Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Central Government

I. Choose The Correct Answer

 

Question 1. The Constitutional head of the Union is:
(a) The President
(b) The Chief Justice
(c) The Prime Minister
(d) Council of Ministers
Answer: (a) The President
In simple words: The President of India holds the highest position as the official head of the country's government. This means all major decisions are made in their name, even if the Prime Minister actually leads the government operations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the President is the nominal or ceremonial head, while the Prime Minister is the real executive head in India's parliamentary system.

 

Question 2. Who is the real executive in a parliamentary type of government?
(a) Army
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) The President
(d) Judiciary
Answer: (b) The Prime Minister
In simple words: In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister and their Council of Ministers are the ones who actually make and carry out government policies. They are chosen by the party that wins the majority in elections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the 'nominal' head (President) and the 'real' head (Prime Minister) of the executive in a parliamentary democracy.

 

Question 3. Who among the following decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not?
(a) The President
(b) Attorney General
(c) Parliamentary Affairs Minister
(d) Speaker of Lok Sabha
Answer: (d) Speaker of Lok Sabha
In simple words: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final say on whether a proposed law is a Money Bill, which is a very important role as Money Bills have special rules for passing. This power helps in managing the financial matters of the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the unique powers of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, especially regarding Money Bills, is crucial for questions on parliamentary procedures.

 

Question 4. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the .....................
(c) The Prime Minister
(d) Rajya Sabha
Answer: (c) The Prime Minister
In simple words: The Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, has to answer to the Lok Sabha for all its actions. This means if the Lok Sabha loses trust in them, they all have to resign together. This principle ensures the government remains accountable to the people's representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Collective responsibility is a cornerstone of the parliamentary system, ensuring accountability of the executive to the legislature.

 

Question 5. The Joint sittings of Indian Parliament for transacting legislative business are presided over by?
(a) Senior most member of Parliament
(b) Speaker of the Lok Sabha
(c) The President of India
(d) The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Answer: (b) Speaker of the Lok Sabha
In simple words: When both houses of Parliament meet together for a joint session, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha leads the meeting. This joint sitting usually happens when there is a disagreement between the two houses on a bill.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that while the President summons joint sittings, it is always the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over them.

 

Question 6. What is minimum age laid down for a candidate to seek election to the Lok Sabha?
(a) 18 Years
(b) 21 Years
(c) 25 Years
(d) 30 Years
Answer: (c) 25 Years
In simple words: To become a member of the Lok Sabha, a person must be at least 25 years old. This age requirement ensures that elected representatives have a certain level of maturity and experience.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the different age requirements for various political offices (e.g., Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, President) as they are common exam points.

 

Question 7. The authority to alter the boundaries of state in India rest with?
(c) State Government
(d) Parliament
Answer: (d) Parliament
In simple words: Only the Indian Parliament has the power to change the borders of existing states or create new ones. This central control helps maintain the unity and integrity of the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that India is a 'union of states' and the central government, through Parliament, holds the ultimate power over state boundaries.

 

Question 8. Under which Article the President is vested with the power to proclaim Financial Emergency
(a) Article 352
(b) Article 360
(c) Article 356
(d) Article 365
Answer: (b) Article 360
In simple words: Article 360 of the Constitution gives the President the power to declare a Financial Emergency if the country's financial stability is at risk. Thankfully, this power has never been used in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the three types of emergency powers of the President (National, State, Financial) and their corresponding articles.

 

Question 9. The Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme court are appointed by:
(a) The President
(b) The Attorney General
(c) The Governor
(d) The Prime Minister
Answer: (a) The President
In simple words: The President of India appoints the Chief Justice and all other judges of the Supreme Court. This process ensures that the highest judicial positions are filled by a constitutional authority.

🎯 Exam Tip: The President's role in appointing key constitutional functionaries like judges is a fundamental aspect of India's governance structure.

 

Question 10. Dispute between States of India comes to the Supreme Court under .....................
(a) Appellate Jurisdiction
(b) Original Jurisdiction
(c) Advisory Jurisdiction
Answer: (b) Original Jurisdiction
In simple words: When states in India have disagreements, these cases go directly to the Supreme Court. This is called original jurisdiction because the Supreme Court is the first and only court to hear such matters, which helps resolve inter-state issues effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the different types of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, especially original jurisdiction, which covers disputes between states or between the Union and states.

 

Question 11. If you are elected as the President of India, which of the following decision can you take on your own?
(a) Nominate the leaders of your choice to the council of minister.
(b) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.
(c) Select the person you like as Prime Minister.
(d) Dismiss a Prime Minister who has a majority in the Lok Sabha.
Answer: (b) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.
In simple words: The President of India can send a bill back to Parliament for them to think about it again. This power allows the President to act as a check on legislative decisions without outright vetoing them.

🎯 Exam Tip: The President's power to return a bill for reconsideration is a key discretionary power, showing their role as a guardian of the Constitution.

 

II. Fill in The Blanks

 

Question 1. ..................... Bill cannot be introduced in the Parliament without President's approval.
Answer: Money
In simple words: A Money Bill, which deals with government spending and taxes, needs the President's permission before it can even be introduced in Parliament. This ensures that financial matters are carefully handled.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the special procedure for Money Bills, including the mandatory prior recommendation of the President, as it is a frequent question.

 

Question 2. ..................... is the leader of the nation and chief spokesperson of the country.
Answer: Prime Minister
In simple words: The Prime Minister is the main leader of the country and the most important voice when speaking for the nation. They represent India both at home and on the world stage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identify the Prime Minister's role as the de facto leader and chief spokesperson of the government.

 

Question 3. ..................... is the Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer: Vice-President
In simple words: The Vice-President automatically becomes the chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of Parliament. This means they lead the proceedings in that house.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Vice-President's dual role as the second-highest constitutional office and the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha is an important concept.

 

Question 4. The President generally nominates two members belonging to the ..................... community to the Lok Sabha.
Answer: Anglo-Indian
In simple words: The President can appoint two members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha if they feel that community is not well-represented. This ensures that diverse groups have a voice in Parliament.

🎯 Exam Tip: This nomination power is specifically for the Anglo-Indian community and is a unique feature of the Lok Sabha's composition.

 

Question 5. ..................... has the right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of both Houses of the Parliament.
Answer: Attorney General
In simple words: The Attorney General of India can speak in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and also take part in their meetings, even though they are not elected members. This allows the government's chief legal advisor to explain legal matters to Parliament.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Attorney General's right to participate in parliamentary proceedings without being a member is a distinct privilege of the office.

 

Question 6. The Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court hold the office up to the age of ..................... years.
Answer: 65
In simple words: Supreme Court judges serve until they are 65 years old. This fixed retirement age helps ensure their independence and prevents them from being influenced by political pressures near the end of their career.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the retirement ages for judges of the Supreme Court (65 years) and High Courts (62 years).

 

Question 7. ..................... is the Guardian of the Constitution.
Answer: Supreme Court
In simple words: The Supreme Court acts as the protector of the Indian Constitution, ensuring that all laws and government actions follow its rules. This role is vital for upholding democracy and fundamental rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Supreme Court's role as the guardian and interpreter of the Constitution is a core concept of India's judicial system.

 

Question 8. At present, the Supreme Court consists of ..................... judges including the Chief Justice.
Answer: 28
In simple words: Currently, the Supreme Court has a total of 28 judges, including the Chief Justice. This number can be changed by Parliament to manage the workload of cases.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that the number of Supreme Court judges can change over time based on parliamentary legislation; hence, it's important to know the current strength.

 

III. Choose The Correct Statement

 

Question 1.
(i) Total members of the Rajya Sabha is 250.
(ii) The 12 nominated members shall be chosen by the President from amongst persons experience in the field of literature, science, art, or social service.
(iii) The Members of the Rajya Sabha should not be less than 30 years of age.
(iv) The members of the Rajya Sabha are directly elected by the peoples.
(a) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (i) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer: (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: Statements (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct regarding the Rajya Sabha, while (iv) is incorrect because Rajya Sabha members are indirectly elected, not directly by the people. The Rajya Sabha, as the Council of States, represents the states in the Union Parliament.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that Lok Sabha members are directly elected, while Rajya Sabha members are indirectly elected by state legislative assemblies.

 

Question 2.
(i) The Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court hold the office up to the age of 62 years.
(ii) The Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court can be removed from their office by the order of the President on the basis of a resolution of Parliament passed by a special majority.
(III) The cases involving fundamental rights come under the Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
(iv) The law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India.
(a) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (i) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i) and (ii) are correct
Answer: (a) (ii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: Statements (ii) and (iv) are correct. Supreme Court judges retire at 65, not 62, and cases involving fundamental rights fall under original jurisdiction, not appellate. The Supreme Court's decisions set a legal precedent for all other courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully note the age for retirement of Supreme Court judges (65 years) and the nature of the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction, which includes fundamental rights cases.

 

Question 3. Assertion (A): The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and it cannot be dissolved. Reason (R): One-third of the members of Rajya Sabha retire every two years, and new members are elected to fill the seats thus vacated.
(a) (A) is false but R is true
(b) (A) is true but (R) is false
(c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct reason for (A)
Answer: (c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
In simple words: Both the assertion that Rajya Sabha is permanent and the reason about one-third of its members retiring every two years are true, and the reason correctly explains why it's a permanent house. This rotating system ensures continuity in the house.

🎯 Exam Tip: For assertion-reason questions, first check if both statements are true individually, then evaluate if the reason correctly explains the assertion.

 

IV. Match the Following

Answer:
A. (iii) Executive power of President
B. (iv) Office of the Vice President
C. (i) State Emergency
D. (v) Office of the Attorney General
E. (ii) Internal Emergency
In simple words: This match correctly links specific articles of the Constitution to their respective subjects, such as Article 53 with the President's executive power and Article 352 with Internal Emergency. Knowing these constitutional articles is essential for understanding the framework of the Indian government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key articles of the Indian Constitution, especially those related to the President, Vice-President, Attorney General, and emergency provisions.

 

V. Answer The Brief Questions

 

Question 1. How is President of India elected?
Answer: The President of India is elected by an electoral college. This election follows a system of proportional representation using a single transferable vote. The Electoral college includes elected members from both Houses of the Parliament, as well as elected members from state legislative assemblies and the National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry. This indirect election method ensures the President represents the collective will of the nation's elected representatives.
In simple words: The President of India is chosen by a special group of elected people called the electoral college, using a specific voting method.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the 'electoral college' and 'proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote' as keywords for the President's election.

 

Question 2. What are the different categories of Ministers at the Union level?
Answer: Ministers at the Union level are divided into three main groups:
1. **Cabinet Ministers:** These are the most important and senior ministers who lead major departments and make key decisions. They form the core of the government's administration.
2. **Ministers of State:** These ministers are also in charge of ministries or specific departments. They either assist Cabinet Ministers or hold independent charge of smaller portfolios.
3. **Deputy Ministers:** These ministers help either the Cabinet Ministers or Ministers of State with their duties. They learn and assist in the functioning of the government.
In simple words: Union ministers are divided into three types: Cabinet Ministers (top leaders), Ministers of State (in charge of departments), and Deputy Ministers (who assist other ministers).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the roles and hierarchy of Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers to score well on questions about the Council of Ministers.

 

Question 3. What is the qualification of Judges of the Supreme Court?
Answer: To become a Supreme Court Judge, a person must meet specific qualifications:
1. They must be a citizen of India.
2. They should have served as a High Court Judge for at least 5 years.
3. Alternatively, they should have worked as an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
4. The President might also consider someone a distinguished jurist (an expert in law) as qualified for the position. These strict requirements ensure that only highly experienced and knowledgeable individuals are appointed to the highest court.
In simple words: A Supreme Court Judge must be an Indian citizen, either a High Court judge for 5 years or a High Court advocate for 10 years, or a distinguished lawyer in the President's opinion.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing qualifications, ensure you include all the 'or' conditions for legal experience as they are equally valid paths to becoming a judge.

 

Question 4. Write a short note on Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Answer: The Speaker is the officer who presides over the Lok Sabha meetings. They are chosen by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker's main job is to lead the Parliament sessions and make sure discussions run smoothly. They also have the crucial power to decide if a bill is a Money Bill or just an Ordinary Bill, which affects how it is passed. This makes the Speaker a very important figure in the legislative process.
In simple words: The Speaker is the elected head of the Lok Sabha, who leads debates and decides if a bill is a Money Bill.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the Speaker's dual role as the presiding officer and the final authority on Money Bills, as these are distinguishing features of the office.

 

Question 5. What is Money Bill?
Answer: A Money Bill is a special type of draft law introduced only in the Lok Sabha that deals with financial matters. This includes things like receiving and spending government money, tax laws, or measures to prevent black money. These bills are critical for the government's financial operations and are passed through a specific parliamentary process.
In simple words: A Money Bill is a special law about government money, like taxes and spending, that starts only in the Lok Sabha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key aspects of a Money Bill include its introduction only in Lok Sabha, prior presidential recommendation, and its exclusive focus on financial provisions.

 

Question 6. List out any two special powers of the Attorney General of India?
Answer: Here are two special powers of the Attorney General of India:
1. The Attorney General has the right to be heard in any court in the territory of India. This means they can participate in proceedings in any court across the country.
2. They also have the right to speak and take part in the meetings of both Houses of Parliament or their joint sittings, as well as any parliamentary committee they are named a member of, even though they cannot vote. These unique privileges allow the Attorney General to fulfill their role as the government's chief legal advisor effectively.
In simple words: The Attorney General can speak in any court in India and can participate in Parliament meetings without having a vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the Attorney General's unique access to all courts and participation in Parliament without voting rights.

 

VI. Answer In Detail

 

Question 1. Describe the powers and functions of the President of India.
Answer: The President of India holds several important powers and functions:
(i) **Appointment Powers:** The President appoints the Prime Minister and, based on the Prime Minister's advice, appoints other members of the Council of Ministers, assigning them their various departments. They also appoint Governors of States, the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, the Attorney General, the Chief Election Commissioner, Ambassadors, and High Commissioners to other nations. These appointments are crucial for the functioning of the entire government machinery.
(ii) **Legislative Functions:** The President inaugurates Parliament sessions by addressing them after general elections and at the start of the first session each year. They play a role in the legislative process by giving assent to bills passed by Parliament.
(iii) **Financial Powers:** A Money Bill can only be introduced in Parliament with the President's prior recommendation. The Annual Budget of the Central Government is also presented before the Lok Sabha with the President's permission.
(iv) **Pardoning Power:** The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves (temporary suspension of sentence), respites (lesser punishment), or remission (reduction of sentence) of punishment. They can also commute the sentence of any person convicted of an offense. This power offers a final recourse for individuals seeking mercy.
(v) **Emergency Powers:** The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces and has the authority to proclaim different types of emergencies (National, State, Financial) in the country under specific constitutional provisions.
In simple words: The President appoints key officials, starts Parliament sessions, approves Money Bills, can pardon offenders, and commands the defense forces, showing their central role in the Indian government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Organize the President's powers into distinct categories (Executive, Legislative, Financial, Judicial, Emergency) to ensure a comprehensive answer and better recall.

 

Question 2. Explain the Jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court of India.
Answer: The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country and acts as the guardian of our Constitution. Its functions and powers are divided into three main jurisdictions:
**Original Jurisdiction:** This is where the Supreme Court hears cases directly from the start. It includes:
1. Cases brought directly to the court, such as disputes related to fundamental rights.
2. Disputes between two or more states.
3. Disputes between the Central government and one or more states. The Supreme Court is the first and final authority for these kinds of critical issues.
**Appellate Jurisdiction:** Under this, the Supreme Court hears appeals against decisions made by High Courts. This means:
1. It takes appeals in "Civil, Criminal, and Constitutional" cases from High Courts.
2. An appeal can be made if the High Court certifies that the case is fit for the Supreme Court.
3. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in India, which means its decision is usually the last word.
**Advisory Jurisdiction:** This allows the President to ask the Supreme Court for advice on important questions of law or fact.
1. The President can refer any question of law or fact that is of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion. However, the Supreme Court's advice is not binding on the President.
Additionally, the Supreme Court has complete control over its own establishment and is authorized to make rules for its practice and procedure, with the President's approval. The law it declares is binding on all courts in India, creating a uniform legal framework.
In simple words: The Supreme Court handles disputes between states directly (Original), hears appeals from High Courts (Appellate), and advises the President on legal matters (Advisory). It is the top court and protects the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the three jurisdictions (Original, Appellate, Advisory) and provide examples for each. Mentioning its role as the guardian of the Constitution is also vital.

 

Question 3. What are the Duties and Functions of Prime Minister of India?
Answer: The Prime Minister of India has many important duties and functions:
* The Prime Minister decides the ranks of the ministers and distributes different departments (portfolios) among them. This means they decide who gets which ministry.
* They set the dates and agenda for Cabinet meetings, which they also lead. This ensures that government decisions are made in an organized way.
* The Prime Minister supervises the work of all other ministers, making sure everyone is doing their job properly.
* They act as a crucial link between the President and the Council of Ministers, relaying information and decisions.
* The Prime Minister is the leader of the nation and its chief spokesperson, both within the country and on the international stage. This makes them the public face of the government.
* As the head of the Cabinet, the Prime Minister guides and leads other ministers.
* They represent India at major international conferences, such as the Commonwealth Summit and Non-Aligned Nations meetings, promoting India's interests globally.
In simple words: The Prime Minister assigns roles to ministers, leads Cabinet meetings, supervises work, and represents the country as its main leader and spokesperson.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Prime Minister's role as the "first among equals" in the Cabinet and their crucial function as a link between the President and the Council of Ministers.

 

Question 4. Critically examine the Powers and Functions of the Parliament.
Answer: Parliament is the main law-making body of the Union Government in India. Articles 79 to 122 in Part V of the Constitution explain its organization, members, terms, officers, procedures, and special rights. Parliament is bicameral, meaning it has two houses: the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha.
**Key Functions of Parliament:**
1. **Legislative Powers:** Parliament makes laws, passes the national budget, and discusses public grievances. It also oversees the administration and discusses various subjects like development plans, international relations, and internal policies.
2. **Control over Executive:** Parliament keeps a check on the executive (the government) by asking questions, supplementary questions, moving adjournment motions, and discussing and passing resolutions. A motion of no-confidence, if passed, can remove the government. The first hour of a session is called "Question Hour" where members can ask questions to ministers.
3. **Constitutional Amendment:** Parliament has the power to change the Constitution through amendments. For example, under Article 3, Parliament can form new states, change existing state areas and boundaries, or even alter state names. Such amendments require specific majorities.
4. **Electoral and Judicial Powers:** Parliament also has powers related to elections (e.g., electing the President and Vice-President) and can impeach the President or remove judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, the Chief Election Commissioner, and the Comptroller and Auditor General according to the Constitution. This requires a two-thirds majority vote for impeachment.
A government bill needs to be passed by a majority vote in both Houses to become a law. If the President sends a bill back for reconsideration, and Parliament passes it again without amendments, the President must give assent. This ensures a robust democratic process where various viewpoints are considered.
In simple words: Parliament makes laws, passes the budget, oversees the government, amends the Constitution, and handles impeachments. It is the core democratic institution.

🎯 Exam Tip: For a critical examination, ensure you cover Parliament's roles in law-making, executive control, constitutional amendment, and electoral/judicial functions, mentioning relevant articles where possible.

 

Question 5. List out the functions of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
**Functions of Lok Sabha:**
1. The Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament, also known as the House of the People. Any bill, including Money Bills, can be introduced and passed here.
2. It shares equal power with the Rajya Sabha in passing any bill for constitutional amendments.
3. Members of the Lok Sabha have the power to elect the President and Vice-President.
4. A motion of no confidence can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. If it passes, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers must resign from their posts. This makes the Lok Sabha powerful in holding the executive accountable.

**Functions of the Rajya Sabha:**
1. Any bill (except Money Bills) needs the approval of the Rajya Sabha.
2. It has the same power as the Lok Sabha for passing any bill for a constitutional amendment.
3. The members of the Rajya Sabha participate in the election of the President and Vice-President.
4. It has the power to initiate the impeachment procedure of the President and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The Rajya Sabha, as a permanent house, ensures continuity in the legislative process.
In simple words: The Lok Sabha passes all bills, including Money Bills, and can remove the government. The Rajya Sabha approves bills (except Money Bills), helps amend the Constitution, elects the President and Vice-President, and can start impeachment processes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha (e.g., Money Bills, No-Confidence Motion) and the shared powers of both houses (e.g., Constitutional Amendments).

Functions Of Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha, often called the House of the People, is the lower house of the Indian Parliament. It holds significant power and responsibilities:

• Any Bill, including money bills, can be introduced and passed here.
• It has equal power as the Rajya Sabha when passing a Bill for constitutional amendment.
• Members of the Lok Sabha elect the President and Vice-President.
• Motions of no confidence can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. If such a motion passes, the Prime Minister and other ministers must resign.

 

Functions Of The Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Its functions include:

• Any bill (except money bills) needs the approval of the Rajya Sabha to become law.
• It has the same power as the Lok Sabha for passing any Bill that amends the Constitution.
• The members of Rajya Sabha participate in the electoral process for selecting the President and Vice-President.
• The Rajya Sabha holds power in the impeachment process of the President and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

 

VII. Project And Activity

 

Question 1. Organise a mock Parliament in your class. Discuss the role of President, Prime Minister and Ministers.
Answer: To organize a mock Parliament, students should first define the roles of the President, Prime Minister, and various Ministers. Each class can prepare a list of activities, such as debating a bill, holding a question hour, or discussing a national issue. This helps students understand how parliamentary discussions work. The activity typically involves two types of business: Government Business, handled by Cabinet rank members, and Private Members Business, for other Members of Parliament. Practicing this helps students learn about the democratic process and the responsibilities of leaders.
In simple words: To hold a mock Parliament, students should act out the roles of President, Prime Minister, and Ministers. They can debate topics, ask questions, and learn how the real Parliament works.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing roles in a mock Parliament, clearly outline the duties of each position (President, Prime Minister, Ministers) and suggest specific activities that demonstrate their functions, like passing a mock bill or addressing a simulated crisis.

 

Question 2. Bring out the differences and similarities between the US and Indian President's.
Answer: Both the US President and the Indian President are elected through voting, and both serve as the Head of the Union and are considered the first citizen of their respective countries. However, there are key differences. The election for the Indian President is indirect, meaning people vote for representatives who then vote for the President. In contrast, the US President is the real executive head of the government, holding actual power. The Indian President is primarily a nominal head, meaning their role is mostly ceremonial, while the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers hold the actual executive power.
In simple words: Both the US and Indian Presidents are elected leaders and the top citizens. But the US President has real power, while the Indian President's role is mostly symbolic, with the Prime Minister holding most of the power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing heads of state, focus on their election method (direct/indirect) and their executive authority (real/nominal) to highlight key differences in governmental systems.

 

I. Choose The Correct Answer

 

Question 1. Articles 52 to 78 in Part V deals with the:
(a) Judiciary
(b) Union Executive
(c) State Legislature
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) Union Executive
In simple words: Articles 52 to 78 in Part V of the Constitution describe the powers and roles of the Union Executive, which includes the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific articles and parts of the Constitution is vital. For this question, remember that Part V covers the Union, and Articles 52-78 specifically define the Executive branch.

 

Question 2. Who is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Chief Justice of Supreme Court
(c) President
(d) Vice - President
Answer: (c) President
In simple words: The President of India is the highest authority over all military branches, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This ensures civilian control over the armed forces.

🎯 Exam Tip: The President's role as supreme commander is a key feature of India's democratic structure, ensuring that the military remains under civilian leadership.

 

Question 3. The Constitutional head of the Union Executive is:
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Chief Justice
(d) Council of Minister
Answer: (a) President
In simple words: The President is the official head of the government, according to the Constitution, even though the Prime Minister leads the daily administration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the 'constitutional/nominal head' (President) and the 'real executive head' (Prime Minister) in parliamentary systems like India's. This is a common point of confusion.

 

Question 4. Who occupies the second highest office in the country?
(a) President
(b) Vice President
(c) Attorney General
(d) Prime Minister
Answer: (b) Vice President
In simple words: The Vice President holds the second most important position in India, stepping in for the President if needed and serving as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the order of precedence in the Indian political hierarchy; the Vice President's role is significant for presidential succession and as the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

 

Question 5. Article 53 (2) lays down that the Supreme command of the Defense Force of the Union shall be vested in the President.
(a) 53(1)
(b) 53 (2)
(c) 53(3)
(d) 51(A)
Answer: (b) 53 (2)
In simple words: Article 53, sub-clause (2) of the Constitution confirms that the President has the highest command over all of India's armed forces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific article numbers for important constitutional provisions, especially those related to the powers of key office bearers like the President.

 

Question 6. The eligible age to be appointed as the President of India is 35 years.
(a) 25 years
(b) 30 years
(c) 21 years
(d) 35 years
Answer: (b) 35 years
In simple words: To become the President of India, a person must be at least 35 years old, among other qualifications. This ensures that the person has sufficient experience and maturity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the minimum age requirements for different political offices (e.g., President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha) as they are frequently asked in exams.

 

Question 7. The Vice-President can act as the President for a maximum period of 6 months.
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 12
Answer: (b) 6
In simple words: If the President's office becomes empty, the Vice-President can take over temporarily for no more than six months. During this time, a new President must be elected.

🎯 Exam Tip: The six-month period for the Vice President acting as President is a crucial detail regarding presidential succession and the electoral timeline.

 

Question 8. The council of Rajya Sabha consists of 250 members.
(a) 250
(b) 238
(c) 245
(d) 250
Answer: (a) 250
In simple words: The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. Most are elected by states, and 12 are nominated by the President for their special knowledge or practical experience.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about the maximum strength of parliamentary houses, including the breakup of elected and nominated members.

 

Question 9. If the office of the President and Vice President lie vacant Chief Justice works as President.
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Deputy Ministers
(c) Ministers of State
(d) Chief Justice
Answer: (d) Chief Justice
In simple words: If both the President and Vice President cannot do their job, the Chief Justice of India steps in as President temporarily. This ensures there is always someone in charge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the clear line of succession for the President's office: Vice President, then Chief Justice of India, ensuring stability in governance.

 

Question 10. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly.
(a) elected indirectly
(b) mostly nominated
(c) elected directly as well as indirectly
(d) elected indirectly
Answer: (a) elected indirectly
In simple words: Members of the Rajya Sabha are not chosen directly by the public but by elected representatives from state legislative assemblies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between direct elections (Lok Sabha) and indirect elections (Rajya Sabha, President) as this reflects different aspects of democratic representation.

 

Question 11. The Council of States is instrumental in moving amendments to the Constitution.
(a) Cabinet
(b) Council of States
(c) President
(d) Attorney General
Answer: (b) Council of States
In simple words: The Council of States, which is another name for the Rajya Sabha, plays an important role in making changes to the Constitution. Both houses of Parliament must agree to any amendment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the alternative names for constitutional bodies, like 'Council of States' for Rajya Sabha, to avoid confusion in questions.

 

Question 12. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and cannot be dissolved.
(a) Legislative Assembly
(b) Lok Sabha
(c) Rajya Sabha
(d) Electoral College
Answer: (c) Rajya Sabha
In simple words: Unlike the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha never fully dissolves. Its members are elected for six years, with one-third retiring every two years, ensuring its continuous existence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key characteristics of the Rajya Sabha include its permanent nature and indirect election, which differentiate it from the Lok Sabha.

 

Question 13. The Supreme Court of India, New Delhi was inaugurated on January 28 1950.
(a) 1935
(b) 1940
(c) 1947
(d) 1950
Answer: (d) 1950
In simple words: The Supreme Court, which is India's highest judicial body, started its operations on January 28, 1950, shortly after the Constitution came into effect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important dates like the inauguration of the Supreme Court as they mark key milestones in India's constitutional history.

 

Question 14. In Appellate jurisdiction the Supreme Court hears appeals against the decisions of High Court.
(a) Original
(b) Appellate
(c) Advisory
(d) Judicial Review
Answer: (b) Appellate
In simple words: The Supreme Court can hear appeals against decisions made by High Courts. This means people can ask the Supreme Court to review a High Court's judgment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the different types of jurisdiction (original, appellate, advisory) of the Supreme Court to correctly identify its role in various cases.

 

Question 15. The law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India.
(a) Supreme Court
(b) High Court
(c) District Court
(d) Revenue Court
Answer: (a) Supreme Court
In simple words: Any law or judgment made by the Supreme Court must be followed by all other courts across India. This ensures consistency and uniformity in legal decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The principle of 'judicial precedent,' where lower courts must follow Supreme Court rulings, is fundamental to India's integrated judicial system.

 

II. Fill In The Blanks

 

Question 1. The legislature in Central Government is known as Parliament.
Answer: Parliament
In simple words: The central government's law-making body is called the Parliament.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the basic terms for governmental bodies. The Parliament is the legislative branch at the central level.

 

Question 2. The President of India apart from Rashtrapathi Bhavan conducts office at least once a year in ‘Rashtrapati Nilayam’ Hyderabad.
Answer: ‘Rashtrapati Nilayam’
In simple words: Besides Rashtrapati Bhavan in Delhi, the President also works from ‘Rashtrapati Nilayam’ in Hyderabad once a year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing unique facts about constitutional offices, like the President's annual visit to Rashtrapati Nilayam, can fetch extra marks.

 

Question 3. Once elected as the President, he has to take an oath of office before the Chief Justice of India.
Answer: Chief Justice of India
In simple words: After being elected, the President must take an oath, which is administered by the Chief Justice of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: The role of the Chief Justice in administering the presidential oath is a key constitutional function.

 

Question 4. The present President of India is Thiru, Ramnath Govind.
Answer: Thiru, Ramnath Govind
In simple words: This refers to the President of India at a specific historical point, which was Thiru, Ramnath Govind. (Note: This information might be outdated; always refer to current affairs for the present President).

🎯 Exam Tip: For current affairs-related questions, always cross-reference with the most recent information, as political office holders can change over time.

 

Question 5. The President summons Parliament at least twice a year.
Answer: twice
In simple words: The President must call Parliament for sessions at least two times every year.

🎯 Exam Tip: The constitutional requirement for the President to summon Parliament at least twice a year ensures that the legislative body meets regularly.

 

Question 6. President can make advances out of the contingency fund of India to meet any unexpected expenditure.
Answer: contingency fund
In simple words: The President can take money from the contingency fund to cover unexpected expenses. This fund is used for urgent needs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the purpose of the 'contingency fund' and the President's power to authorize withdrawals for unforeseen circumstances.

 

Question 7. Financial emergency is declared by the President if there is a threat to financial stability or the credit of India.
Answer: Financial
In simple words: The President can declare a financial emergency if the country's economic health is in danger.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the different types of emergencies (National, State, Financial) and the conditions under which they can be proclaimed by the President.

 

Question 8. The President may be removed from office for violation of Constitution by impeachment.
Answer: impeachment
In simple words: If the President breaks the Constitution, they can be removed from office through a process called impeachment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Impeachment is a critical check and balance on presidential power, so know the process and grounds for it.

 

Question 9. At least a minimum of fourteen days notice should be given for the resolution for the removal of Vice President from his office.
Answer: fourteen
In simple words: To remove the Vice President, a notice of at least 14 days must be given before the resolution is passed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the notice period required for removing high-ranking officials like the Vice President, as it ensures due process.

 

Question 10. When there is a tie of voting on Bill in Rajya Sabha the Vice-President can cast his vote for or against using his discretion power.
Answer: Vice-President
In simple words: If there's a tie vote in the Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President, acting as its chairman, can cast a deciding vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Vice President's role as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, including casting a tie-breaking vote, is an important function.

 

Question 11. The Prime Minister of India has adopted the West Minister (England) model of the Constitutional democracy.
Answer: Prime Minister
In simple words: India follows a system of government like the one in Westminster, England, where the Prime Minister is the head of the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize India's adoption of the Westminster model, characterized by a parliamentary system with a Prime Minister as head of government.

 

Question 12. The Cabinet is an informal body of senior ministers who forms the nucleus of administration.
Answer: Cabinet
In simple words: The Cabinet is a small group of very senior ministers who make the most important decisions for the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the Cabinet is the core decision-making body, consisting of the most important ministers.

 

Question 13. The Ministers of State belong to the second category of ministers in the council who are also in charge of ministries or departments.
Answer: Ministers of State
In simple words: Ministers of State are the second tier of ministers, who also head departments or ministries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the different categories of ministers (Cabinet, Ministers of State, Deputy Ministers) and their respective roles.

 

Question 14. The council of state or Rajya Sabha consists of 250 members.
Answer: 250
In simple words: The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, can have up to 250 members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha, which is 250 members.

 

Question 15. Any bill except money bill needs to be approved by Rajya Sabha.
Answer: Rajya Sabha
In simple words: For any law that is not about money, both houses of Parliament, including the Rajya Sabha, must approve it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the special status of Money Bills, which do not require the full approval power of the Rajya Sabha, unlike other bills.

 

III. Choose The Correct Statement

 

Question 1. Assertion (A): The Cabinet forms the nucleus of administration Reason (R): All important decisions of the government are taken by the cabinet such as defence, finance, external affairs and home affairs.
(a) (A) is false, but R is true.
(b) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for A.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct reason for A.
Answer: (c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for A.
In simple words: The Cabinet is indeed the central part of the government's work, and the reason is correct because all big decisions about defence, money, and international matters are made by this group.

🎯 Exam Tip: For assertion-reason questions, first check if both statements are individually true, then evaluate if the reason correctly explains the assertion.

 

Question 2. Which of the following statements about the Parliament is/are correct?
(i) The Parliament has the power to change the boundaries of the states.
(ii) Parliament exercises control over the executive.
(iii) Parliament is an independent organ.
(iv) It is a bicameral legislature
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (i) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i) and (ii) are correct
(d) (i) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
In simple words: The Parliament can change state borders, keeps the executive in check, and has two houses. It is not fully independent because it works with other government branches.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Parliament, while powerful, is not entirely independent; it works within a system of checks and balances with the executive and judiciary. It is a bicameral (two-house) legislature.

 

Question 3. Which of the following statements about the Prime Minister is/are correct?
(i) Article 74 (1) says there shall be a council of ministers with the Prime Minister as the head to aid and advice the President.
(ii) The Prime Minister has no power to decide the dates and agenda of the Cabinet meeting.
(iii) The Prime Minister decides the rank of his ministers and distributes various departments,
(iv) The Prime Minister is the leader of the nation and chief spokesperson of the country.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are true
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv) are true
(c) (i) and (iii) are true
(d) (i) and (iv) are true
Answer: (b) (i),(iii) and (iv) are true
In simple words: Article 74 (1) states that the Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers to advise the President. The Prime Minister decides minister ranks and portfolios, and is the nation's leader and main spokesperson. The Prime Minister *does* decide the dates and agenda of Cabinet meetings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the extensive powers of the Prime Minister, including advising the President, forming the Cabinet, and leading the nation's policy-making and representation.

 

Question 4. Which of the following statements are true about the President of India?
(i) The President generally nominates 2 persons from Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha.
(ii) The President generally nominates 2 persons from Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha.
(iii) It is the house of the people.
(iv) It is the permanent house of the Parliament.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (i) and (iv) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: The President used to nominate two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha, which is also known as the House of the People. The Lok Sabha is not a permanent house; it can be dissolved.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the distinction between the Lok Sabha (House of the People, not permanent) and the Rajya Sabha (permanent house, Council of States). The nomination of Anglo-Indians to Lok Sabha has been discontinued.

 

Question 5. Which of the following statements are correct regarding emergency provisions?
(i) Under Article 352 President has the power to proclaim National Emergency on the grounds of War.
(ii) Due to Constitutional failure in the State President can declare an Emergency under Article 356.
(iii) Article 61 deals with the removal of the President by impeachment.
(iv) The President is answerable to the court of law.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer: (c) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
In simple words: The President can declare national emergency due to war (Article 352) and state emergency if a state government fails (Article 356). Article 61 covers the President's impeachment. However, the President is generally not answerable to a court of law for official acts during their term.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the types of emergencies (National, State) and their corresponding articles. Also, recall that while the President can be impeached, they generally enjoy immunity from legal proceedings for official acts during their tenure.

 

IV. Match The Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii) Executive power of President
B. (iv) Office of the Vice President
C. (i) State Emergency
D. (v) Office of the Attorney General
E. (ii) Internal Emergency
In simple words: This matching exercise connects different articles of the Constitution to the specific governmental powers or offices they describe. For example, Article 53 relates to the President's executive power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing key articles and their associated provisions is essential for questions related to the Indian Constitution. Create flashcards for quick revision.

 

Question 2. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (ii) declares a law null and void
B. (v) highest law officer
C. (iv) Supreme Court
D. (vi) lowest rank
E. (i) 39 members
F. (iii) 18 members
In simple words: This section links legal terms and governmental roles to their descriptions. For example, judicial review is when a law is declared invalid, and the Attorney General is the top legal officer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific functions of judicial terms and the hierarchy within government positions for matching questions.

 

V. Answer The Brief Questions

 

Question 1. Describe briefly the diplomatic powers of the President.
Answer: The President of India holds significant diplomatic powers, representing the nation on the global stage. They are responsible for appointing Indian ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries. Similarly, foreign diplomats posted to India present their credentials to the President upon arrival. All international treaties and agreements that India enters into are formally done in the name of the President, making them the symbolic head of India's foreign relations.
In simple words: The President of India appoints ambassadors, receives foreign diplomats, and all international agreements are made in their name. This shows their role in global relations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing presidential powers, ensure to cover their roles in diplomacy, appointments, and international agreements, as these are distinct functions.

 

Question 2. Explain the statement: "Prime Minister represents our nation at all International Conferences".
Answer: The Prime Minister is not only the leader of the nation but also its chief spokesperson, both domestically and internationally. As the head of government, the Prime Minister represents India at major international conferences such as the Commonwealth Summit, the Non-Aligned Nations Summit, and SAARC meetings. This role involves articulating India's policies, interests, and positions on global issues, making the Prime Minister the primary voice of the country in global forums. This helps India build stronger ties and influence international decisions.
In simple words: The Prime Minister is the country's main leader and speaker, representing India at big international meetings like the Commonwealth Summit to share India's views with other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the Prime Minister's dual role as both national leader and international representative, highlighting their importance in shaping foreign policy and global image.

 

Question 3. What is meant by integrated judicial system?
Answer: An integrated judicial system means that the country's court structure is hierarchical. At the very top is the Supreme Court, which is the highest court. Below it are the High Courts in states, and then various subordinate courts. A key feature of this system is that the decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on all lower courts, meaning they must follow the Supreme Court's rulings. This creates a unified and consistent application of law across the entire country.
In simple words: An integrated judicial system means all courts are connected in a chain, with the Supreme Court at the top. All lower courts must follow the rules and decisions made by the Supreme Court.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the integrated judicial system, highlight the hierarchy of courts (Supreme Court > High Courts > Subordinate Courts) and the binding nature of Supreme Court decisions on all other courts.

 

Question 4. What are the qualification to become the member of Lok Sabha?
Answer: To become a member of the Lok Sabha, a candidate must meet certain qualifications. First, they must be a citizen of India. Second, they should be at least 25 years old. Third, their name must appear on the electoral rolls in some part of the country, confirming they are a registered voter. Fourth, they should not hold any 'office of profit' under the Union or State government, meaning they cannot be employed by the government in a way that gives them financial gain. Lastly, they should be mentally sound and financially capable.
In simple words: To be a Lok Sabha member, a person must be an Indian citizen, at least 25 years old, registered to vote, and not hold any other paid government job. They should also be mentally fit and financially stable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific age requirement (25 years) for Lok Sabha members, distinguishing it from other parliamentary houses. Also, 'office of profit' is a crucial concept to understand.

 

Question 5. Throw light on the compositions of the Lok Sabha.
Answer: The Lok Sabha is known as the Lower House of the Parliament or the House of the People, consisting mainly of elected representatives directly chosen by the citizens. Historically, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha was 552 members. Currently, it has 543 elected members. Out of these, 530 members are elected from various States, and 13 members represent the Union Territories. The President used to nominate two members from the Anglo-Indian community if they felt the community was not adequately represented, but this provision has since been discontinued. These members collectively form the total strength of the Lok Sabha, representing diverse regions and populations of India.
In simple words: The Lok Sabha is the main house of Parliament, where people directly elect representatives. It has 543 members from states and Union Territories. Earlier, the President could also choose two members from the Anglo-Indian community.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the current strength (543 elected members) and the process of direct election for the Lok Sabha. Be aware of recent constitutional changes like the discontinuation of Anglo-Indian nominations.

 

Question 6. Write a brief note on the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court?
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: (Answer for this question is on the next page, which is outside the specified content processing range and therefore not included.)

 

Question 7. Who is the head of the Union Executive?
Answer: The President is considered the nominal head of the executive branch in India's parliamentary system. They also serve as the constitutional head of the Union Executive. The President's role ensures the smooth functioning of the government according to the Constitution.
In simple words: The President is the main ceremonial head of the government. They are the top leader according to the rules of the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to distinguish between the nominal (President) and real (Prime Minister) executive heads in a parliamentary system.

 

Question 8. What do you know about motion of no confidence?
Answer:
1. A motion of no confidence can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. This means it must start in the lower house of Parliament.
2. If this motion is passed, it shows that the government no longer has the support of the majority of members. Because of this, the Prime Minister and all other ministers in the Council of Ministers must resign from their posts. This process helps ensure that the government always has the trust of the people's representatives.
In simple words: A "no confidence" motion can only be started in the Lok Sabha. If it passes, the Prime Minister and all ministers must step down.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that a no-confidence motion directly impacts the entire Council of Ministers, not just the Prime Minister.

 

Question 9. What is the qualification of President of India?
Answer: The Constitution outlines the following qualifications for a Presidential candidate:

• He should be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed the age of thirty-five years.
• He must not hold any office of profit under the Union, State, or local government.
• His or her name should be proposed by at least ten electors and seconded by another ten electors of the Electoral college which elects the President. This ensures broad support for candidates.

In simple words: To be President, a person must be an Indian citizen, be at least 35 years old, not hold any other paid government job, and have their name supported by many voters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing all four qualifications is crucial for a complete answer; ensure you remember both the age and citizenship criteria.

 

Question 10. What makes the Indian Parliament powerful?
Answer: The Indian Parliament is powerful because it represents the people. Its authority comes from the citizens who elect their representatives, making it a voice for the nation's will. This democratic foundation gives it immense strength and influence.
In simple words: The Indian Parliament is strong because it is made up of people chosen by the citizens, so it speaks for them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "representation of the people" as the core reason for the Parliament's power.

 

VI. Answer in Detail

 

Question 1. Write about the composition, location, and term of the judges of the Supreme Court.
Answer: In 1950, when it began, the Supreme Court had 8 judges, including the Chief Justice. Over time, as needed, the Supreme Court now consists of 28 judges, including the Chief Justice. The Constitution also allows for the temporary appointment of judges to the Supreme Court.
1. The Chief Justice and other Supreme Court judges can hold office until they reach the age of 65 years.
2. Judges can resign from their term early by submitting a written resignation to the President.
3. Parliament has the power to remove judges through an impeachment process if their misbehavior is proven.
4. The Supreme Court is located in New Delhi. It can also sit in any other place in India with the President's approval, after consulting with the Chief Justice of India.
In simple words: The Supreme Court started with 8 judges and now has 28. Judges work until age 65, can resign, or be removed by Parliament. The court is in New Delhi but can meet elsewhere with special permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning both the initial and current number of judges, along with the age limit and removal process, shows a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 2. Describe the duties and functions of the Attorney General of India.
Answer: The Constitution (Article 76) establishes the office of the Attorney General for India. This individual is the country's highest law officer and is appointed by the President. The duties and functions of the Attorney General of India are:
1. To provide advice to the Government of India on any legal matters that the President refers to them.
2. To carry out other legal duties assigned by the President and perform functions given by the Constitution or any other law. The Attorney General acts as the government's chief legal advisor.
3. When performing official duties, the Attorney General of India has the right to speak in all courts across India.
4. They have the right to speak and participate in the proceedings of both Houses of Parliament, including joint sittings, and any parliamentary committee where they are named a member, though they do not have the right to vote.
5. The Attorney General enjoys all the privileges and protections available to a Member of Parliament.
In simple words: The Attorney General is India's top lawyer, appointed by the President. They advise the government on legal issues, work in all courts, and can attend Parliament meetings without voting. They have the same special rights as Parliament members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Attorney General is the "highest law officer" and can participate in Parliament without voting, highlighting their unique position.

 

Question 3. What are the functions of the Vice-President? How he can be removed?
Answer:
Functions of the Vice-President: The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). As the chairman of the house:
1. He manages the proceedings of the House.
2. He decides the order of business in the house.
3. He decides whether a resolution or question can be accepted.
4. He can suspend or adjourn the house if there is serious disorder.
5. He gives instructions to various committees on matters related to their work.

Removal of the Vice-President:
1. The Vice-President can be removed from office by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then-members of the Council of States. This resolution must also be agreed upon by the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
2. Such a resolution can only be moved after giving at least 14 days' prior notice of the intention to do so. This advance notice allows for proper deliberation.
In simple words: The Vice-President leads the Rajya Sabha, controlling its meetings and rules. To remove them, the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution that the Lok Sabha must agree with, after giving 14 days' notice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state both the administrative role as Chairman of Rajya Sabha and the specific process for removal, including the 14-day notice period.

 

Question 4. What is the role of the Vice President in the absence of the President?
Answer:
1. If the President cannot perform their duties due to illness or absence from the country, the Vice-President takes over and performs the President's functions.
2. If the President's post becomes vacant due to resignation, death, removal by impeachment, or sickness, the Vice-President can act as the President for a maximum period of six months. During this time, new elections are held to choose a permanent President. The Vice-President steps in to ensure there is no break in leadership.
In simple words: The Vice-President acts as President if the President is sick, away, or if the position becomes empty. They can be the acting President for up to six months until a new President is chosen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the two distinct scenarios: temporarily discharging duties (illness/absence) and acting as President (vacancy), with the six-month limit for the latter.