Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 Nationalism Gandhian Phase

 

Question 1. Who was arrested during the anti-Rowlatt protests in Amritsar?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Saifuddin Kitchlew
(c) Mohamed Ali
(d) Raj Kumar Shukla
Answer: (b) Saifuddin Kitchlew
In simple words: During the protests against the Rowlatt Act in Amritsar, Saifuddin Kitchlew was arrested by the British authorities. This arrest was one of the events that sparked further unrest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures and the locations associated with their arrests during major protests like the anti-Rowlatt demonstrations.

 

Question 2. In which session of the Indian National Congress was Non-Cooperation approved?
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Lucknow
(d) Nagpur
Answer: (d) Nagpur
In simple words: The Indian National Congress decided to approve the Non-Cooperation Movement at its session held in Nagpur. This meeting was very important for starting the movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the venues of crucial Congress sessions helps in understanding the timeline and key decisions of the freedom struggle.

 

Question 3. Which among the following was declared as 'Independence Day'?
(a) 26th January 1930
(b) 26th December 1929
(c) 16th June 1946
(d) 15th January 1947
Answer: (a) 26th January 1930
In simple words: The Indian National Congress declared January 26, 1930, as 'Independence Day' before India actually gained freedom. This date was chosen to inspire people to fight for complete self-rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the symbolic Independence Day declared by Congress and the actual date India gained independence (15th August 1947).

 

Question 4. When was the first Forest Act enacted?
(a) 1858
(b) 1911
(c) 1865
(d) 1936
Answer: (c) 1865
In simple words: The first law about forests was made in 1865. This act by the British government began to control how forests were used in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important dates like the enactment of the first Forest Act, as they signify major shifts in colonial policy.

 

Question 5. On 8 January 1933 which day was observed
(a) Temple Entry Day
(b) Day of Deliverance
(c) Direct Action Day
(d) Independence Day
Answer: (a) Temple Entry Day
In simple words: On January 8, 1933, "Temple Entry Day" was observed across India. This day was dedicated to the movement advocating for the right of lower caste people to enter Hindu temples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the specific days observed during the freedom struggle, as they highlight different aspects of social and political movements.

 

Question 6. Which Act introduced Provincial Autonomy?
(a) 1858 Act
(b) Indian Councils Act, 1909
(c) Government of India Act, 1919
(d) Government of India Act, 1935
Answer: (d) Government of India Act, 1935
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1935 brought in a new system called Provincial Autonomy. This meant provinces could manage some of their own affairs more independently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the key features and impacts of important Acts passed by the British, such as the Government of India Act, 1935, as they shaped India's political future.

 

Question 7. Who defeated Pattabhi Sitaramaya, Gandhi's candidate, and became the
(a) Rajendra Prasad
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Subhas Chandra Bose
(d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Answer: (c) Subhas Chandra Bose
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose won the election against Pattabhi Sitaramaya, who was supported by Gandhi. This election was for the presidency of the Indian National Congress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the internal politics and elections within the Congress party, as they reveal different ideologies and leadership struggles.

 

Question 8. Where was Gandhi when India attained independence on 15th August 1947?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Wardha
(d) Noakhali
Answer: (d) Noakhali
In simple words: When India became independent on August 15, 1947, Gandhi was in Noakhali. He was there trying to calm down communal violence instead of celebrating in the capital.

🎯 Exam Tip: While knowing the date of independence is important, also recall where key leaders were during such monumental events and why.

II. Fill In The Blanks

 

1. Gandhi was thrown out out of the first class compartment in .................... station.
Answer: Pietermaritzburg
In simple words: Gandhi was forced out of his first-class train compartment at Pietermaritzburg station in South Africa. This incident was a key moment in his fight against racial discrimination.

🎯 Exam Tip: This event in Pietermaritzburg is a crucial incident in Gandhi's early life that shaped his resolve for non-violent resistance.

 

2. Gandhi regarded .................... as his political guru.
Answer: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
In simple words: Gandhi looked up to Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his main teacher and guide in politics. Gokhale's ideas greatly influenced Gandhi's political thinking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing political mentors like Gokhale helps understand the influences on major leaders like Gandhi.

 

3. Khilafat Movement was led by ....................
Answer: Ali brothers
In simple words: The Khilafat Movement was primarily led by two brothers, Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, known as the Ali brothers. They sought to protect the Caliphate in Turkey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the leaders of significant movements as it highlights who mobilized public opinion and organized the protests.

 

4. Government of India Act 1919 introduced .................... in the provinces.
Answer: dyarchy
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1919 brought in a system called 'dyarchy' in the provinces. This meant that some government powers were divided between British and Indian ministers.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Dyarchy' is a technical term; explain it simply as a dual system of governance for clarity.

 

5. The Civil Disobedience Movement in North West Frontier Province was led by ....................
Answer: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
In simple words: In the North West Frontier Province, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as the Frontier Gandhi, led the Civil Disobedience Movement. He was a strong supporter of non-violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify regional leaders during national movements, as they were crucial in local mobilization and adapting strategies.

 

6. Ramsay Macdonald announced .................... which provided separate electorates to the minorities and the depressed classes.
Answer: Communal award
In simple words: Ramsay Macdonald announced the 'Communal Award,' which created separate voting groups for minorities and depressed classes. This decision aimed to give them more political representation but also caused divisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Communal Award was a controversial policy; understand its implications for Indian politics and society.

 

7. .................... established Congress Radio underground during the Quit India Movement.
Answer: Ushamehta
In simple words: Ushamehta secretly set up the Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement. This hidden radio station helped spread messages and news when the British tried to block information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlighting lesser-known but crucial contributions, like Ushamehta's, adds depth to the understanding of the freedom struggle.

 

8. .................... coined the term 'Pakistan'.
Answer: RahmatAli
In simple words: The name 'Pakistan' was first suggested by Chaudhry Rahmat Ali. He proposed this name for a separate Muslim homeland.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the origin of significant terms or concepts helps in tracing historical developments.

III. Choose The Correct Statement

 

Question 1.
(i) The Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent in 1920.
(ii) M. Singaravelar was tried in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.
(iii) The Congress Socialist Party was formed by Jayaprakash Narayah, Acharya Narendra Dev and Mino Masani.
(iv) The Socialists did not participate in the Quit India Movement.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iv) is correct
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer: (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: The first three statements are true. The Communist Party of India started in Tashkent in 1920. M. Singaravelar was involved in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, and the Congress Socialist Party was indeed formed by Jayaprakash Narayan and others. Socialists, however, did participate in the Quit India Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read all statements in multiple-choice questions to identify the correct combinations, noting which statement might be false.

 

Question 2.
(i) Hindustan Republican Army was formed in Kanpur in 1924.
(ii) Ram Prasad Bismil was tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case.
(iii) The Indian National Army's Women's Association was formed by Surya Sen.
(iv) Chittagong Armoury Raid was carried out by B.K. Dutt.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (i) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (a) (i) and (ii) are correct
In simple words: The first two statements are correct. The Hindustan Republican Army was indeed formed in Kanpur in 1924, and Ram Prasad Bismil was tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case. The other statements are incorrect regarding who formed the Women's Association and who carried out the Chittagong raid.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to associate specific organizations, events, and individuals correctly to avoid common factual errors.

 

Question 3. Assertion: The Congress attended the First Round Table Conference. Reason: Gandhi-Irwin Pact enabled the Congress to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) A is correct but R is wrong.
(c) A is wrong but R is correct.
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (c) A is wrong but R is correct.
In simple words: The first statement (Assertion) is incorrect because Congress did not attend the First Round Table Conference. However, the second statement (Reason) is correct, as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact did allow Congress to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to which Round Table Conferences were attended by the Congress, as this indicates key phases of negotiations with the British.

 

Question 4. Assertion: The Congress Ministries resigned in 1939. Reason: The Colonial government of India entered the war without consulting the elected Congress ministries.
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(b) A is correct but R is wrong.
(c) Both A and R are wrong.
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: Both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why the Congress ministries resigned. They resigned because the British government declared India a participant in World War II without asking the elected Indian representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: When dealing with Assertion-Reason questions, first check if each statement is true, then evaluate if the reason directly explains the assertion.

IV. Match The Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (i)
C. (ii)
D. (iii)
E. (iv)
In simple words: The Rowlatt Act was called the Black Act. The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to restore the Caliphate power. The Government of India Act, 1919, introduced dyarchy. The Communist Party of India was associated with M.N. Roy. The 16th August 1946 is known as Direct Action Day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately matching acts, movements, and key figures/events is vital for scoring marks in historical questions.

V. Answer The Following Briefly

 

Question 1. Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer: On April 13, 1919, a public meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. This gathering was to protest against the Rowlatt Act. Many villagers were also there to celebrate Baisakhi Day. General Reginald Dyer arrived with his troops, blocked the only entrance, and ordered them to fire without warning. The firing lasted for ten minutes, killing about 370 people and injuring over a thousand, although unofficial estimates put the death toll much higher. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre is remembered as a painful event in British Indian history. It deeply shocked the nation and fuelled the independence movement.
In simple words: In 1919, British soldiers shot at a large crowd of unarmed Indians gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, killing many. This happened during a protest against a new law and on a festival day.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing historical events like the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, include the date, location, key figures, immediate cause, and its significant impact.

 

Question 2. What were the objectives of the Khilafat Movement?
Answer: The Khilafat Movement had several main goals. Firstly, it aimed to protest against the ill-treatment of the Caliph, who was the Muslim spiritual leader in Turkey, after World War I. Secondly, the movement sought to support the Khilafat and restore his authority and honor. Thirdly, it was led by the Ali brothers, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, who mobilized Muslim support. Lastly, Gandhi saw this as a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims in India against British rule, promoting solidarity for a larger cause. He adopted the non-violent, non-cooperation program for this.
In simple words: The Khilafat Movement wanted to protect the Muslim leader (Caliph) in Turkey after World War I. It also aimed to unite Hindus and Muslims in India to fight against the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the religious and political aims of the Khilafat Movement and how it temporarily fostered Hindu-Muslim unity under Gandhi's leadership.

 

Question 3. Why did Gandhi withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement, which began in 1920, quickly gained widespread support across India. However, Gandhi withdrew it in February 1922 following a violent incident at Chauri Chaura, a village in Uttar Pradesh. During this incident, a procession of nationalists turned violent after being provoked by the police. The mob then set fire to the police station, resulting in the death of 22 policemen. Gandhi was deeply saddened by this violence and immediately decided to stop the movement. He believed that the people were not yet ready for a completely non-violent struggle.
In simple words: Gandhi stopped the Non-Cooperation Movement because of a violent event in Chauri Chaura where people burned down a police station and killed policemen. Gandhi believed the movement was no longer peaceful.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Chauri Chaura incident is a critical turning point; remember its date, location, and the direct impact it had on Gandhi's decision to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.

 

Question 4. What was the conflict between the Swarajists and no-changers?
Answer: The conflict between the Swarajists and no-changers was about the strategy for the independence movement. The Swarajists, led by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, were "pro-changers." They wanted to participate in elections and enter the legislative councils. They believed they could challenge the British government from within the system and expose its flaws. On the other hand, the "no-changers," who were followers of Gandhiji like Sardar Patel and C. Rajagopalachari, wanted to continue the non-cooperation strategy. They believed in boycotting legislative councils and focusing on constructive work outside the government system. This difference in approach created a significant divide within the Indian National Congress.
In simple words: Swarajists wanted to fight the British by entering councils through elections, while no-changers, who followed Gandhi, wanted to continue boycotting councils and focus on non-cooperation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the ideological differences between the Swarajists and no-changers, as this highlights the varied approaches within the Indian freedom struggle.

 

Question 5. Why was Simon Commission boycotted?
Answer: The Simon Commission was boycotted by Indians because it was an all-British commission with no Indian members. The British government announced its appointment on November 8, 1927, to review constitutional reforms in India. However, when the seven-member commission, headed by Sir John Simon, arrived in India in 1928, it faced strong protests. Indians were angered that a commission deciding their constitutional future had no Indian representatives or consultants. They felt this ignored their right to self-determination. This exclusion led to nationwide boycotts, with protesters holding black flags and shouting "Go back Simon!" The lack of Indian representation made the commission appear as an insult to Indian nationalism.
In simple words: The Simon Commission was boycotted because it had no Indian members, which angered Indians who felt they should decide their own future.

🎯 Exam Tip: The exclusion of Indian members was the primary reason for the Simon Commission's boycott; ensure you clearly state this point.

 

Question 6. What is Poorna Swaraj?
Answer: Poorna Swaraj means 'complete independence.' The Indian National Congress, under Jawaharlal Nehru's presidency, declared Poorna Swaraj as its main goal at the Lahore session in December 1929. Following this declaration, January 26, 1930, was chosen to be observed as Independence Day across the country. A pledge was also taken nationwide to achieve this complete independence through non-violent means. This declaration marked a significant shift in the Indian freedom struggle, moving from demands for dominion status to full sovereignty.
In simple words: Poorna Swaraj means full independence, not just partial freedom. The Congress declared it as their main goal in 1929.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define Poorna Swaraj accurately and mention the Lahore Session of 1929 and the date of the first Independence Day (Jan 26, 1930) in your answer.

 

Question 7. Write a note on Bhagat Singh.
Answer: Bhagat Singh was a prominent Indian socialist revolutionary and a key figure in the Indian independence movement. He is renowned for two acts of dramatic violence against the British in India: throwing a smoke bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929 with B.K. Dutt, which was not intended to harm anyone but to "make the deaf hear." He also participated in the assassination of a British police officer. Along with Rajguru, he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. Bhagat Singh's daring actions, slogans like 'Inquilab Zindabad' (Long Live the Revolution), and his execution at the young age of 23 greatly inspired the youth across India, turning him into a folk hero. His revolutionary spirit awakened many, showing that bravery was needed for freedom.
In simple words: Bhagat Singh was a brave Indian revolutionary. He threw a bomb in the assembly and was later hanged by the British, becoming a hero for his fight for freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Bhagat Singh's revolutionary actions, his famous slogans, and his impact on Indian youth to convey his significance.

 

Question 8. What are the terms of the Poona Pact?
Answer: The Poona Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar in 1932. It addressed the issue of electoral representation for the depressed classes (later known as Scheduled Castes). Its main terms were: 1. The principle of joint electorate was accepted, meaning all voters would vote together for candidates. 2. Seats were reserved for the depressed classes in provincial legislatures, and their number was significantly increased from 71 to 148. 3. In the central legislature, 18% of the seats were reserved for the depressed classes. This pact prevented separate electorates for the depressed classes, which Gandhi feared would fragment Indian society.
In simple words: The Poona Pact was an agreement between Gandhi and Ambedkar about reserving seats for depressed classes in elections. It kept them in general voting groups but gave them more reserved seats.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the key provisions of the Poona Pact, especially regarding joint electorates and the increased number of reserved seats for depressed classes.

VI. Answer All The Questions Given Under Each Caption

 

Question 1. Gandhi And Mass Nationalism.

 

(a) Which incident is considered a turning point in the life of Gandhi?
Answer: The incident considered a major turning point in Gandhi's life occurred during his journey from Durban to Pretoria in South Africa. Despite holding a first-class ticket, he was physically thrown out of the first-class train compartment at Pietermaritzburg railway station in April 1893 because of his race. This experience deeply affected him and strengthened his resolve to fight against racial discrimination and injustice. It was a moment of personal awakening that set him on the path of non-violent resistance.
In simple words: Gandhi being thrown off a train in South Africa because he was Indian is seen as a major turning point in his life. This event motivated him to fight against unfair treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Pietermaritzburg incident is crucial for understanding Gandhi's early experiences with racial discrimination and the genesis of his Satyagraha philosophy.

 

(b) Name the works that influenced Gandhi?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was profoundly influenced by several important literary works. Key among these were Leo Tolstoy's 'The Kingdom of God is Within You,' John Ruskin's 'Unto This Last,' and Henry David Thoreau's essay on 'Civil Disobedience.' These writings introduced him to ideas of non-violence, simple living, and resisting unjust laws, which became foundations of his philosophy.
In simple words: Gandhi was influenced by books like 'The Kingdom of God is Within You' by Tolstoy, 'Unto This Last' by Ruskin, and Thoreau's essay on 'Civil Disobedience.'

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing the specific literary works that influenced Gandhi helps demonstrate a deeper understanding of the origins of his ideologies.

 

(c) How did Gandhi use satyagraha as a strategy in South Africa?
Answer: In South Africa, Gandhi developed and effectively used Satyagraha, meaning 'truth-force,' as a powerful strategy. This method involved campaigners engaging in peaceful marches and willingly offering themselves for arrest. They protested against unjust laws without using any violence, aiming to highlight the unfairness of the British system through their suffering. This strategy was based on the belief that truth and non-violence could eventually move the hearts of the oppressors.
In simple words: Gandhi used Satyagraha in South Africa by leading peaceful protests and willingly going to jail to fight unfair laws without using any violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define Satyagraha (truth-force) and explain its core principles: non-violent resistance, peaceful protest, and willingness to accept suffering for a cause.

 

(d) What do you know about the Champaran Satyagraha?
Answer: The Champaran Satyagraha of 1916 was the very first Satyagraha movement that Gandhi led in India. It was a farmers' uprising in the Champaran district of Bihar, during the British colonial period. The farmers were forced by British planters to grow indigo on a portion of their land and sell it at very low prices, a system known as 'Tinkathia.' Gandhi successfully organized the farmers to protest against this unfair practice using his non-violent methods. This success established Gandhi's leadership in India.
In simple words: The Champaran Satyagraha in 1916 was Gandhi's first protest in India. Farmers were forced to grow indigo and Gandhi helped them fight this unfair rule using peaceful methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mark Champaran Satyagraha as Gandhi's first successful experiment with Satyagraha in India, highlighting its significance for his future movements.

 

Question 2. Constructive Programme Of Gandhi.

 

(a) What is constructive programme?
Answer: After the Chauri Chaura incident, Gandhiji realized that merely protesting was not enough; volunteers and the general population needed to be trained for a non-violent struggle. This led him to focus on what he called the 'constructive programme.' This program aimed to build the nation from within by promoting self-reliance and social unity. It involved encouraging people to spin khadi (homemade cloth), fostering Hindu-Muslim unity, and working towards the abolition of untouchability. It was a way to make people strong and ready for self-rule.
In simple words: A constructive programme was Gandhi's plan to train people for peaceful struggle and build a stronger India. It included promoting khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity, and ending untouchability.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining "constructive programme," emphasize its focus on nation-building, self-reliance, and social reform as preparation for independence.

 

(b) What did Gandhi exhort the Congressmen to do?
Answer: Gandhi strongly encouraged Congress members to travel throughout their districts. His goal was for them to spread the message of khaddar (hand-spun cloth), promote Hindu-Muslim unity, and actively work against untouchability. He believed that by reaching out to people in every corner of the country and engaging in these social and economic reforms, they could truly prepare India for self-rule. This was a call for grassroots-level engagement and social transformation.
In simple words: Gandhi asked Congressmen to go to villages and spread messages about wearing khadi, uniting Hindus and Muslims, and ending untouchability.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the three core messages Gandhi wanted Congressmen to disseminate: Khaddar promotion, Hindu-Muslim unity, and the fight against untouchability.

 

(c) How did Gandhi try to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity?
Answer: Gandhi made significant efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity, especially at a time when communal politics were on the rise. To appeal to the hearts of Hindus and Muslims involved in communal politics, he undertook a 21-day fast in 1924. This act of self-purification and penance was a powerful way to express his distress over communal divisions and to urge reconciliation between the two communities. He believed that inner change and mutual respect were essential for national unity.
In simple words: Gandhi tried to unite Hindus and Muslims by undertaking a 21-day fast in 1924. He hoped this would bring people together and stop communal fights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning Gandhi's 21-day fast in 1924 is key when discussing his efforts for Hindu-Muslim unity.

 

(d) What is the contribution of Gandhi towards abolition of untouchability?
Answer: Gandhi dedicated his life to eradicating untouchability, making it a central mission. He aimed to remove this harmful social custom, not the caste system itself, believing in equality for all. To achieve this, he started the "Harijan Sevak Sangh" to work against discrimination. He also promoted education, cleanliness, and hygiene among the depressed classes and urged giving up alcohol. Furthermore, he undertook two fasts in 1933 for this cause and organized the 'Temple Entry Movement,' allowing Dalits into temples. He embarked on an all-India tour, calling the untouchables 'Harijans' or 'Children of God,' to raise awareness and bring about social change.
In simple words: Gandhi worked hard to end untouchability by calling those facing discrimination 'Harijans,' starting a group to help them, and even fasting to show his commitment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Gandhi's multifaceted approach to combating untouchability, including social work, advocacy (Harijan Sevak Sangh), and symbolic actions like fasts and the Temple Entry Movement.

 

Question 3. Subash Chandra Bose And INA

 

(a) How did Subhas Chandra Bose reach Japan?
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose's journey to Japan was a remarkable and covert operation. First, he made his way to Germany, seeking support for India's independence. From Germany, he traveled by submarine, making a perilous journey across oceans to reach Japan. Upon arriving in Japan, he took control of the Indian National Army (INA), which was formed with the help of the Japanese. His daring escape and subsequent alliance showed his strong determination to free India.
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose first went to Germany and then traveled by submarine to Japan. There, he took charge of the Indian National Army.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the clandestine and adventurous nature of Bose's journey, highlighting his strategic alliance with Axis powers during World War II.

 

(b) Who headed the women wing of Indian National Army?
Answer: The women's wing of the Indian National Army (INA) was famously headed by Lakshmi Sahgal, often referred to as Captain Lakshmi. She led the 'Rani of Jhansi Regiment,' which was an all-women combat regiment. Her leadership was a pioneering step, demonstrating women's active participation in the armed struggle for India's freedom.
In simple words: Lakshmi Sahgal led the women's division of the Indian National Army, called the 'Rani of Jhansi Regiment.'

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the name Lakshmi Sahgal and her role in leading the women's regiment of the INA, recognizing women's contributions to the freedom struggle.

 

(c) How did Subash Chandra Bose reorganize the INA?
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose took over the Indian National Army (INA) and reorganized it into three distinct brigades. These brigades were named after prominent leaders: the Gandhi Brigade, the Nehru Brigade, and a women's brigade named after Rani Lakshmi Bai, the brave queen of Jhansi. This structured reorganization aimed to strengthen the INA's military capability and symbolize a united front for India's independence.
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose reorganized the INA into three brigades, naming them after Gandhi, Nehru, and Rani Lakshmi Bai, to strengthen its structure and fighting spirit.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the three brigades formed by Bose to show how he structured the INA for more effective military action.

 

(d) Name the slogan provided by Subash Chandra Bose.
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose gave the inspiring slogan 'Dilli Chalo,' which means 'March to Delhi.' This powerful slogan was a call to action for the Indian National Army (INA) to advance towards the capital, Delhi, and liberate India from British rule. It encapsulated his aggressive strategy for achieving independence.
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose's famous slogan was 'Dilli Chalo,' meaning 'March to Delhi.'

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key slogans with their leaders; 'Dilli Chalo' is synonymous with Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA's offensive strategy.

VII. Answer In Detail

 

Question 1. Examine the factors that led to the transformation of Gandhi into a mass leader.
Answer: Several factors helped Mahatma Gandhi become a mass leader upon his return to India in 1915 after two decades in South Africa. Firstly, he brought with him a new way of protesting: Satyagraha, which he had successfully used in South Africa. This non-violent method could be practiced by everyone, young and old, men and women. Secondly, Gandhi's dedication to helping the poorest people instantly earned him the trust and goodwill of the masses. He genuinely cared for the underprivileged. Thirdly, unlike constitutionalists who appealed to the British sense of justice or militants who used violence, Gandhi's non-violent methods for mobilizing people gained wider acceptance and put pressure on the British. Fourthly, his early successes, such as the Champaran Satyagraha in 1916, followed by interventions in the Ahmedabad mill strike and the Kheda Satyagraha in 1918, solidified his image as an effective leader. Finally, people across the country began to support him wholeheartedly, seeing in him a leader who could truly bring them freedom. They had immense faith in him and were ready to follow his guidance.
In simple words: Gandhi became a mass leader because he used new peaceful protest methods (Satyagraha), cared deeply for the poor, had early successes in local struggles, and earned the full trust of people across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: To describe Gandhi's transformation, focus on his unique methods, his appeal to common people, early successful movements, and the public's immense faith in his leadership.

 

Question 2. Critically examine the Civil Disobedience Movement as the typical example of Gandhian movement,

 

Question 3. Discuss the reasons behind the partition of India.
Answer: There were several reasons why a separate Muslim homeland was demanded in India:
(i) The British, as colonizers, followed a 'divide and rule' policy in India. They based their understanding of Indians on religious texts and the differences they found, rather than how different religions actually coexisted. This made it harder for people to unite.
(ii) As soon as the Muslim League was formed, Muslims were given separate electorates. This means their separateness was built into the Indian election system.
(iii) There was also a difference in ideas between Muslims and Hindus. Even though nationalism grew in India by the late 1800s, there were also many community conflicts and movements. These were based on religious identities, not on social classes or regions.
(iv) Both the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League argued that Hindus and Muslims had different and opposing interests. This further widened the gap between the two communities.
(v) The British continued their 'divide and rule' policy. They used things like the Partition of Bengal and the Communal Award to encourage groups that wanted to exploit religious differences. This made the existing tensions worse.
In simple words: India was divided because the British used a "divide and rule" strategy, separate voting systems for Muslims, different political ideas between Hindus and Muslims, and constant arguments about whose interests were more important. The British policies made religious differences even stronger.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing historical events like the Partition of India, remember to list various factors from social and political angles, not just one cause.

 

VIII. Activity

 

Question 1. Students can be asked to mark the important places of Gandhian Movement in a map and write a sentence or two about what happened there.
Answer: This question requires students to mark places on a map and write sentences. Here are some important places and what happened there:
1. Champaran: A Satyagraha campaign was held against the unfair treatment of peasants by indigo planters. This was Gandhi's first major protest in India.
2. Kheda: Gandhi helped lead a 'no-tax' campaign for peasants, which ended successfully. This showed the power of peaceful resistance.
3. Jallianwala Bagh: Thousands of people were massacred here. This tragic event sparked nationwide Satyagraha and brought Gandhi into the Indian national movement forcefully.
4. Chauri-Chaura: A procession that was part of the non-cooperation movement turned violent. Gandhi immediately suspended the movement because of this. Violence went against his core principles.
5. Calcutta: The Indian National Congress approved the Non-Cooperation Movement in a special session here. They also tried to manage Hindu-Muslim conflict after the partition of India.
6. Nagpur: The Non-Cooperation movement was formally adopted in a Congress session led by Salem C. Vijayaraghawachariar.
7. Delhi: Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement, led by the Ali brothers, to unite Hindus and Muslims.
8. Allahabad: The Khilafat committee adopted Gandhi's non-violence and non-cooperation plan here.
9. Madras: Gandhi visited Madras more than 20 times during his Harijan Tour. He gave up his fine clothes and started wearing a simple Dhoti to connect with the common people.
10. Poona: Gandhi fasted unconditionally against separate electorates for depressed classes. This was a major campaign against untouchability.
11. Sabarmati Ashram: Gandhi started his Salt March from here with 78 followers. This march defied the British salt tax.
12. Lahore: The All India Congress Session here authorized Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. This was a major step towards independence.
13. Dandi: Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up salt from the coast here. This act became a symbol of resistance.
14. Wardha: This became the headquarters of Satyagraha. The All India Villages Industries Association was formed here, leading to the idea of the Quit India movement.
15. Bombay: The Quit India Resolution was passed here to end British rule in India.
In simple words: Many important places in India are linked to Gandhi's freedom fight. For example, Champaran was about farmers' rights, Jallianwala Bagh was a terrible massacre, and Dandi was where Gandhi broke the salt law. These places show key moments in India's struggle for independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing historical places, always mention what significant event occurred there and how it contributed to the larger independence movement.

 

I. Choose the correct answer

 

Question 1. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on:
(a) 30th October 1896
(b) 26th January 1869
(c) 2nd October 1869
(d) 31st December 1869
Answer: (c) 2nd October 1869
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi, a very important leader for India, was born on October 2, 1869. His birthday is still celebrated as a national holiday.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key dates for important historical figures is crucial for general knowledge and scoring well in history exams.

 

Question 2. The language of the educated Indian was ...............
(a) French
(b) English
(c) Hindi
Answer: (b) English
In simple words: During that time, many educated people in India used English. This was because it was the language of the British rulers and for higher education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the historical context of language use helps explain social and political developments of the era.

 

Question 3. Gandhi's experiences in London had not prepared him for:
(a) Injustice
(b) Satyagraha
(c) Services
(d) Racial discrimination
Answer: (d) Racial discrimination
In simple words: Gandhi had studied in London, which was a more diverse place. He wasn't fully ready for the harsh racial discrimination he would face in South Africa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's experiences with racial discrimination in South Africa were pivotal in shaping his philosophy of Satyagraha.

 

Question 4. ................ and ................ demanded separate electorate for the ................
(a) Hindus
(b) Muslims
(c) Sikhs
Answer: (b) Muslims
In simple words: Certain groups in India, particularly Muslims, asked for separate voting systems. This meant only Muslim voters would choose their representatives in some areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: The demand for separate electorates was a significant political development that contributed to the eventual partition of India.

 

Question 5. After the outbreak of the ................ Gandhi returned to India.
(a) First world war
(b) Russian revolution
(c) Anglo - Mysore war
(d) Second world war
Answer: (a) First world war
In simple words: Gandhi came back to India after the First World War began. He had been in South Africa before that.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's return to India coincided with major global events, influencing his strategies and the timing of his movements.

 

Question 6. Bengal was partitioned in ................
(a) 1917
(b) 1912
(c) 1905
Answer: (c) 1905
In simple words: Bengal was divided into two parts in the year 1905. This decision by the British caused a lot of anger and protests among Indians.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Partition of Bengal was a controversial event that fueled the nationalist movement and led to the Swadeshi movement.

 

Question 7. The real power was not transferred to the Indians as promised by ................ 1919.
(a) tinkathiya system
(b) Government of India Act
(c) Dyarchy system
(d) Indian council act
Answer: (b) Government of India Act
In simple words: The British did not give full power to Indians, even though they hinted at it with the Government of India Act of 1919. This made many Indian leaders unhappy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on understanding the provisions and limitations of key British Acts like the Government of India Act of 1919, as they often led to nationalist resistance.

 

Question 8. Bengal was partitioned by ................
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Litton
(c) Lord Curzon
Answer: (c) Lord Curzon
In simple words: Lord Curzon was the Viceroy who ordered the division of Bengal. This decision was very unpopular among the Indian people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associating important events with the key figures involved, like Lord Curzon with the Partition of Bengal, helps in remembering historical facts.

 

Question 9. ................ incident made Gandhi to withdraw the no - tax campaign Non - co-operation movement at once.
(a) Bardoli
(b) Champaran
(c) Chauri - chaura
(d) Kheda
Answer: (c) Chauri - chaura
In simple words: The Chauri Chaura incident, where violence broke out, caused Gandhi to stop the Non-Cooperation Movement immediately. He believed in non-violence above all else.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Chauri Chaura incident is a critical turning point that highlights Gandhi's unwavering commitment to non-violence as the core principle of his movements.

 

Question 10. Home Rule League in Chennai was started by ................
(a) Tilak
(b) Annie Besant
(c) Nehru
Answer: (b) Annie Besant
In simple words: Annie Besant helped start the Home Rule League in Chennai. This group wanted India to have self-rule within the British Empire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember both Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were instrumental in the Home Rule Movement, operating from different regions.

 

Question 11. Swarajya party was formed by ................ and Motilal Nehru in 1923.
(a) Madan Mohan Malaviya
(c) Subhas Chandra Bose
(d) C. Rajaji
Answer: (b) C. R. Das
In simple words: The Swarajya Party was created by C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru. They wanted to enter legislative councils and disrupt the British government from within.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Swarajya Party represents a different approach within the nationalist movement, focusing on political engagement rather than complete non-cooperation.

 

Question 12. Dyarchy was introduced by ................
(a) Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act
(b) The Charter Act of 1833
(c) 1878 - The Indians Arms Act
Answer: (a) Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act
In simple words: The Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act introduced a system called Dyarchy. This system divided power between Indian and British officials in the provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Dyarchy was a significant, albeit limited, constitutional reform that gave some administrative powers to Indians while retaining British control over key departments.

 

Question 13. The Indian Forest Act of ................ claimed the original ownership of forests was with the state.
(a) 1878
(b) 1865
(c) 1927
(d) 1972
Answer: (a) 1878
In simple words: The Indian Forest Act of 1878 gave the government control over forests. This meant local communities lost their traditional rights to forest resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: British forest acts often led to discontent among tribal and forest-dwelling communities, as they disrupted traditional ways of life.

 

Question 14. Gandhiji advocated a new technique in our freedom struggle ................
(a) Satyagraha
(b) Long march
(c) Violence
Answer: (a) Satyagraha
In simple words: Gandhi introduced Satyagraha, a new way of fighting for freedom. It meant using peaceful protests and truth-force, not violence, to achieve goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Satyagraha is a cornerstone of Gandhian philosophy; understanding its principles (truth, non-violence, and self-suffering) is key.

 

Question 15. Gandhi called the proposals of ................ as a post dated cheque on a crashing bank.
(a) Simon commission
(b) Cripps mission
(c) Cabinet mission
(d) Mount Batten plan
Answer: (b) Cripps mission
In simple words: Gandhi famously described the Cripps Mission's proposals as a "post-dated cheque on a crashing bank." He felt the British offer for India's independence was too late and lacked real power.

🎯 Exam Tip: This famous quote highlights Gandhi's skepticism about British promises during World War II, sensing their weakening power.

 

II. Fill in the blanks

 

Question 1. The interim Government was headed by: ................
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru
In simple words: Jawaharlal Nehru was the leader of the temporary government formed before India became fully independent. He played a key role in shaping new India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying the leaders of interim governments helps understand the transitional phases of Indian independence.

 

Question 2. ................ was sent as viceroy of India with the specific task of transfer of power.
Answer: Lord Mountbatten
In simple words: Lord Mountbatten was sent to India as Viceroy. His main job was to oversee the process of transferring power from British rule to Indian leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lord Mountbatten's role was crucial in the final stages of Indian independence, including the partition of the country.

 

Question 3. The Muslim League ................ joined the interim Government with some hesitation.
Answer: The Muslim League
In simple words: The Muslim League joined the temporary government, but they were not fully committed and had their own goals for a separate nation. Their participation was hesitant and strategic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the Muslim League's position in the interim government; it reflects the growing demand for a separate Pakistan.

 

Question 4. The mount batten plan was given effect by the enactment of ................ by the British parliament.
Answer: Indian Independence Act
In simple words: The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act, which put Lord Mountbatten's plan for India's independence and partition into action. This was the legal step for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Indian Independence Act is a landmark legal document that officially ended British rule and created two independent nations.

 

Question 5. ................ declared 16th August 1946 as the Direct Action Day.
Answer: Jinnah
In simple words: Jinnah called for August 16, 1946, to be 'Direct Action Day'. This led to widespread violence and aimed to highlight the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Direct Action Day is a tragic event that underscores the escalating communal tensions leading up to partition.

 

Question 6. The worst affected district in Bengal was ................ by communal riots in 1946.
Answer: Noakhali
In simple words: Noakhali in Bengal was severely hit by community riots in 1946. This area saw some of the worst violence during the time of India's partition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering specific locations of severe communal violence helps illustrate the human cost of the partition.

 

Question 7. The Muslim League representative ................ was made as the Finance Minister in the Interim Government cabinet.
Answer: Liaqut Ali Khan
In simple words: Liaqat Ali Khan, a leader from the Muslim League, became the Finance Minister in the temporary government. His appointment was a key part of power-sharing before partition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the portfolio held by Liaqat Ali Khan; it reflects the Muslim League's strategic role in the interim administration.

 

Question 8. According to the mount batten plan boundary commission was set up under ................
Answer: Radcliffe brown
In simple words: The Mountbatten Plan set up a boundary commission, led by Radcliffe, to draw the borders between India and Pakistan. This process was complex and controversial.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Radcliffe Line refers to the border drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, which divided India and Pakistan, leading to mass migrations and bloodshed.

 

Question 9. ................ wanted to transfer power at the earliest.
Answer: Clement Attlee
In simple words: Clement Attlee, the British Prime Minister, wanted to give India independence as soon as possible. He believed it was time for Britain to leave India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Attlee's political will was a crucial factor in accelerating India's path to independence after World War II.

 

Question 10. The British surrender in South East Asia to the ................ was a big blow to imperial prestige.
Answer: Japanese
In simple words: When the British lost to the Japanese in Southeast Asia, it greatly damaged their image and power. This defeat showed that the British Empire was not as strong as it once was.

🎯 Exam Tip: World War II significantly weakened British imperial power, indirectly boosting nationalist movements in colonies like India.

 

Question 11. The/British Government arrested the INA officers and put them on trial in ................
Answer: Redfort
In simple words: British officials arrested soldiers from the Indian National Army (INA) and put them on trial at the Red Fort. This event sparked widespread protests across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: The INA trials were highly publicized and rallied Indian public opinion against British rule, even among those not directly involved in the INA.

 

Question 12. ................ formed the provisional Government of free India at Singapore.
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose set up a temporary government for a free India in Singapore during World War II. He sought international support for India's independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Subhas Chandra Bose's efforts abroad, particularly with the INA, represent an alternative strategy to Gandhi's non-violent movement.

 

Question 13. Azad Hindu Faug was organized by ................ with Indian prisoners of war with the support of Japanese in Malaya and Burma.
Answer: General Mohan Singh
In simple words: General Mohan Singh helped create the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army). He gathered Indian prisoners of war with Japan's help in places like Malaya and Burma to fight for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: The formation of the INA under General Mohan Singh and later Subhas Chandra Bose was a unique chapter in India's independence struggle.

 

Question 14. The Slogan of Quit India Movement given by Gandhiji was ................
Answer: Do or Die in the attempt of free India
In simple words: During the Quit India Movement, Gandhi gave the powerful slogan "Do or Die." This urged Indians to fight for freedom with their full effort or die trying.

🎯 Exam Tip: Famous slogans like "Do or Die" encapsulate the spirit and urgency of major political movements.

 

Question 15. ................ was the first individual to offer Satyagraha when Gandhi declared limited Satyagraha by individuals.
Answer: Vinobha Bhave
In simple words: Vinoba Bhave was the first person to take part in the individual Satyagraha movement started by Gandhi. This meant individuals protested peacefully against British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Individual Satyagraha was a strategic move by Gandhi to maintain pressure on the British while avoiding mass movements during wartime.

 

Question 16. The party ................ was started by Subhash Chandra Bose after resigned from congress as president.
Answer: Forward Bloc
In simple words: After leaving the Congress, Subhas Chandra Bose formed a new political group called the Forward Bloc. He wanted to continue the struggle for independence more aggressively.

🎯 Exam Tip: The formation of the Forward Bloc shows a divergence in nationalist strategies, with some leaders advocating for more direct and militant action.

 

Question 17. In the elections for the provinces in 1937 congress won in ................ provinces out of eleven.
Answer: seven
In simple words: In the 1937 provincial elections, the Congress party won in seven out of the eleven provinces. This showed their widespread support among the Indian people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 1937 elections were a significant step towards self-governance, demonstrating the Congress's strong political mandate.

 

Question 18. Assam valley Muslim party was led by ................ with whom congress formed coalition Government.
Answer: Sir Muhammad Sadullah
In simple words: Sir Muhammad Sadullah led the Assam Valley Muslim Party. The Congress formed a coalition government with his party in Assam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Coalition governments formed in provinces highlight the complex political landscape and alliances during the pre-independence era.

 

Question 19. By the Government of India Act of 1935 ................ was separated from India.
Answer: Burma
In simple words: Under the Government of India Act of 1935, Burma was officially separated from India. This marked a new administrative division in the region.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Government of India Act of 1935 was a major constitutional reform that also led to significant territorial changes like the separation of Burma.

 

Question 20. In the year ................ the ban on the communist party was lifted.
Answer: Congress Socialist Party
In simple words: The ban on the Communist Party was lifted by the Congress Socialist Party. This allowed them to participate more openly in political activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: The lifting of the ban on the Communist Party reflects shifts in political alliances and strategies within the nationalist movement.

 

Question 21. In 1934 ................ was formed by Jaya Prakash Narayan.
Answer: Non - cooperation movement
In simple words: In 1934, Jaya Prakash Narayan helped form a movement focused on non-cooperation. This aimed to challenge British authority peacefully.

🎯 Exam Tip: Jaya Prakash Narayan was a prominent socialist leader who played a key role in advocating for social and political reforms.

 

Question 22. The sudden withdrawal of ................ by Gandhi took to violence.
Answer: All India Worker's and Peasants
In simple words: Gandhi suddenly withdrew the movement by All India Workers' and Peasants' groups, which led to some violence. This highlighted the challenges of maintaining non-violence in mass movements.

🎯 Exam Tip: The complexities of leading large-scale movements meant that Gandhi often had to make difficult decisions to maintain the non-violent character of the struggle.

 

Question 23. The communist party established the party in 1928.
Answer: Harijan Sevak Sangh
In simple words: The Harijan Sevak Sangh was established in 1928. This organization was dedicated to improving the lives of the depressed classes and fighting against untouchability.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Harijan Sevak Sangh was a key initiative by Gandhi for social reform, emphasizing the importance of eradicating untouchability.

 

Question 24. Gandhi started the to work for the removal of discrimination of Harijans.
Answer: True colour British rule in India
In simple words: Gandhi began working to remove discrimination against Harijans, revealing the true nature of British rule in India. This highlighted how British policies often overlooked social injustices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's commitment to the upliftment of Harijans was integral to his vision of a just and independent India, exposing the social flaws under British rule.

 

Question 25. The communists used their party as a platform to expose the ................
Answer: B.R. Ambedkar and M.C Rajah
In simple words: The communists used their party to speak out against various issues, often aligning with figures like B.R. Ambedkar and M.C. Rajah to advocate for the marginalized. They sought to expose the problems faced by the common people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the alliances and different platforms used by various political groups helps illustrate the multi-faceted nature of the independence struggle.

 

Question 26. ................ and ................ were the leaders of the depressed classes.
Answer: Ramsay Macdonald
In simple words: Ramsay Macdonald, along with other leaders, represented the depressed classes. They worked to ensure that the rights and welfare of these communities were addressed.

🎯 Exam Tip: The representation of depressed classes was a crucial issue, leading to debates and agreements like the Poona Pact to ensure their political rights.

 

Question 27. The British Prime Minister ................ proposed a federal Government with provincial autonomy.
Answer: Many am
In simple words: The British Prime Minister, among others, suggested a federal government where provinces would have some self-rule. This was an attempt to decentralize power.

🎯 Exam Tip: The idea of provincial autonomy was a significant constitutional reform, granting more power to elected Indian representatives at the provincial level.

 

Question 28. ................ was the forest area where the police forest and revenue officials harassed the Rampa tribals.
Answer: Alluri Sitarama Raju
In simple words: The Rampa forest area was where police and revenue officials troubled the local tribals. This mistreatment led to significant tribal unrest and uprisings.

🎯 Exam Tip: This situation highlights how British forest policies often clashed with the traditional rights and livelihoods of tribal communities, leading to revolts.

 

Question 29. ................ organised the Rampa tribals to fight for their rights.
Answer: Malabar police
In simple words: Alluri Sitarama Raju organized the Rampa tribals to fight against the injustices and demand their rights. He became a leader in their struggle against harassment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Alluri Sitarama Raju is an important figure in tribal resistance against British rule, symbolizing the fight for justice and land rights.

 

Question 30. A special ................ team was sent to quell the uprisings of Rampa Adivasis in 1922-24.
Answer: Gharwali
In simple words: A special Gharwali team was sent to put down the Rampa Adivasi uprisings between 1922 and 1924. This shows the British response to tribal resistance.

🎯 Exam Tip: The use of specific police or army units to suppress revolts indicates the British administration's efforts to maintain control over restive regions.

 

Question 31. The soldiers of ................ regiment refused to fire on unarmed Satyagraha.
Answer: Yeravada
In simple words: Soldiers from a specific regiment refused to shoot at unarmed protestors practicing Satyagraha. This act of defiance showed growing sympathy for the independence movement within the armed forces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Instances where Indian soldiers refused orders to fire on their own people were powerful symbols of solidarity and a weakening of British authority.

 

Question 32. For defying the salt tax and breaking the salt law Gandhi was arrested at mid night and sent to ................ jail.
Answer: Yeravada
In simple words: After breaking the salt law, Gandhi was arrested late at night and sent to Yeravada Jail. This was a common consequence for leaders during the independence movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Yeravada Jail is historically significant as it housed many prominent Indian freedom fighters, including Mahatma Gandhi.

 

Question 33. The ................ event united the different political parties in India.
Answer: Simon boycott
In simple words: The boycott of the Simon Commission brought various Indian political parties together. They united against the commission because it had no Indian members.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Simon Commission boycott was a significant moment of unity among Indian political groups, demonstrating their collective opposition to British policies.

 

Question 34. As a part of constructive programme Gandhi focussed on promoting ................ and made it compulsory for congress man to wear khaddar.
Answer: khadi
In simple words: As part of his constructive work, Gandhi promoted khadi cloth. He made it a rule for Congress members to wear khadi, encouraging self-sufficiency and Indian industries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Khadi was not just clothing but a powerful symbol of economic self-reliance, national pride, and resistance against British textile imports.

 

Question 35. The prochangers of congress used the ................ as a platform for propagation of ................
Answer: Legislature, nationalist idea
In simple words: The "pro-changers" in Congress used the legislatures as a platform. They wanted to promote nationalist ideas from within the British system, advocating for Indian rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the "pro-changers" strategy highlights the different approaches within the Congress party to achieve independence and national goals.

 

III. Choose the correct statement

 

Question 1.
(i) Prochangers refused to take charge of transferred subjects.
(ii) They did not want to cooperate with the Government.
(iii) They were the staunch followers of Gandhi.
(iv) Some of the Swaraj party members began to accept Government jobs.
Answer: (b) (i),(ii), and (iv) are correct
In simple words: The "pro-changers" in Congress chose not to handle certain government duties and did not want to fully cooperate with the British government. Some members of their Swaraj party also started taking government jobs.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question tests your understanding of the different factions and their political strategies within the Indian National Congress.

 

Question 2.
(i) In February 1922 Gandhi announced a non-tax campaign in Bengal.
(ii) The nationalist procession at Chauri-Chaura was provoked by policemen.
(iii) The young leaders of Congress thought that the non-cooperation movement was gaining momentum.
(iv) Gandhi continued to conduct the movement at Chauri-Chaura.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (ii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: The key statements that are true are that police provoked the Chauri-Chaura procession and that young leaders felt the non-cooperation movement was growing stronger. These events were important turning points in the struggle for independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to dates and the specific events associated with them, as questions often test your knowledge of the timeline of historical movements.

 

Question 3.
(i) Public meeting was organised at Jallianwala Bagh on Baisaki day.
(ii) The only entrance to the park was opened.
(iii) Martial law was imposed in Amritsar after the incident.
(iv) Leaders renounced their titles and honours.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: The public meeting at Jallianwala Bagh on Baisaki day, the imposition of martial law, and leaders giving up their titles were all correct events related to the tragedy. It was a dark day in Indian history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a pivotal event that deeply affected Indian public opinion, leading to widespread nationalist sentiment.

 

Question 4. Assertion (A): India became independent on 15th August 1947. Reason (R): The British parliament passed Indian Independence Act abolishing the sovereignty of British rule over India.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A is correct but R is wrong.
(c) A is wrong R is correct.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: India became independent on August 15, 1947, because the British Parliament passed a law called the Indian Independence Act. This law ended British rule over India, making both the assertion and the reason true and connected.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating Assertion-Reason questions, first check if both statements are individually true, and then determine if the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

 

Question 5. Assertion (A): Cabinet mission suggested a Federal Government and the provinces were divided into three major groups. Reason (R): Transfer of power, to elect a constituent Assembly and an Interim Government with representation from all communities.
(a) A is correct R is wrong.
(b) R is correct A is wrong.
(c) Both A and R are correct R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission proposed a federal government and grouped provinces. This was done to help transfer power smoothly, set up an assembly to write a constitution, and form an interim government that included all groups. So, the reason fully explains the assertion.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Cabinet Mission Plan was a crucial attempt to resolve the constitutional deadlock in India, proposing a structure for independence and interim governance.

 

Question 6. Assertion (A): The British hegemonic control ceased even in the armed forces. Reason (R): All the political leaders were released and the ban on congress was lifted.
(a) Both A and R is wrong
(b) A is correct R is wrong.
(c) Both A and R are correct R explains A.
(d) Both A and R are correct.
Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct R explains A.
In simple words: British control over the armed forces ended, and this happened because all political leaders were freed and the ban on Congress was removed. These actions helped pave the way for India's independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: The release of political prisoners and lifting of bans were key steps in reconciliation and the transfer of power, signaling the decline of British authority.

 

IV. Match The Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.
Answer:
A. Transvaal meeting - (iii) against unjust law
B. Tolstoy Farm - (v) training ground for Satyagraha
C. Smut - Gandhi Agreement - (iv) abolition of poll tax
D. Khilafat Movement - (i) restoration of caliphate power
E. Non-cooperation movement - (ii) Boycott legislature
In simple words: Each item in Column I is correctly linked to its purpose or outcome in Column II. These matches highlight important events and movements during India's freedom struggle.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it's helpful to identify one or two definite pairs first, then use elimination for the remaining options. Knowledge of key terms and their context is vital.

 

Question 2. Match the column I with Column II.
Answer:
A. Simon Commission - (v) 1927
B. Poorna Swaraj - (iv) 1930
C. Gandhi - Irwin Pact - (ii) 1931
D. Poona Pact - (i) 1932
E. Continuation of Civil Disobedience Movement - (iii) 1934
In simple words: This match links important historical events or terms with the year they happened or became relevant. Knowing these dates helps to understand the sequence of events in India's freedom movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing important dates for major events like commissions, pacts, and declarations is essential for scoring well in history questions.

 

V. Answer The Following Briefly

 

Question 1. What were the aims of Indian National Congress?
Answer: The main aims of the Indian National Congress included:
1. To increase Indian representation and expand legislative councils.
2. To provide more opportunities for education.
3. To ensure freedom of the press.
4. To conduct the Indian Civil Service Examination in India.
5. To reduce military spending.
6. To lighten the burden of taxation.
7. To employ more Indians in higher government positions.
8. To abolish the Indian Council in London. All these demands aimed to give Indians a greater say in their own governance and improve their living conditions.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress wanted more Indians in government jobs, better education, a free press, and less taxes. They also wanted to reduce military costs and get rid of the Indian Council in London.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing aims or objectives, try to categorize them (e.g., political, economic, social) if possible, to show a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 2. What made Gandhi to fight for the rights of the Indians in South Africa?
Answer: Several incidents in South Africa made Gandhi determined to fight for the rights of Indians:
1. In April 1893, during a journey from Durban to Pretoria, Gandhi was physically removed from a first-class train compartment at Pietermaritzburg railway station, despite having a valid ticket. This experience deeply affected him.
2. Gandhi faced widespread racial discrimination and realized that Indians were treated unfairly, like laborers, in South Africa.
3. He organized a meeting of Indians in Transvaal to form an association to address their complaints and seek justice.
4. He appealed to the authorities about the injustices that violated existing laws.
5. Indians were forced to pay a poll tax, except in certain designated areas, which was another form of discrimination.
6. They were often not allowed to be outdoors after 9 p.m. without special passes.
7. All these unfair laws and practices motivated him to fight for the rights of Indians in South Africa. This early struggle shaped his approach to non-violent resistance.
In simple words: Gandhi saw many unfair things happening to Indians in South Africa, like being thrown off a train, facing racism, and having to pay special taxes. These experiences made him decide to fight for their rights using peaceful methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: The experiences Gandhi had in South Africa were foundational for his later leadership in the Indian independence movement, particularly his development of Satyagraha.

 

Question 3. Mention the importance of Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress
Answer: The Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress was very important for several reasons:
1. During this session, the moderate and extremist groups within the Congress, which had been separated, finally came together.
2. The Congress and the Muslim League signed an agreement, known as the Lucknow Pact, agreeing to work together to achieve self-government.
3. It was at this session that Jawaharlal Nehru first met Gandhiji, a meeting that would later shape India's future. The unity shown at Lucknow was a significant step towards a stronger, combined nationalist movement.
In simple words: The Lucknow session was important because the two parts of the Congress reunited, and Congress worked with the Muslim League. It was also where Nehru met Gandhi for the first time.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Lucknow Pact was a rare moment of Hindu-Muslim unity and demonstrated a common front against British rule, though it was short-lived.

 

Question 4. What were the programmes in non-cooperation?
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement involved the following programmes:
1. People were encouraged to give up all titles of honour and honorary offices.
2. There was a call for non-participation in Government functions.
3. Boycott of Government schools, colleges, legislatures, and foreign goods was promoted.
4. The doctrine of Swadeshi, promoting Indian-made goods, was spread widely.
5. Lawyers were asked to suspend their practice, and court disputes were to be settled through private arbitration.
6. People were asked to refuse to accept any civil or military positions.
7. There was also a call for non-participation in Government parties and other official functions. These actions aimed to paralyze the British administration through peaceful resistance.
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement asked people to stop working with the British government. This meant giving up titles, not going to government events, boycotting schools and foreign goods, and lawyers stopping their work.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Non-Cooperation Movement's success lay in its ability to mobilize various segments of society and create a sense of national unity and defiance.

 

Question 5. What were the aims of the Muslim League?
Answer: The main aims of the Muslim League were:
• To protect the rights and interests of the Muslims in India.
• To maintain loyalty to the British Government.
• To demand a separate electorate for Muslims. The League believed that a separate electorate was necessary to ensure that Muslim voices were properly heard in the political system.
In simple words: The Muslim League wanted to protect Muslim rights, stay loyal to the British, and get separate elections for Muslims.

🎯 Exam Tip: The demand for separate electorates was a significant point of contention and ultimately played a role in the partition of India.

 

Question 6. What were the provisions of Gandhi - Irwin Pact?
Answer: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. Its main provisions were:
1. The British Government agreed to release all political prisoners who were not involved in violence.
2. The government agreed to return confiscated land and offer lenient treatment to government employees who had resigned.
3. It allowed people in coastal villages to collect and make salt for their own use, challenging the salt tax.
4. Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and attend the Second Round Table Conference. This pact was a temporary truce to de-escalate tensions and enable further dialogue.
In simple words: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact meant the British would free non-violent prisoners and allow salt collection, while Gandhi would stop his protests and go to a conference.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the Gandhi-Irwin Pact represented a compromise, where both sides made concessions to address immediate issues and continue negotiations.

 

Question 7. What were the changes introduced by the Government of India Act of 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced several significant changes:
1. It introduced provincial autonomy, giving more self-rule to the provinces.
2. It abolished dyarchy in the provinces, meaning provinces had full control over their administration.
3. It established a federal government at the center, though this part was never fully implemented.
4. It provided for the establishment of a federal court to resolve conflicts between the provinces and the central government.
5. It led to the establishment of a Federal Reserve Bank. This Act was a major step towards India's eventual independence, laying down many administrative structures.
In simple words: The 1935 Act gave more power to the provinces, ended dual rule there, and planned for a central federal government. It also created a federal court and a central bank.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Government of India Act of 1935 was the last major constitutional reform before India's independence, influencing its federal structure and provincial governance.

 

VI. Answer All The Questions Given Under Each Caption

 

Mount Batten Plan

 

Question 1. (a) Who was sent as viceroy to India with what task?
Answer: Lord Mountbatten was sent as Viceroy to India with the specific task of overseeing the transfer of power from British to Indian hands. His mission was to expedite the process of India's independence.
In simple words: Lord Mountbatten was sent to India as Viceroy to manage the transfer of power and make sure India became independent.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lord Mountbatten's role was crucial in the final phase of British rule, as he was responsible for implementing the partition and facilitating independence.

 

Question 1. (b) When was Mount batten plan announced?
Answer: The Mountbatten Plan was announced on June 3, 1947. This plan outlined the partition of British India into India and Pakistan and the transfer of power.
In simple words: The Mountbatten Plan, which decided on India's partition and freedom, was announced on June 3, 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: The date of the Mountbatten Plan's announcement is significant as it officially laid out the blueprint for India's independence and partition.

 

Question 1. (c) On what basis was it planned to transfer power?
Answer: It was planned to transfer power on the basis of dominion status to India and Pakistan. This meant they would become independent but initially remain part of the British Commonwealth.
In simple words: Power was to be transferred based on dominion status, which meant India and Pakistan would become self-governing but still connected to the British Commonwealth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Dominion status implied internal self-governance but with the British monarch still as head of state, a transitional arrangement many former colonies adopted.

 

Question 1. (d) What was set up under Radcliffe Brown?
Answer: A Boundary Commission was set up under Sir Cyril Radcliffe. This commission was tasked with drawing the borders between India and Pakistan, a very difficult and contentious job.
In simple words: The Boundary Commission, led by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, was formed to draw the new borders between India and Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Radcliffe Line, drawn by this commission, had long-lasting and often tragic consequences due to its hasty and arbitrary nature.

 

The Indian National Congress

 

Question 2. (a) When was the Indian National Congress founded?
Answer: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It was a crucial step in the organization of India's nationalist movement.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress was started in the year 1885.

🎯 Exam Tip: The founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginning of organized political awakening and resistance against British rule.

 

Question 2. (b) On whose advice was it founded?
Answer: It was founded on the advice of Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British Civil Servant. Hume's intention was to create a forum for civil and political dialogue.
In simple words: A retired British officer named Allan Octavian Hume suggested starting the Indian National Congress.

🎯 Exam Tip: While Hume was instrumental in its formation, the Congress quickly evolved into a powerful voice for Indian aspirations for self-rule.

 

Question 2. (c) Where was the first session of the congress held? Who was the chairperson?
Answer:
• The first session of the Congress was held in Bombay (now Mumbai).
• W. C. Bonnerjee was the chairperson of this historic first session. This gathering set the stage for future nationalist movements.
In simple words: The first Congress meeting was in Bombay, and W. C. Bonnerjee was the head of that meeting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the location and president of the first session helps establish the foundational details of the Indian National Congress.

 

Question 2. (d) Name some of the leaders who attended the first session of the congress.
Answer: Some of the prominent leaders who attended the first session of the Congress were:
• G. Subramaniam
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Surendranath Banerjee
• Madan Mohan Malaviya
• M.G. Ranade
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
These leaders played a crucial role in the early years of the nationalist movement.
In simple words: Some important leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were present at the first Congress meeting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing the founding members helps you understand the diverse intellectual and political backgrounds that contributed to the early Congress.

 

Cabinet Mission

 

Question 3. (a) Who sent a Cabinet Mission to India?
Answer: The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, who belonged to the Labour Party, sent a Cabinet Mission to India. The goal was to discuss the transfer of power and India's independence.
In simple words: British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent the Cabinet Mission to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Labour government in Britain was generally more sympathetic to India's demand for independence, influencing the timing of the Cabinet Mission.

 

Question 3. (b) Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission?
Answer: The Cabinet Mission was made up of three members: Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander. They were all senior British political figures.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission included Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the members of the Cabinet Mission helps identify the key British negotiators during the crucial period of India's independence talks.

 

Question 3. (c) What did the mission reject?
Answer: The Cabinet Mission rejected the demand for Pakistan as a separate sovereign state. They instead proposed a federal structure for India.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission said no to the idea of a separate country called Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Cabinet Mission's rejection of a separate Pakistan initially caused tension but highlighted their attempt to keep India united, albeit with a loose federal structure.

 

Question 3. (d) What was the suggested given for transfer of power?
Answer: The mission suggested that a Constituent Assembly should be elected to frame India's constitution, and an Interim Government, representing all communities, should be set up to manage the transfer of power. This aimed to ensure a smooth transition.
In simple words: The mission suggested forming an elected assembly to write the constitution and an interim government with members from all groups to take over power.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Constituent Assembly and Interim Government were critical mechanisms designed to enable Indians to decide their own future governance.

 

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

 

Question 4. (a) Who were the prominent leaders Arrested?
Answer: Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were the prominent leaders arrested. Their arrest sparked strong protests, leading to the fateful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh.
In simple words: Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were the main leaders who were arrested.

🎯 Exam Tip: The arrest of popular leaders often fueled public unrest, demonstrating the strong connection between leaders and the masses during the freedom struggle.

 

Question 4. (b) Where did the people gather?
Answer: The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden in Amritsar, Punjab. They had assembled for a peaceful protest and Baisakhi celebration.
In simple words: People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab.

🎯 Exam Tip: The location of the tragedy, Jallianwala Bagh, is a significant historical site that symbolizes British brutality and Indian sacrifice.

 

Question 4. (c) Who was the British military commander of Amritsar?
Answer: General Reginald Dyer was the British military commander in Amritsar at the time. He ordered his troops to fire upon the unarmed crowd in Jallianwala Bagh.
In simple words: General Dyer was the British army leader in Amritsar.

🎯 Exam Tip: General Dyer's name is infamous in Indian history for his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which intensified anti-British sentiment.

 

Question 4. (d) What did Rabindranath Tagore do?
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He expressed deep sorrow and outrage over the brutal act.
In simple words: Rabindranath Tagore gave back his knighthood to show his anger about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

🎯 Exam Tip: Tagore's renunciation of his knighthood highlighted the profound moral impact of the massacre on prominent Indian intellectuals and artists.

 

Congress Ministries And Their Work (1937)

 

Question 5. (a) What was the announcement made by the Government of India Act of 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act of 1935 announced that elections would be held in 1937 for provincial legislatures. This led to the formation of Congress ministries in many provinces.
In simple words: The 1935 Government of India Act announced that provincial elections would take place in 1937.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 1937 elections were a significant political development, as they allowed Indian parties to gain administrative experience at the provincial level.

 

Question 5. (b) Who was benefited immensely? How?
Answer: The Congress was greatly benefited because of the Civil Disobedience Movement. This movement had established Congress as a major political force and popular organization across the country.
In simple words: The Congress gained a lot because the Civil Disobedience Movement made them very popular and powerful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mass movements like Civil Disobedience helped Congress connect with ordinary people, strengthening its position and electoral base.

 

Question 5. (c) What was the response of congress?
Answer: The Congress responded by calling off its program of boycotting legislatures and decided to contest the elections instead. This marked a shift in strategy, from non-cooperation to participation in governance.
In simple words: Congress decided to stop boycotting elections and instead chose to participate and contest in them.

🎯 Exam Tip: This shift in Congress strategy demonstrated its adaptability and willingness to engage with the constitutional framework when it served its political objectives.

 

Question 5. (d) Name some of the measures taken by the congress after forming ministry.
Answer: After forming ministries, the Congress took several measures to address the needs of the people. They adopted legislative measures to reduce the debt of farmers and improve the working conditions of industrial laborers. They focused on social welfare.
In simple words: The Congress ministries helped farmers by reducing their debts and made working conditions better for factory workers.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Congress ministries, despite their brief tenure, initiated several reforms that showcased their commitment to public welfare and social justice.

 

VII. Answer In Detail

 

Question 1. Write a paragraph on the Partition of Bengal.
Answer:
1. Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon in 1905. The decision to divide the province was highly controversial.
2. Bengal was split into two parts: East Bengal and West Bengal. This division aimed to create a Muslim-majority East Bengal and a Hindu-majority West Bengal.
3. Curzon publicly stated that the partition was purely for administrative efficiency, claiming Bengal was too large to govern effectively.
4. However, many people in India believed the real reason was to break the unity of the Bengali people and to create a divide between Hindus and Muslims.
5. This partition angered both moderate and extremist nationalist leaders, leading to widespread protests.
6. They viewed it as an implementation of the British policy of 'Divide and Rule' and agitated strongly against it.
7. Due to intense and violent criticism and agitation, the partition was eventually revoked in 1911. The strong public reaction showed the power of collective resistance.
8. This event paved the way for the birth of the Swadeshi movement, which emphasized economic self-reliance through the boycott of foreign goods.
In simple words: Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon in 1905 into East and West Bengal. Although the British said it was for easier management, Indians felt it was to split Hindus and Muslims. This caused a lot of anger, leading to protests and the Swadeshi movement, and the partition was later taken back in 1911.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Partition of Bengal is a prime example of British divide and rule policy and how it ignited a strong nationalist response, including the Swadeshi movement.

 

Question 2. What were the movements led by Gandhi towards the struggle for freedom.
Answer: Gandhi's principles were rooted in Truth and Non-violence, forming the basis of his leadership in India's freedom struggle. He led several key movements:
**Satyagraha Movement:**
1. He organized movements by adopting the technique of Satyagraha, meaning 'truth-force' or 'holding onto truth.'
2. A true Satyagrahi would have strong determination, never give up their protest through non-violent means (Ahimsa), and be ready to sacrifice their life.
3. Early Satyagrahas included Champaran (for indigo farmers), Kheda (for peasants against tax), and Ahmedabad Mill Strike (for workers' wages).
**Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):**
This movement, launched after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the Khilafat issue, aimed to withdraw cooperation from the British administration.
1. The resolution for this movement was passed in the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress in September 1920.
2. It involved a no-tax campaign and a boycott of foreign goods and institutions, which proved highly effective.
3. Thousands joined, leaving government jobs; trade unions and workers actively participated.
4. Peasants recognized Gandhi as a national leader.
5. However, a mass procession at Chauri Chaura near Gorakhpur turned violent when police provoked them, leading to the burning of a police station and the death of 22 policemen. Deeply saddened, Gandhi immediately suspended the movement, recognizing the need for more training in non-violence.
**Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):**
This movement aimed at breaking unjust British laws.
1. Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) was declared by Nehru at the Lahore session of Congress in 1929.
2. January 26, 1930, was declared Independence Day, with a pledge taken to attain Poorna Swaraj non-violently.
3. The Indian National Congress authorized Gandhi to launch this movement.
4. A key demand was the abolition of the salt tax, presented to Viceroy Lord Irwin by January 31, 1930.
5. The Viceroy's failure to respond led Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
6. The abolition of the salt tax was a brilliant tactical decision, as salt affected every section of society.
7. Gandhi, with 78 followers, began the Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930.
8. He covered 241 miles in 24 days, reaching Dandi on April 5, 1930, at sunset.
9. There, he broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt from the coast.
10. This symbolic act was followed by hundreds of people joining the procession and many prominent leaders leading salt marches across India.
**Quit India Movement (1942):**
1. The All India Congress Committee met in Bombay on August 8, 1942, and passed the famous 'Quit India Resolution.'
2. The main reasons for this movement included the failure of the Cripps Mission, the need for immediate transfer of power to Indians, wartime shortages, and rising prices. During this movement, Gandhi gave the call "Do or Die," urging Indians to make their final attempt for freedom. He stated, "We shall either free India or die in the attempt: We shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery." Gandhi and other Congress leaders were arrested immediately after the resolution was passed.
In simple words: Gandhi led many movements based on truth and non-violence. These included early Satyagrahas for farmers and workers, the Non-Cooperation Movement to boycott British rule, the Civil Disobedience Movement (like the Dandi Salt March) to break unjust laws, and the Quit India Movement, which was a final call for complete independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: To fully explain Gandhi's movements, discuss the context, the core principle (Satyagraha, non-cooperation, civil disobedience), key events, and the impact of each movement.

 

Question 1. Who was arrested during the anti-Rowlatt protests in Amritsar?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Saifuddin Kitchlew
(c) Mohamed Ali
(d) Raj Kumar Shukla
Answer: (b) Saifuddin Kitchlew
In simple words: Saifuddin Kitchlew was a key leader who was arrested during the protests against the Rowlatt Act in Amritsar. This arrest sparked further unrest among the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important names and their roles in specific events like the Rowlatt protests to score well.

 

Question 2. In which session of the Indian National Congress was Non-Cooperation approved?
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Lucknow
(d) Nagpur
Answer: (d) Nagpur
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially agreed upon by the Indian National Congress at their meeting held in Nagpur. This decision marked a big step for the freedom struggle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the venues and key decisions of important Congress sessions is crucial for historical context.

 

Question 3. Which among the following was declared as 'Independence Day'?
(a) 26th January 1930
(b) 26th December 1929
(c) 16th June 1946
(d) 15th January 1947
Answer: (a) 26th January 1930
In simple words: On January 26, 1930, the Indian National Congress declared this date as 'Independence Day', showing their demand for complete freedom from British rule. This day later influenced the date for India's Republic Day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the significance of historical dates and why certain events were chosen to represent important milestones.

 

Question 4. When was the first Forest Act enacted?
(a) 1858
(b) 1911
(c) 1865
(d) 1936
Answer: (c) 1865
In simple words: The very first law about forests was put into effect in 1865, which changed how forest resources were managed in India. This act gave the British government more control over forests.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the dates of key legislative acts as they often mark significant shifts in policy and governance.

 

Question 5. On 8 January 1933 which day was observed
(a) Temple Entry Day
(b) Day of Deliverance
(c) Direct Action Day
(d) Independence Day
Answer: (a) Temple Entry Day
In simple words: On January 8, 1933, 'Temple Entry Day' was observed as a way to promote the right of all people, including those considered 'untouchable', to enter temples. This was part of Gandhi's wider campaign against untouchability.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate specific dates to the social and political movements they represented.

 

Question 6. Which Act introduced Provincial Autonomy?
(a) 1858 Act
(b) Indian Councils Act, 1909
(c) Government of India Act, 1919
(d) Government of India Act, 1935
Answer: (d) Government of India Act, 1935
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1935 brought in a new system called Provincial Autonomy, which meant provinces could manage their own affairs more independently. This was a major constitutional reform by the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different Government of India Acts and their key provisions, such as dyarchy and provincial autonomy.

 

Question 7. Who defeated Pattabhi Sitaramaya, Gandhi's candidate, and became the
(a) Rajendra Prasad
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Subhas Chandra Bose
(d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Answer: (c) Subhas Chandra Bose
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose won against Pattabhi Sitaramaya, who was supported by Gandhi, during the election for the President of the Indian National Congress. This showed a difference in views within the party.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of key leadership contests and the figures involved, as they often signal shifts in political strategies.

 

Question 8. Where was Gandhi when India attained independence on 15th August 1947?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Wardha
(d) Noakhali
Answer: (d) Noakhali
In simple words: When India became independent on August 15, 1947, Mahatma Gandhi was in Noakhali, working to restore peace between Hindus and Muslims during the communal violence. He chose to be where he felt he was most needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand Gandhi's personal actions and their symbolic importance during critical historical moments.

II. Fill in the blanks

 

1. Gandhi was thrown out out of the first class compartment in ____ station.
Answer: pietermaritzburg
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi was forcibly removed from a first-class train compartment at Pietermaritzburg station in South Africa, an incident that became a turning point in his life. This experience highlighted the severe racial discrimination of the time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect key events in Gandhi's early life to their impact on his political awakening and methods.

 

2. Gandhi regarded ____ as his political guru.
Answer: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
In simple words: Gandhi looked up to Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his main political teacher and guide. Gokhale's moderate views and dedication to public service greatly influenced Gandhi's early political thinking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify mentors and influences on major historical figures to understand the development of their philosophies.

 

3. Khilafat Movement was led by ____.
Answer: Ali brothers
In simple words: The Khilafat Movement was mainly led by two brothers, Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, known as the Ali brothers. They mobilized Indian Muslims to protest against the British treatment of the Ottoman Caliph.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the leaders associated with significant movements like the Khilafat Movement, as their roles are often central to exam questions.

 

4. Government of India Act 1919 introduced ____ in the provinces.
Answer: dyarchy
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1919 brought in a system called 'dyarchy' in the provinces, which split the administration into two parts. This system gave some powers to Indian ministers while keeping important areas under British control.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define constitutional terms like 'dyarchy' and know which acts introduced them to show precise knowledge.

 

5. The Civil Disobedience Movement in North West Frontier Province was led by ____.
Answer: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
In simple words: In the North West Frontier Province, the Civil Disobedience Movement was spearheaded by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as the 'Frontier Gandhi'. He led a non-violent movement called the Khudai Khidmatgar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize regional leaders who played vital roles in national movements and their specific contributions.

 

6. Ramsay Macdonald announced ____ which provided separate electorates to the minorities and the depressed classes.
Answer: Communal award
In simple words: Ramsay Macdonald, the British Prime Minister, announced the 'Communal Award', which set up separate voting groups for minorities and depressed classes. This decision aimed to divide communities, but it also recognized the distinct needs of various groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand controversial British policies like the Communal Award and their impact on Indian society and politics.

 

7. ____ established Congress Radio underground during the Quit India Movement.
Answer: Ushamehta
In simple words: Ushamehta bravely set up an underground radio station called Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement to spread news and messages against British rule. This secret radio helped keep the spirit of the movement alive.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the innovative and often risky methods used by freedom fighters to sustain resistance.

 

8. ____ coined the term 'Pakistan'.
Answer: RahmatAli
In simple words: Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Muslim nationalist, came up with the name 'Pakistan' for a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia. He wrote about this idea in a pamphlet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the origins of significant political terms and the figures who introduced them.

III. Choose the correct statement

 

Question 1. (i) The Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent in 1920.
(ii) M. Singaravelar was tried in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.
(iii) The Congress Socialist Party was formed by Jayaprakash Narayah, Acharya Narendra Dev and Mino Masani.
(iv) The Socialists did not participate in the Quit India Movement.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iv) is correct
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer: (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (ii), and (iii) are all true. The Communist Party started in Tashkent, M. Singaravelar faced trial in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, and the Congress Socialist Party was indeed founded by those leaders. Statement (iv) is incorrect as Socialists did participate in the Quit India Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully evaluate each statement in multi-option questions to identify correct and incorrect facts accurately.

 

Question 2. (i) Hindustan Republican Army was formed in Kanpur in 1924.
(ii) Ram Prasad Bismil was tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case.
(iii) Chittagong Republican Association was formed by Surya Sen.
(iv) Chittagong Armoury Raid was carried out by B.K. Dutt.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (i) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (a) (i) and (ii) are correct
In simple words: Both the Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) being formed in Kanpur in 1924 and Ram Prasad Bismil's trial in the Kakori Conspiracy Case are correct facts. The Chittagong Armoury Raid, however, was led by Surya Sen, not B.K. Dutt, making (iv) incorrect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the specific roles of individuals in historical events to avoid confusion, especially in matching names to actions.

 

Question 3. Assertion: The Congress attended the First Round Table Conference. Reason: Gandhi-Irwin Pact enabled the Congress to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) A is correct but R is wrong.
(c) A is wrong but R is correct.
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (c) A is wrong but R is correct.
In simple words: The Assertion (A) is false because the Congress did not attend the First Round Table Conference. However, the Reason (R) is true because the Gandhi-Irwin Pact did indeed allow the Congress to participate in the Second Round Table Conference.

🎯 Exam Tip: In Assertion-Reason questions, first determine the truthfulness of each statement individually, then assess if the Reason explains the Assertion.

 

Question 4. Assertion: The Congress Ministries resigned in 1939. Reason: The Colonial government of India entered the war without consulting the elected Congress ministries.
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(b) A is correct but R is wrong.
(c) Both A and R are wrong.
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: Both the statement that Congress ministries resigned in 1939 and the reason that the British declared war without asking them are true. The British government's decision to involve India in World War II without consulting elected Indian representatives was the direct cause for the Congress ministries to resign in protest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the cause-and-effect relationship between historical events to correctly identify when a reason explains an assertion.

IV. Match the following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (i)
C. (iv)
D. (ii)
E. (iii)
In simple words: The Rowlatt Act was a 'Black Act', the Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to restore the caliphate, the Smut-Gandhi Agreement was about abolishing poll tax, the Khilafat Movement supported restoring the caliphate, and the Non-cooperation movement encouraged boycotting the legislature. Matching these helps understand the purpose of each historical event.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, understand the core purpose or outcome of each item in Column I and find its corresponding match in Column II.

 

Question 2. Match the colum I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (iv)
C. (ii)
D. (i)
E. (iii)
In simple words: The Simon Commission was announced in 1927, Poorna Swaraj was declared in 1930, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931, the Poona Pact took place in 1932, and the Civil Disobedience Movement continued until 1934. Knowing these dates helps to sequence historical events.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurate knowledge of dates for significant events is essential for chronology and historical accuracy in exams.

V. Answer the following briefly

 

Question 1. What were the aims of Indian National Congress?
Answer: The Indian National Congress had several important goals. These included pushing for greater representation and expanding the legislative councils. They also aimed to provide more opportunities for education and to ensure freedom of the press. The Congress also wanted the India Civil Service Examination to be held in India, along with reducing military spending. They advocated for lighter taxation and for more Indians to be employed in higher government positions. Finally, they sought to abolish the Indian council in London. This overall aim was to increase Indian participation in governance.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress wanted more Indians in government, better education, a free press, and less tax. They also wanted fair civil service exams and for the Indian council in London to be closed down.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing aims, group similar points to create a clear and organized answer.

 

Question 2. What made Gandhi to fight for the rights of the Indians in south Africa?
Answer: Several experiences led Gandhi to fight for Indian rights in South Africa. First, he was thrown out of a first-class train compartment at Pietermaritzburg railway station in April 1893, despite having a valid ticket. This incident highlighted the severe racial discrimination prevalent at the time. He also faced widespread racial prejudice, which made him realize that Indians were treated like 'coolies'. To address these issues, he organized a meeting of Indians in Transvaal to form an association for collective grievance redressal. He also submitted petitions to authorities highlighting injustices that violated existing laws. Furthermore, Indians were forced to pay a poll tax, except in designated areas, adding to their economic burden. These unjust laws and personal experiences fueled his resolve to fight for their rights.
In simple words: Gandhi fought for Indian rights in South Africa because he was removed from a train due to racism and saw how badly Indians were treated. He formed groups, wrote petitions, and protested against unfair laws like the poll tax.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always provide specific examples and personal experiences when describing the motivations of historical figures, as this adds depth to your answer.

 

Question 3. Mention the importance of Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress
Answer: The Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in 1916 was highly significant for several reasons. Firstly, it marked the reunification of the moderate and extremist factions within the Congress, who had been separated since 1907. Secondly, the Congress and the Muslim League signed the historic Lucknow Pact, agreeing to work together for self-government. This pact showcased a rare period of Hindu-Muslim unity. Thirdly, it was at this session that Jawaharlal Nehru first met Mahatma Gandhi, an encounter that would later shape India's freedom struggle. The session demonstrated a powerful united front against British rule.
In simple words: The Lucknow session was important because it brought together moderate and extremist groups in Congress. The Congress and Muslim League also agreed to work together, and it was where Nehru first met Gandhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing sessions or conferences, highlight key resolutions, alliances formed, and significant meetings that took place.

 

Question 4. What were the programmes included in non - cooperation?
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement launched a comprehensive set of programmes to resist British rule. These included the surrender of all official titles, honours, and honorary offices awarded by the British. Participants were also urged to non-participate in government functions and to boycott British government schools, colleges, legislative bodies, and foreign goods. A key component was spreading the message of Swadeshi, promoting Indian-made goods. Lawyers were encouraged to suspend their practice, and people were asked to resolve disputes through private arbitration instead of British courts. Furthermore, the movement called for refusal to accept any civil or military posts and general non-participation in government parties and official functions. These actions aimed to paralyze the British administration through non-violent means.
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement asked people to give up British titles, boycott government schools and foreign goods, promote Indian products, and not work with the British government. These steps were meant to make the British administration difficult to run.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing movement programs, categorize them into clear action areas (e.g., boycotts, resignations) for a structured answer.

 

Question 5. What were the aims of the Muslim League?
Answer: The Muslim League had clear objectives regarding the welfare of Muslims in British India. Its primary aim was to protect the rights and interests of Muslims. Secondly, the League sought to ensure loyalty towards the British Government among the Muslim community. Thirdly, a significant goal was to demand a separate electorate for Muslims, which they believed would safeguard their political identity and representation. This demand for a separate electorate eventually played a crucial role in the partition of India.
In simple words: The Muslim League wanted to protect Muslim rights, stay loyal to the British, and get separate voting groups for Muslims.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on core objectives and specific demands when outlining the aims of political organizations.

 

Question 6. What were the provisions of Gandhi - Irwin pact?
Answer: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed on March 5, 1931, involved several agreements between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. According to the pact, the British government agreed to release all political prisoners not involved in violence. It also permitted the return of confiscated land and promised lenient treatment for government employees who had resigned. The pact allowed people in coastal villages to collect and make salt for their own use without violence, a significant concession after the Salt March. Furthermore, the Civil Disobedience Movement was to be suspended, and the Congress agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference. This pact temporarily eased tensions and allowed for further negotiations.
In simple words: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact meant the British would free non-violent prisoners and return confiscated land. People could also make salt. In return, Gandhi agreed to stop the Civil Disobedience Movement and attend a conference.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key concessions and commitments from both sides when explaining pacts or agreements.

 

Question 7. What were the changes introduced by the Government of India Act of 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced major constitutional changes in British India. Firstly, it granted provincial autonomy, allowing provinces to manage their own affairs. Secondly, it abolished the system of dyarchy in the provinces, which had created a dual system of governance. Thirdly, it provided for the establishment of a federal court to resolve conflicts between the provinces and the central government. Finally, the Act also led to the establishment of a Federal Reserve Bank. This act aimed to give Indians more representation and control, moving towards greater self-governance.
In simple words: The 1935 Act gave provinces more power, ended dyarchy, created a federal court, and set up a Federal Reserve Bank. These changes moved India closer to self-rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the administrative and political structural changes introduced by constitutional acts.

VI. Answer all the question given under each caption

Question 1. Mount Batten Plan

 

(a) Who was sent as viceroy to India with what task?
Answer: Lord Mountbatten was sent to India as the last Viceroy. His main job was to ensure a smooth and quick transfer of power from British to Indian hands. He was given a clear mandate to expedite the process of India's independence.
In simple words: Lord Mountbatten was sent as the last Viceroy to India to quickly transfer power to Indians.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key figures and their specific missions during transitional periods in history.

 

(b) When was Mount batten plan announced?
Answer: The Mountbatten Plan was officially announced on 3rd June 1947. This announcement laid out the procedure for the partition of India and the transfer of power.
In simple words: The Mountbatten Plan was announced on June 3, 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the exact dates of important announcements or plans as they often mark critical junctures.

 

(c) On what basis it was planned to transfer power?
Answer: Power was planned to be transferred on the basis of dominion status. This meant that two separate dominions, India and Pakistan, would be created, each with their own governments. The plan allowed for a swift end to British rule while maintaining some links within the Commonwealth.
In simple words: The plan was to transfer power by creating two separate self-governing countries, India and Pakistan, as dominions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the concept of 'dominion status' and its implications for newly independent nations.

 

(d) What was set up under Raddiffe Brown?
Answer: Under Radcliffe Brown (referring to Sir Cyril Radcliffe), a Boundary Commission was set up. This commission was responsible for drawing the borders between the new nations of India and Pakistan. The partition lines drawn by this commission were highly contested and led to immense displacement and violence.
In simple words: A Boundary Commission was set up under Sir Cyril Radcliffe to draw the new borders between India and Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key commissions or committees with their specific responsibilities and outcomes.

Question 2. The Indian National Congress

 

(a) When was the Indian National Congress founded?
Answer: The Indian National Congress was founded in the year 1885. It was established by a group of educated Indians with the help of a retired British civil servant. This organization played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress was started in 1885.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the founding dates of major political parties, as they provide context for their historical journey.

 

(b) On whose advice was it founded?
Answer: The Indian National Congress was founded on the advice of a retired British Civil Servant named Allan Octavian Hume. He played a crucial role in bringing together various Indian leaders to form this political body. Hume's intention was to provide a platform for educated Indians to voice their opinions to the British government.
In simple words: It was founded with the advice of Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British officer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the individuals who facilitated the formation of important organizations, even if they weren't direct members.

 

(c) Where was the first session of the congress held? Who was the chairperson?
Answer:

• The first session of the Congress was held at Bombay.
• W. C. Bannerjee was the chairperson.

The session was a landmark event, bringing together delegates from across India to discuss political reforms and address national issues.
In simple words: The first Congress meeting was in Bombay, and W. C. Bannerjee was the leader.

🎯 Exam Tip: For organizational history, remember the location of the first meeting and the first leader.

 

(d) Name some of the leaders who attended the first session of the congress.
Answer: Some of the notable leaders who attended the first session of the Congress included:

• G. Subramaniam
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Surendranath Banerjee
• Madan Mohan
• M.G. Ranade
• Gopala Krishna Gokhale

These leaders laid the foundation for India's nationalist movement and advocated for greater Indian representation and rights.
In simple words: Some leaders who attended the first session were G. Subramaniam, Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Madan Mohan, M.G. Ranade, and Gopala Krishna Gokhale.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing multiple key figures demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the movement's early leadership.

Question 3. Cabinet Mission

 

(a) Who sent a Cabinet Mission to India?
Answer: The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, who belonged to the Labour Party, sent a Cabinet Mission to India. This mission was a crucial effort to plan for India's independence after World War II. The Labour government was generally more sympathetic to India's demands for self-rule.
In simple words: British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent the Cabinet Mission to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link major missions or initiatives to the political leadership responsible for them.

 

(b) Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission?
Answer: The Cabinet Mission was comprised of three prominent British officials: Lord Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander. These individuals were tasked with negotiating the transfer of power and discussing constitutional reforms with Indian leaders. Each member held an important position in the British government.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission included Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately name all members of important committees or missions.

 

(c) What did the mission reject?
Answer: The Cabinet Mission explicitly rejected the demand for Pakistan. They believed that a separate Muslim state was not feasible and proposed a federal structure for an undivided India instead. This rejection caused disappointment among the Muslim League.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission said no to the demand for a separate Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the key proposals rejected or accepted by important missions and their reasons.

 

(d) What was the suggested given for transfer of power?
Answer: The Cabinet Mission suggested that power be transferred to a Constituent Assembly, which would draft India's constitution. They also proposed setting up an Interim Government with representation from all major communities. This plan aimed to ensure a smooth transition and broad participation in the new government.
In simple words: The mission suggested power be given to a Constituent Assembly to write the constitution, and an interim government with all communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the proposed mechanisms for power transfer and the bodies involved.

Question 4. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

 

(a) Who were the prominent leaders Arrested?
Answer: Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were the prominent leaders who were arrested. Their arrests were a major reason for the protests and gathering at Jallianwala Bagh. The detention of these popular leaders fueled public anger and led to further demonstrations.
In simple words: Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were the main leaders who were arrested.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the names of leaders whose arrests directly led to major protests or historical events.

 

(b) Where did the people gather?
Answer: The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, an enclosed public garden in Amritsar, Punjab. This location, with its limited exits, became the site of the infamous massacre. The Bagh was a common place for public gatherings in the city.
In simple words: People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific locations where significant historical events occurred.

 

(c) Who was the British military commander of Amirtsar?
Answer: General Reginald Dyer was the British military commander in Amritsar. He was responsible for ordering his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. His actions led to a massive loss of life and became a symbol of British brutality.
In simple words: General Dyer was the British military commander in Amritsar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name the individuals in command during critical military or police actions.

 

(d) What did Rabindranath Tagore do?
Answer: In protest against the brutal Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood. He returned the title bestowed upon him by the British, demonstrating his deep anguish and condemnation of the incident. This act was a powerful symbol of protest by a respected intellectual.
In simple words: Rabindranath Tagore gave back his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the various forms of protest adopted by prominent figures during the freedom struggle.

Question 5. Congress Ministries and Their Work (1937)

 

(a) What was the announcement made by the Government of India Act of 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act of 1935 announced that elections would be held in 1937 for provincial assemblies. This was a crucial step towards implementing provincial autonomy and giving Indians more say in their local governance. The Act paved the way for Congress ministries to come to power in many provinces.
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1935 announced that provincial elections would take place in 1937.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect constitutional acts to their immediate practical implications, such as announced elections.

 

(b) Who was benefited immensely? How?
Answer: The Congress was greatly benefited by the Civil Disobedience Movement. This movement helped the Congress gain widespread popular support across India. It mobilized millions of people, making the Congress a truly mass-based organization and strengthening its position against the British.
In simple words: The Congress benefited greatly from the Civil Disobedience Movement because it gained huge support from many people across the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Analyze the outcomes of major movements and identify the groups or organizations that gained the most from them.

 

(c) What was the response of congress?
Answer: The Congress responded by calling off its programme of boycotting the legislature. Instead, it decided to contest the elections announced under the Government of India Act of 1935. This strategic shift allowed Congress to participate in provincial governance and work from within the system.
In simple words: The Congress stopped its boycott of elections and decided to participate in them instead.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how political parties adapt their strategies, such as boycotts turning into participation, based on changing circumstances.

 

(d) Name some of the measures taken by the congress after forming ministry.
Answer: After forming ministries in various provinces, the Congress responded to the needs of the people by taking several measures. Legislative steps were adopted to reduce the indebtedness of the peasantry, providing relief to farmers struggling with debt. They also focused on improving the working conditions of industrial laborers. These initiatives demonstrated Congress's commitment to social and economic welfare.
In simple words: Congress ministries worked to reduce farmers' debts and improve factory workers' conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific policy examples to illustrate the work of governing bodies.

VII. Answer in detail

 

Question 1. Write a paragraph on the Partition of Bengal.
Answer: Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon in 1905, dividing it into two main parts: East Bengal and West Bengal. Curzon publicly stated that the partition was purely for administrative reasons, claiming it would make governance easier. However, the people of India widely believed that the true motive was to weaken the unity of the Bengali people and create a divide between Hindus and Muslims. This move angered both moderate and extremist political groups. They condemned it as a classic example of the British policy of 'Divide and Rule' and agitated fiercely against it. The intense public criticism and agitation eventually led to the birth of the Swadeshi movement, which promoted Indian goods and boycotted British products, marking a significant economic and political protest. The partition was ultimately reversed in 1911 due to the strong resistance.
In simple words: Lord Curzon divided Bengal in 1905, saying it was for better administration, but many believed it was to divide Hindus and Muslims. This decision angered people and started the Swadeshi movement, a big protest against British goods.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing events like the Partition of Bengal, include the stated reasons, the real motives, the public reaction, and the immediate consequences or movements it triggered.

 

Question 2. What were the movement led by Gandhi towards the struggle for freedom.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi led several key movements in India's struggle for freedom, all based on his principles of Truth and Non-violence, or Satyagraha. He organized movements like the Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, and Ahmedabad Mill Strike, testing his non-violent methods locally. A true Satyagrahi, as Gandhi taught, would possess strong determination and never give up their protest, always following non-violent methods (Ahimsa) and being ready to sacrifice their life for the cause. The Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement were later led by Gandhiji on a national scale. Each movement utilized non-violent resistance to challenge British authority, inspiring millions and becoming crucial steps towards India's independence.
In simple words: Gandhi led many freedom movements like Champaran, Kheda, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India. All these were based on his ideas of truth and non-violence, where protesters would never give up.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing movements led by a specific leader, briefly explain the core principles or objectives that united them.

Non – Cooperation Movement:

 

Resolution was passed in the Calcutta session of Indian National Congress on September 1920.
No – tax campaign and boycott of foreign goods and institutions were effective.
1. At Bardoli in 1922 Gandhi announced no tax campaign. He made nation – wide tour.
2. Thousands joined the movement left their Government jobs. Trade unions and workers actively participated.
3. Peasants enhanced Gandhi as a national leader.
4. A mass procession was conducted by the peasants at Chauri chaura a village near Gorakhpur (Uttarpradesh) provoked by the police turned in to violence, burnt police station killing 22 policemen.
5. Gandhi was upset and suspended non – cooperation movement and abstain himself from the activities of congress for two years.
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle. Its resolution was passed at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress in September 1920. Key strategies included a no-tax campaign and a boycott of foreign goods and British institutions, which proved to be very effective. In 1922, Gandhi announced a no-tax campaign at Bardoli and undertook a nationwide tour to mobilize support. Thousands of people joined the movement, quitting their government jobs, and trade unions along with workers actively participated. Peasants, in particular, looked up to Gandhi as a national leader. However, a violent incident occurred at Chauri Chaura, near Gorakhpur, where a peasant procession provoked by the police turned violent, leading to the burning of a police station and the death of 22 policemen. Deeply saddened by this violence, Gandhi immediately suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement and withdrew from Congress activities for two years. The movement showed the power of mass mobilization but also the challenges of maintaining non-violence.
In simple words: The Non-Cooperation Movement was approved in Calcutta in 1920, with strategies like no-tax and boycotts. Gandhi toured widely, gaining support from many, including workers and farmers. But after violence at Chauri Chaura, where a police station was burnt and 22 policemen died, Gandhi stopped the movement and stepped back from Congress activities for two years.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a movement, include its key decisions, methods, popular participation, major events, and reasons for its suspension or end.

Civil Disobedience Movement:

 

Pooma Swaraj was declared by Nehru at Lahore session of congress in 1930.
1. 26th January 1930 was declared as Independence day and pledge was taken to attain Pooma Swaraj Non – violently through Civil Disobedience Movement.
2. The Indian National Congress authorised Gandhi to launch the movement.
3. A charter of demands presented to the viceroy Lord Irwin comply by 31 January 1930. One of the demand was Abolition of Salt tax.
Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement was preceded by important political developments. In 1930, Jawaharlal Nehru declared "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) at the Lahore session of Congress. Following this, January 26, 1930, was declared as 'Independence Day', and a pledge was taken to achieve Poorna Swaraj non-violently through civil disobedience. The Indian National Congress officially authorized Mahatma Gandhi to launch this movement. Before starting, Gandhi presented a charter of demands to Viceroy Lord Irwin by January 31, 1930. A key demand among these was the abolition of the salt tax, which Gandhi planned to challenge through the famous Salt March. This movement aimed to defy unjust British laws and gain full independence through peaceful resistance.
In simple words: The Civil Disobedience Movement started after Poorna Swaraj was declared in 1930. Congress asked Gandhi to lead it. Gandhi gave a list of demands to Viceroy Irwin, including ending the salt tax, which became a main focus of the movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Trace the origins and immediate antecedents of major movements, including declarations and key demands, to provide a comprehensive answer.

 

4. The viceroy did not respond to the demands Gandhi launched the 'Civil Disobedience Movement".
5. The inclusion of abolition of salt tax was an tactful brilliant decision.
6. Tax on salt affected every section of the society.
7. With 78 of his followers Gandhi left Sabarmathi Ashram on 12th March 1930 to Dandi a coastal town to defy salt law.
8. Hundreds of people joined the procession.
9. At the age of 61 Gandhi covered a distance of 241 miles by foot to reach Dandi in 24 days.
10. Reached Dandi on 5th April 1930 at sunset.
11. Gandhi took handful of salt from the coast thus breaking the salt law.
12. This March was famously known as Dandi March. Gandhi was arrested.
Answer: When the Viceroy did not respond to Gandhi's demands, Gandhi launched the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'. Strategically, the abolition of the salt tax was chosen as a brilliant point for protest because the tax on salt impacted every part of society, rich and poor alike. On March 12, 1930, Gandhi, along with 78 followers, began a long march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal town, intending to defy the salt law. This procession grew significantly, with hundreds joining along the way. At 61 years old, Gandhi covered a remarkable distance of 241 miles by foot in 24 days, reaching Dandi on April 5, 1930, at sunset. There, he symbolically broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt from the coast. This famous event, known as the Dandi March, highlighted the injustice of the British salt monopoly and galvanized the nation. Following this act of civil disobedience, Gandhi was arrested. The Dandi March became a powerful symbol of non-violent resistance and widespread public defiance.
In simple words: When the Viceroy ignored Gandhi's demands, Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement. He wisely chose to protest the salt tax, as it affected everyone. He walked 241 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi with followers, reaching on April 5, 1930. There, he broke the salt law by picking up salt, a powerful act that led to his arrest and became known as the Dandi March.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide details such as dates, distances, and number of participants for significant events like the Dandi March to illustrate its scale and impact.

Quit India Movement:

 

1. The all India congress committee met at Bombay on 8th April 1942 passed 'Quit India Resolution'
2. Main reason regarding: transfer of power to Indians failure of cripps mission war* time shortages, price rise,
Gandhi gave a call "Do (or) Die”.
Gandhi said "We shalTeither .free India or die in the cause attempt: We shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery?'.
"Gandhi and other congress leaders were arrested”.
Answer: The All India Congress Committee met in Bombay on August 8, 1942, and passed the 'Quit India Resolution', demanding an immediate end to British rule. The main reasons for launching this movement included the British government's reluctance to transfer power to Indians, the failure of the Cripps Mission to offer a satisfactory solution, and hardships caused by wartime shortages and rising prices. During this crucial time, Gandhi gave the powerful call, "Do or Die", urging Indians to either achieve complete freedom or die trying, emphasizing that they would not live to see their slavery continue. Immediately after the resolution was passed, Gandhi and other prominent Congress leaders were arrested. Despite the leadership being jailed, the movement quickly spread across the country with spontaneous protests and acts of defiance, underscoring the deep desire for independence.
In simple words: The All India Congress passed the 'Quit India Resolution' in Bombay on August 8, 1942. This was because the British refused to transfer power and the Cripps Mission failed, plus there were wartime problems. Gandhi gave the "Do or Die" call, meaning to fight for freedom at any cost. Soon after, Gandhi and other leaders were arrested.

🎯 Exam Tip: For the Quit India Movement, remember its date, the famous slogan, and the immediate consequences like widespread arrests and spontaneous protests.

II. Fill in the blanks

 

1. The interim Government was headed by:____
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru
In simple words: The first interim government was led by Jawaharlal Nehru.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key leadership roles in transitional governments.

 

2. ____ was sent as viceroy of India with the specific task of transfer of power.
Answer: Lord Mountbatten
In simple words: Lord Mountbatten was sent to India to oversee the transfer of power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the names of crucial British officials during the transfer of power period.

 

3. ____ joined the interim Government with some hesitation.
Answer: The Muslim League
In simple words: The Muslim League joined the interim government but not without doubts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the participation dynamics of major political parties in crucial government formations.

 

4. The mount batten plan was given effect by the enactment of ____ by the British parliament.
Answer: Indian Independence Act
In simple words: The Indian Independence Act by the British parliament put the Mountbatten Plan into action.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect major plans or proposals to the legislative acts that brought them into effect.

 

5. ____ declared 16th August 1946 as the Direct Action Day.
Answer: Jinnah
In simple words: Jinnah declared August 16, 1946, as Direct Action Day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember who initiated significant political actions and their associated dates.

 

6. The worst affected district in Bengal was ____ by communal riots in 1946.
Answer: Noakhali
In simple words: Noakhali in Bengal was severely hit by communal riots in 1946.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify specific locations that were significantly impacted by historical events like communal violence.

 

7. The Muslim League representative ____ was made as the Finance Minister in the Interim Government cabinet.
Answer: Liaqut Ali Khan
In simple words: Liaqut Ali Khan, from the Muslim League, became the Finance Minister in the interim government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the portfolio allocations of key political figures in interim governments.

 

8. According to the mount batten plan boundary commission was set up under ____.
Answer: Radcliffe brown
In simple words: The Boundary Commission under the Mountbatten Plan was led by Radcliffe Brown.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the names of chairmen for crucial commissions.

 

9. Prime Minister of Britain ____ wanted to transfer power at the earliest.
Answer: Clement Attlee
In simple words: British Prime Minister Clement Attlee aimed to transfer power to India as soon as possible.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the actions of foreign leaders to the independence movement.

 

10. The British surrender in South East Asia to the ____ was a big blow to imperial prestige.
Answer: Japanese
In simple words: The British surrender to the Japanese in Southeast Asia harmed their imperial reputation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how international events, like World War II, impacted British colonial power.

 

11. The/British Government arrested the INA officers and put them on trial in ____.
Answer: Redfort
In simple words: The British government arrested Indian National Army (INA) officers and tried them at Red Fort.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the location of famous trials that sparked nationalist sentiments.

 

12. ____ formed the provisional Government of free India at Singapore.
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose
In simple words: Subhas Chandra Bose created the provisional government of free India in Singapore.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key leaders with their organizational achievements outside India.

 

13. Azad Hindu Faug was organized by ____ with Indian prisoners of war with the support of Japanese in Malaya and Burma.
Answer: General Mohan Singh
In simple words: General Mohan Singh formed the Azad Hind Fauj using Indian prisoners of war with Japanese help.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the founders of military organizations during the independence movement.

 

14. The Slogan of Quit India Movement given by Gandhiji was ____.
Answer: Do or Die in the attempt of free India
In simple words: Gandhi's slogan for the Quit India Movement was "Do or Die for free India."

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize famous slogans and their originators from the freedom struggle.

 

15. ____ was the first individual to offer Satyagraha when Gandhi declared limited Satyagraha by individuals.
Answer: Vinobha Bhave
In simple words: Vinoba Bhave was the first person to offer individual Satyagraha when Gandhi began this limited protest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the first participants in significant non-violent campaigns.

 

16. The party ____ was started by Subhash Chandra Bose after resigned from congress as president.
Answer: Forward Bloc
In simple words: Subhash Chandra Bose started the Forward Bloc party after he left his post as Congress president.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the political parties founded by prominent leaders after leaving other organizations.

 

17. In the elections for the provinces in 1937 congress won in ____ provinces out of eleven.
Answer: seven
In simple words: In the 1937 provincial elections, Congress won in seven out of eleven provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the electoral performance of major parties in key elections.

 

18. Assam valley Muslim party was led by ____ with whom congress formed coalition Government.
Answer: Sir Muhammad Sadullah
In simple words: Sir Muhammad Sadullah led the Assam Valley Muslim Party, which formed a coalition government with Congress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn about key regional political alliances during the British Raj.

 

19. By the Government of India Act of 1935 ____ was separated from India.
Answer: Burma
In simple words: Under the Government of India Act of 1935, Burma was separated from India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note territorial changes or separations that occurred due to British acts.

 

20. In the year ____ the ban on the communist party was lifted.
Answer: Non – cooperation movement
In simple words: The ban on the Communist Party was lifted during the time of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how political bans were sometimes lifted during periods of broader political movements.

 

21. In 1934 ____ was formed by Jaya Prakash Narayan.
Answer: Congress Socialist Party
In simple words: In 1934, Jaya Prakash Narayan founded the Congress Socialist Party.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the founders of key political parties and organizations.

 

22. The sudden withdrawal of ____ by Gandhi took to violence.
Answer: Non – cooperation movement
In simple words: Gandhi suddenly withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement due to increasing violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the reasons behind the suspension or withdrawal of major nationalist movements.

 

23. The communist party established the party in 1928.
Answer: All India Worker's and Peasants
In simple words: The Communist Party established the All India Worker's and Peasants Party in 1928.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify allied or front organizations formed by political parties.

 

24. Gandhi started the to work for the removal of discrimination of Harijans.
Answer: Harijan Sevak Sangh
In simple words: Gandhi started the Harijan Sevak Sangh to fight against discrimination towards Harijans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link social reform organizations to their founders and specific goals.

 

25. The communists used their party as a platform to expose the ____.
Answer: True colour British rule in India
In simple words: Communists used their party to show the true nature of British rule in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the propaganda and public awareness strategies of political groups.

 

26. ____ and ____ were the leaders of the depressed classes.
Answer: B.R.Ambedkar and M.C Rajah
In simple words: B.R. Ambedkar and M.C. Rajah were important leaders representing the depressed classes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name key figures who advocated for marginalized communities.

 

27. The British Prime Minister ____ proposed a federal Government with provincial autonomy.
Answer: Ramsay Macdonald
In simple words: British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald suggested a federal government with provincial autonomy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect constitutional proposals to the British leaders who put them forward.

 

28. ____ was the forest area where the police forest and revenue officials harassed the Rampa tribals.
Answer: Many am
In simple words: Many 'ams' (villages/areas) in the forest saw harassment of Rampa tribals by officials.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify regions known for tribal uprisings and their causes.

 

29. ____ organised the Rampa tribals to fight for their rights.
Answer: Alluri Sitarama Raju
In simple words: Alluri Sitarama Raju led the Rampa tribals in their fight for rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name the leaders of significant tribal movements.

 

30. A special ____ team was sent to quell the uprisings of Rampa Adivasis in 1922-24.
Answer: Malabar police
In simple words: A special Malabar police team was sent to stop the Rampa Adivasi uprisings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the specific forces used by the British to suppress rebellions.

 

31. The soldiers of ____ regiment refused to fire on unarmed Satyagraha.
Answer: Gharwali
In simple words: Soldiers of the Gharwali Regiment refused orders to shoot unarmed Satyagrahis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight instances of solidarity and defiance within the armed forces during the independence movement.

 

32. For defying the salt tax and breaking the salt law Gandhi was arrested at mid night and sent to ____ jail.
Answer: Yeravada
In simple words: Gandhi was arrested for breaking the salt law and sent to Yeravada Jail.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name the significant prisons where nationalist leaders were held.

 

33. The ____ event united the different political parties in India.
Answer: Simon boycott
In simple words: The boycott of the Simon Commission brought together different political parties in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize events that fostered unity among diverse political groups.

 

34. As a part of constructive programme Gandhi focussed on promoting ____ and made it compulsory for congress man to wear khaddar.
Answer: khadi
In simple words: Gandhi promoted khadi as part of his constructive program and made it mandatory for Congress members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the significance of symbols like khadi in the nationalist movement.

 

35. The prochangers of congress used the ____ as a platform for propagation of ____.
Answer: Legislature, nationalist idea
In simple words: The prochangers in Congress used legislative bodies to spread nationalist ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Analyze how different factions within the Congress utilized available platforms for their objectives.

I. Choose the correct answer

 

Question 1. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on:
(a) 30th October 1896
(b) 26th January 1869
(c) 2nd October 1869
(d) 31st December 1869
Answer: (c) 2nd October 1869
In simple words: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869. This date is now celebrated worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the birth dates of national figures is basic but important historical information.

 

Question 2. The language of the educated Indian was ____.
(a) French
(b) English
(c) Hindi
Answer: (b) English
In simple words: During the British rule, English became the common language among educated Indians. This helped them communicate across different regions and organize the nationalist movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the role of language, especially English, in connecting intellectuals during the colonial period.

 

Question 3. Gandhi's experiences in London had not prepared him for:
(a) Injustice
(b) Satyagraha
(c) Services
(d) Racial discrimination
Answer: (d) Racial discrimination
In simple words: Gandhi's time studying in London did not prepare him for the harsh racial discrimination he would face in South Africa. The subtle prejudice in London was very different from the overt racism in South Africa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast Gandhi's experiences in different countries to understand how his political views developed.

 

Question 4. Who was granted separate electorate by the British?
(a) Hindus
(b) Muslims
(c) Sikhs
Answer: (b) Muslims
In simple words: The British granted separate electorates to Muslims, meaning they would vote for their own representatives in certain constituencies. This policy was aimed at dividing communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific British policies, like separate electorates, and the communities they affected.

 

Question 5. After the outbreak of the ____ Gandhi returned to India.
(a) First world war
(b) Russian revolution
(c) Anglo – Mysore war
(d) Second world war
Answer: (a) First world war
In simple words: Gandhi came back to India after the First World War began. He had been in South Africa for many years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect major international events with their impact on leaders' decisions, like Gandhi's return.

 

Question 6. Bengal was partitioned in ____.
(a) 1917
(b) 1912
(c) 1905
(c) 1905
Answer: (c) 1905
In simple words: Bengal was divided by the British in the year 1905. This partition led to a strong nationalist movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Dates of key administrative decisions are important for understanding regional history.

 

Question 7. The real power was not transferred to the Indians as promised by ____ 1919.
(a) tinkathiya system
(b) Government of India Act
(c) Dyarchy system
(d) Indian council act
Answer: (b) Government of India Act
In simple words: The real power was not given to Indians as promised by the Government of India Act of 1919, which introduced dyarchy but kept key powers with the British. This act fell short of Indian expectations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between promised reforms and actual power transfer in colonial legislation.

 

Question 8. Bengal was partitioned by ____.
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Litton
(c) Lord Curzon
Answer: (c) Lord Curzon
In simple words: Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India who ordered the partition of Bengal. This decision was highly controversial.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate major administrative decisions with the specific Viceroys or Governors-General responsible for them.

 

Question 9. ____ incident made Gandhi to withdraw the no – tax campaign Non – co-operation movement at once.
(a) Bardoli
(b) Champaran
(c) Chauri – chaura
(d) Kheda
Answer: (c) Chauri - chaura
In simple words: The violent incident at Chauri Chaura led Gandhi to immediately stop the Non-Cooperation Movement. He believed that the people were not ready for complete non-violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the pivotal events that caused major shifts in the strategies of nationalist movements.

 

Question 10. Home Rule League in Chennai was started by ____.
(a) Tilak
(b) Annie Besant
(c) Nehru
Answer: (b) Annie Besant
In simple words: Annie Besant started the Home Rule League in Chennai. She was a strong advocate for self-governance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the founders of important nationalist organizations and their regional bases.

 

Question 11. Swarajya party was formed by ____ and Motilal Nehru in 1923.
(a) Madan Mohan Malaviya
(b) C. R. Das
(c) Subhas Chandra Bose
(d) C. Rajaji
Answer: (b) C. R. Das
In simple words: C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swarajya Party in 1923. They aimed to enter legislative councils and disrupt the British administration from within.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately name co-founders of political parties and their objectives.

 

Question 12. Dyarchy was introduced by ____.
(a) Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act
(b) The Charter Act of 1833
(c) 1878 – The Indians Arms Act
Answer: (a) Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act
In simple words: Dyarchy, a dual system of governance, was brought in by the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms Act. This act aimed to introduce some self-governing institutions in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific provisions of constitutional reforms and the acts that introduced them.

 

Question 13. The Indian Forest Act of ____ claimed the original ownership of forests was with the state.
(a) 1878
(b) 1865
(c) 1927
(d) 1972
Answer: (a) 1878
In simple words: The Indian Forest Act of 1878 declared that the state owned all forests, taking away traditional rights of local communities. This act led to widespread resentment among forest-dwelling communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the dates and main provisions of colonial laws that impacted local populations.

 

Question 14. Gandhiji advocated a new technique in our freedom struggle ____.
(a) Satyagraha
(b) Long march
(c) Violence
Answer: (a) Satyagraha
In simple words: Gandhi introduced Satyagraha, a method of non-violent resistance, as a powerful new way to fight for freedom. This technique involved civil disobedience and peaceful protest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the core principles and techniques advocated by Mahatma Gandhi.

 

Question 15. Gandhi called the proposals of ____ as a post dated cheque on a crashing bank.
(a) Simon commission
(b) Cripps mission
(c) Cabinet mission
(d) Mount Batten plan
Answer: (b) Cripps mission
In simple words: Gandhi famously described the proposals of the Cripps Mission as "a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank." He felt the proposals offered too little, too late, and were unreliable given Britain's wartime situation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key quotes and their context, especially those by prominent historical figures.

III. Choose the correct statement

 

Question 1. (i) Prochangers refused to take charge of transferred subjects.
(ii) They did not want to cooperate with the Government.
(iii) They were the staunch followers of Gandhi.
(iv) Some of the Swaraj party members began to accept Government jobs.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (i),(ii), and (iv) are correct
(c) (i) and (iii) are correct
(d) (iii) is correct
Answer: (b) (i),(ii), and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct regarding the prochangers and Swaraj Party. Prochangers refused to handle transferred subjects, they aimed to obstruct the government, and some members did take government jobs. Statement (iii) is incorrect because they differed from Gandhi's non-cooperation stance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the "pro-changers" and "no-changers" factions within the Congress, understanding their differing strategies.

 

Question 2. (i) In February 1922 Gandhi announced a non – tax campaign in Bengal.
(ii) The nationalist procession at chauri -chaura was provoked by policemen.
(iii) The young leaders of congress thought that the non – cooperation movement was gaining momentum.
(iv) Gandhi continued to conduct the movement at chauri – chaura.
(a) (i) md (ii) are correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (ii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: Statements (ii) and (iii) are correct. The Chauri Chaura procession was indeed provoked by police, and young Congress leaders did feel the Non-Cooperation Movement was gaining strength. Statement (i) is incorrect as the non-tax campaign was announced at Bardoli, not Bengal. Statement (iv) is incorrect as Gandhi withdrew the movement after Chauri Chaura.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about the events and locations associated with key decisions and turning points in movements.

 

Question 3. (i) Public meeting was organised at Jailianwala bagh on Baisaki day.
(ii) The only entrance to the park was opened.
(iii) Martial law was imposed in Amritsar after the incident.
(iv) Leaders renounced their titles and honours.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (iii), and (iv) are accurate. A public meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh on Baisakhi, martial law was imposed in Amritsar after the massacre, and many leaders renounced their titles in protest. Statement (ii) is incorrect as General Dyer had blocked all but one narrow entrance, trapping the crowd.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to specific details of historical events, as subtle inaccuracies can make a statement incorrect.

 

Question 4. Assertion (A): India became independent on 15th August 1947. Reason (R): The British parliament passed Indian Independence Act abolishing the sovereignity of British rule over India.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A is correct but R is wrong.
(c) A is wrong R is correct.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: Both the assertion that India became independent on August 15, 1947, and the reason that the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act, are correct. The Act directly led to the end of British rule, so the reason fully explains the assertion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always confirm if the reason directly causes or logically explains the assertion in such questions.

 

Question 5. Assertion (A): Cabinet mission suggested a Federal Government and the provinces were divided in to three major groups. Reason (R): Transfer of power, to elect a constituent Assembly and an Interim Government with representation from all communities.
(a) A is correct R is wrong.
(b) R is correct A is wrong.
(c) Both A and R are correct R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct R is not the correct explanation of A
Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct R is the correct explanation of A.
In simple words: Both statements are correct, and the reason explains the assertion. The Cabinet Mission proposed a federal government with provinces grouped into three sections to help transfer power to an elected Constituent Assembly and an interim government representing all communities. The grouping of provinces was a strategy for managing diverse interests during the transfer of power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the multi-faceted proposals of missions like the Cabinet Mission, particularly how different parts of the plan connected.

 

Question 6. Assertion (A): The British hegemonic control ceased even in the armed forces. Reason (R): All the political leaders were released and the ban on congress was lifted.
(a) Both A and R is wrong
(b) A is correct R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are correct R explains A.
(d) Both A and R are correct.
Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct.
In simple words: Both the assertion that British control weakened in the armed forces and the reason that political leaders were freed and the ban on Congress was lifted are correct statements. These two events happened around the same time as Britain prepared to leave India. The weakening control was a sign of the end of British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sometimes both statements in an Assertion-Reason question are true, but one might not directly explain the other. Evaluate the explanatory link carefully.

IV. Match the following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii)
B. (v)
C. (iv)
D. (i)
E. (ii)
In simple words: The Transvaal meeting was against unjust laws. Tolstoy Farm was a training ground for Satyagraha. The Smut-Gandhi Agreement led to the abolition of the poll tax. The Khilafat Movement sought the restoration of caliphate power. The Non-Cooperation Movement involved boycotting the legislature. Matching these helps understand their historical connections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect each historical event or action to its primary purpose or outcome to ensure correct matching.

 

Question 2. Match the colum I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (iv)
C. (ii)
D. (i)
E. (iii)
In simple words: The Simon Commission was formed in 1927, Poorna Swaraj was declared in 1930, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931, the Poona Pact took place in 1932, and the Civil Disobedience Movement continued until 1934. Knowing these dates helps to sequence historical events correctly.

🎯 Exam Tip: For chronology, ensure you precisely know the year associated with each major event or agreement.