UP Board Solutions Class 10 English Chapter 4 Socrates

Class 10 English Prose Chapter 4 Questions And Answers Up Board Socrates (Rhoda Power) [Adapted].

कक्षा 10 अंग्रेजी पाठ 4 प्रश्न उत्तर

These Solutions are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Prose Chapter 4 Socrates (Rhoda Power) [Adapted].

Comprehension Questions On Paragraphs

In the examination paper, there are asked only two questions from each paragraph. Given below are some more questions for extra practice. Read the following passages and answer the questions put thereupon :

(1) Socrates lived inAthens honourable undjust. [From passage I]
Question 1. Describe the physical appearance of Socrates.
(सुकरात की आकृति का वर्णन कीजिए ।)
Answer: 1. Socrates was ugly, undersized and had a flat nose and bulging eyes. (सुकरात बदसूरत और बौने थे तथा उसकी नाक चपटी और आँखें बाहर को उभरी हुई थीं।) 2. Socrates was always shabbily dressed because his father was a poor stone-cutter. (सुकरात सदा गन्दे कपड़े पहने रहता था क्योंकि उसके पिता गरीब पत्थर तराशने वाले थे।) 3. The most important lessons at school were music and gymnastics. Socrates learned science, mathematics and little about stars at school. (विद्यालय में मुख्य पाठ संगीत और व्यायाम के पढ़ाये जाते थे। सुकरात ने स्कूल में विज्ञान, गणित और तारों के बारे में कुछ पढ़ा ।) 4. Socrates was called a thoughtful child because he watched his companions all the time. (सुकरात को विचारशील बालक इसलिए कहा जाता था, क्योंकि वह प्रत्येक समय अपने साथियों को देखता रहता था ।) 5. As Socrates grew older he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. He gave his mind to all that was noble, honourable and just. (जैसे ही सुकरात बड़े हुए उन्होंने अपने शारीरिक आराम और आनन्द के बारे में सोचना छोड़ दिया। उन्होंने अपना चित्त उन बातों में लगा लिया जो आदर्श, सम्मान-योग्य तथा उचित थीं।) 6. Socrates watched his companions all the time and allowed very few things to escape his notice. (सुकरात अपने साथियों का हर समय अवलोकन करता रहता था और बहुत कम ही ऐसी चीजें थीं जो उसकी निगाह से बच पाती थीं।)
In simple words: Socrates was physically unappealing, but his mind focused on noble thoughts rather than physical comforts. He was a keen observer and a deep thinker even as a child.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing physical appearance, ensure key features are mentioned clearly. For personality traits, provide specific examples or reasons from the text.

(1) Socrates lived inAthens honourable undjust. [From passage I]
Question 2. Why was Socrates always shabbily dressed?
(सुकरात सदा गन्दे कपड़े क्यों पहने रहता था ?) ।
Answer: Socrates was always shabbily dressed because his father was a poor stone-cutter. (सुकरात सदा गन्दे कपड़े पहने रहता था क्योंकि उसके पिता गरीब पत्थर तराशने वाले थे।)
In simple words: Socrates dressed shabbily because his father was a humble stone-cutter, reflecting a lack of material wealth in his family.

🎯 Exam Tip: Direct questions about character traits or habits often have straightforward answers from the text. Focus on the stated reason.

(1) Socrates lived inAthens honourable undjust. [From passage I]
Question 3. What were the most important lessons at school? What other subjects did Socrates learn at school?
(स्कूल में मुख्य पाठ क्या पढ़ाये जाते थे ? सुकरात ने स्कूल में अन्य कौन-से विषय सीखे ?)
Answer: The most important lessons at school were music and gymnastics. Socrates learned science, mathematics and little about stars at school. (विद्यालय में मुख्य पाठ संगीत और व्यायाम के पढ़ाये जाते थे। सुकरात ने स्कूल में विज्ञान, गणित और तारों के बारे में कुछ पढ़ा ।)
In simple words: At school, Socrates' primary lessons were music and gymnastics, and he also studied science, mathematics, and some astronomy.

🎯 Exam Tip: List subjects clearly and accurately as mentioned in the passage. Distinguish between 'most important' and 'other' subjects if specified.

(1) Socrates lived inAthens honourable undjust. [From passage I]
Question 4. Why was Socrates called a thoughtful child ?
(सुकरात को विचारशीले बच्चा क्यों कहा जाता था ?)
Answer: Socrates was called a thoughtful child because he watched his companions all the time. (सुकरात को विचारशील बालक इसलिए कहा जाता था, क्योंकि वह प्रत्येक समय अपने साथियों को देखता रहता था ।)
In simple words: Socrates was considered thoughtful because he constantly observed his companions, indicating a reflective and observant nature from a young age.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the descriptive adjective (thoughtful) directly to the action or characteristic provided in the text as evidence.

(1) Socrates lived inAthens honourable undjust. [From passage I]
Question 5. What kind of attitude did Socrates develop as he grew older?
(जैसे ही सुकरात बड़े हुए उन्होंने जीवन के प्रति कैसा दृष्टिकोण अपनाया ?)
Or
What happened when Socrates grew older?
(सुकरात जब बड़े हो गये तब क्या हुआ ?)
Answer: As Socrates grew older he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. He gave his mind to all that was noble, honourable and just. (जैसे ही सुकरात बड़े हुए उन्होंने अपने शारीरिक आराम और आनन्द के बारे में सोचना छोड़ दिया। उन्होंने अपना चित्त उन बातों में लगा लिया जो आदर्श, सम्मान-योग्य तथा उचित थीं।)
In simple words: As Socrates matured, he prioritized noble, honourable, and just thoughts over physical comforts and pleasures.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the change in his attitude or priorities as he aged. Contrast his earlier likely focus with his later intellectual pursuits.

(1) Socrates lived inAthens honourable undjust. [From passage I]
Question 6. How did Socrates watch his companions?
(सुकरात अपने साथियों का अवलोकन किस प्रकार करते थे ?)
Answer: Socrates watched his companions all the time and allowed very few things to escape his notice. (सुकरात अपने साथियों का हर समय अवलोकन करता रहता था और बहुत कम ही ऐसी चीजें थीं जो उसकी निगाह से बच पाती थीं।)
In simple words: Socrates observed his companions constantly and with great attention, missing very little of what they did or said.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the thoroughness and consistency of his observation as described in the passage.

(2) Socrates did not have..........them in the open streets.
Or
Socrates went round....was right and noble. [From passage I]
Question.
1. Why did Socrates wander along the streets and stand in the market places?
(सुकरात सड़कों पर क्यों घूमता था तथा बाजारों में क्यों खड़ा हो जाता था ?)
Answer: 1. Socrates wandered along the streets and stood in the market places to talk to the people who greeted him. (सुकरात उन व्यक्तियों से बात करने को सड़कों पर घूमता और बाजार में खड़ा हो जाता था जो उसका अभिवादन करते थे ।) 2. Socrates taught his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for him self because by using his reason, he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. (सुकरात ने अपने देशवासियों को सिखाया कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने लिए सोचना सीखना चाहिए, क्योंकि अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करने से उसे यह देखने की शक्ति प्राप्त होगी कि क्या ठीक, उचित, सत्य और सुन्दर है ।) 3. When Socrates grew older he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. He began to think about that was noble, honourable and just. (जैसे-जैसे सुकरात बड़े हुए उन्होंने अपने शारीरिक सुख और आराम की ओर सोचना बन्द कर दिया। वह केवल उन्हीं बातों के विषय में सोचने लगे जो अच्छी, सम्मानजनक और न्यायोचित थीं।) 4. By using reason every man can develop the power to see what is right, just, true and beautiful. (अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करके प्रत्येक व्यक्ति यह देखने की शक्ति विकसित कर सकता है कि क्या ठीक, उचित, सत्य और सुन्दर है ।) 5. Socrates' aim was to make Athens a perfect state. (सुकरात का उद्देश्य एथेन्स को पूर्ण राज्य बनाना था।)
In simple words: Socrates wandered and stood in public places to engage with people, teaching them to use reason to discern right from wrong and fostering a noble society. His aim was to make Athens a perfect state through intellectual and moral enlightenment.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about motivations, provide a clear purpose or goal. For Socrates, his public interactions were always purposeful, aimed at educating and improving society.

(2) Socrates did not have..........them in the open streets.
Or
Socrates went round....was right and noble. [From passage I]
Question.
2. How, according to Socrates, should man use his reason?
(सुकरात के अनुसार मनुष्य को अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग कैसे करना चाहिए ?) .
Or
What did Socrates teach his countrymen ?
(सुकरात ने अपने देशवासियों को क्या सिखाया ?)
Answer: Socrates taught his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for him self because by using his reason, he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. (सुकरात ने अपने देशवासियों को सिखाया कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने लिए सोचना सीखना चाहिए, क्योंकि अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करने से उसे यह देखने की शक्ति प्राप्त होगी कि क्या ठीक, उचित, सत्य और सुन्दर है ।)
In simple words: According to Socrates, people should use their reason to independently determine what is right, just, true, and beautiful, thereby guiding their own conduct.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core of Socrates' teaching revolved around rational thought and self-discovery. Highlight the self-reliant aspect of using reason.

(2) Socrates did not have..........them in the open streets.
Or
Socrates went round....was right and noble. [From passage I]
Question.
3. What were the changes in the life of Socrates as he grew older ?
(जबे सुकरात बड़ा हुआ तब उसके जीवन में क्या परिवर्तन आए?)
Answer: When Socrates grew older he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. He began to think about that was noble, honourable and just. (जैसे-जैसे सुकरात बड़े हुए उन्होंने अपने शारीरिक सुख और आराम की ओर सोचना बन्द कर दिया। वह केवल उन्हीं बातों के विषय में सोचने लगे जो अच्छी, सम्मानजनक और न्यायोचित थीं।)
In simple words: As Socrates aged, he shifted his focus away from physical comforts and pleasures, instead dedicating his thoughts to what was noble, honourable, and just.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the transformation in his priorities and philosophical outlook as he matured.

(2) Socrates did not have..........them in the open streets.
Or
Socrates went round....was right and noble. [From passage I]
Question.
4. What power can every man develop by using reason according to Socrates?
(सुकरात के अनुसार अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करके प्रत्येक व्यक्ति कौन-सी शक्ति विकसित कर सकता है ?)
Answer: By using reason every man can develop the power to see what is right, just, true and beautiful. (अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करके प्रत्येक व्यक्ति यह देखने की शक्ति विकसित कर सकता है कि क्या ठीक, उचित, सत्य और सुन्दर है ।)
In simple words: According to Socrates, by employing reason, every individual can cultivate the ability to discern what is inherently right, just, true, and beautiful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the specific "power" that reason bestows, as outlined by Socrates. This is a direct conceptual question.

(2) Socrates did not have..........them in the open streets.
Or
Socrates went round....was right and noble. [From passage I]
Question.
5. What was the aim of Socrates ?
(सुकरात का उद्देश्य क्या था ?)
Answer: Socrates' aim was to make Athens a perfect state. (सुकरात का उद्देश्य एथेन्स को पूर्ण राज्य बनाना था।)
In simple words: Socrates' ultimate goal was to transform Athens into an ideal and perfect state, guided by principles of reason and justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: A concise and direct answer is best for questions about aims or goals. State the objective clearly.

(3) Socrates told his country men............ ...him as their guest. [From passage I]
Question.
1. Why should everyone think for himself?
(प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को स्वचिन्तन क्यों करना चाहिए ?)
Answer: Socrates told his countrymen that everyone should learn to think for himself because by using his reason, he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. (सुकरात अपने देशवासियों को बताता था कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को स्वचिन्तन के विषय में सोचना चाहिए, क्योंकि अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करके उसे यह देखने की शक्ति प्राप्त होगी कि क्या ठीक, उचित, सत्य और सुन्दर है ।)
In simple words: Everyone should think for themselves to develop the ability to discern what is right, just, true, and beautiful through the use of their own reason.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question connects to Socrates' core philosophy. Explain the benefit of independent thought according to him.

(3) Socrates told his country men............ ...him as their guest. [From passage I]
Question.
2. Why did Socrates talk to the people on the streets ?
(सुकरात लोगों से सड़कों पर बातें क्यों करता था ?)
Answer: Socrates talked to the people on the streets to tell them that questioning and discussing would help them to educate their own mind to see what was right and noble. (सुकरात लोगों से यह बताने के लिए सड़कों पर बातें करता था कि प्रश्न करना और वाद-विवाद करना उनकी सहायता करेगा ताकि वे अपने मस्तिष्क को यह देखने के लिए शिक्षित कर सकें कि क्या सही और श्रेष्ठ है ।)
In simple words: Socrates engaged with people in public to demonstrate how questioning and discussion could educate their minds to recognize what is right and noble.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the pedagogical purpose behind Socrates' public dialogues. It was a method of teaching and enlightenment.

(3) Socrates told his country men............ ...him as their guest. [From passage I]
Question.
3. Why did people invite Socrates to their houses ?
(लोग सुकरात को अपने घर क्यों निमन्त्रित करते थे ?)
Answer: The people invited Socrates to their houses because they felt honoured to have him as their guest. (लोग सुकरात को अपने घर निमन्त्रित करते थे, क्योंकि वे उसे अपना मेहमान बनाने में सम्मान का अनुभव करते थे ।)
In simple words: People invited Socrates to their homes as a guest because they considered it an honour to host such a wise and respected individual.

🎯 Exam Tip: The reason for invitations highlights the respect and admiration people held for Socrates.

(4) when Socrates was an..us Socrates himself. [From passage]
Question.
1. What happened when Socrates grew old?
(जब सुकरात बूढ़ा हो गया तब क्या हुआ ?)
Answer: When Socrates grew old, his fame spread far and wide. Many rich men invited him as their guest. (जब सुकरात बूढ़ा हुआ तब उनकी प्रसिद्धि दूर-दूर तक फैल गई। अनेकों धनी व्यक्तियों ने उसे अपने मेहमान के रूप में निमंत्रित किया।)
In simple words: As Socrates aged, his reputation as a wise philosopher grew extensively, leading many wealthy individuals to invite him into their homes as an esteemed guest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the widespread recognition and the specific form of social acceptance he received in his old age.

(4) when Socrates was an..us Socrates himself. [From passage]
Question.
2. Who was the true pupil of Socrates? What did he do and what did he become later on?
(सुकरात का सच्चा शिष्य कौन था ? बाद में उसने क्या किया और वह क्या हो गया ?)
Answer: Plato was the true pupil of Socrates. He treasured every word spoken by his master Socrates. Later on he also became a famous teacher like Socrates. (प्लेटो सुकरात का सच्चा शिष्य था। उसने अपने स्वामी के बोले हुए प्रत्येक शब्द को याद रखा। बाद में वह भी सुकरात के समान एक प्रसिद्ध गुरु बन गया ।)
In simple words: Plato was Socrates' dedicated pupil, meticulously preserving his master's teachings. He later became a renowned teacher himself, continuing Socrates' legacy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the pupil correctly, then describe his actions and subsequent achievements. Mentioning the continuity of legacy adds depth.

(5) But although many people..... minds with doubt.[ From passage II]
Question.
1. Why did some people not like Socrates ? |
(कुछ व्यक्ति सुकरात को पसन्द क्यों नहीं करते थे ?)
Answer: 1. Some people did not like Socrates because they did not approve of his views. (कुछ व्यक्ति सुकरात को पसन्द नहीं करते थे, क्योंकि वे उसके विचारों को नहीं मानते थे ।) 2. Many people loved Socrates because they took delight in his wisdom. (कुछ व्यक्ति सुकरात से प्रेम करते थे क्योंकि उन्हें उसकी बुद्धिमानी की बातों में आनन्द आता था ।) 3. Socrates thought that man's own mind influenced his conduct more than Gods. Some people thought this idea of Socrates new and wicked. (सुकरात सोचता था कि मनुष्य का अपना मस्तिष्क उसके अपने व्यवहार को देवताओं की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावित करता है। कुछ लोगों को सुकरात का यह विचार नया और शरारतपूर्ण लगा ।) 4. The old man taught that man's own mind influenced his conduct more than the Gods. (वृद्ध व्यक्ति सिखाता था कि मनुष्य का अपना मस्तिष्क देवी-देवताओं की अपेक्षा उसके आचरण को अधिक प्रभावित करता है।) 5. Many people of Greece thought that the old man was leading the young astray and was filling their minds with doubts. (बहुत-से व्यक्ति सोचते थे कि वृद्ध व्यक्ति नवयुवकों को गलत राह पर ले जा रहा है और उनके मस्तिष्क को सन्देह से भर रहा है।)
In simple words: Some people disliked Socrates because they disagreed with his views, especially his idea that human conduct was influenced more by one's own mind than by the Gods, which they found new and wicked.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining dislike, be specific about the conflicting ideas. Socrates' challenge to traditional beliefs was a major point of contention.

(5) But although many people..... minds with doubt.[ From passage II]
Question.
2. Why did many people love Socrates ? ।
(कुछ व्यक्ति सुकरात को क्यों पसन्द करते थे ?)
Or
How did many people behave with Socrates?
(कुछ व्यक्ति सुकरात से कैसा व्यवहार करते थे ?)
Answer: Many people loved Socrates because they took delight in his wisdom. (कुछ व्यक्ति सुकरात से प्रेम करते थे क्योंकि उन्हें उसकी बुद्धिमानी की बातों में आनन्द आता था ।)
In simple words: Many people admired Socrates because they found joy and intellectual stimulation in his wisdom and teachings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the positive attribute that drew people to him – his wisdom and the pleasure derived from it.

(5) But although many people..... minds with doubt.[ From passage II]
Question.
3. What idea of Socrates seemed to some people new and wicked?
(सुकरात का कौन-सा विचार कुछ व्यक्तियों को नयी और शरारतपूर्ण लगा ?)
Answer: Socrates thought that man's own mind influenced his conduct more than Gods. Some people thought this idea of Socrates new and wicked. (सुकरात सोचता था कि मनुष्य का अपना मस्तिष्क उसके अपने व्यवहार को देवताओं की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावित करता है। कुछ लोगों को सुकरात का यह विचार नया और शरारतपूर्ण लगा ।)
In simple words: The idea that a person's own mind influenced their conduct more than the Gods seemed new and wicked to some people, as it challenged conventional religious beliefs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific idea that caused controversy. This highlights the conflict between Socratic philosophy and traditional societal views.

(5) But although many people..... minds with doubt.[ From passage II]
Question.
4. What did the old man teach?
(वृद्ध व्यक्ति क्या सिखाता था ?)
Or
What did Socrates say to the people?
(सुकरात लोगों से क्या कहना चाहता था ?)
Answer: The old man taught that man's own mind influenced his conduct more than the Gods. (वृद्ध व्यक्ति सिखाता था कि मनुष्य का अपना मस्तिष्क देवी-देवताओं की अपेक्षा उसके आचरण को अधिक प्रभावित करता है।)
In simple words: Socrates taught that an individual's own mind, rather than divine beings, primarily guided their behavior and actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the "old man" to Socrates and clearly state the central tenet of his teaching regarding self-governance of conduct.

(5) But although many people..... minds with doubt.[ From passage II]
Question.
5. What did many people of Greece think about the old man ?
(यूनान के बहुत-से लोग वृद्ध व्यक्ति के विषय में क्या सोचते थे ?)
Answer: Many people of Greece thought that the old man was leading the young astray and was filling their minds with doubts. (बहुत-से व्यक्ति सोचते थे कि वृद्ध व्यक्ति नवयुवकों को गलत राह पर ले जा रहा है और उनके मस्तिष्क को सन्देह से भर रहा है।)
In simple words: Many Greeks believed that Socrates was corrupting the youth by introducing doubts and leading them away from traditional beliefs.

🎯 Exam Tip: This answer addresses the perception of Socrates by a segment of society, which eventually led to his trial. Highlight the charges against him.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
1. Who summoned Socrates to appear before them and to stand his trial ?
(सुकरात को अपने समक्ष उपस्थित होने और न्यायिक जाँच से गुजरने के लिए किसने बुलाया ?)
Answer: 1. The rulers of Athens summoned Socrates to appear before them and to stand his trial. (एथेन्स के शासकों ने सुकरात को अपने समक्ष उपस्थित होने और न्यायिक जाँच से गुजरने के लिए बुलाया ।) 2. Socrates' friends begged him to escape or to hide until the storm had blown away. (सुकरात के मित्रों ने उससे भाग जाने या छिप जाने की प्रार्थना की जब तक कि तूफान थम न जाए।) 3. Socrates told the Athenians that they would get nothing by taking away his life. (सुकरात ने एथेन्स के निवासियों को बताया कि उसका जीवन लेकर उन्हें कुछ नहीं मिलेगा।) 4. Socrates did not escape or hide because he was not a coward. He thought that he was right in his teachings. (सुकरात भागा या छिपी नहीं, क्योंकि वह कायर नहीं था। वह सोचता था कि वह अपनी शिक्षाओं में सही है ।) 5. Socrates was a great preacher, a keen observer of things, very wise and fear less. (सुकरात महान उपदेशक, तीक्ष्ण पर्यवेक्षक, अत्यन्त बुद्धिमान तथा निडर था ।) 6. Socrates was not afraid of facing the governors of Athens because he was not a coward. He knew that he had done nothing wrong and that he had only taught what he believed to be just, true and honourable. (एथेन्स के शासकों के सम्मुख जाने से सुकरात नहीं डरते थे, क्योंकि वे कायर नहीं थे। वे जानते थे कि उन्होंने कोई गलती नहीं की है और उन्होंने लोगों को वही सिखाया है जिसे उन्होंने उचित, सत्य व सम्मानपूर्ण समझा ।) 7. Though Socrates was shabbily dressed, people respected him for his noble heart that beat under the garments. (यद्यपि सुकरात मैले-कुचैले वस्त्र पहनते थे, लोगों ने उनको उस उत्तम हदय के लिए सम्मान दिया जो उन वस्त्रों के नीचे धड़कता था।) 8. We come to know about Socrates that a noble heart beats under the shabby garments. (हमें सुकरात के विषय में यह जानकारी मिलती है कि मैले-कुचैले वस्त्रों में रहने वाले एक व्यक्ति में योग्य उत्तम हृदय धड़कता है ।) 9. Socrates made a powerful and dignified speech. (सुकरात ने एक सशक्त और शानदार भाषण दिया ।)।
In simple words: The rulers of Athens summoned Socrates to appear before them and face trial. His friends advised him to escape, but he refused, believing in the righteousness of his teachings and his own courage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the authority that summoned him. This sets the stage for the conflict between Socrates and the Athenian government.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
2. What did Socrates's friends beg him for? |
(सुकरात के मित्रों ने उससे क्या प्रार्थना की ?)
Answer: Socrates' friends begged him to escape or to hide until the storm had blown away. (सुकरात के मित्रों ने उससे भाग जाने या छिप जाने की प्रार्थना की जब तक कि तूफान थम न जाए।)
In simple words: Socrates' friends implored him to escape or conceal himself until the danger of the trial had passed.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question highlights the concern of his friends and the gravity of the situation. Note his friends' plea to avoid punishment.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
3. What did Socrates tell the Athenians ?
(सुकरात ने एथेन्सवासियों को क्या बताया ?)
Or
What did he say to the governors of Athens during his trial?
(अपनी न्यायिक जाँच के दौरान उसने एथेन्स के शासकों से क्या कहा ?)
Answer: Socrates told the Athenians that they would get nothing by taking away his life. (सुकरात ने एथेन्स के निवासियों को बताया कि उसका जीवन लेकर उन्हें कुछ नहीं मिलेगा।)
In simple words: During his trial, Socrates informed the Athenians that his death would not bring them any meaningful gain or benefit.

🎯 Exam Tip: This statement reflects Socrates' understanding of his own value and the futility of punishing truth. It showcases his defiance and wisdom.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
4. Why did Socrates not escape or hide to avoid punishment?
(सुकरात दण्ड से बचने के लिए क्यों नहीं भागा या छिपा ?)
Answer: Socrates did not escape or hide because he was not a coward. He thought that he was right in his teachings. (सुकरात भागा या छिपी नहीं, क्योंकि वह कायर नहीं था। वह सोचता था कि वह अपनी शिक्षाओं में सही है ।)
In simple words: Socrates chose not to escape or hide because he was not a coward and firmly believed in the righteousness of his teachings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize his courage and conviction in his principles as the primary reasons for his refusal to flee.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
5. What qualities of Socrates do you come to know after reading the passage?
(गद्यांश को पढ़ने के बाद आपको सुकरात के किन गुणों का पता चलता है ?)
Answer: Socrates was a great preacher, a keen observer of things, very wise and fear less. (सुकरात महान उपदेशक, तीक्ष्ण पर्यवेक्षक, अत्यन्त बुद्धिमान तथा निडर था ।)
In simple words: From the passage, we learn that Socrates was an eloquent preacher, a perceptive observer, highly wise, and utterly fearless.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a few distinct positive qualities supported by the passage, such as wisdom, courage, and keen observation.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
6. Why was Socrates not afraid of facing the governors of Athens?
(सुकरात एथेन्स के प्रशासकों के सम्मुख आने से क्यों नहीं डरता था ?)
Answer: Socrates was not afraid of facing the governors of Athens because he was not a coward. He knew that he had done nothing wrong and that he had only taught what he believed to be just, true and honourable. (एथेन्स के शासकों के सम्मुख जाने से सुकरात नहीं डरते थे, क्योंकि वे कायर नहीं थे। वे जानते थे कि उन्होंने कोई गलती नहीं की है और उन्होंने लोगों को वही सिखाया है जिसे उन्होंने उचित, सत्य व सम्मानपूर्ण समझा ।)
In simple words: Socrates was unafraid to face Athenian governors because he was courageous and confident that he had committed no wrong, having only taught what he believed to be just, true, and honourable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight his inner conviction and moral fortitude as the basis of his fearlessness. His belief in his own integrity was paramount.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
7. Why did the people respect him even though he was shabbily dressed?
(यद्यपि सुकरात मैले-कुचैले वस्त्र पहनता था फिर भी लोग उसका आदर क्यों करते थे ?)
Answer: Though Socrates was shabbily dressed, people respected him for his noble heart that beat under the garments. (यद्यपि सुकरात मैले-कुचैले वस्त्र पहनते थे, लोगों ने उनको उस उत्तम हदय के लिए सम्मान दिया जो उन वस्त्रों के नीचे धड़कता था।)
In simple words: Despite his shabby attire, people respected Socrates for his noble character and profound wisdom, which they valued over outward appearance.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question contrasts outward appearance with inner worth. The answer should emphasize that his moral character and intellect transcended his physical presentation.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
8. What do we come to know about Socrates from the given passage?
(दिये गये गद्यांश से हमें सुकरात के बारे में क्या जानकारी प्राप्त हुई ?)
Answer: We come to know about Socrates that a noble heart beats under the shabby garments. (हमें सुकरात के विषय में यह जानकारी मिलती है कि मैले-कुचैले वस्त्रों में रहने वाले एक व्यक्ति में योग्य उत्तम हृदय धड़कता है ।)
In simple words: The passage reveals that beneath Socrates' simple exterior lay a noble heart and profound wisdom, earning him respect despite his humble appearance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the key takeaway about Socrates' character, emphasizing the contrast between his outward simplicity and inner greatness.

(6) The men who were believed to be right. [ From passage II]
Question.
9. Who made a powerful and dignified speech?
(एक सशक्त और शानदार भाषण किसने दिया ?)
Answer: Socrates made a powerful and dignified speech. (सुकरात ने एक सशक्त और शानदार भाषण दिया ।)।
In simple words: Socrates delivered a compelling and honorable speech during his trial.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the speaker and the nature of the speech. This highlights Socrates' ability to articulate his beliefs even under duress.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
1. Wrtite the name of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken. Who is the writer of this lesson?
(उपर्युक्त गद्यांश किस पाठ से लिया गया है। उनका नाम लिखिए। इस पाठ का लेखक कौन है?)
Answer: 1. The name of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken is Socrates. The name of the lesson is Phoda Power. (उपर्युक्त गद्यांश जिस पाठ से लिया गया है उसका नाम 'Socarates' है। इसके लेखक 'RhodaPower' हैं ।) 2. Socrates which pered to Crito, “cannote de me a favour? awe a cock to Aesculapius will you pay the debts". (सुकरात ने क्रीटो से कहा, “क्या आप मुझ पर एक एहसान कर सकते हो? मैं ऐस्कलेपियस का एक मुर्गे (की भेंट) का ऋणी हूँ। क्या तुम उस ऋण को चुका दोगे?” 3. The judges listened to him, questioned him and condemned him to death. (जजों ने उसकी बात को ध्यान से सुना, प्रश्न पूछे तथा उसे मृत्युदण्ड दिया ।) 4. The old man accepted the judgement without any complaint. (बिना किसी शिकायत के बूढ़े आदमी ने निर्णय को स्वीकार कर लिया ।) 5. The old man said to his pupils, “No evil can happen to a good man either in life or after death. So be of good cheer.” (वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने अपने शिष्यों से कहा, “एक भले आदमी का इस जीवन में या मृत्यु के बाद बुरा नहीं हो सकता। अतः प्रसन्न रहो ।”) 6. The judges condemned Socrates to death. (न्यायाधीशों ने सुकरात को मृत्युदण्ड दिया ।) 7. In holding the trial of Socrates, the judges adopted the procedure of questioning and discussing. (सुकरात. का मुकदमा चलाने में न्यायाधीशों ने प्रश्न करने और वाद-विवाद करने की प्रक्रिया अपनायी ।)
In simple words: The passage is from the lesson "Socrates," written by Rhoda Power. The questions cover Socrates' trial, his interaction with Crito, the judges' decision, and Socrates' calm acceptance of his fate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the lesson title and author for introductory questions. For questions related to events, ensure you cover who, what, and how in your answer.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
2. What did Socrates whisper to Critio'?
(सुकरात ने 'क्रीटो' से धीरे से क्या कहा?)
Answer: Socrates which pered to Crito, “cannote de me a favour? awe a cock to Aesculapius will you pay the debts". (सुकरात ने क्रीटो से कहा, “क्या आप मुझ पर एक एहसान कर सकते हो? मैं ऐस्कलेपियस का एक मुर्गे (की भेंट) का ऋणी हूँ। क्या तुम उस ऋण को चुका दोगे?”
In simple words: Socrates whispered to Crito, asking him to do a favour by paying a debt – offering a cock to Aesculapius.

🎯 Exam Tip: This detail shows Socrates' attention to even small obligations at the very end of his life. Quote accurately if the text provides a direct quote.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
3. How did the judges try the old man? What punishment was given to him?
(जजों ने बूढ़े आदमी पर कैसे मुकदमा चलाया ? उसे क्या दण्ड दिया गया ?)
Answer: The judges listened to him, questioned him and condemned him to death. (जजों ने उसकी बात को ध्यान से सुना, प्रश्न पूछे तथा उसे मृत्युदण्ड दिया ।)
In simple words: The judges conducted Socrates' trial by listening to him and questioning him, ultimately condemning him to death.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the procedural aspects of the trial and the final verdict clearly. The process and outcome are key here.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
4. How did the old man react to the judgement?
(बूढ़े आदमी ने निर्णय पर क्या प्रतिक्रिया की ?)
Answer: The old man accepted the judgement without any complaint. (बिना किसी शिकायत के बूढ़े आदमी ने निर्णय को स्वीकार कर लिया ।)
In simple words: Socrates accepted the judges' verdict without any protest or complaint, displaying his characteristic calm and dignity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Socrates' composure and acceptance, which is a significant aspect of his character in the face of injustice.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
5. What did the old man say to his pupils in the courtroom after hearing the judgement?
(निर्णय सुनने के बाद बूढ़े आदमी ने अपने शिष्यों से क्या कहा ?)
Answer: The old man said to his pupils, “No evil can happen to a good man either in life or after death. So be of good cheer.” (वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने अपने शिष्यों से कहा, “एक भले आदमी का इस जीवन में या मृत्यु के बाद बुरा नहीं हो सकता। अतः प्रसन्न रहो ।”)
In simple words: After the judgment, Socrates reassured his pupils, stating that no harm could befall a good man, whether in life or after death, and urged them to remain cheerful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quote Socrates directly if possible, or paraphrase accurately. His words offer a profound philosophical message about integrity and death.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
6. What punishment was given to Socrates by the judges?
(न्यायाधीशों के द्वारा सुकरात को क्या दण्ड दिया गया ?)
Answer: The judges condemned Socrates to death. (न्यायाधीशों ने सुकरात को मृत्युदण्ड दिया ।)
In simple words: The judges sentenced Socrates to death as his punishment.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the punishment clearly and concisely. This is a factual recall question.

(7) The judges listened to treasured in their hearts. [From passage II]
Question.
7. What procedure was adopted by the judges in holding the trial of Socrates?
(सुकरात पर मुकदमा चलाने के लिए न्यायाधीशों ने कौन-सी प्रक्रिया अपनायी ?)
Answer: In holding the trial of Socrates, the judges adopted the procedure of questioning and discussing. (सुकरात. का मुकदमा चलाने में न्यायाधीशों ने प्रश्न करने और वाद-विवाद करने की प्रक्रिया अपनायी ।)
In simple words: The judges conducted Socrates' trial through a process of questioning and discussion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the method the judges used, focusing on the interactive and deliberative aspects of the trial.

(8) Then the soldiers came .........our lives us orphans."[From passage II]
Question.
1. who took Socrates to prison?
(सुकरात को जेल में कौन ले गया?)
Answer: 1. Soldiers took Socrates to prison. (सुकरात को सिपाही जेल ले गए।) 2. Many of his favourite followers followed Socrates when he was taken to prison. (जब सुकरात को जेल ले जाया गया तब उसके अनेक प्रिय शिष्य उसके साथ गए ।) 3. The friends of Socrates were sad because they knew Socrates would die Soon. (सुकरात के मित्र दुःखी थे क्योंकि वे जानते थे कि सुकरात शीघ्र ही मर जाएगा।)
In simple words: Soldiers were responsible for taking Socrates to prison following his condemnation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the agents of action (the soldiers) for questions about who performed a specific task.

(8) Then the soldiers came .........our lives us orphans."[From passage II]
Question.
2. Who followed Socrates when he was taken to the prison?
(जब सुकरात को जेल ले जाया जा रहा था तब उसके पीछे कौन गया ?)
Answer: Many of his favourite followers followed Socrates when he was taken to prison. (जब सुकरात को जेल ले जाया गया तब उसके अनेक प्रिय शिष्य उसके साथ गए ।)
In simple words: Many of Socrates' devoted followers accompanied him as he was escorted to prison.

🎯 Exam Tip: This detail emphasizes his strong influence and the loyalty of his disciples even in dire circumstances.

(8) Then the soldiers came .........our lives us orphans."[From passage II]
Question.
3. Why were the friends of Socrates sad?
(सुकरात के मित्र दुःखी क्यों थे ?)
Answer: The friends of Socrates were sad because they knew Socrates would die Soon. (सुकरात के मित्र दुःखी थे क्योंकि वे जानते थे कि सुकरात शीघ्र ही मर जाएगा।)
In simple words: Socrates' friends were saddened because they understood that his death was imminent.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the direct reason for their sadness, connecting it to the outcome of his trial.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
1. Write the name of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken. Who is the writer of this lesson?
(उपर्युक्त गद्यांश किस पाठ से लिया गया है। उनका नाम लिखिए। इस पाठ का लेखक कौन है?)
Answer: 1. The name of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken is Socrates. The name of the writer is Rhoda Power. (उपर्युक्त गद्यांश जिस पाठ से लिया गया है उसका नाम 'Socurates' हैं। इसके लेखक Rhoda Power' हैं ।) 2. Socrates whispered to Crito, "Can you do me a favour? I awe a cock to Aesculapius. Will you pay the debts. (सुकरात ने क्रीटो से कहा, “क्या आप मुझ पर एक एहसान कर सकते हो? मैं ऐस्कलेपियस का एक मुर्गे (की भेंट) का ऋणी हूँ। क्या तुम उस ऋण को चुका दोगे?" 3. The jailor praised Socrates, saying that he was the noblest, gentlest and best of all whoever came to that place. (जेलर ने सुकरात की यह कहकर प्रशंसा की कि उस स्थान पर जितने भी व्यक्ति आये, उनमें वे सर्वश्रेष्ठ, सज्जन और सर्वोत्तम व्यक्ति हैं ।) 4. The jailor was not guilty and was sad because he was going to give Socrates a cup of poison to drink. He burst into tears. (जेलर दोषी नहीं था और दुःखी था, क्योंकि वह सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देने जा रहा था। इसलिए वह रो पड़ा।) । 5. In the court Socrates told his pupils, “I have heard that a man should die in peace. You mustn't cry. Be silent and have patience.” (कोर्ट में सुकरात ने अपने शिष्यों से कहा, “मैंने सुना है कि मनुष्य को शान्ति से मरना चाहिए, आपको रोना नहीं चाहिए। शान्त हो जाइए और धैर्य रखिए।") 6. Before lifting the cup to his lips, Socrates said, “May the Gods prosper my journey from this to the other world.” ( प्याले को होठों से लगाने से पूर्व सुकरात ने कहा, “देवता इस संसार से दूसरे संसार की मेरी यात्रा को सुखद बनाएँ।”) 7. A cup of poison was given to drink to the people who were condemned to death in Athens. (एथेन्स में जिन लोगों को मृत्युदण्ड दिया जाता था, उन्हें जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए दिया जाता था ।) 8. Socrates nodded to the jailor because he knew all about the death sentence and he was willing to die for what he believed to be right. (सुकरात ने अपना सिर हिलाकर जेलर को अपनी सहमति दे दी, क्योंकि वह मृत्युदण्ड के बारे में सब कुछ जानता था और जिस बात को वह ठीक समझता था, उसके लिए वह मरने को तैयार था।) 9. The jailor was unwilling to offer the cup of poison to Socrates because in his Socrates was the noblest, greatest and best of all whoever came in his prison. (जेलर सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देने को इसलिए इच्छुक नहीं था, क्योंकि उसके विचार में सुकरात उस जेल में आने वाले सभी व्यक्तियों में सर्वाधिक कुलीन, सज्जन और श्रेष्ठ था ।)
In simple words: This passage is from the lesson "Socrates," authored by Rhoda Power. The questions relate to Socrates' final moments, his request to Crito, the jailor's sentiments, and Socrates' peaceful acceptance of his death sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to correctly identify the lesson and its author. For longer answers, organize details about different characters and events mentioned in the passage.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
2. What did Socrates whisper to 'Critio?
(सुकरात ने 'क्रीटो' से धीरे से क्या कहा?)
Answer: Socrates whispered to Crito, "Can you do me a favour? I awe a cock to Aesculapius. Will you pay the debts. (सुकरात ने क्रीटो से कहा, “क्या आप मुझ पर एक एहसान कर सकते हो? मैं ऐस्कलेपियस का एक मुर्गे (की भेंट) का ऋणी हूँ। क्या तुम उस ऋण को चुका दोगे?"
In simple words: Socrates quietly asked Crito to fulfill a promise by offering a cock to Aesculapius, thus settling a debt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Precision in quoting or paraphrasing direct dialogue is essential for these types of questions. This specific detail highlights Socrates' meticulousness.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
3. what did the jailor say in praise of Socrates ?
(सुकरात की प्रशंसा में जेलर ने क्या कहा ?)
Or
What feelings did the jailor express to Socrates while giving him the cup of poison?
(जब जेलर सुकरात को जहर का प्याला दे रहा था तब उसने क्या भावनाएँ प्रकट कीं ?)
Answer: The jailor praised Socrates, saying that he was the noblest, gentlest and best of all whoever came to that place. (जेलर ने सुकरात की यह कहकर प्रशंसा की कि उस स्थान पर जितने भी व्यक्ति आये, उनमें वे सर्वश्रेष्ठ, सज्जन और सर्वोत्तम व्यक्ति हैं ।)
In simple words: The jailor expressed admiration for Socrates, describing him as the noblest, gentlest, and best person he had ever encountered in that prison.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the jailor's respect for Socrates despite his duty. This shows Socrates' profound impact on those around him.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
4. Why did the jailor burst into tears?
(जेलर फूट-फूटकर क्यों रो पड़ा ?)
Or
Why was the jailor sad while offering a cup of poison to Socrates ?
(सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देते समय जेलर दुःखी क्यों था?)
Answer: The jailor was not guilty and was sad because he was going to give Socrates a cup of poison to drink. He burst into tears. (जेलर दोषी नहीं था और दुःखी था, क्योंकि वह सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देने जा रहा था। इसलिए वह रो पड़ा।)
In simple words: The jailor cried because he felt no guilt but was deeply saddened by the task of administering poison to Socrates, whom he greatly respected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the jailor's emotional state, distinguishing between personal responsibility and the sorrow of his duty.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
5. What did Socrates tell his pupils in the court?
(सुकरात ने कोर्ट में अपने शिष्यों को क्या बताया ?)
Answer: In the court Socrates told his pupils, “I have heard that a man should die in peace. You mustn't cry. Be silent and have patience.” (कोर्ट में सुकरात ने अपने शिष्यों से कहा, “मैंने सुना है कि मनुष्य को शान्ति से मरना चाहिए, आपको रोना नहीं चाहिए। शान्त हो जाइए और धैर्य रखिए।")
In simple words: Socrates advised his pupils in court to die peacefully, urging them not to cry and instead remain silent and patient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize Socrates' calm demeanor and his parting advice to his students, which reflects his philosophical stance on death.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
6. What did Socrates wish before lifting the cup to his lips?
(प्याले को अपने होठों से लगाने से पूर्व सुकरात ने क्या इच्छा व्यक्त की ?)
Or
What were the words of Socrates while lifting the cup of poison to his lips?
(जहर का प्याला होठों से लगाते समय सुकरात ने क्या कहा ?)
Answer: Before lifting the cup to his lips, Socrates said, “May the Gods prosper my journey from this to the other world.” ( प्याले को होठों से लगाने से पूर्व सुकरात ने कहा, “देवता इस संसार से दूसरे संसार की मेरी यात्रा को सुखद बनाएँ।”)
In simple words: Before drinking the poison, Socrates wished that the Gods would bless his transition from this world to the next.

🎯 Exam Tip: This wish reveals Socrates' perspective on death – not as an end, but as a journey, and his continued piety despite his condemnation.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
7. What was given to drink the people who were condemned to death in Athens ?
(एथेन्स में ज़िन लोगों को मृत्युदण्ड मिलता था, उन्हें पीने के लिए क्या दिया जाता था ?)
Or
How was the sentence to death carried out in Athens ?
(एथेन्स में मृत्यदण्ड कैसे दिया जाता था ?)
Answer: A cup of poison was given to drink to the people who were condemned to death in Athens. (एथेन्स में जिन लोगों को मृत्युदण्ड दिया जाता था, उन्हें जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए दिया जाता था ।)
In simple words: In Athens, those condemned to death were executed by being given a cup of poison to drink.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the method of execution directly. This is a factual detail about Athenian justice.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
8. Why did Socrates nod to the jailor? |
(सुकरात ने जेलर को अपनी स्वीकृति क्यों दे दी ?)
Answer: Socrates nodded to the jailor because he knew all about the death sentence and he was willing to die for what he believed to be right. (सुकरात ने अपना सिर हिलाकर जेलर को अपनी सहमति दे दी, क्योंकि वह मृत्युदण्ड के बारे में सब कुछ जानता था और जिस बात को वह ठीक समझता था, उसके लिए वह मरने को तैयार था।)
In simple words: Socrates nodded to the jailor as a sign of acceptance, knowing the death sentence and being ready to die for his convictions.

🎯 Exam Tip: His nod signifies not just acknowledgement, but also his unwavering resolve and acceptance of his fate based on his principles.

9. In Athens, when people.…………………………………………Will out pay the debt?" [From passage II]
Question.
9. Why was the jailor unwilling to offer the cup of poison to Socrates?
(जेलर सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देने के लिए इच्छुक क्यों नहीं था ?)
Answer: The jailor was unwilling to offer the cup of poison to Socrates because in his opinion Socrates was the noblest, greatest and best of all whoever came in his prison. (जेलर सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देने को इसलिए इच्छुक नहीं था, क्योंकि उसके विचार में सुकरात उस जेल में आने वाले सभी व्यक्तियों में सर्वाधिक कुलीन, सज्जन और श्रेष्ठ था ।)
In simple words: The jailor was reluctant to give Socrates the poison because he viewed Socrates as the noblest, greatest, and best person he had ever encountered in the prison.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the jailor's reluctance to his high personal regard for Socrates, emphasizing the philosopher's profound impact on others.

Long Answer Type Questions

Answer the following questions in about 60 words :

Question 1. who was Socrates? What did he teach the people? Why did he become famous?
(सुकरात कौन था ? उसने लोगों को क्या सिखाया ? वह प्रसिद्ध क्यों हुआ ?)
Or
Why does the author call Socrates 'the greatest of all the Greeks'?
(लेखक सुकरात को 'सभी यूनानियों में महान्' कहकर क्यों पुकारता है?)
Or
Who was Socrates? Why was he loved by many youngmen in his country? What were his teachings?
(सुकरात कौन था? उसे उसके देश के अनेक नवयुवक क्यों प्यार करते थे ? उसकी क्या शिक्षाएँ थीं ?)
Or
What great qualities of Socrates are brought out in the lesson 'Socrates' ?
(Socrates' पाठ के अन्तर्गत सुकरात के किन महान् गुणों को प्रकट किया गया है ?)
Or
Who was Socrates and what were his teachings?
(सुकरात कौन था और उसकी क्या शिक्षाएँ थीं ?)
Or
who was Socrates? Write some of his great qualities?
(सुकरात कौन था? उसके कुछ महान गुणों को लिखिए)
Or
Who was Socrates? Where did he live?
(सुकरात कौन था? वह कहाँ रहता था?)
Answer: Socrates was a preacher in the streets of Athens. He lived there about 400 B.Ç. He was a keen observer and allowed very few things to escape from his notice. He said that there were higher and nobler deeds than making sacrifices to Athene and the other Gods of Greece. He preached people to know themselves and asked them to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. Socrates became famous because he chose the streets for talking to people. He would question them, argue with them and then would leave them to think for themselves. His fame had spread far and wide. A special group of pupils like Plato gathered around him and followed him wherever he went. (सुकरात एथेन्स की सड़कों के एक उपदेशक थे। वे वहाँ लगभग 400 ईसा पूर्व में रहते थे। वे एक तीक्ष्ण पर्यवेक्षक थे और उनकी दृष्टि से कोई चीज़ बच नहीं पाती थी। उनका विचार था कि एथीन तथा अन्य देवताओं के लिए बलिदान करने से भी अधिक महत्त्व के अन्य कार्य हैं, जो उच्च श्रेणी के हैं तथा आदर्श हैं। उन्होंने लोगों को उपदेश दिया कि वे स्वयं परख करें कि क्या सही, न्यायोचित, सत्य एवं सुन्दर है। सुकरात इस कारण प्रसिद्ध हो गये क्योंकि उन्होंने लोगों से वार्तालाप करने के लिए सड़कों को चुना। वे लोगों से प्रश्न पूछते, उनसे वाद-विवाद करते तथा उन पर ही छोड़ देते कि वे स्वयं सोच-समझकर निष्कर्ष निकालें। उनकी ख्याति दूर-दूर तक फैल गयी। उनके अनुयायियों का एक दल, जिनमें प्लेटो भी था, उनके साथ रहने लगा। वे जहाँ भी जाते, अनुयायी उनके पीछे-पीछे जाते थे ।)
In simple words: Socrates was an Athenian philosopher who preached self-knowledge and the pursuit of truth. He gained fame by engaging people in public discussions, encouraging independent thought, and emphasizing noble deeds over religious rituals. Many, including his pupil Plato, admired him.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a comprehensive character sketch. Include his origin, core teachings, method of engagement, and reasons for his fame. Mentioning his followers strengthens the answer.

Question 2. who was Socrates ? Describe his physical features and early education.
(सुकरात कौन था ? उसकी शारीरिक रचना तथा प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा का विवरण दीजिए ।)
Answer: Socrates lived in Athens about four hundred years before Jesus Christ was born. He was a fearless philosopher and spoke what seemed right to him. The men who governed Athens did not like him and he was ultimately made to drink a cup of poison. As a boy, he was ugly, short and had a flat nose and bulging eyes. Like other boys of his age, he went to school where he had to learn music and gymnastics. He also learned some science and mathematics and a little about the stars. He did not learn much history and geography. (ईसा के जन्म से लगभग चार सौ वर्ष पूर्व सुकरात एथेन्स में रहते थे। वह एक निडर दार्शनिक थे और वही कॅहते थे जो उन्हें सत्य प्रतीत होते थे। जो लोग उस समय एथेन्स पर शासन करते थे, वे उन्हें पसन्द नहीं करते थे। अन्त में उनको जहर का प्याला पीकर अपनी जीवन लीला समाप्त करनी पड़ी। एक बालक के रूप में वे कुरूप थे, छोटे कद के थे, उनकी नाक चपटी थी तथा उनकी आँखें बाहर को निकली हुई थीं।। अपनी आयु के दूसरे बालकों की तरह वे स्कूल गए, जहाँ उन्होंने गायन तथा जिमनास्टिक्स की शिक्षा प्राप्त की। उन्होंने विज्ञान, गणित तथा नक्षत्रों के विषयों में भी पढ़ाई की। उन्होंने इतिहास एवं भूगोल अधिक नहीं पढ़ा ।)
In simple words: Socrates was a fearless Athenian philosopher who, despite being ugly with a flat nose and bulging eyes, pursued knowledge. His early education included music, gymnastics, science, mathematics, and astronomy, but not much history or geography.

🎯 Exam Tip: For descriptive questions, ensure clear details for physical features and a concise summary of his educational background. Also, mention his core philosophical identity.

Question 3. Why was Socrates summoned to the court? What advice was given to him by his friends ? Did he listen to their advice ?
(सुकरात को न्यायालय में क्यों बुलाया गया ? उसके मित्रों ने उसे क्या सलाह दी ? क्या उसने उनकी सलाह पर ध्यान दिया ?)
Answer: Socrates taught the people that a good conduct was better than worshipping Gods and Goddesses. He said that there were higher and nobler deeds than making sacrifices to Athene and other Gods. At this many people thought that he was leading the young astray. So Athenian government filed a suit against him. He was ordered to appear before the court and to stand his trial. His friends advised him to run away or hide for some time. But he did not listen to his friends' advice because he knew that he had done nothing wrong. He had only taught what he believed to be just, true and honourable. (सुकरात लोगों को शिक्षा देता था कि देवी-देवताओं की पूजा करने की अपेक्षा उत्तम आचरण अधिक अच्छा है। उसने कहा कि एथीन और अन्य देवताओं के लिए बलिदान करने की अपेक्षा संसार में अनेकों उच्च और श्रेष्ठ कार्य हैं। इस पर बहुत-से व्यक्तियों ने सोचा कि वह नवयुवकों को मार्ग से भटका रहा है। अतः एथेन्स की सरकार ने उसके विरुद्ध मुकदमा दायर कर दिया। उसे कोर्ट के सम्मुख उपस्थित होकर अपना पक्ष प्रस्तुत करने के लिए कहा गया। उसके मित्रों ने उसे सलाह दी कि वह या तो भाग जाये या कुछ समय के लिए छिप जाये। किन्तु उसने अपने मित्रों की सलाह को नहीं सुना, क्योंकि वह जानता था कि उसने कुछ भी गलत नहीं किया है। उसने केवल वही सिखाया है जो उचित, सत्य और सम्मानजनक है।)
In simple words: Socrates was summoned to court because the Athenian government accused him of corrupting the youth by teaching them that good conduct was superior to worshipping Gods. His friends advised him to escape, but he refused, convinced of his innocence and the righteousness of his teachings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the accusation that led to the trial. Detail the advice from his friends and Socrates' defiant response, explaining his reasoning.

Question 4. Why was Socrates tried in the court and what happened at the trial?
(सुकरात पर क्यों मुकदमा चलाया गया और उस मुकदमे में क्या हुआ ?)
Or
Describe the trial and death of Socrates.
(सुकरात पर मुकदमे का और उसकी मृत्यु का वर्णन कीजिए ।)
Or
Why and how was Socrates tried in the court?
(सुकरात के ऊपर न्यायालय में क्यों और किस प्रकार मुकदमा चलाया गया ?
Or
what was Socrates accused of? How did he face his trial?
(सुकरात पर क्या दोष लगाया गया ? उसने मुकदमे का मुकाबला कैसे किया?)
Answer: Socrates told his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for himself so that by using his reason he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful, and so shape his own conduct. But although many people loved the old man and delighted in his wisdom, there were some who did not approve of him. His ideas seemed to some people a new wicked idea. These people thought that he was leading the young astray. During the trial, Socrates made a powerful and dignified speech. The judges listened to him, questioned him and condemned him to death. The old man made no complaint. (सुकरात ने अपने देशवासियों से कहा कि उनमें से प्रत्येक को आत्मचिन्तन करना चाहिए जिससे कि उनकी बुद्धि-विवेक उनको यह देखने की शक्ति देगा कि क्या उचित, सत्य एवं सुन्दर है और वैसे ही उनका आचरण निश्चित होगा। यद्यपि अनेक व्यक्ति इस बूढे व्यक्ति की सूझ-बूझ वाली बातें सुनकर आनन्दित होते थे, लेकिन उनमें से कुछ ऐसे भी व्यक्ति थे जो उसकी बातों से सहमत नहीं थे। सुकरात के विचार उनको पापयुक्त नजर आते थे। उनका मानना था कि सुकरात नवयुवकों को पथ-भ्रष्ट कर रहा है। मुकदमे के दौरान सुकरात ने सम्मानजनक एवं प्रभावशाली भाषण दिया। न्यायाधीशों ने उसकी बातें सुनीं, उससे प्रश्न पूछे और उसे मृत्युदण्ड दिया। वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने उनसे कोई शिकायत नहीं की ।)
In simple words: Socrates was tried because some perceived his teachings, especially about self-reason, as new and wicked, believing he corrupted the youth. During his dignified trial, despite his powerful speech, the judges condemned him to death, which he accepted without complaint.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question requires a summary of the trial's cause, proceedings, and outcome. Highlight both the accusations and Socrates' noble response.

Question 5. Why was Socrates condemned to death? How did he react to the sentence of death?
(सुकरात को मृत्युदण्ड क्यों दिया गया ? मृत्युदण्ड पर उसने क्या प्रतिक्रिया की ?)
Or
What punishment was given to Socrates by the judges? What was Socrates' reaction against it?
(जज ने सुकरात को क्या दण्ड दिया? इस पर सुकरात की क्या प्रतिक्रिया थी?)
Answer: Socrates was condemned to death for leading the young astray. According to him man's own mind influenced his conduct more than the gods. This seemed to some people a new and wicked idea. Socrates used to ask question and argue the young men to make them realise what is right and wrong. Some people thought that he was leading the young astray. Socrates was condemned to death for impiety and corrupting the minds of Athenians. After the death sentence, Socrates made no complaint. He told his pupils that no harm could come to a good man in life or after death. He asked his pupils to be of good cheer'. (सुकरात को नवयुवकों को भटकाने के लिए मृत्युदण्ड दिया गया था। उनका कहना था मनुष्य के आचरण को देवताओं की अपेक्षा उसका अपना मस्तिष्क अधिक प्रभावित करता है। यह विचार कुछ लोगों को एक नया तथा पाप से पूर्ण लगा। सुकरात नवयुवकों से प्रश्न पूछा करते थे तथा वाद-विवाद करते थे जिससे नवयुवक स्वयं अनुभव करें कि क्या न्यायोचित है तथा क्या अन्यायपूर्ण । कुछ लोगों को लगा कि वे नवयुवकों को पथ-भ्रष्ट कर रहे हैं। सुकरात को नास्तिकता तथा नवयुवकों को पथ- भ्रष्ट करने के कारण मृत्युदण्ड दिया गया । मृत्युदण्ड के पश्चात् सुकरात ने कोई शिकायत नहीं की। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों को समझाया कि नेक आदमी का न तो उसके जीवन में और न ही मृत्यु के पश्चात् कोई बुरा हो सकता है। उसने अपने शिष्यों से प्रसन्नचित्त रहने को कहा ।)
In simple words: Socrates was condemned to death primarily for corrupting the youth by challenging traditional beliefs and promoting individual reason. He reacted to the sentence without complaint, reassuring his pupils that no harm could befall a good man, either in life or after death, and urged them to be cheerful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the reasons for his condemnation. Emphasize his serene and principled reaction, particularly his words of comfort to his followers.

Question 6. Give a character sketch of Socrates.
(सुकरात का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए ।)
Or
Why does the writer call Socrates “The greatest of all the Greeks'?
(लेखक सुकरात को सभी यूनानियों में सबसे महान् क्यों कहता है ?)
Answer:
Introduction : Socrates was a Greek philosopher. He lived in Athens. He was ugly, undersized and had a flat nose and bulging eyes. He had a short neck and plain face. The writer calls him “The greatest of all the Greeks' due to his following qualities :
His Early Life : Like other boys of his age, Socrates also went to school. There he learn music, gymnastics, science, mathematics, etc. He was a very thoughtful and wise child.
A Good Teacher : Socrates loved to talk to the young men in the street. He questioned them, argued with them and would leave them to think for themselves. The people gathered around him and followed him wherever he Went.
A Bold and Courageous Man: A suit was filed against him for leading the young astray. He was condemned to death. But he made no complaint. He drank the cup of poison joyfully and became immortal. (परिचय-सुकरात एक यूनानी दार्शनिक था। वह एथेन्स में रहता था। वह बदसूरत, बौना और चपटी नाक वाला तथा उभरी हुई आँखों वाला व्यक्ति था। उसकी गर्दन छोटी और चेहरा सपाट था। उसके अग्रलिखित गुणों के कारण लेखक उसे यूनानियों में सबसे महान् कहता हैउसका प्रारम्भिक जीवन-अपनी आयु के अन्ये लड़कों के समान सुकरात भी स्कूल गया। वहाँ उसने संगीत, जिमनास्टिक, विज्ञान, गणित, आदि सीखे । वह अत्यन्त विचारशील तथा बुद्धिमान बालक था। एक अच्छा अध्यापक-सुकरात नवयुवकों से सड़क पर बातें करना पसन्द करता था। वह उनसे प्रश्न करता था, वाद-विवाद करता था और उन्हें स्वयं सोचने के लिए छोड़ देता था। लोग उसके चारों ओर इकट्ठा होने लगे और जहाँ भी वह जाता था, लोग उसके पीछे-पीछे जाते थे। एक बहादुर और साहसी व्यक्ति-नवयुवकों को पथ-भ्रष्ट करने का उस पर आरोप लगाया गया, उसे मृत्युदण्ड दिया गया। किन्तु उसने कोई शिकायत नहीं की। उसने प्रसन्नतापूर्वक जहर का प्याला पी लिया और अमर हो गया ।)
In simple words: Socrates was an ugly but wise Greek philosopher and an excellent teacher who engaged youth in critical thinking. He was a bold and courageous man who faced his death sentence with dignity, drinking poison joyfully and achieving immortality through his principles.

🎯 Exam Tip: For a character sketch, organize your answer into distinct paragraphs or points (e.g., Introduction, Early Life, Teacher, Courage). Provide specific examples or traits from the text to support each point, covering both physical aspects and personality.

Short Answer Type Questions

Answer the following questions in about 25 words :

Question 1. Where did Socrates live? Describe his physical appearance.
(सुकरात कहाँ रहता था ? उसकी शारीरिक आकृति का वर्णन कीजिए ।)
Answer: Socrates lived in Athens. He was ugly, undersized, and had a flat nose and bulging eyes. He had a short neck and plain face. (सुकरात एथेन्स में रहता था। वह बदसूरत और बौना था। उसकी नाक चपटी और आँखें उभरी हुई थीं। उसकी गर्दन छोटी और चेहरा समतल था।)
In simple words: Socrates lived in Athens. He was described as ugly, undersized, with a flat nose, bulging eyes, a short neck, and a plain face.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions asking for multiple pieces of information, ensure all parts are answered concisely. Be specific with physical descriptions.

Question 2. what was Socrates' aim in talking to the people?
(लोगों से बातचीत करने में सुकरात का क्या उद्देश्य था ?)
Or
What did Socrates try to teach the people by talking to them?
(लोगों से बातचीत करके सुकरात ने उन्हें क्या सिखाने की कोशिश की ?)
Answer: Socrates' aim in talking to people was to educate their mind to see what was right and noble, true and beautiful and to shape their own conduct accordingly. (लोगों से बातचीत करने में सुकरात का उद्देश्य उनके मस्तिष्क को शिक्षित करना था जिससे वे उचित, आदर्श, सत्य एवं सुन्दर का भेद समझकर अपना आचरण गढ़ सकें ।)
In simple words: Socrates aimed to enlighten people's minds through dialogue, helping them discern right from wrong, and guiding them to cultivate virtuous conduct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the educational and moral improvement aspects of Socrates' public interactions. His purpose was always to foster wisdom.

Question 3. How, according to Socrates, should man use his reason?
(सुकरात के अनुसार मनुष्य को अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग कैसे करना चाहिए?)
Answer: According to Socrates, man should use his reason to find out what is right, just, true and beautiful and so shape his conduct. (सुकरात के अनुसार व्यक्ति को यह पता लगाने के लिए अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करना चाहिए कि क्या ठीक, न्यायसंगत, सत्य और सुन्दर है और उसी प्रकार अपने व्यवहार को बनाना चाहिए ।)
In simple words: Socrates believed that reason should be used to determine what is right, just, true, and beautiful, thereby enabling individuals to guide their own behavior.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly articulate the function of reason as per Socrates – its role in ethical and moral discernment and self-governance.

Question 4. who was Socrates? what were his teachings?
(सुकरात कौन था? उसकी शिक्षाएँ क्या थीं ?)
Or
What did Socrates try to teach the people by talking to them?
(सुकरात बातचीत द्वारा उन्हें क्या शिक्षा देने की कोशिश करता था ?)
Answer: Socrates was a Greek philosopher. Many young men in his country loved him for his wisdom. He taught his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for himself so that by using his reason he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. (सुकरात एक यूनानी दार्शनिक था। उसके देश के अनेक नवयुवक उसे उसकी बुद्धिमत्ता के कारण प्यार करते थे। उसने अपने देशवासियों को शिक्षा दी थी कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग कर तथ्यों को जाँचना चाहिए तथा अपने विवेक से निर्णय लेना चाहिए कि क्या उचित, न्यायपूर्ण, सत्य और सुन्दर है ।)
In simple words: Socrates, a wise Greek philosopher, taught his countrymen to use their reason to think for themselves, enabling them to discern what is right, just, true, and beautiful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Combine a brief identification of Socrates with a clear summary of his central teaching, emphasizing self-reason and moral discernment.

Question 5. What was Socrates accused of? Who summoned him to appear before them to stand his trial?
(सुकरात पर क्या दोष लगाया गया ? सुकरात को अपने मुकदमे की पैरवी हेतु अपने सामने प्रस्तुत होने के लिए किसने बुलाया ?)
Or
Why did Socrates go to the court?
(सुकरात न्यायालय में क्यों गए?)
Answer: Socrates was accused of leading the young astray and filling their minds with doubts about old beliefs by asking questions. Thus, he was corrupting them. Athenian Government summoned him to appear before them to stand a trial. (सुकरात पर नवयुवकों को भड़काने और उनके मस्तिष्क को प्रश्न पूछकर पुराने विश्वासों के प्रति सन्देह से भरने का दोष लगाया गया था। इस प्रकार वह लोगों को भ्रष्ट कर रहा था। अतः एथेन्स की सरकार ने उसे अपने मुकदमे की पैरवी करने के लिए अपने समक्ष प्रस्तुत होने को बुलाया ।)
In simple words: Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth by questioning old beliefs and leading them astray. The Athenian Government summoned him to court for trial.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the charges against Socrates clearly. Identify the authority that initiated the legal proceedings.

Question 6. What did socrates say to the judges in the court?
(सुकरात ने कोर्ट में जजों से क्या कहा ?)
Answer: Socrates told the judges in the court that they would gain nothing by taking away the last few years of his life, but he was willing to die many deaths for what he believed to be right. (सुकरात ने जजों से कहा कि उनके जीवन के अन्तिम कुछ वर्ष लेकर उन्हें कोई लाभ नहीं होगा, परन्तु जिस बात को वे उचित समझते हैं उसके लिए वे अनेक बार मरने को तैयार हैं।)
In simple words: Socrates told the judges that his death would not benefit them, and he was prepared to die for his unwavering belief in what was right.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the essence of Socrates' defense and his firm resolve, highlighting his philosophical conviction over fear of death.

Question 7. What did socrates' friends advise him? Why did he not listen to his friends' advice?
(सुकरात के मित्रों ने उसे क्या सलाह दी ? उसने अपने मित्रों की सलाह क्यों नहीं मानी ?)
Or
Why did Socrates not listen to his friends' advice either to escape or hide until the storm had blown over?
(सुकरात ने अपने मित्रों की भाग जाने या छिप जाने की, जब तक कि तूफान थम न जाए, सलाह क्यों नहीं मानी ?)
Answer: Socrates' friends advised him to escape or hide. Socrates did not listen to his friends' advice because he knew that he had done nothing wrong and he was not a coward. (सुकरात के मित्रों ने उसे भाग जाने या छिपने की सलाह दी। सुकरात ने अपने मित्रों की सलाह को नहीं सुना, क्योंकि वह जानता था कि उसने कुछ भी गलत नहीं किया है और वह कायर नहीं था।)
In simple words: Socrates' friends urged him to escape or hide, but he refused. He believed he had done no wrong and was not a coward, thus choosing to face his fate.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the advice clearly and then provide Socrates' two main reasons for rejecting it: his clear conscience and his bravery.

Question 8. Why was Socrates condemned to death? What was his reaction to the death sentence?
(सुकरात को मृत्युदण्ड क्यों दिया गया ? मृत्युदण्ड पर उसकी क्या प्रतिक्रिया थी ?)
Or
What punishment was given to Socrates by the judges? What was Socrates' reaction against it?
(जज ने सुकरात को क्या दण्ड दिया? इस पर सुकरात की क्या प्रतिक्रिया थी?)
Answer: Socrates was condemned to death because he was leading the.young astray and corrupting them. On death sentence, Socrates made no complaint. (सुकरात को मृत्युदण्ड दिया गया, क्योंकि वह नवयुवकों को पथ-भ्रष्ट कर रहा था। मृत्युदण्ड पर सुकरात ने कोई शिकायत नहीं की ।)
In simple words: Socrates was condemned to death for allegedly misleading and corrupting the youth. He reacted to the death sentence with calm acceptance, making no complaint.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the reason for condemnation and describe his composed reaction, which highlights his philosophical resilience.

Question 9. What did Socrates advise his pupils in the court after hearing the death sentence?
(मृत्युदण्ड सुनने के पश्चात् सुकरात ने अपने शिष्यों को क्या सलाह दी ?)
Answer: After hearing the death sentence in the court, Socrates advised his pupils, “No evil can happen to a good man either in life or after death. So be of good cheer.” (कोर्ट में मृत्युदण्ड सुनने के पश्चात् सुकरात ने अपने शिष्यों को शिक्षा दी, “एक भले व्यक्ति के साथ इस जीवन में या मृत्यु के बाद कुछ बुरा नहीं हो सकता। अतः प्रसन्न रहो।”)
In simple words: Following his death sentence, Socrates assured his pupils that no harm could befall a good man, whether alive or deceased, encouraging them to remain optimistic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on his words of wisdom and comfort, which served as a final lesson on the nature of good and evil, and the acceptance of fate.

Question 10. why were Socrates' pupils sad? What did they think about Socrates?
सुकरात के शिष्य दुःखी क्यों थे ? वे सुकरात के विषय में क्या सोचते थे ?)
Answer: Socrates' pupils were sad because they knew that he would die soon. They thought that they were about to pass their life as orphans. (सुकरात के शिष्य दुःखी थे, क्योंकि वे जानते थे कि वह शीघ्र ही मर जाएगा। वे सोचते थे कि उन्हें अब अपना जीवन अनाथों के समान बिताना है ।)
In simple words: Socrates' pupils were sad knowing his imminent death and felt they would be left as orphans, losing their guiding mentor.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the immediate cause of sadness (his death) and the deeper consequence for them (feeling orphaned by his loss).

Question 11. what did the jailor say to Socrates?
(जेलर ने सुकरात से क्या कहा ?)
Answer: Giving the cup of poison to Socrates, the jailor told him that he would not be angry with him because others, and not he, were responsible for it. (सुकरात को विष का प्याला देते हुए जेलर ने उससे कहा कि वे उससे नाराज नहीं होंगे, क्योंकि इसके लिए वह नहीं बल्कि और लोग जिम्मेदार हैं।)
In simple words: The jailor, while handing the poison, expressed that Socrates should not be angry with him, as others were responsible for his fate, not the jailor himself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the jailor's attempt to distance himself from personal culpability while acknowledging Socrates' predicament. His words convey both respect and regret.

Question 12. What happened when Socrates was given to drink the cup of poison?
(जब सुकरात को जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए दिया गया तब क्य' हुआ ?)
Answer: When Socrates was given to drink the cup of poison, one of his pupils sobbed aloud. Others also could not control and soon the room was filled with the sound of weeping. (जब सुकरात को जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए दिया गया तब उसका एक शिष्य जोर से रो पड़ा। अन्य भी नियन्त्रण नहीं कर सके और शीघ्र ही पूरा कमरा रोने की आवाज से भर गया ।)
In simple words: Upon Socrates being given the poison, one pupil cried loudly, and soon others lost control, filling the room with the sound of collective weeping.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the emotional response of his pupils, emphasizing the immediate and widespread sorrow in the room.

Question 13. who was Crito? What did socrates request Crito ?
(क्रीटो कौन था ? सुकरात ने क्रीटो से क्या प्रार्थना की ?)
Answer: Crito was one of the pupils of Socrates. With the unfinished cup of poison in his hand, Socrates remembering something requested Crito to give a cock to Aesculapius which he owed to him. (क्रीटो सुकरात के शिष्यों में से एक था। हाथ में विष का अधूरा प्याला लिए, सुकरात को कुछ याद आया और उन्होंने क्रीटो से अनुग्रह किया कि वे एस्क्लेपियस को एक मुर्गा वापस दे दें जो कर्ज के रूप में उसकी ओर बाकी था ।)
In simple words: Crito was a pupil of Socrates. In his final moments, Socrates asked Crito to fulfill a forgotten debt by offering a cock to Aesculapius.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Crito's role and accurately state Socrates' specific, symbolic request, showing his attention to detail even at death.

Question 14. What great qualities of Socrates brought out in the lesson appeal | to you most?
(सुकरात के कौन-से महान् गुणों ने इस पाठ में आपको बहुत प्रभावित किया है ?)
Answer: Socrates did not want wealth or comfort. He gave his mind to noble and just thinking. He was fearless and a noble soul. He loved Athens and wanted it to be a perfect state. (सुकरात धन और आराम नहीं चाहता था। उसने अपना मस्तिष्क अच्छे और न्यायसंगत विचारों में लगाया। वह निडर और सज्जन हृदय वाला व्यक्ति था। वह एथेन्स से प्रेम करता था और इसे पूर्ण राज्य बनाना चाहता था।)
In simple words: Socrates' most appealing qualities were his disinterest in material wealth, his dedication to noble and just thought, his fearlessness, and his noble spirit driven by a desire to perfect Athens.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question asks for personal appeal, but the answer should still be grounded in the text's portrayal of Socrates. Focus on his virtues and intellectual commitment.

Question 15. What did Socrates often talk to the people of Athens
(एथेन्स के लोगों से सुकरात प्रायः क्या बात करता था ?)
Answer: Socrates told his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for himself so that by using his reason he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. (सुकरात ने अपने देश के निवासियों से कहा कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने स्वचिन्तन की योग्यता का विकास करना चाहिए, जिससे वह अपनी तर्क-शक्ति का प्रयोग करके यह जान सके कि क्या उचित, न्यायपूर्ण, सत्य और सुन्दर है।)
In simple words: Socrates encouraged Athenians to use their own reason to discern right from wrong, true from false, and noble from beautiful, believing this would enable them to shape their own conduct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Socrates' core teaching about self-reasoning as this highlights his philosophical contribution and purpose.

Question 16. What did Socrates want Athens to be? What did he ask Athenians to do to achieve this aim?
(सुकरात एथेन्स को क्या बनाना चाहता था ? इस उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए उसने एथेन्सवासियों से क्या करने को कहा ?)
Or
What did Socrates tell his countryman to do to make Athens a perfect state?
Answer: Socrates wanted Athens to be a perfect state. He told Athenians that this could only happen if every citizen educated his mind to see what was right and noble. (सुकरात एथेन्स को एक पूर्ण आदर्श राज्य देखना चाहते थे। उन्होंने एथेन्सवासियों से कहा कि वे अपने मस्तिष्क को यह जानने के लिए शिक्षित करें कि क्या सही और श्रेष्ठ है ।)
In simple words: Socrates desired Athens to be a perfect state, believing this could only be achieved if every citizen developed their mind to understand what is truly right and noble.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding Socrates' vision for Athens and the method he proposed (educating the mind) is crucial for this type of question.

Question 17. How was sentence to death carried out in Athens?
Answer: In Athens, sentence to death was carried out by giving a cup of poison to the culprit to drink. (एथेन्स में अपराधी को पीने के लिए जहर का प्याला देकर मृत्युदण्ड दिया जाता था ।)
In simple words: In ancient Athens, capital punishment was administered by requiring the condemned person to drink a cup of poison.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific method of execution in Athens as it's a key detail in the narrative.

Question 18. What did the jailor say to Socrates before giving him a cup of poison?
Answer: Before giving Socrates' a cup of poison the jailor said, “You, Socrates, whom I know to be the noblest and gentlest and best of all who ever came to this place, will not be angry with me when I ask you to drink the poison for others, and not i are the guilty cause." (सुकरात को विष का प्याला देने से पहले जेलर ने कहा, “आप सुकरात, जिसे मैं इस स्थान पर अब तक आने वाले सभी व्यक्तियों में सबसे उदार, सज्जन और श्रेष्ठ समझता हूँ, मुझ पर नाराज तो नहीं होंगे जब मैं आपको विष पीने के लिए कहूँगा, क्योंकि इसका दोषी मैं नहीं, बल्कि अन्य व्यक्ति हैं।'
In simple words: The jailor expressed his deep respect for Socrates, acknowledging him as the noblest person he had met, and asked him not to be angry, emphasizing that he was merely following orders.

🎯 Exam Tip: The jailor's words reveal his personal admiration for Socrates, which adds emotional depth to the story.

Vocabulary

(a) Match the words in List 'A' with their nearest meaning in List 'B':

(b) Fill in the blanks with proper words from those given below :
conduct, argue, accept, departure

Answer:
1. Some persons argue on useless topics.
2. Every student should have a good moral conduct.
3. The hour of my departure has arrived.
4. We should accept our mistakes.

(c) Use the following words and phrases in your own sentences so as to make their meanings clear :
shabby, treasured, dignified, condemned to death, fame, distressed, far and wide

Answer:
1. Govinda always wore shabby clothes.
2. Students should treasure every word of his teacher.
3. Our prime minister made a powerful and dignified speech.
4. Ranga & Billa were condemned to death.
5. When Vivekananda was a young man his fame spread far and wide.
6. The news of his failure distressed his parents very much.
7. Rajnish's teachings made him famous far and wide.