(\pi-\frac{\pi}{3}) = \cos\frac{2\pi}{3} \)
2x = \( 2n\pi \pm \frac{2\pi}{3} \)
या x = \( n\pi \pm \frac{\pi}{3} \)
अतः हल होगा : x = \( n\pi/3 \) या \( n\pi \pm \frac{\pi}{3} \), \( n \in Z \).
[∵ sin C + sin D = \( 2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
In simple words: To solve this equation, group sin x and sin 5x, apply the sum-to-product formula, and then factor out sin 3x. This results in two separate equations, sin 3x = 0 and 2 cos 2x + 1 = 0, which are then solved to find the general solutions for x.
🎯 Exam Tip: When dealing with three terms, try to group two terms to apply sum-to-product formulas, often choosing terms that simplify the resulting angles. Look for common factors after applying identities.
अध्याय 3 पर विविध प्रश्नावली
Question 1. सिद्ध कीजिए : \( 2 \cos\frac{\pi}{13} \cos\frac{9\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{5\pi}{13} = 0 \).
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = \( 2 \cos\frac{\pi}{13} \cos\frac{9\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{5\pi}{13} \)
= \( \cos\frac{10\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{8\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{5\pi}{13} \)
= \( \cos(\pi-\frac{3\pi}{13}) + \cos(\pi-\frac{5\pi}{13}) + \cos\frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{5\pi}{13} \)
= \( -\cos\frac{3\pi}{13} - \cos\frac{5\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{3\pi}{13} + \cos\frac{5\pi}{13} \)
= 0 = दायाँ पक्ष ।
[∵ \( 2 \cos A \cos B = \cos(A + B) + \cos(A - B) \)]
In simple words: To prove this identity, apply the product-to-sum formula to the first term. Then, use the property \( \cos(\pi - \theta) = -\cos\theta \) for the resulting terms to show that all terms cancel out to zero.
🎯 Exam Tip: When angles are related to \( \pi \) (like \( \frac{10\pi}{13} = \pi - \frac{3\pi}{13} \)), trigonometric identities involving \( \pi \) or \( 2\pi \) are often useful for simplification. Look for opportunities to create terms that cancel each other out.
Question 2. सिद्ध कीजिए : (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x - cos x) cos x = 0.
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x - cos x) cos x
= sin 3x sin x + sin²x + cos 3x cos x - cos²x
= (cos 3x cos x + sin 3x sin x) - (cos² x - sin² x)
= cos (3x - x) - cos 2x
= cos 2x - cos 2x
= 0 = दायाँ पक्ष ।
In simple words: This proof involves expanding the given expression and regrouping terms to apply fundamental trigonometric identities. Specifically, use the cosine addition formula \( \cos(A-B) = \cos A \cos B + \sin A \sin B \) and the double angle identity \( \cos 2x = \cos^2 x - \sin^2 x \) to show that the expression simplifies to zero.
🎯 Exam Tip: For proofs involving products and powers of sines and cosines, consider expanding and then looking for direct applications of sum-to-product/product-to-sum formulas or double/triple angle identities. Grouping terms strategically is key.
Question 3. सिद्ध कीजिए: \( (\cos x + \cos y)^2 + (\sin x - \sin y)^2 = 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \).
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = \( (\cos x + \cos y)^2 + (\sin x - \sin y)^2 \)
= \( \left(2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}\right)^2 + \left(2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}\right)^2 \)
= \( 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \cos^2 \frac{x-y}{2} + 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} \)
= \( 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \left(\cos^2 \frac{x-y}{2} + \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2}\right) \)
= \( 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} (1) \)
= \( 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \) = दायाँ पक्ष।
[∵ \( \cos C + \cos D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \sin C - \sin D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta = 1 \)]
In simple words: To prove this identity, apply the sum-to-product formula for cosine and the difference-to-product formula for sine to the terms inside the parentheses. Then, square both resulting expressions and factor out the common term \( 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \). The remaining part will simplify to 1 using the Pythagorean identity.
🎯 Exam Tip: When squares of sums/differences are involved, consider using sum-to-product or difference-to-product formulas first before squaring. The identity \( \cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta = 1 \) is a frequent simplification step.
Question 4. सिद्ध कीजिए: \( (\cos x - \cos y)^2 + (\sin x - \sin y)^2 = 4 \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} \).
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = \( (\cos x - \cos y)^2 + (\sin x - \sin y)^2 \)
= \( \left(-2 \sin \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}\right)^2 + \left(2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}\right)^2 \)
= \( 4 \sin^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} + 4 \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2} \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} \)
= \( 4 \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} \left(\sin^2 \frac{x+y}{2} + \cos^2 \frac{x+y}{2}\right) \)
= \( 4 \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} (1) \)
= \( 4 \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} \) = दायाँ पक्ष ।
[∵ \( \cos C - \cos D = -2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \sin C - \sin D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1 \)]
In simple words: To prove this identity, apply the difference-to-product formula for cosine and sine to the terms within the parentheses. Then, square both resulting expressions and factor out the common term \( 4 \sin^2 \frac{x-y}{2} \). The remaining part will simplify to 1 using the Pythagorean identity.
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the negative sign in the cosine difference formula. Factoring out common terms and applying the Pythagorean identity \( \sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1 \) are critical steps in simplifying such expressions.
Question 5. सिद्ध कीजिए : sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x = 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x.
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x
= (sin 7x + sin x) + (sin 5x + sin 3x)
= \( 2 \sin \frac{7x+x}{2} \cos \frac{7x-x}{2} + 2 \sin \frac{5x+3x}{2} \cos \frac{5x-3x}{2} \)
= 2 sin 4x cos 3x + 2 sin 4x cos x
= 2 sin 4x (cos 3x + cos x)
= \( 2 \sin 4x \left(2 \cos \frac{3x+x}{2} \cos \frac{3x-x}{2}\right) \)
= \( 4 \sin 4x \cos 2x \cos x \)
= 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x = दायाँ पक्ष ।
[∵ \( \sin C + \sin D = 2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \cos C + \cos D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
In simple words: To prove this identity, group the terms and apply the sum-to-product formula for sine twice. Then, factor out the common term \( 2 \sin 4x \) and apply the sum-to-product formula for cosine to the remaining terms, simplifying to the right-hand side.
🎯 Exam Tip: When sums of four trigonometric terms are given, strategically group them into pairs to apply sum-to-product formulas. Look for common factors after the first step of simplification to further reduce the expression.
Question 6. सिद्ध कीजिए : \( \frac{(\sin 7x + \sin 5x) + (\sin 9x + \sin 3x)}{(\cos 7x + \cos 5x) + (\cos 9x + \cos 3x)} = \tan 6x \).
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = \( \frac{(\sin 7x + \sin 5x) + (\sin 9x + \sin 3x)}{(\cos 7x + \cos 5x) + (\cos 9x + \cos 3x)} \)
= \( \frac{2 \sin \frac{7x+5x}{2} \cos \frac{7x-5x}{2} + 2 \sin \frac{9x+3x}{2} \cos \frac{9x-3x}{2}}{2 \cos \frac{7x+5x}{2} \cos \frac{7x-5x}{2} + 2 \cos \frac{9x+3x}{2} \cos \frac{9x-3x}{2}} \)
= \( \frac{2 \sin 6x \cos x + 2 \sin 6x \cos 3x}{2 \cos 6x \cos x + 2 \cos 6x \cos 3x} \)
= \( \frac{2 \sin 6x (\cos x + \cos 3x)}{2 \cos 6x (\cos x + \cos 3x)} \)
= \( \frac{\sin 6x}{\cos 6x} = \tan 6x \) = दायाँ पक्ष।
[∵ \( \sin C + \sin D = 2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \cos C + \cos D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
In simple words: To prove this identity, apply the sum-to-product formulas for sine and cosine to both the numerator and the denominator, respectively. Then, factor out common terms in both numerator and denominator, which will cancel out, leaving \( \frac{\sin 6x}{\cos 6x} \), which simplifies to \( \tan 6x \).
🎯 Exam Tip: When proving identities involving fractions with sums of trigonometric functions, always apply sum-to-product or difference-to-product formulas to both numerator and denominator. Look for opportunities to factor and cancel common terms to simplify the expression to the desired result.
Question 7. सिद्ध कीजिए : \( \sin 3x + \sin 2x - \sin x = 4 \sin x \cos \frac{x}{2} \cos \frac{3x}{2} \).
Answer: हल : बायाँ पक्ष = \( \sin 3x + (\sin 2x - \sin x) \)
= \( 2 \sin \frac{3x}{2} \cos \frac{3x}{2} + 2 \cos \frac{2x+x}{2} \sin \frac{2x-x}{2} \)
= \( 2 \sin \frac{3x}{2} \cos \frac{3x}{2} + 2 \cos \frac{3x}{2} \sin \frac{x}{2} \)
= \( 2 \cos \frac{3x}{2} \left(\sin \frac{3x}{2} + \sin \frac{x}{2}\right) \)
= \( 2 \cos \frac{3x}{2} \left(2 \sin \frac{\frac{3x}{2}+\frac{x}{2}}{2} \cos \frac{\frac{3x}{2}-\frac{x}{2}}{2}\right) \)
= \( 2 \cos \frac{3x}{2} \left(2 \sin \frac{2x}{2} \cos \frac{x}{2}\right) \)
= \( 2 \cos \frac{3x}{2} (2 \sin x \cos \frac{x}{2}) \)
= \( 4 \sin x \cos \frac{x}{2} \cos \frac{3x}{2} \) = दायाँ पक्ष।
[∵ \( \sin A = 2 \sin \frac{A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \sin C - \sin D = 2 \cos \frac{C+D}{2} \sin \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
[∵ \( \sin C + \sin D = 2 \sin \frac{C+D}{2} \cos \frac{C-D}{2} \)]
In simple words: This proof involves applying the sum-to-product and difference-to-product identities. Rearrange the terms as \( \sin 3x + (\sin 2x - \sin x) \). Apply identities to \( (\sin 2x - \sin x) \) and then factor out common terms. Finally, use the sum-to-product identity again to reach the desired right-hand side.
🎯 Exam Tip: When you have mixed terms like \( \sin 3x + \sin 2x - \sin x \), consider grouping terms that simplify to a common factor or a recognizable form. Using sum-to-product or difference-to-product identities strategically is crucial. Also, remember the double angle identity for sine, \( \sin A = 2 \sin \frac{A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2} \).
निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न में \( \sin \frac{x}{2} \), \( \cos \frac{x}{2} \) और \( \tan \frac{x}{2} \) ज्ञात कीजिए।
Question 8. \( \tan x = \frac{-4}{3} \), x द्वितीय चतुर्थाश में हैं।
Answer: हल : ∵ x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है, ∴ \( \frac{x}{2} \) पहले चतुर्थांश में है इसलिए \( \sin \frac{x}{2} \), \( \cos \frac{x}{2} \) और \( \tan \frac{x}{2} \) धनात्मक होंगे।
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक कार्तीय निर्देशांक प्रणाली दर्शाता है जिसमें एक समकोण त्रिभुज OAB स्थित है। बिंदु A x-अक्ष पर -3 पर है, और बिंदु B y-अक्ष से 4 की ऊंचाई पर है, जिससे \( OA = -3 \) और \( AB = 4 \) बनते हैं। OB कर्ण की लंबाई 5 है, जो दर्शाती है कि कोण x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है।
यहाँ AB = 4 इकाई, OA = -3 इकाई
और \( OB^2 = AB^2 + OA^2 = \sqrt{16+9} = 5 \)
OA = -3 (OX' की दिशा में है।)
AB = 4 (OY' की दिशा में है।)
अतः OA = -3, AB = 4, OB = 5
\( \cos x = -\frac{3}{5} \)
\( 0 < \frac{x}{2} < 90^\circ \)
\( \sin \frac{x}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - (-\frac{3}{5})}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{3}{5}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{\frac{8}{5}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{4}{5}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{2\sqrt{5}}{5} \)
\( \cos \frac{x}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos x}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 + (-\frac{3}{5})}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1-\frac{3}{5}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{\frac{2}{5}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{5}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{5} \)
\( \tan \frac{x}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - (-\frac{3}{5})}{1 + (-\frac{3}{5})}} = \sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{3}{5}}{1-\frac{3}{5}}} = \sqrt{\frac{\frac{8}{5}}{\frac{2}{5}}} = \sqrt{\frac{8}{2}} = \sqrt{4} = 2 \)
अतः \( \sin \frac{x}{2} = \frac{2\sqrt{5}}{5} \), \( \cos \frac{x}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{5} \) और \( \tan \frac{x}{2} = 2 \).
In simple words: Given \( \tan x \) in the second quadrant, first find \( \cos x \) using the Pythagorean identity. Since x is in the second quadrant, \( \frac{x}{2} \) is in the first quadrant, meaning all half-angle trigonometric values will be positive. Then, apply the half-angle formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent using the calculated \( \cos x \) value.
🎯 Exam Tip: Always determine the quadrant of \( \frac{x}{2} \) based on the quadrant of x to correctly choose the sign for the half-angle formulas. Remember \( \tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} \) and \( \sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1 \) to find missing trigonometric values.
Question 9. \( \cos x = \frac{-1}{2} \), x तृतीय चतुर्थाश में है।
Answer: हल : x, तीसरे चतुर्थांश में है।
अर्थात \( 180^\circ < x < 270^\circ \)
\( \implies 90^\circ < \frac{x}{2} < 135^\circ \)
⇒ \( \frac{x}{2} \) दूसरे चर्तुर्थांश में है।
∴ \( \sin \frac{x}{2} \) धनात्मक है, \( \cos \frac{x}{2} \) ऋणात्मक है, \( \tan \frac{x}{2} \) ऋणात्मक है।
जब \( \cos x = -\frac{1}{2} \)
\( \sin \frac{x}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - (-\frac{1}{2})}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{\frac{3}{2}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \)
\( \cos \frac{x}{2} = -\sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos x}{2}} = -\sqrt{\frac{1 + (-\frac{1}{2})}{2}} = -\sqrt{\frac{1-\frac{1}{2}}{2}} = -\sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{2}} = -\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}} = -\frac{1}{2} \)
\( \tan \frac{x}{2} = -\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}} = -\sqrt{\frac{1 - (-\frac{1}{2})}{1 + (-\frac{1}{2})}} = -\sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{1}{2}}{1-\frac{1}{2}}} = -\sqrt{\frac{\frac{3}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}}} = -\sqrt{3} \)
अतः \( \sin \frac{x}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \), \( \cos \frac{x}{2} = -\frac{1}{2} \) और \( \tan \frac{x}{2} = -\sqrt{3} \).
In simple words: Given \( \cos x \) in the third quadrant, first determine the quadrant of \( \frac{x}{2} \), which will be the second quadrant. This means \( \sin \frac{x}{2} \) will be positive, while \( \cos \frac{x}{2} \) and \( \tan \frac{x}{2} \) will be negative. Then, use the half-angle formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent, applying the correct signs based on the quadrant of \( \frac{x}{2} \).
🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately identifying the quadrant of \( \frac{x}{2} \) is the most crucial step for half-angle problems, as it dictates the sign of the trigonometric values. Always write down the range for x and then for \( \frac{x}{2} \) to avoid sign errors.
Question 10. \( \sin x = \frac{1}{4} \), x द्वितीय चतुर्थाश में है।
Answer: हल : x, दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है
\( \implies 90^\circ < x < 180^\circ \)
2 से भाग देने पर \( 45^\circ < \frac{x}{2} < 90^\circ \)
→ \( \frac{x}{2} \) पहले चतुर्थांश में है
∴ \( \sin \frac{x}{2} \), \( \cos \frac{x}{2} \), \( \tan \frac{x}{2} \) तीनों ही धनात्मक हैं।
\( \sin x = \frac{1}{4} \)
\( \cos x = -\sqrt{1-\sin^2 x} = -\sqrt{1 - \frac{1}{16}} = -\sqrt{\frac{15}{16}} = -\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4} \)
[∵ x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है]
\( \sin \frac{x}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - (-\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4})}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{4+\sqrt{15}}{8}} = \frac{\sqrt{4+\sqrt{15}}}{\sqrt{8}} = \frac{\sqrt{4+\sqrt{15}}}{2\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{8+2\sqrt{15}}}{4} \)
\( \cos \frac{x}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos x}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 + (-\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4})}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1-\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{4-\sqrt{15}}{8}} = \frac{\sqrt{4-\sqrt{15}}}{\sqrt{8}} = \frac{\sqrt{8-2\sqrt{15}}}{4} \)
\( \tan \frac{x}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - (-\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4})}{1 + (-\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4})}} = \sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}}{1-\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}}} = \sqrt{\frac{\frac{4+\sqrt{15}}{4}}{\frac{4-\sqrt{15}}{4}}} = \sqrt{\frac{4+\sqrt{15}}{4-\sqrt{15}}} \)
\( = \sqrt{\frac{(4+\sqrt{15})(4+\sqrt{15})}{(4-\sqrt{15})(4+\sqrt{15})}} = \sqrt{\frac{(4+\sqrt{15})^2}{16-15}} = \sqrt{(4+\sqrt{15})^2} = 4+\sqrt{15} \)
अतः \( \sin \frac{x}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{8+2\sqrt{15}}}{4} \), \( \cos \frac{x}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{8-2\sqrt{15}}}{4} \) और \( \tan \frac{x}{2} = 4+\sqrt{15} \).
In simple words: Given \( \sin x \) in the second quadrant, first find \( \cos x \) (which will be negative). Then, determine that \( \frac{x}{2} \) is in the first quadrant, meaning all half-angle values are positive. Apply the half-angle formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent, rationalizing the denominator for tangent.
🎯 Exam Tip: Always calculate \( \cos x \) first when \( \sin x \) is given, ensuring the correct sign based on the quadrant of x. For \( \tan \frac{x}{2} \) expressions involving square roots in the denominator, remember to rationalize by multiplying by the conjugate to simplify.
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UP Board Solutions Class 11 Maths Chapter 3 त्रिकोणमितीय कार्य
Students can now access the UP Board Solutions for Chapter 3 त्रिकोणमितीय कार्य prepared by teachers on our website. These solutions cover all questions in exercise in your Class 11 Maths textbook. Each answer is updated based on the current academic session as per the latest UP Board syllabus.
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