Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 State Government

I. Choose the correct answer

 

Question 1. The governor of the State is appointed by the:
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Chief Minister
(c) President
(d) Chief Justice
Answer: (c) President
In simple words: The President of India chooses and appoints the Governor for each state. The Governor acts as the President's representative in the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Governor is a crucial link between the state government and the central government, appointed by the President.

 

Question 2. The Speaker of a State is a ..........
(a) Head of State
(b) Head of government
(c) President's agent
(d) None of these
Answer: (d) None of these
In simple words: The Speaker leads the State Legislative Assembly, ensuring proper discussions and maintaining order, but is not the Head of State, Head of Government, or the President's agent.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the roles of the Governor (Head of State), Chief Minister (Head of Government), and the Speaker (presides over the Assembly). These are distinct positions.

 

Question 3. Which among the following is not one of the powers of the Governor?
(a) Legislative
(b) Executive
(c) Judicial
(d) Diplomatic
Answer: (d) Diplomatic
In simple words: The Governor has powers related to making laws (legislative), running the government (executive), and justice (judicial), but does not handle international relations or diplomatic matters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on understanding the specific categories of powers given to constitutional heads at the state level. Diplomatic powers are typically reserved for the central government.

 

Question 4. Who can nominate one representative of the Anglo-Indian Community to the:
(a) The President
(b) The Governor
(c) The Chief Minister
(d) The Speaker of State legislature
Answer: (b) The Governor
In simple words: The Governor has the special power to nominate one member from the Anglo-Indian community to the State Legislative Assembly if he feels they are not well represented.

🎯 Exam Tip: This nomination power of the Governor is a key aspect of ensuring representation for minority communities in the state legislature. Remember it's one representative.

 

Question 5. The Governor does not appoint:
(a) Chief Minister
(b) Chairman of the State Public Service Commission
(c) Advocate General of the State
(d) Judges of the High Court
Answer: (d) Judges of the High Court
In simple words: The Governor appoints many key state officials like the Chief Minister and Advocate General, but High Court judges are appointed by the President.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful to distinguish between appointments made by the Governor at the state level and those made by the President at the central level, especially for judicial positions.

 

Question 6. The Chief Minister of a State is appointed by ..........
(a) The State Legislature
(b) The Governor
(c) The President
(d) The Speaker of State Legislative Assembly
Answer: (b) The Governor
In simple words: After a state election, the Governor appoints the leader of the party with the most votes (majority) as the Chief Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Governor's role in appointing the Chief Minister is crucial in forming the state government after elections.

 

Question 7. The State Council of Ministers is headed by:
(a) The Chief Minister
(b) The Governor
(c) The Speaker
Answer: (a) The Chief Minister
In simple words: The Chief Minister is the main leader of the State Council of Ministers, guiding their work and decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Chief Minister's position is very powerful as they head the Council of Ministers, which forms the executive branch of the state government.

 

Question 8. The Legislative Council ..........
(a) has a term of five years
(b) has a term of six years
(c) is a permanent house
(d) has a term of four years
Answer: (c) is a permanent house
In simple words: The Legislative Council never fully dissolves; its members are elected for a term, but the house itself continues without being completely replaced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Compare the Legislative Council with the Legislative Assembly; the Assembly can be dissolved, but the Council is a continuous body, like the Rajya Sabha at the center.

 

Question 9. The minimum age for the membership of the Legislative Council is:
(a) 25 years
(b) 21 years
(c) 30 years
(d) 35 years
Answer: (c) 30 years
In simple words: To become a member of the Legislative Council, a person must be at least 30 years old.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the minimum age requirements for different legislative bodies (e.g., 25 for Assembly, 30 for Council) as they are common exam points.

 

Question 10. The members of the Legislative Council are ..........
(a) Elected by the Legislative Assembly
(b) Mostly nominated
(c) Elected by local bodies, graduates, teachers, Legislative Assembly etc.
(d) Directly elected by the people
Answer: (c) Elected by local bodies, graduates, teachers, Legislative Assembly etc.
In simple words: Members of the Legislative Council are chosen through various ways, including elections by local governments, university graduates, teachers, and members of the State Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the indirect and varied methods of election for the Legislative Council members, reflecting its role as an upper house.

 

Question 11. Which one of the following States does not possess a bicameral legislature?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Telangana
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: (c) Tamil Nadu
In simple words: Tamil Nadu has only one house for making laws, which is the Legislative Assembly, unlike states that have both a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the states in India that have a bicameral (two-house) legislature versus those with a unicameral (one-house) legislature.

 

Question 12. The High Courts in India were first started at ..........
(a) Calcutta, Bombay, Madras
(b) Delhi and Calcutta
(c) Delhi, Calcutta, Madras
(d) Calcutta, Madras, Delhi
Answer: (a) Calcutta, Bombay, Madras
In simple words: The very first High Courts in India were established in the important cities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. These cities were major centers during British rule and played a key role in legal administration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering the three presidency towns where High Courts were first established helps understand the historical development of the Indian judiciary.

 

Question 13. Which of the following States have a common High Court?
(a) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
(b) Kerala and Telangana
(c) Punjab and Haryana
(d) Maharashtra and Gujarat
Answer: (c) Punjab and Haryana
In simple words: Punjab and Haryana share the same High Court, which is located in Chandigarh, serving both states.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to know which states share a common High Court as this arrangement is provided for in the Indian Constitution.

 

II. Fill in the blanks

 

Question 1. Governor of the state government surrenders his resignation to __________.
Answer: The President
In simple words: If the Governor wants to leave their post, they must give their resignation letter to the President of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the Governor is appointed by the President and therefore resigns to the President, not to the state government.

 

Question 2. Members of the Legislative assembly (MLAs) elected by the __________.
Answer: people
In simple words: The people living in each state directly vote to choose their representatives, called MLAs, for the Legislative Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: This highlights the direct democratic nature of the Legislative Assembly, where representatives are chosen directly by the public.

 

Question 3. __________ is the first women Governor of Tamil Nadu.
Answer: Mrs.Fathima Beevi
In simple words: Mrs. Fathima Beevi was the very first woman to serve as the Governor of Tamil Nadu.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering key historical figures, especially those who were firsts in important positions, is beneficial for general knowledge and exams.

 

Question 4. __________ acts as the chancellor of universities in the state.
Answer: The Governor
In simple words: The Governor of a state also holds the position of chancellor for most universities within that state.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is an important ex-officio role of the Governor, demonstrating their involvement in the state's education sector.

 

Question 5. The Seventh Amendment Act of __________ authorised the Parliament to establish a common high court for two or more states.
Answer: 1956
In simple words: The Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, passed in 1956, made it possible for Parliament to create one High Court to serve multiple states.

🎯 Exam Tip: The year of key constitutional amendments is often tested. The 7th Amendment (1956) is notable for facilitating common High Courts.

 

Question 6. The Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission can be removed only by the __________.
Answer: President
In simple words: The President of India is the only authority who can remove the Chairman and other members of a State Public Service Commission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that while the Governor appoints these members, their removal is handled by the President to ensure independence and impartiality.

 

III. Match the following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (ii) Head of the State
B. (i) Head of the Government
C. (iv) Responsible for the Assembly
D. (v) cannot vote for grants
E. (iii) Tribunals
In simple words: This match connects various state government roles and bodies with their primary functions or characteristics. The Governor is the state head, the Chief Minister leads the government, the Council of Ministers answers to the Assembly, MLCs cannot vote on financial grants, and armed forces are linked to tribunals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When matching columns, always read both columns carefully and make logical connections. Knowing the fundamental roles of each position helps in correct matching.

 

IV. Choose the correct statement

 

Question 1.
(i) Only some states in India have Legislative Councils.
(ii) Some members of Legislative Councils are nominated.
(iii) Some members of Legislative Councils are directly elected by the people.
(iv) Some members are elected by Local bodies.
(a) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (i) and iv are correct
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(e) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (e) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Only a few states have two houses (Legislative Council), some members in these councils are chosen by nomination, and some are elected by local bodies. However, members are not directly elected by all the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: For multiple statement questions, evaluate each statement individually for accuracy before combining them to find the correct option.

 

Question 2. Assertion (A): The are limitations on the Legislative authority of the State Legislature.
Reason (R): Certain bills on the State List can be introduced in the State Legislature only with the President's approval.
(a) (A) is false but (R) is true
(b) (A) is true but (R) is false
(c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
Answer: (c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
In simple words: It is true that the State Legislature has limits on its power to make laws, and the reason for this is also true: some specific bills on state matters need the President's permission before they can even be presented in the state legislature. This shows how the central government can influence state law-making.

🎯 Exam Tip: In Assertion-Reason questions, first check if both statements are individually true, then determine if the reason correctly explains the assertion.

 

V. Answer in brief questions

 

Question 1. How the state of Jammu and Kashmir differ from the other states of India?
Answer:
(i) The Indian Constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir. It was the only state in India that had its own separate Constitution. This unique status allowed for distinct laws and governance. However, this special status has since been revoked in 2019.
(ii) The rules for Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties, which apply to other states, did not apply to Jammu and Kashmir.
(iii) The right to property, which is no longer a fundamental right in the rest of India, was still a guaranteed right in Jammu and Kashmir.
In simple words: Jammu and Kashmir was unique because it had its own Constitution and did not follow all parts of the Indian Constitution, like fundamental duties or the right to property.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing special status, refer to specific constitutional provisions like Article 370 (now revoked) and how they influenced the application of laws.

 

Question 2. What is the importance of the Governor of a state?
Answer:
1. The Governor is the constitutional head, meaning the official head, of the state executive branch.
2. The state's administration is formally conducted in the Governor's name, even though the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers do the actual work.
3. The Governor is a key part of the state legislature, but they are not a member of it. This helps maintain a balance of power.
4. They have the power to call for, end, or dissolve the state Assembly.
5. Under Article 213, the Governor can issue special orders (ordinances) when the state legislature is not meeting.
In simple words: The Governor is the state's official head, all state decisions are made in their name, and they play a role in law-making, including issuing special orders when the Assembly is not in session.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the Governor's dual role as a constitutional head and a link between the state and central governments. Mentioning Article 213 for ordinance power is crucial.

 

Question 3. What are the qualifications for the appointment of Governor?
Answer:
1. The person must be a citizen of India.
2. They must have reached at least 35 years of age.
3. They should not be a member of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) or any State legislature (Assembly or Council).
4. They should not hold any other job that earns them money or profit.
In simple words: To become a Governor, a person must be an Indian citizen, at least 35 years old, not a member of any legislature, and not holding any paid job.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember these four key qualifications for the Governor, especially the age requirement and the restriction on holding other offices of profit or legislative membership.

 

Question 4. What is the original Jurisdiction of the High Court?
Answer:
1. High Courts can directly hear certain types of cases first, without them going through lower courts. These include matters like admiralty (sea-related legal issues), probate (proving a will), matrimonial (marriage disputes), and contempt of court (disrespecting the court).
2. The High Courts in major cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras had specific original jurisdiction. They could handle cases directly where the amount of money involved was more than Rs. 2000, and also criminal cases that came from presidency magistrates. This made these courts very important for serious legal issues.
In simple words: High Courts can directly hear certain special cases, like those about wills, marriage problems, or disrespecting the court. In older times, major city High Courts also heard direct cases involving large sums of money or serious crimes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between original jurisdiction (cases heard directly) and appellate jurisdiction (cases heard on appeal). Listing specific types of cases under original jurisdiction is important.

 

Question 5. What do you understand by the "Appellate Jurisdiction" of the High Court?
Answer: As courts of appeal, all High Courts listen to appeals for both civil (non-criminal) and criminal cases. These appeals are usually made against decisions made by lower courts. The High Court also has the power to review, or re-examine, the judgements given by these subordinate courts. This ensures that justice is served correctly at all levels of the judiciary. If a party is not satisfied with a lower court's ruling, they can ask the High Court to review the decision.
In simple words: Appellate jurisdiction means High Courts can hear cases again that have already been decided by lower courts if someone is unhappy with the decision. They can check and change these rulings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that appellate jurisdiction means reviewing decisions from lower courts, ensuring legal correctness and providing an avenue for justice if errors occurred.

 

VI. Answer in Detail

 

Question 1. What are the powers and functions of the Chief Minister?
Answer: The Chief Minister is the key leader of the state government. They are the true head of the state administration and have many important powers and duties. Their functions can be broadly divided into categories:

**Relating to the Council of Ministers:**
1. The Chief Minister suggests names to the Governor for appointing Ministers. The Governor usually appoints individuals recommended by the Chief Minister.
2. They decide which specific areas (portfolios) each Minister will be responsible for, such as finance, education, or health.
3. The Chief Minister can change the responsibilities of Ministers (shuffle) or change who is a Minister (reshuffle) in their team.
4. They lead the meetings of the cabinet and play a major role in making government decisions.
5. If a Minister disagrees with the Chief Minister, the Chief Minister can ask them to resign or advise the Governor to remove them.
6. If the Chief Minister leaves their post, the entire Council of Ministers must also resign, as the Council cannot function without its head.
7. The Chief Minister guides, directs, controls, and makes sure all Ministers work together effectively.

**Relating to the Governor:**
1. The Chief Minister acts as the main connection between the Governor and the Council of Ministers, sharing information and decisions.
2. They give advice to the Governor about appointing important officials like the Advocate General, State Election Commissioner, Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission, and the State Finance Commission.

**Relating to the State Legislature:**
1. On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor calls and ends the sessions of the state legislature.
2. The Chief Minister announces the government's plans and policies in the legislative assembly.
3. They can propose bills, or drafts of laws, in the Legislative Assembly.
4. The Chief Minister can suggest to the Governor that the Legislative Assembly be dissolved at any time before its full term ends.

**Other functions and powers:**
1. As the leader of the ruling party, the Chief Minister manages the party and ensures its discipline.
2. They listen to the needs and demands of various groups of people in the state.
3. As the political head, they oversee, control, and coordinate the work of different departments and their secretaries at the state level.
4. For the state to run smoothly, the Chief Minister works to build a good relationship with the Central (Union) Government. This ensures cooperation on important matters between the state and the nation.
In simple words: The Chief Minister is like the CEO of the state. They pick and manage their team of ministers, link the Governor with the government, lead the state's law-making, and ensure good relations with the central government.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about the Chief Minister's powers, organize your points under clear sub-headings like 'Council of Ministers,' 'Governor,' and 'Legislature' to ensure comprehensive coverage and clarity.

 

Question 2. Describe the various powers and functions of the Governor.
Answer: The Governor acts as the state's constitutional head and plays a vital role in its administration and governance. Their main powers and functions are:
(i) The Governor is the official constitutional head of the State. All state administration and decisions are formally carried out in their name, even though the real executive power lies with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers.
(ii) The Governor appoints the leader of the political party that wins the majority of seats in the State Legislative Assembly as the Chief Minister. They also appoint other members of the Council of Ministers, but only after getting recommendations from the Chief Minister. This ensures that the Council works effectively under the Chief Minister's leadership.
(iii) The Governor appoints other important state officials such as the Advocate General of the State, the Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission, the State Election Commissioner, and the Attorney General of the State. These appointments are crucial for the functioning of various state institutions.
(iv) The Governor has the power to call for (summon), end (prorogue) sessions of the State Legislature, and can also dissolve the State Legislative Assembly. This power allows them to oversee the legislative process and, if needed, call for fresh elections.
(v) Money Bills, which deal with financial matters, can only be introduced in the State Legislature if the Governor has recommended it beforehand. This ensures that financial laws are carefully considered and approved.
(vi) Every five years, the Governor forms a Finance Commission. This commission's job is to review the financial health of local self-governing bodies like panchayats and municipalities, helping to ensure they have enough funds to operate properly. This helps in local development.
In simple words: The Governor is the formal head of the state. They appoint the Chief Minister and other key officials, can call or end legislative sessions, approve Money Bills, and set up a Finance Commission to check local government finances.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Governor's functions, categorizing them into Executive, Legislative, Financial, and other powers will help in providing a structured and comprehensive answer.

 

Question 3. Briefly discuss the Functions of the State Legislature.
Answer: The State Legislature is the law-making body of the state, performing several vital functions to govern the state effectively. Its main functions include:

**Legislative powers:**
1. As per the Constitution, the State Legislature can pass laws on all subjects that are mentioned in the State List. This allows states to make laws specific to their needs and local conditions.
2. The process of turning a Bill into a law in the state follows a similar procedure to how it's done in the Union Parliament. This ensures a consistent and proper legislative process.
3. States can also make laws on subjects listed in the Concurrent List. However, if the Central government also makes a law on the same subject, the state-made law will become invalid or inoperative. This highlights the supremacy of central laws in case of conflict.
4. For a Bill passed by the State Legislature to officially become a law, it needs the Governor's approval (assent). Without the Governor's signature, it cannot be enforced.

**Financial powers:**
1. Money bills, which deal with government spending and taxes, can only be introduced in the Lower House, also known as the Assembly. This ensures that financial matters are debated and approved by the directly elected representatives of the people.
2. No new tax can be introduced or collected in the state without the approval and permission of the Assembly. This gives the legislature control over state finances.
3. The Legislature keeps a check on the state's finances, making sure that public money is spent responsibly and according to the laws. This helps in accountability.

**Control over the Executive:**
1. The State Legislature oversees the Executive branch, which includes the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers. This is a crucial check and balance.
2. The Council of Ministers is responsible and answers to the Legislative Assembly. This means they must have the confidence of the Assembly to stay in power.
3. If the Assembly passes a "No confidence motion" against the Ministry, it means the government has lost the support of the majority. In such a case, the Council of Ministers can be removed from power. This is the ultimate control the legislature has over the executive. The power of the legislature to hold the executive accountable is a cornerstone of democratic governance.
In simple words: The State Legislature makes laws on state matters, controls the state's money by approving taxes and spending, and keeps the Chief Minister and their team in check, even having the power to remove them if they lose confidence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing the State Legislature's functions, dividing them into legislative, financial, and executive control categories provides a clear and organized answer. Emphasize the 'No confidence motion' as a key power.

 

Question 4. Critically examine the functions and powers of the Council of Ministers.
Answer: The Council of Ministers, led by the Chief Minister, is the real executive authority in the state. They have extensive functions and powers that are central to the state's governance. These include:
1. The Council of Ministers is responsible for creating and deciding the state's policies. They also make sure these policies are put into action effectively across the state.
2. They plan the legislative programs for the State Legislative Assembly. This includes proposing and supporting all important bills that are to be discussed and passed as laws.
3. The Council holds control over the state's financial policies. They decide the tax structure and how money will be used for the welfare of the public in the state.
4. They create and develop programs and plans for social and economic changes. Their aim is to help the state progress in many different related areas, ensuring comprehensive development.
5. The Council makes important appointments for the heads of various government departments. These appointments ensure that skilled individuals lead different sectors of administration.
6. The Annual Financial Statement, commonly known as the Budget, is finalized by the Council of Ministers. This document outlines the government's expected income and expenses for the upcoming financial year.
7. The Council of Ministers provides advice to the Governor regarding the appointment of judges for the subordinate courts within the state. This helps in maintaining a fair judicial system at the lower levels.
In simple words: The Council of Ministers makes state policies, creates legislative plans, controls state finances and taxes, designs programs for social improvement, appoints department heads, finalizes the state budget, and advises the Governor on judge appointments.

🎯 Exam Tip: When critically examining, ensure you cover both the policy-making and implementation aspects, as well as their control over finances and influence on appointments.

 

Question 5. Describe the powers and functions of the High Court.
Answer: The High Court is the top court in a state. Each High Court has a Chief Justice and other judges who are appointed by the President. The High Court has several types of powers, known as jurisdiction:

(i) **Original Jurisdiction:** This means the High Court can hear certain cases directly, right from the beginning, without them first going to a lower court. Examples include cases related to admiralty (sea law), probate (wills), matrimonial (marriage), contempt of court, and serious criminal cases. In these matters, the High Court is the first court to hear the case.

(ii) **Appellate Jurisdiction:** As courts of appeal, High Courts can hear cases again that have already been decided by lower courts. This applies to both civil (non-criminal) and criminal cases. They can also hear appeals from their own single-judge decisions if a larger bench is constituted. This ensures that justice is reviewed if there are concerns about the initial judgment.

(iii) **Writ Jurisdiction:** High Courts can issue special orders called 'writs'. These writs are issued not only to protect fundamental rights (like freedom of speech or equality) but also when a normal legal right of a person has been violated. The different kinds of writs are: Habeas Corpus (to bring a detained person before the court), Mandamus (to order a public official to do their duty), Prohibition (to stop a lower court from overstepping its jurisdiction), Quo Warranto (to question the legality of someone holding a public office), and Certiorari (to transfer a case from a lower court for review). These writs are powerful tools for ensuring justice and legality.

(iv) **Supervisory Jurisdiction:**
(a) The High Court has the power to supervise all courts and tribunals that fall under its area, except for military courts. This helps maintain judicial discipline.
(b) It has administrative powers to manage and control the functioning of lower courts.
(c) The laws and decisions made by the High Court are binding on all lower courts within its territorial area. This ensures uniformity in legal interpretations.
(d) The High Court is consulted by the Governor when making decisions about appointing, posting, promoting, granting leave, transferring, and disciplining District Judges. This input is crucial for a fair judiciary.
(e) All the decisions and judgments issued by the High Court are printed and saved as a record for future reference. This establishes legal precedents for similar cases.

**Judicial Review:** The High Court also has the power of judicial review. This allows it to check if new laws passed by the legislature or orders given by the executive are in line with the Constitution. If they are not, the High Court can declare them unconstitutional and invalid. This ensures that all actions of the government comply with the basic law of the land.
In simple words: High Courts are the top state courts. They can hear certain cases directly (original), review cases from lower courts (appellate), issue special orders (writs) to protect rights, and oversee all lower courts. They also check if government laws follow the Constitution (judicial review).

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing High Court powers, clearly define each type of jurisdiction (Original, Appellate, Writ, Supervisory, Judicial Review) and provide specific examples for clarity. Mentioning the different types of writs is especially important.

 

Question 2. Students to list out the names of the Tamil Nadu Governor, Chief Minister, Ministers and the Governors and Chief Ministers of the neighbouring States.
Answer: Here is a list of Governors and Chief Ministers for various states. This table helps to understand the different leadership roles across states in India.

In simple words: This table shows the names of Chief Ministers and Governors for different states in India. It highlights the political leaders who manage each state.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to list officials, organize your answer clearly, perhaps in a table format if multiple entries are required. Ensure accuracy in names and positions.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science State Government Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

 

Question 1. The state of .............. has a separate constitution.
(a) Punjab & Haryana
(b) Jammu & Kashmir
(c) Kerala & Karnataka
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Jammu & Kashmir
In simple words: Jammu & Kashmir was unique among Indian states because it had its own separate constitution. This special status allowed it to have different laws compared to other states for a period of time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that special constitutional provisions for states like Jammu & Kashmir are important historical facts that can change due to new legislation.

 

Question 2. Who is not appointed by the Governor?
(a) The Advocate General of the State
(b) The State Election Commissioner
(c) The Chairman of the State Public Service Commission
(d) The Chief Justice of the High Court
Answer: (d) The Chief Justice of the High Court
In simple words: The Governor appoints many key officials in the state, but the Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed by the President of India, not the Governor. This ensures the independence of the judiciary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between appointments made by the Governor (state-level officials) and those made by the President (higher judicial and central appointments).

 

Question 3. The administration of the State is carried on in the name of the:
(a) Chief Minister
(b) Council of Ministers
(c) Speaker
(d) Governor
Answer: (d) Governor
In simple words: Even though the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers make many decisions, all state government actions and orders are formally issued in the name of the Governor. The Governor is the state's constitutional head.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the difference between the 'de jure' (in name) head and the 'de facto' (actual) head of state administration.

 

Question 4. How many High Courts are there for all 29 States?
(a) 29
(b) 27
(c) 25
(d) 22
Answer: (c) 25
In simple words: There are 25 High Courts in India, which serve all the states and union territories. Some High Courts serve more than one state or union territory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep up-to-date with changes in the number of states and High Courts, as new states or common High Courts can alter these figures.

 

Question 5. The .............. has the power to summon, prorogue the State Legislative Assembly.
(a) President
(b) Governor
(c) Chief Minister
(d) Chairman of the Legislative Council
Answer: (b) Governor
In simple words: The Governor has the special power to call the State Legislative Assembly for meetings, to end a session temporarily, and to end it completely. This power helps to manage the legislative process.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the specific powers of the Governor regarding the state legislature, especially summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the assembly.

 

Question 6. The State Government consists of .............. branches.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) five
Answer: (b) three
In simple words: The State Government, like the Central Government, has three main parts: the Legislature (which makes laws), the Executive (which carries out laws), and the Judiciary (which interprets laws). These three branches ensure a system of checks and balances.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the three main branches of government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary) at both central and state levels.

 

Question 7. Under Article .............. the Governor can pass ordinance when the State Assembly is not in session.
(a) 311
(b) 312
(c) 213
Answer: (c) 213
In simple words: Article 213 of the Constitution gives the Governor the power to issue special orders called ordinances when the state legislature is not meeting. These ordinances have the same power as laws passed by the assembly, but they are temporary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the article numbers related to key constitutional powers, such as the Governor's power to promulgate ordinances (Article 213) and the President's (Article 123).

 

Question 8. The .............. provides a legislature for every state.
(a) Constitution
(b) Lok Sabha
(c) Rashtrapathi Bhavan
Answer: (a) Constitution
In simple words: The Constitution of India sets the rules and structure for how the country and its states are governed. It makes sure that every state has its own law-making body, called a legislature.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land; all governmental structures and powers derive from it.

 

Question 9. The total strength of Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu is:
(a) 231
(b) 240
(c) 245
(d) 235
Answer: (d) 235
In simple words: The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly has a total of 235 members. These members represent different areas and are elected by the people to make laws for the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the total strength of the legislative assemblies of your state and significant neighboring states, as these numbers are often asked in general knowledge or civics exams.

 

Question 10. .............. can introduce the Bills in the Legislative Assembly.
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Advocate general
(c) Chief Minister
Answer: (c) Chief Minister
In simple words: The Chief Minister, who is the head of the state government, can introduce new laws or changes to existing laws in the Legislative Assembly. This is a key part of their role in leading the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the legislative process and who has the authority to initiate bills in the assembly.

 

Question 11. The institution of High Court originated in India in:
(a) 1826
(b) 1816
(c) 1862
(d) 1870
Answer: (c) 1862
In simple words: The idea of High Courts in India began in the year 1862. This was an important step in setting up the modern legal system in the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key historical dates for the establishment of important institutions like High Courts are frequently tested, so remember 1862.

 

Question 12. The Statue of .............. has been kept in front of the High Court building.
(a) Rajaraja Cholan
(b) Sama Needhi Kanda Cholan (Manu needhi Cholan)
(c) Karikal Cholan
(d) Rajendra Cholan
Answer: (b) Sama Needhi Kanda Cholan (Manu needhi Cholan)
In simple words: In front of the High Court building, there is a statue of Sama Needhi Kanda Cholan, also known as Manu Needhi Cholan. This statue symbolizes justice and fair rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Local historical and cultural references linked to important public buildings can be asked, so remember figures like Sama Needhi Kanda Cholan.

II. Fill in the blanks

 

Question 1. Article 226 and 227 confer the power of .............. on a high court.
Answer: Judicial review
In simple words: Articles 226 and 227 give High Courts the power to check if laws and actions are fair and constitutional. This is called judicial review.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific articles (226 and 227) related to a High Court's power of judicial review and issuing writs.

 

Question 2. The .............. is the real centre of power in the State.
Answer: Legislative Assembly
In simple words: The Legislative Assembly is where the real decisions are made in a state. It is the core of state power because elected representatives gather there to make laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that while the Governor is the constitutional head, the elected Legislative Assembly holds the actual power in a state.

 

Question 3. The Legislature of s State or a High Court has no power in the removal of ..............
Answer: Governor
In simple words: Neither the state's law-making body nor its High Court can remove the Governor. Only the President of India has the power to remove a Governor.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the process of appointment and removal for key constitutional positions, recognizing that the Governor serves at the President's pleasure.

 

Question 4. The present Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu is ..............
Answer: Thiru Edappadi K. Palaniswami
In simple words: The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu at the time of this content was Thiru Edappadi K. Palaniswami. The Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always stay updated with the current names of the Chief Minister and Governor of your state, as these are often asked in current affairs sections.

 

Question 5. The present Governor of Tamil Nadu is ..............
Answer: Thiru Banvarilal Purohit
In simple words: The Governor of Tamil Nadu at the time was Thiru Banvarilal Purohit. The Governor is the President's representative in the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to know the names of current office holders for both your state and the national government.

 

Question 6. The maximum strength of the Legislative Assembly must not below ..............
Answer: Sixty
In simple words: A state's Legislative Assembly must have at least sixty members. This minimum number ensures fair representation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the minimum (60) and maximum (500) limits for the strength of a State Legislative Assembly as per the Constitution.

 

Question 7. The Standing committee of the Cabinet is ..............
Answer: Permanent
In simple words: The Standing Committee of the Cabinet is a group that stays in place for a long time. It deals with ongoing matters that need constant attention.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between permanent (standing) and temporary (ad hoc) committees within government structures.

 

Question 8. The Legislative Council is the .............. of the State legislature.
Answer: Speaker
In simple words: The Legislative Council is an important part of the state's law-making body. It acts as an upper house in states that have one.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the composition and role of both houses (if bicameral) of a state legislature.

 

Question 9. The Legislative Council is the .............. of the State legislature.
Answer: Upper House
In simple words: In states with two parts to their legislature, the Legislative Council is the "Upper House." It reviews laws passed by the Lower House.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the Legislative Assembly (Lower House) and the Legislative Council (Upper House) and their respective functions.

 

Question 10. Article .............. deals with the creation or abolition of Legislative Council.
Answer: 169
In simple words: Article 169 of the Indian Constitution explains how a state can create or get rid of its Legislative Council. This shows that states have some flexibility in their legislative structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key articles related to the structure of state legislatures, such as Article 169 for the creation or abolition of Legislative Councils.

III. Match the following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (v)
B. (iv)
C. (i)
D. (ii)
E. (iii)
In simple words: This matching exercise connects different aspects of state government, like its structure, the Governor's powers, and the roles of the Council of Ministers, with their relevant articles in the Constitution. Each point highlights a specific constitutional provision.

🎯 Exam Tip: For match the column questions, first match the pairs you are certain about, then use the process of elimination for the remaining ones. Understanding key constitutional articles is vital.

 

Question 2. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iv)
B. (i)
C. (v)
D. (ii)
E. (iii)
In simple words: This section matches important government terms with their definitions or related concepts. For example, the Annual Financial Statement is the Budget, and the Chief Minister assigns portfolios.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the roles of different officials and the definitions of key governmental processes, as these are common matching items.

 

Question 1. Assertion (A): The term of the Chief Minister is not fixed. Reason (R): He may remain as the Chief Minister as long as he enjoys the support of the majority of the members of the State Legislative Assembly.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
(b) (A) is false but (R) is true
(c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct reason
(d) (A) is true but (R) is false
Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
In simple words: The Chief Minister doesn't have a fixed term because their time in office depends on having the support of most members in the State Legislative Assembly. If they lose this support, they cannot continue as Chief Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: In Assertion-Reason questions, first check if both statements are true individually, then evaluate if the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

 

Question 2. Assertion (A): The number of judges varies from State to State. Reason (R): The number of judges of each High Court is determined by the President.
(a) (A) is false (R) is true
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct (R) is the correct reason for A
(c) (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct reason for A
(d) (A) is true (R) is false
Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct (R) is the correct reason for A
In simple words: It is true that the number of judges in High Courts is different for each state, and this number is decided by the President of India. The President takes into account factors like the state's population and caseload to set the appropriate number of judges.

🎯 Exam Tip: For judicial structure, remember that while High Courts exist for states, the President holds key powers regarding their judges, ensuring uniformity and national oversight.

 

Question 3.
(i) High Courts are given power to issue writs under Article 226 of the constitution.
(ii) The jurisdiction is limited only to the fundamental rights.
(iii) Writs are issued by the High Court when an ordinary legal right has been fringed.
(iv) Article 32 empowered to issue such writs.
Answer: (c) (i) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: High Courts can issue special orders called writs under Article 226 to protect not just fundamental rights, but also other legal rights when they are violated. Article 32, on the other hand, allows the Supreme Court to issue writs mainly for fundamental rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Article 32, mainly fundamental rights) and High Courts (Article 226, fundamental and other legal rights).

 

Question 4.
(i) Council of Ministers work as a team under the Chief Minister.
(ii) Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the State Assembly.
(iii) The State ministry will be in power after the resignation of the Chief Minister.
(iv) Councils of Ministers do not aid and advice the Governor.
Answer: (a) (i) and (ii) are correct
In simple words: The Council of Ministers works together as a team led by the Chief Minister and is responsible to the State Assembly. This means if the Chief Minister resigns, the entire Council of Ministers also resigns, ensuring collective responsibility. The Council of Ministers also aids and advises the Governor.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the principles of collective responsibility and the advisory role of the Council of Ministers to the Governor when answering questions about state executive functions.

V. Answer in brief

 

Question 1. Write a short note on cabinet and cabinet committees.
Answer: The Cabinet is the main and most powerful part of the Council of Ministers. It includes only the most important ministers and is the true center of power in the State Government. The Cabinet uses various smaller groups, called Cabinet Committees, to do its work efficiently. These committees can be either permanent (standing) or temporary (ad hoc) depending on the task. These groups help the Cabinet manage different issues. The standing committees are always there, dealing with ongoing subjects, while ad hoc committees are created for specific, short-term tasks. The Cabinet plays a crucial role in shaping government policy. It guides the decision-making process for the state.
In simple words: The Cabinet is the central and most powerful group of ministers in the state, making key decisions. It uses smaller committees, some permanent and some temporary, to help with its many tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Cabinet, highlight its role as the "nucleus" and "real center of authority," and mention the two types of committees (standing and ad hoc).

 

Question 2. How the Governor is appointed to a state?
Answer: The President of India appoints the Governor of a state. Generally, the person appointed as Governor does not belong to that specific state. A Governor can also be transferred from one state to another. If needed, the same person can be appointed as the Governor for two or more states. This flexibility helps the central government manage state leadership efficiently. Usually, the Governor serves for five years, but the President can appoint them for any number of terms and can also remove them at any time.
In simple words: The Governor is chosen by the President of India. They usually come from a different state and can even be in charge of more than one state, serving for five years or as long as the President wishes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that the Governor is a central appointment by the President, not an elected state official, and serves at the pleasure of the President.

 

Question 3. Throw light on the emergency powers of the Governor.
Answer: If the Governor believes that the State Government cannot function according to the rules of the Constitution, they can suggest to the President that "President's Rule" be imposed in that state. This is a critical emergency power. Once President's Rule is in place, the Governor takes over the state's administration. They act as the President's representative, ensuring that the state is governed effectively during the emergency period. This power allows the central government to take control in times of crisis.
In simple words: If a state government cannot follow the Constitution, the Governor can ask the President to take over the state, which is called President's Rule. During this time, the Governor runs the state as the President's representative.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that the Governor's emergency power involves recommending President's Rule and then acting as the President's agent during that period.

 

Question 4. What is the strength of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly?
Answer: The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly has a total strength of 234 + 1 members. This includes 234 members who are directly chosen by the people through elections from different areas (constituencies). Additionally, one member is nominated by the Governor from the Anglo-Indian community if they feel this community is not properly represented. This ensures representation for different groups in the state.
In simple words: The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly has 235 members: 234 are elected by people, and 1 can be chosen by the Governor from the Anglo-Indian community.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing legislative assembly strength, remember to include both elected members and any nominated members (like from the Anglo-Indian community) if applicable.

 

Question 5. How are the members of the Legislative Council elected?
Answer: The members of the Legislative Council (also known as the Upper House) are elected in several specific ways to ensure diverse representation:

• One-third of the members are chosen by local bodies, like municipalities and district boards.
• One-twelfth of the members are elected by university graduates living in the state.
• Another one-twelfth of the members are elected by graduate teachers who have worked for at least three years in the state.
• One-third of the members are elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly themselves.
• Finally, one-sixth of the members are nominated by the Governor. These nominated members are usually individuals who have shown excellence in areas like literature, art, social service, or cooperative movements. This mixed system ensures broad representation.

In simple words: Members of the Legislative Council are chosen in several ways: by local bodies, graduates, teachers, Legislative Assembly members, and some are nominated by the Governor for their special skills.

🎯 Exam Tip: For Legislative Council elections, remember the different fractions and the specific groups (local bodies, graduates, teachers, MLAs, Governor) responsible for electing or nominating members.

 

Question 6. Write a brief note on the High Court of Madras?
Answer: The High Court of Madras is one of the three oldest High Courts in India. It was established in 1862, alongside the High Courts in Bombay and Calcutta, by a special royal order from Queen Victoria on June 26, 1862. This marked a significant step in developing the judicial system. The Madras High Court building is also notable for being the second-largest judicial complex in the world, surpassed only by London's courts. It serves as a major judicial center.
In simple words: The Madras High Court is one of India's oldest, started in 1862, and its building is the world's second-largest judicial complex.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the historical significance (one of the first three, 1862) and its architectural/size importance (second largest) for the Madras High Court.

 

Question 7. Where were High Courts first established and when?
Answer: High Courts in India were first established in the year 1862. These initial High Courts were set up in the three important Presidency cities: Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. These were major administrative centers during British rule, making them suitable locations for new judicial institutions.
In simple words: The first High Courts in India were set up in 1862 in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year (1862) and the three original cities (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras) for the establishment of High Courts in India.

 

Question 8. How many High Courts are there in our country and who decides the number of judges to each High court?
Answer: At present, India has 25 High Courts that serve its 29 states and seven union territories. This includes the new Andhra Pradesh High Court, established on January 1, 2019, in Amaravati. The number of judges for each High Court is decided by the President of India. The President considers factors like population and the amount of legal work to ensure that each High Court has enough judges.
In simple words: India has 25 High Courts for its states and union territories. The President decides how many judges each High Court will have.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about the current number of High Courts and remember that the President determines the number of judges in each High Court.

 

Question 9. What do you mean by appellate system?
Answer: The appellate system means that if a person is not happy with a decision made by a lower court, they have the right to challenge that decision in a higher court. This process allows for review of judgments and ensures that justice is served. It provides a mechanism for individuals to seek a second opinion on legal matters.
In simple words: The appellate system lets people challenge a lower court's decision in a higher court if they are not satisfied with the judgment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain "appellate system" as the right to appeal a lower court's decision to a higher court, emphasizing the concept of review and seeking justice.

 

Question 10. Which Amendment abolished the power of Judicial Review by the state High Court? And by which amendment it was restored?
Answer: The 42nd Amendment of 1976 removed some of the High Court's power of judicial review. It also stopped High Courts from checking the constitutional fairness of any central law. However, the 43rd Amendment Act of 1977 later brought back the original power of judicial review to the High Courts. This amendment restored the High Courts' important role in safeguarding the Constitution.
In simple words: The 42nd Amendment in 1976 took away the High Court's power of judicial review, but the 43rd Amendment in 1977 gave it back.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the 42nd (curtailed) and 43rd (restored) Amendments in relation to the High Court's power of judicial review, as they represent significant constitutional shifts.

VI. Answer in Detail

 

Question 1. What are all the privileges enjoyed by the Governor?
Answer: The Governor enjoys several special protections and rights as outlined in Article 361 (1) of the Constitution. These privileges are designed to ensure their ability to perform duties without undue interference.

1. The Governor of a state is not answerable to any court for the actions taken while performing the duties and powers of their office.
2. No criminal legal case can be started or continued against the Governor of a state in any court during their term in office. This protection applies to all criminal proceedings.
3. No court can issue an order for the arrest or imprisonment of the Governor of a state while they are in office.
4. No civil legal proceedings claiming relief can be brought against the Governor of a state during their term. These protections are in place so the Governor can act freely and impartially.

In simple words: The Governor has special protections, like not being answerable to courts for official acts, and cannot face criminal charges or arrest while in office. This helps them do their job without fear.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing the Governor's privileges, focus on immunity from court proceedings (both civil and criminal) and arrest for official actions during their tenure.

 

Question 2. How does a High Court keep control over the subordinate courts?
Answer: A High Court has administrative control over all the courts that are below it (subordinate courts). This control ensures that the lower courts function properly and adhere to legal standards.

1. The High Court is consulted by the Governor when making decisions about appointing, posting, and promoting District Judges. It also advises on appointments of individuals to the state's judicial service.
2. The High Court handles matters related to the posting, promoting, granting leave, transferring, and disciplining members of the state's judicial services.
3. If a case in a subordinate court involves a significant legal question that needs the Constitution to be explained, the High Court can take that case. It can then either resolve the case itself or decide the legal questions and send the case back to the lower court with its judgment.
4. The laws and decisions made by the High Court are binding on all subordinate courts within its area of operation. This means lower courts must follow the rules set by the High Court, similar to how the Supreme Court's decisions bind all courts in India.

In simple words: High Courts guide lower courts by advising on judge appointments, managing staff, taking over complex cases, and ensuring that all subordinate courts follow its legal decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining High Court control over subordinate courts, emphasize its role in judicial appointments, administrative management, case transfer, and the binding nature of its judgments.

 

Question 3. Write about the Writs issued by the High Court?
Answer: High Courts can issue special orders called writs under Article 226 of the Constitution. These writs are used to protect people's rights and ensure proper legal procedures.
Habeas Corpus: This writ asks the person who has detained someone to bring that person to court. The court then checks why they were detained. If the detention is not legal, the court orders the person to be set free. It ensures no one is held unlawfully.
Mandamus: This writ is an order from a higher court to a lower court, government office, or corporation. It tells them to perform a specific public duty that they are legally required to do. It makes sure public bodies do their job.
Prohibition: This writ is sent from a higher court to a lower court. It stops the lower court from hearing a case that is outside its legal power or jurisdiction. This prevents lower courts from overstepping their boundaries.
Quo Warranto: This writ asks a person by what authority they are holding a public office. The court uses this to check if someone is legally allowed to hold a particular public position. It challenges unlawful appointments.
Certiorari: This writ is sent by a higher court to a lower court. It orders the lower court to send up the records of a case for the higher court to review. This allows the higher court to correct any legal errors made by the lower court, helping to protect the fundamental rights of citizens.
In simple words: Writs are special orders from the High Court that help protect people's rights and make sure government and courts follow rules. Each type of writ has a different job, like releasing someone held illegally or making sure a public officer does their duty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on clearly defining each writ and explaining its specific purpose, as examiners look for precise legal terminology and its application.

 

Question 4. What are the works done by the High Court under supervisory Jurisdiction?
Answer: Under its supervisory power, the High Court oversees all courts and special tribunals within its area, except for military courts. It ensures these courts work correctly and efficiently.
1. The High Court can ask for reports or information from these subordinate courts.
2. It can create general rules and decide on the forms to be used for how these courts operate and handle cases. This ensures uniform procedures.
3. It can set the forms for how records, entries, and financial accounts should be kept by these courts.
4. It can decide the fees that lawyers, court officers, and other legal workers in these courts can charge. This ensures fairness and transparency in charges.
In simple words: The High Court watches over all lower courts and tribunals in its region. It asks for reports, sets rules for how they work, decides how they keep records, and fixes the fees for legal services.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing supervisory powers, highlight the High Court's role in ensuring uniformity, proper procedure, and accountability in lower courts within its jurisdiction.