Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Indian Constitution

I. Choose the Correct Answer

 

Question 1. Which of the following sequences is right regarding the Preamble?
(a) Republic, democratic, secular, socialist, sovereign
(b) Sovereign, socialist, secular, republic, democratic
(c) Sovereign, republic, secular, socialist, democratic
(d) Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic
Answer: (d) Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic
In simple words: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution lists the country's core values. The correct order of these values starts with sovereign, then socialist, secular, democratic, and finally republic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing the exact sequence of terms in the Preamble is important for accuracy in such questions.

 

Question 2. How many times has the Preamble to the Constitution of India been amended?
(a) once
(b) Twice
(c) Thrice
(d) Never
Answer: (a) once
In simple words: The Preamble of India's Constitution has only been changed one time since it was first written. This change added specific words like 'socialist' and 'secular'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Preamble has been amended only once by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.

 

Question 3. The Indian Constitution gives to its citizens:
(a) Double Citizenship
(b) Single Citizenship
(c) Single Citizenship in some States and double in others
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) Single Citizenship
In simple words: In India, all citizens have only one type of citizenship. This means they are citizens of India, not separately of their state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the concept of single citizenship, which means you are a citizen of the country as a whole, not individual states.

 

Question 4. A foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship through:
(a) Descent
(b) Registration
(c) Naturalisation
(d) All of the options
Answer: (c) Naturalisation
In simple words: A person from another country can become an Indian citizen through a process called naturalization. This usually involves living in India for a certain period and meeting other conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific methods by which Indian citizenship can be acquired: birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and incorporation of territory.

 

Question 5. Find the odd one out.
(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right against Exploitation
(c) Right to Property
(d) Cultural and Educational Rights
Answer: (c) Right to Property
In simple words: The Right to Property is no longer a fundamental right in India. It was removed from the list of basic rights, while the others are still important fundamental rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know which rights are currently fundamental and which ones, like the Right to Property, have been changed or removed from that category.

 

Question 6. One of the following is not an instance of an exercise of a fundamental right?
(a) Workers from Karnataka go to Kerala to work on the farms.
(b) Christian missions set up a chain of missionary schools.
(c) Men and Women government employees got the same salary.
(d) Parents property is inherited by their children
Answer: (d) Parents property is inherited by their children
In simple words: The inheritance of a parent's property by their children is a legal matter, not the exercise of a fundamental right. Fundamental rights relate to freedoms and equality, not property transfer rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the difference between a legal right (like inheritance) and a fundamental right, which are basic human rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

 

Question 7. If the fundamental rights of Indian citizens are violated, they possess the right to have access to:
(a) The Parliament
(b) The Attorney General
(c) The President of India
(d) The Supreme court of India
Answer: (d) The Supreme court of India
In simple words: If someone feels their fundamental rights have been taken away or broken, they can directly go to the Supreme Court for help. The Supreme Court protects these basic rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the role of the Supreme Court as the guardian of fundamental rights through writs under Article 32.

 

Question 8. Which one of the following rights was described by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the heart and soul of the Constitution?
(a) Right to freedom of religion
(b) Right to equality
(c) Right to Constitutional remedies
(d) Right to property
Answer: (c) Right to Constitutional remedies
In simple words: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar called the Right to Constitutional Remedies the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution. This right allows people to go to court if their other fundamental rights are violated, making all other rights meaningful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Article 32, the Right to Constitutional Remedies, provides the means to enforce other fundamental rights.

 

Question 9. How can the Fundamental Rights be suspended?
(a) If the Supreme Court so desires
(b) If the Prime Minister orders to this effect
(c) If the President orders it during the national emergency
(d) All of the options
Answer: (c) If the President orders it during the national emergency
In simple words: Fundamental Rights can be stopped or suspended only when there is a national emergency and the President officially orders it. This is done to manage severe situations in the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that the suspension of fundamental rights is a serious power, exercised only by the President during a declared national emergency.

 

Question 10. We borrowed the Fundamental Duties from the ............
(a) American Constitution
(b) Canadian Constitution
(c) Russian Constitution
(d) Irish Constitution
Answer: (c) Russian Constitution
In simple words: The idea of Fundamental Duties in India's Constitution was taken from the Constitution of Russia (the USSR). This shows how India looked at different countries for good ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the sources from which different parts of the Indian Constitution were borrowed is crucial for historical context.

 

Question 11. The Directive Principles can be classified into:
(a) Liberal and Communist principles
(b) Socialist and Communist principles
(c) Liberal, Gandhian and Communist principles
(d) Socialist, Gandhian and Liberal principles
Answer: (d) Socialist, Gandhian and Liberal principles
In simple words: The Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution are divided into three main types based on their ideas. These are principles that reflect socialist ideas, Gandhian values, and liberal intellectual thoughts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the different categories of Directive Principles and the core ideas each represents.

 

Question 12. Under which Article financial emergency can be proclaimed?
(a) Article 352
(b) Article 356
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 368
Answer: (c) Article 360
In simple words: Article 360 of the Indian Constitution gives the power to declare a financial emergency. This is done if the financial stability of India is severely threatened.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the three types of emergencies and their corresponding articles: National (352), State (356), and Financial (360).

 

Question 13. The procedure for the amendment of the Indian Constitution is given in:
(a) Article 352
(b) Article 356
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 368
Answer: (d) Article 368
In simple words: Article 368 outlines how the Indian Constitution can be changed or amended. This process allows the Constitution to be updated over time to meet new needs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Article 368 is essential as it defines the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for doing so.

 

Question 14. Which of the following committees/commissions made recommendations about the Centre-State Relations?
(i) Sarkaria Commission
(ii) Rajamannar Committee
(iii) M.N. Venkatachaliah Commission Select the correct answer from the codes given below
(a) i, ii and iii
(b) i and ii
(c) i and iii
(d) ii and iii
Answer: (b) i and ii
In simple words: Both the Sarkaria Commission and the Rajamannar Committee looked into how the Central and State governments in India should share power and work together. They gave important advice on making these relations better.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep distinct the names and purposes of major commissions and committees, especially those dealing with federal structure and Centre-State relations.

 

II. Fill in the Blanks

 

Question 1. The concept of Constitution first originated in ............
Answer: U.S.A.
In simple words: The idea of having a written Constitution first started in the United States of America. This became a model for many other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key historical facts like the origin of constitutionalism to enrich your answers.

 

Question 2. ............ was elected as the temporary President of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Dr. Sachidanandha Sinha
In simple words: Dr. Sachidanandha Sinha was chosen to be the first temporary President of the Constituent Assembly. This was before a permanent president was elected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the names of important figures and their roles in the formation of the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 3. The Constitution of India was adopted on ............
Answer: 26th November 1949
In simple words: India's Constitution was officially accepted and adopted on November 26, 1949. This date marks a very important step in India becoming a republic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the date of adoption (26th November 1949) and the date of commencement (26th January 1950).

 

Question 4. ............ writs are mentioned in Article 32.
Answer: five
In simple words: Article 32 of the Constitution talks about five specific types of court orders called writs. These writs are used to protect people's fundamental rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to name and briefly explain the five types of writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari.

 

Question 5. Fundamental duties have been given to the citizens of India under Article ............
Answer: 51 A
In simple words: The Fundamental Duties for Indian citizens are listed under Article 51A of the Constitution. These are responsibilities citizens have towards their nation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law, unlike Fundamental Rights, and were added by the 42nd Amendment.

 

III. Match the Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii) 1955
B. (i) Jawaharlal Nehru
C. (ii) 42nd Amendment
D. (v) Tamil
E. (iv) 1962
In simple words: This matching exercise connects different parts of the Indian Constitution and historical events with their correct details or associated years. It shows how the Citizenship Act came in 1955, the Preamble was linked to Jawaharlal Nehru's Objective Resolution, the 42nd Amendment is called the 'mini-Constitution', Tamil is a classical language, and the National Emergency happened in 1962.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific years, names, and amendments related to key constitutional provisions for accurate matching.

 

IV. Give Short Answers

 

Question 1. What is the Constitution?
Answer: A Constitution is a set of fundamental rules that guide how any state or country should be run. It serves as the basic framework that citizens wish to live under. This foundational document ensures governance and protects rights.
In simple words: The Constitution is like a rulebook for a country. It sets out all the main laws and how the government should work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define the Constitution clearly as the supreme law that frames a government's structure and citizens' rights.

 

Question 2. What is meant by citizenship?
Answer: Citizenship means being a legal member of a particular country. As a citizen, a person enjoys certain rights and privileges, and also has duties towards that country. The Indian Constitution provides for a single citizenship for everyone across India. This means all Indians are citizens of India, not separate states.
In simple words: Citizenship means you officially belong to a country. It gives you rights and duties within that country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the rights and duties associated with citizenship, and specifically mention India's single citizenship model.

 

Question 3. How many types of fundamental rights are listed by the Indian Constitution?
Answer: There are six types of fundamental rights listed by the Indian Constitution. These rights are crucial for the development and protection of individuals.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution lists six main types of basic rights for all its citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be prepared to name the six fundamental rights: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies.

 

Question 4. What is a Writ?
Answer: A Writ is a formal written order or command issued by a court under its official seal. Both the Supreme Court and the High Courts in India have the power to issue five different kinds of Writs. These are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari, each serving a specific legal purpose. They ensure justice and the protection of rights.
In simple words: A Writ is a special order from a high court. It tells a government body or person what to do or not to do, usually to protect someone's rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define writs as judicial orders and list the five types, briefly explaining their function in protecting fundamental rights.

 

Question 5. What are the classical languages in India?
Answer: There are six classical languages recognized in India. These languages are Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia. Each of these languages has a rich history and literary tradition. The government acknowledges their cultural significance.
In simple words: India has six old languages that are officially called classical languages. They are Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing all six classical languages correctly is important for full marks on this question.

 

Question 6. What is National Emergency?
Answer: A National Emergency is a situation declared by the President of India when the country's security is under threat. This threat can be due to war, an external attack, or an armed rebellion. Such an emergency is declared under Article 352 of the Constitution to protect the nation. During this time, the central government gains more power.
In simple words: A National Emergency is when the President says the country is in serious danger from war, outside attack, or armed revolt. It is a special rule under Article 352.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the causes for declaring a National Emergency (war, external aggression, armed rebellion) and mention the relevant Article (352).

 

Question 7. List out the three heads of the relations between the Centre and the States.
Answer: The three main categories of relations between the Central (Union) government and the State governments in India are:
1. Legislative relations (how laws are made and shared)
2. Administrative relations (how laws are put into practice and managed)
3. Financial relations (how money and taxes are divided and used). These divisions help manage the federal structure of the country.
In simple words: The Centre and States share power in three main ways: making laws, running the government, and handling money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember these three key types of relations as they form the backbone of India's federal system.

 

V. Answer in Detail

 

Question 1. Explain the salient features of the Constitution of India.
Answer: The Constitution of India is the foundational set of rules created by the Constituent Assembly, which governs and guides the nation. Citizens must follow these rules. Here are its important features:
1. It is the longest written Constitution in the entire world, containing many detailed provisions.
2. It is both rigid (hard to change) and flexible (easy to change in some parts), balancing stability and adaptability.
3. Many of its provisions were taken from the Constitutions of various other countries, combining the best practices.
4. It establishes a Federal system of government, meaning power is shared between the central and state governments.
5. It establishes a Parliamentary system of government, where the executive is responsible to the legislature.
6. It provides for an independent Judiciary, ensuring justice without interference from other government branches.
7. It provides single citizenship for all its people, meaning everyone is a citizen of India, not of individual states.
8. It introduced Universal Adult Franchise, giving all citizens aged 18 and above the right to vote, without any discrimination.
9. It includes special provisions for minorities, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes, ensuring their protection and upliftment.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution is the longest written one, a mix of rigid and flexible rules, and takes ideas from other countries. It sets up a federal and parliamentary government with an independent judiciary. It gives single citizenship and voting rights to all adults and has special rules for minorities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing features, briefly explain each point to show a deeper understanding, such as why it's the "lengthiest" or what "flexible" means.

 

Question 2. Point out the Fundamental Rights.
Answer: The Fundamental Rights are very important rights included in Part III of the Constitution, specifically from Articles 12 to 35. These are six main Fundamental Rights that protect the basic freedoms and ensure fairness for all citizens. They are:
(i) Right to Equality: This right means everyone is equal before the law. It stops unfair treatment based on religion, race, caste, gender, or birthplace. It also ended untouchability, ensuring social fairness.
(ii) Right to Freedom: This right gives various freedoms like freedom of speech, expression, assembly, forming groups, moving around, living anywhere, and practicing any profession. These freedoms allow individuals to live and express themselves freely.
(iii) Right against Exploitation: This right stops human trafficking and forced labor. It also makes it illegal to employ children in factories or dangerous jobs, protecting vulnerable people.
(iv) Right to religion: This right gives people the freedom to follow their conscience and openly practice, preach, and spread their religion. This promotes religious diversity and tolerance.
(v) Cultural and Educational rights: This right protects the language, script, and culture of minority groups. It also allows minorities to set up and manage their own educational institutions, helping them preserve their heritage.
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies: This is a powerful right that allows people to go to court if their fundamental rights are violated. It provides a way to enforce all other fundamental rights, making them real and effective.
In simple words: Fundamental Rights are important basic rights in the Indian Constitution from Articles 12 to 35. There are six types: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies. These rights protect people's freedom, fairness, and culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list and briefly describe each of the six fundamental rights, focusing on their core meaning and protection.

 

Question 3. Write briefly on the Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Answer: The Right to Constitutional Remedies is a very important fundamental right outlined in Article 32 of our Constitution. It is sometimes called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution because it safeguards all other fundamental rights. Here’s how it works:
1. Article 32: This article deals with the Right to Constitutional Remedies, which is a way to protect other basic rights through special court orders called writs.
2. What is a Writ?: A writ is an order or command issued in writing by a court, with its official seal. It is a powerful tool to ensure justice.
3. Nature of a Command: A writ acts like a command or a prohibition, stopping someone from doing certain things or making them perform specific actions. It ensures legal compliance.
4. Court Powers: Both the Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to issue five different types of writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto. These are vital for upholding justice.
5. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's View: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called Article 32 the "heart and soul of the Constitution" because without this right, the other fundamental rights would be meaningless.
6. Supreme Court's Role: The Supreme Court is known as the "Guardian of our Constitution" because it protects and upholds these rights.
In simple words: The Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) lets people go to court if their basic rights are broken. It's called the "heart and soul" of the Constitution because it protects all other rights using court orders called writs. The Supreme Court is the protector of this right.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize Article 32, Dr. Ambedkar's famous quote, and the role of the Supreme Court and High Courts in issuing writs to enforce this right.

 

Question 4. Mention the differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer: Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy are both important parts of the Indian Constitution, but they have key differences:
Fundamental Rights:
1. These rights are mainly taken from the Constitution of the U.S.A.
2. Even the Government cannot easily take away or reduce these rights; they are binding.
3. These rights can be enforced by law, meaning you can go to court if they are violated.
4. They come with legal backing and support.
5. They help to strengthen the political democracy within the country by ensuring individual liberties.
6. They are considered natural and basic rights for all individuals, essential for human dignity.
Directive Principles of State Policy:
1. These principles are inspired by the model of the Constitution of Ireland.
2. These are simply guidelines or instructions given to the Government to follow.
3. They are not enforceable by law in any court, so you cannot sue the government for not following them.
4. These directives have moral and political importance, guiding policy-making.
5. Following these principles helps ensure social and economic democracy, leading to a fairer society.
6. They are meant to protect and promote human rights indirectly through government policies.
In simple words: Fundamental Rights are basic rights from the USA, legally enforceable, and protect political democracy. Governments cannot easily take them away. Directive Principles are guidelines from Ireland, not legally enforceable, but help achieve social and economic fairness by guiding government actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Create a clear table or use distinct bullet points for comparison, focusing on enforceability, source, and nature (rights vs. guidelines).

 

VI. Project and Activity

 

Question 1. Collect information about the various members of the Constituent Assembly and their social background.
Answer: The Constituent Assembly was a diverse group of members who helped create the Indian Constitution. They came from different social backgrounds and professions, reflecting India's varied society. For detailed information on their social backgrounds, you can refer to academic sources and official records. Some examples of where to find this include: historical documents at https://www.scrip.com: document. 15 and biographical information on https://www.wikipedia.org:wiki:const. This information helps us understand the broad perspectives that shaped the Constitution.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly had members from many different social groups. To learn more about them, you can check historical documents and websites like Wikipedia.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to collect information, always provide reliable sources or types of sources (e.g., historical documents, official records, academic papers).

 

Question 2. Collect the pictures of the Members of the Drafting Committee and their social background.
Answer: The Drafting Committee was the most important group responsible for actually writing the Constitution of India. It had several key members, each with unique social and professional backgrounds. Here is information about some of them:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad: He was the President of the Constituent Assembly. He was an Indian political leader and lawyer by training. He joined the Indian National Congress during the Independence movement and became a major leader from the region of Bihar. He was India's first President after Independence and served two full terms from 1950 to 1962.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: An Indian Jurist, social reformer, and politician, he is known as the “Father of the Indian Constitution.” He strongly campaigned against social discrimination, especially towards untouchables, and supported the rights of women and labor.
Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer: He was an Indian lawyer and also served as the Advocate General of Madras state from 1929 to 1944.
N. Gopalswami Iyengar: He was the Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1937 to 1948. He also served as minister without a portfolio in the first Cabinet under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. He was the chairman of the committee for the Indianisation of the Army from 1947 to 1948.
K.M. Munshi: A lawyer by profession, he was an Indian Independence activist, politician, writer, and an educationist from Gujarat State.
Mohammad Saadullah B.L.: He was the Chairman of Gauhati (Guwahati) Municipality in 1919. He was also an athlete. He served as the Minister in charge of Education and Agriculture for Assam from 1924 to 1934 and was the Prime Minister of Assam under British India.
In simple words: The Drafting Committee wrote India's Constitution. Key members included Dr. Rajendra Prasad (President of Assembly), Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Father of Constitution), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (lawyer), N. Gopalswami Iyengar (minister), K.M. Munshi (lawyer/activist), and Mohammad Saadullah B.L. (minister from Assam). Each brought different skills and backgrounds to the task.

🎯 Exam Tip: For such a project, identify the key members of the Drafting Committee and provide concise, relevant biographical details for each, highlighting their contributions.

Tb Page 175

Vii. Life Skill.

 

Question 1. Prepare a chart containing the Rights and Duties of citizens and display it in your class room.
Answer: The Constitution of India clearly outlines the fundamental rights and duties for its citizens. These are essential for a healthy democracy and ensuring citizens' well-being and responsibilities.

I. Right to Equality
Art. 14 – All citizens are equal before the law.
Art. 15 – There should be no discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
Art. 16 – Everyone has equal opportunities in public employment.
Art. 17 – Untouchability is abolished.
Art. 18 – Titles are abolished, except for military and academic ones.

II. Right to Freedom
Art. 19 – Citizens have freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.
Art. 20 – Protection regarding conviction for offenses.
Art. 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty.
Art. 21A – Right to elementary education.
Art. 22 – Protection against arrest and detention in certain situations.

III. Right Against Exploitation
Art. 23 – Prohibits human trafficking and forced labor.
Art. 24 – Prohibits the employment of children in factories and other dangerous work.

V. Cultural and Educational Rights
Art. 29 – Protects the language, script, and culture of minorities.
Art. 30 – Minorities have the right to establish and manage their own educational institutions.

VI. Right to Constitutional Remedies
Art. 32 – Allows individuals to seek legal action to protect their fundamental rights if they are violated.

List of Fundamental Duties:
1. To respect the Constitution, its ideals, institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideas that inspired India's freedom struggle.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and perform national service when required.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all people, moving beyond religious, linguistic, regional, or sectional differences, and to renounce practices that disrespect women's dignity.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of India's composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for all living creatures.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to avoid violence.
10. To strive for excellence in all areas of individual and collective activity, so that the nation reaches higher levels of effort and achievement.
11. To provide opportunities for education to one's child or ward between the ages of six and fourteen years (added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, as the 11th Fundamental Duty under Article 51A(k)).
In simple words: The Indian Constitution gives citizens certain rights like equality, freedom, and protection from harm, and also expects them to perform duties like respecting the country, its culture, and helping others. Both rights and duties are important for every citizen.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing rights and duties, briefly explain what each point means, as this shows a deeper understanding of the constitutional provisions.

 

Tb Page 172

 

Question 1. Violation of which Fundamental right is associated with the theme depleted in the stamps?
Answer: The theme shown in the stamps is related to child labor. This is a violation of the Fundamental Right against Exploitation. Specifically, Article 24 of the Constitution prohibits the employment of children in factories and other harmful jobs. This right ensures that children are protected from forced work and can grow up safely.
In simple words: The stamps show child labor, which goes against a basic right called the Right against Exploitation. This right, mentioned in Article 24, stops children from being forced to work in dangerous places like factories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identify the fundamental right and the specific article related to the violation to score full marks, demonstrating your knowledge of the Constitution.

 

Tb Page 175

Activity:

 

Question 1. List out the recognised languages in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution:
Answer: The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution officially recognizes 22 languages. These languages are important for India's cultural diversity and national identity. They are:
1. Assamese
2. Bengali
3. Bodo
4. Dogri
5. Gujarati
6. Hindi
7. Kannada
8. Kashmiri
9. Konkani
10. Maithili
11. Malayalam
12. Manipuri
13. Marathi
14. Nepali
15. Oriya
16. Punjabi
17. Sanskrit
18. Santhali
19. Sindhi
20. Tamil
21. Telugu
22. Urdu
In simple words: The Indian Constitution officially recognizes 22 different languages, listed in its Eighth Schedule. These are the main languages spoken and celebrated across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Eighth Schedule is specifically for recognized languages. When listing them, try to be as complete as possible to show comprehensive knowledge.

 

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science Indian Constitution Additional Important Questions And Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

 

Question 1. The Government of India granted __________ languages as classical language status.
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 22
(d) 14
Answer: (a) 6
In simple words: The Indian government has given the special title of 'classical language' to six languages. This title recognizes their long history and rich heritage.

🎯 Exam Tip: For numerical facts like the number of classical languages, precise recall is important. Double-check these numbers to avoid losing marks.

 

Question 3. The constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December __________ 1946.
(a) 1st
(b) 5th
(c) 6th
(d) 26th
Answer: (c) 6th
In simple words: The very first meeting of the group that was going to write India's Constitution happened on December 6, 1946. This marked the beginning of a big task.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key dates related to the Constituent Assembly are frequently tested. Memorize dates like the first meeting, adoption, and enforcement of the Constitution.

 

Question 4. 'Education' comes under which list?
(a) Union list
(b) State list
(c) Concurrent list
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) Concurrent list
In simple words: Education is on the Concurrent list, which means both the central government and state governments can make laws about it. This allows for flexibility and shared responsibility.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the three lists (Union, State, Concurrent) is crucial. Remember that subjects in the Concurrent list allow both central and state governments to legislate.

 

Question 5. Every year 26th January is observed as __________
(a) Independence day
(b) Republic day
(c) Voters day
(d) Republic day
Answer: (d) Republic day
In simple words: January 26th is celebrated as Republic Day in India. This is because on this day, India's Constitution came into effect, marking it as a republic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure you differentiate between Independence Day (August 15th) and Republic Day (January 26th) to avoid common mistakes.

 

Question 6. Indian Constitution is the __________ Constitution in the world.
(a) Longest
(b) Shortest
(c) Lengthiest
Answer: (c) Lengthiest
In simple words: The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It covers many details to guide the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the term "Lengthiest" as it accurately describes the comprehensive nature of the Indian Constitution, making it distinct from simply "long".

 

Question 7. In the preamble of our Constitution the slogans of __________ Liberty, Equality and Fraternity is given importance.
(a) French Revolution
(b) Russian Revolution
(c) American Revolution
(d) German Revolution
Answer: (a) French Revolution
In simple words: The important ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in India's Constitution came from the French Revolution. These words show the values that our country believes in.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the foreign sources of key constitutional ideas, like the ideals from the French Revolution, demonstrates a good grasp of comparative constitutionalism.

 

Question 8. The Constituent Assembly was set up under __________
(a) Cripps Mission
(b) Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946
(c) Government of India Act, 1935
Answer: (b) Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly, which was formed to draft India's Constitution, was created based on the plan proposed by the Cabinet Mission in 1946. This plan helped set up the structure for India's future government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 was the direct mechanism for the formation of the Constituent Assembly. This is a key historical fact.

 

Question 9. __________ emergency can be declared under Article 356.
(a) National
(b) Financial
(c) State
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) State
In simple words: Under Article 356, a State emergency can be declared. This happens when a state government cannot function according to the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the types of emergencies (National, State, Financial) and their corresponding Articles (352, 356, 360) to avoid confusion.

 

Question 10. Apart from B.R. Ambedkar, how many other members were in the Drafting Committee?
(a) 4
(b) 6
(c) 7
Answer: (b) 6
In simple words: Besides Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who was the chairman, there were six other members in the Drafting Committee. This committee was very important for writing the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the total number of members (7, including the chairman) and then calculating the "other" members (6) is a common trick in multiple-choice questions.

 

II. Fill In The Blanks

 

Question 1. Our Constitution is concerned with the framework of distribution of powers between the various organs of the government and between __________ and __________.
Answer: Union and the States
In simple words: The Constitution sets out how power is shared between different government parts and also between the central government (Union) and state governments.

🎯 Exam Tip: When filling in blanks about government structure, focus on the distinct levels of governance like the Union (Centre) and States.

 

Question 2. H.C. Mukherjee and __________ were elected as the Vice-Presidents of the constituent Assembly at the time of framing Constitution.
Answer: V.T. Krishnamachari
In simple words: H.C. Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari were chosen as Vice-Presidents for the Constituent Assembly, helping to lead the process of writing the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to recall the key figures and their roles in the Constituent Assembly, especially their official positions.

 

Question 3. The original Constitution was hand written by __________.
Answer: Prem Behari Narain Raizada
In simple words: The very first copy of India's Constitution was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada, making it a unique historical document.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a specific factual detail. Remembering names of important contributors, even calligraphers, can be beneficial.

 

Question 4. Our Constitution is the __________ of all the written Constitutions of the world.
Answer: lengthiest
In simple words: The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution found anywhere in the world. It includes many laws and details.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "lengthiest" to describe the Indian Constitution's scale, showing a precise understanding of its unique characteristic.

 

Question 5. India is a __________ state.
Answer: Secular
In simple words: India is a secular state, meaning it treats all religions equally and does not favor any one religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term "Secular" is a cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. Ensure you understand and can explain its meaning accurately.

 

Question 6. Universal Adult Franchise, the right to vote to all citizens above 18 years of age without any discrimination is __________.
Answer: Universal Adult Franchise
In simple words: Universal Adult Franchise means that every adult citizen, once they turn 18, has the right to vote, no matter their background. This ensures everyone has a say in who governs.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the blank is defined by the following text, ensure your answer matches that definition. Also, know the specific age limit for voting in India.

 

Question 7. The preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on the __________ drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: Objective Resolution
In simple words: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution, which explains its main aims, was inspired by the 'Objective Resolution' that Jawaharlal Nehru had introduced earlier.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Preamble directly to the Objective Resolution and Jawaharlal Nehru, as this linkage is a key historical fact.

 

Question 8. Preamble begins with the phrase __________.
Answer: We the people of India
In simple words: The Preamble, which is the introduction to the Constitution, starts with the words "We the people of India." This means the power of the Constitution comes from all the people of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the opening phrase of the Preamble is important, as it signifies the source of the Constitution's authority.

 

Question 9. The citizenship Act has been amended is far __________ times.
Answer: eight
In simple words: The law about who can be an Indian citizen (the Citizenship Act) has been changed eight times. This shows that laws can be updated over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Numerical facts like the number of amendments to specific acts are important. Keep track of how many times key laws have been changed.

 

Question 10. The __________ writ safeguards people from illegal arrest.
Answer: Habeas Corpus
In simple words: The writ of Habeas Corpus is a legal order that protects people from being held in jail unlawfully. It means a person must be brought before a court to check if their arrest is legal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the purpose of each writ; Habeas Corpus is specifically for illegal detention. Misidentifying writs is a common error.

 

Question 11. Under Article 21 A __________ education was made as fundamental right to provide early childhood care and education.
Answer: elementary
In simple words: Article 21A states that elementary education is a fundamental right. This means all children have a right to basic schooling.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link Article 21A directly to the right to elementary education, emphasizing its importance as a fundamental right.

 

Question 12. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred __________ subjects from state list to concurrent list.
Answer: five
In simple words: The 42nd Amendment in 1976 moved five subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List. This allowed both central and state governments to make laws on these topics.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the significance of the 42nd Amendment (often called a 'mini-Constitution') and its impact on the distribution of legislative powers between the Centre and States.

 

Question 13. Article 51A specified for the first time a code of fundamental duties of __________ the citizens.
Answer: ten
In simple words: Article 51A originally listed ten fundamental duties for citizens. These duties remind people of their responsibilities towards the nation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Article 51A was added later and initially listed ten duties, with an eleventh added later.

 

Question 14. Parliament enacted the official language Act in the year __________.
Answer: 1963
In simple words: The Official Language Act was passed by the Parliament in 1963. This law deals with the languages used for official purposes of the Union.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific years for important acts, like the Official Language Act, are key historical points to recall.

 

III. Match The Following

 

Question 1. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iii) 1955
B. (i) Jawaharlal Nehru
C. (ii) 42nd Amendment
D. (v) Tamil
E. (iv) 1962
In simple words: Matching these terms helps understand their connections: The Citizenship Act was in 1955; the Preamble's ideals relate to Jawaharlal Nehru; the 42nd Amendment is called the 'mini Constitution'; Tamil is a classical language; and the Chinese Aggression was in 1962, which could relate to a national emergency.

🎯 Exam Tip: For match the following questions, identify the most straightforward matches first to eliminate options and simplify the remaining choices. For 'National Emergency', 1962 refers to the India-China war which led to the first National Emergency in India.

 

Question 2. Match the Column I with Column II.

Answer:
A. (iv) Right to equality
B. (iii) Right against exploitation
C. (i) Cultural and Educational Rights
D. (v) Freedom of religion
E. (ii) Right to Constitutional remedies
In simple words: This matching exercise connects different constitutional concepts to their appropriate fundamental rights. For instance, stopping untouchability is part of the right to equality, and ensuring children don't work in factories falls under the right against exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly understanding the scope of each fundamental right is key for accurate matching. Think about the core principle each right protects.

 

IV. Give Short Answers

 

Question 1. Mention the phrase with which the Preamble of our Constitution begins? What does this imply?
Answer: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution starts with the phrase "We, the People of India". This important phrase means that the Constitution gets its power and authority directly from the people of India. It shows that the people are the ultimate source of all power in the country, and the government must act on their behalf. This idea highlights the democratic nature of India. It also emphasizes that India is a sovereign nation, independent of external control.
In simple words: India's Constitution starts with "We, the People of India." This means the people of India are the main source of the Constitution's power. It shows that India is a country ruled by its own people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the Preamble's opening phrase, not only state the phrase but also clearly elaborate on its democratic and sovereign implications.

 

Question 2. Write a brief note on how our Constitution is framed?
Answer: The Indian Constitution was created by a special group called the Constituent Assembly, which was set up in 1946. This Assembly had 389 members from different parts of India, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad as its president and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the chairman of the crucial drafting committee. They worked through many committees, debated for a long time, and finally completed the draft. The Constitution was officially adopted on November 26, 1949, and it came into full effect on January 26, 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day. This long process ensured a comprehensive and well-thought-out legal framework for the nation.
In simple words: India's Constitution was made by the Constituent Assembly, formed in 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the president, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led the drafting. It was finished in 1949 and became law in 1950.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include key facts like the year the Constituent Assembly was set up, the roles of Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, and the adoption and enforcement dates to provide a complete answer.

 

Question 3. What is mandamus?
Answer: Mandamus is a type of writ, which is a formal order issued by a higher court, like the Supreme Court or a High Court. It is a command to a government official, a lower court, a corporation, or any public body to perform a specific public duty that they are legally obligated to do but have failed or refused to do. This writ helps ensure that public duties are carried out correctly and protects citizens' rights when public authorities are negligent. It literally means "we command".
In simple words: Mandamus is a court order that tells a public official or body to do their job if they are not doing it. It helps make sure government duties are performed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define "mandamus" as a writ (court order) and explain its specific purpose: to compel a public authority to perform a legal duty. Mentioning its Latin meaning ("we command") adds value.

 

Question 4. What does Preamble refer to ? What does it contain?
Answer: The Preamble is like an introduction or preface to the Indian Constitution. It serves as a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. Here's what it contains:
1. The Preamble outlines the ideals, objectives, and basic principles upon which the Constitution is founded, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
2. It declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, reflecting the nature of the Indian state.
3. It is often described as the 'Key to the Constitution' because it provides insight into the intentions of the framers and the philosophy behind the Constitution. This introductory part helps understand the entire document better.
In simple words: The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. It states India's main goals, like justice and equality, and explains what kind of country India is (Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic). It's like a guide to understanding the whole Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about the Preamble, define it clearly and list its key components (ideals, nature of state) and its significance as the 'Key to the Constitution'.

 

Question 5. Mention three ways of amendments in our Constitution.
Answer: The Indian Constitution is designed to be flexible, allowing it to be changed or amended in different ways to adapt to new needs. Here are three main ways an amendment can be made:
1. **Amendment by a simple majority of the Parliament:** Some parts of the Constitution can be changed by a simple majority vote (more than half of the members present and voting) in both Houses of Parliament. This is used for less fundamental changes, like creating new states.
2. **Amendment by a special majority of the Parliament:** Most parts of the Constitution are amended by a special majority. This requires a majority of the total membership of each House and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. This method is used for significant changes to fundamental provisions.
3. **Amendment by a special majority of the Parliament and ratification by half of the State legislatures:** For certain federal provisions, like changes to the powers of states, the amendment needs a special majority in Parliament (as above) and then must also be approved (ratified) by at least half of the State legislatures. This ensures that states have a say in matters affecting their powers. This careful process maintains the balance between rigidity and flexibility in the Constitution.
In simple words: India's Constitution can be changed in three ways: by a simple vote in Parliament for small changes, by a special, larger vote in Parliament for most changes, or by a special vote in Parliament plus approval from half of the state governments for very big changes affecting states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the three methods of amendment, specifying the majority required and when state ratification is necessary. This shows a deep understanding of the amending process.

 

Question 6. Name the three basic principles of our Constitution adopted from die slogan of French Revolution (1789).
Answer: The three basic principles embedded in our Constitution, which were inspired by the slogan of the French Revolution (1789), are:
1. **Liberty:** This means freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship for all citizens. It ensures that individuals can act and express themselves without unreasonable restrictions, fostering a climate of personal growth and societal progress.
2. **Equality:** This principle ensures equality of status and opportunity for everyone. It aims to eliminate discrimination and provide a level playing field so that all citizens have fair chances in life, regardless of their background.
3. **Fraternity:** This promotes a sense of brotherhood and unity among all Indians. It encourages a feeling of common belonging and mutual support, helping to overcome social divisions and strengthen national cohesion. These ideals are crucial for building a united and just society.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution got three big ideas from the French Revolution: Liberty (freedom to think and believe), Equality (everyone is treated the same and has equal chances), and Fraternity (a feeling of brotherhood and unity among all people).

🎯 Exam Tip: Name the three principles (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) and briefly explain what each means in the context of the Indian Constitution.

 

Question 7. Abolition of titles lies in which Article of the Constitution.
Answer: The abolition of titles is covered under Article 18 of the Indian Constitution. This Article prohibits the State from conferring any titles, except for military and academic distinctions. It also prevents Indian citizens from accepting any title from a foreign state. This provision aims to promote equality and prevent the creation of an artificial aristocracy, ensuring that all citizens are treated equally under the law.
In simple words: The rule that stops people from having special titles (except military or academic ones) is in Article 18 of the Constitution. It helps make everyone equal.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about a specific constitutional provision, identify the correct Article number and briefly explain its purpose to demonstrate complete understanding.

 

Question 8. What change is made in Article 45 by 86th Amendment Act?
Answer: The 86th Amendment Act of 2002 brought significant changes to Article 45 of the Indian Constitution, primarily concerning education. Here are the key changes:
1. This amendment made elementary education a fundamental right by inserting a new Article 21A, stating that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of six and fourteen years.
2. Consequently, Article 45 was amended to state that the State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. This shifted the focus of Article 45 from compulsory education for children up to 14 years to early childhood care and education for children up to six years, complementing the new fundamental right.
In simple words: The 86th Amendment in 2002 made basic education for children aged 6 to 14 a fundamental right (Article 21A). Because of this, Article 45 was changed to focus on providing care and education for very young children, those under 6 years old.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain both the creation of Article 21A as a fundamental right and the subsequent change in the scope of Article 45, linking them as a direct consequence of the 86th Amendment.

 

Question 9. Which is the single biggest source of Indian Constitution?
Answer: The single biggest source of the Indian Constitution is the Government of India Act of 1935. A significant portion of the Indian Constitution, including many of its provisions and structural details, was directly adopted or heavily influenced by this Act. It provided a framework for a federal system, provincial autonomy, and emergency provisions, among others, which were incorporated with some modifications into the new Constitution. This Act was a foundational document for India's governance structure, even before independence.
In simple words: The largest part of India's Constitution comes from the Government of India Act of 1935. Many ideas and rules from that old law were used when our Constitution was being written.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the Government of India Act of 1935 as the primary source and briefly explain why it had such a profound influence on the Indian Constitution.

 

Question 10. Name the five subjects that are transferred from the State List to the Concurrent List.
Answer: The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five specific subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List. This change meant that both the Central Government and the State Governments could make laws on these topics. The five subjects are:
1. Education
2. Forests
3. Weights and measures (excluding establishment of standards)
4. Protection of wild animals and birds
5. Administration of justice, Constitution, and organisation of all courts (except the Supreme Court and the High Courts).
This transfer aimed to bring about national uniformity in these important areas. The "administration of justice" includes specific aspects related to court structures and management, not just the general concept.
In simple words: Five subjects were moved from the State List to the Concurrent List, allowing both the central and state governments to make laws about them. These subjects are Education, Forests, Weights and Measures, Protection of wild animals and birds, and parts of the Administration of Justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember these five specific subjects and link their transfer to the 42nd Amendment. This change significantly affected the division of powers.

 

V. Answer In Detail

 

Question 1. Mention any five Fundamental duties of the citizens of India.
Answer: The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. They are meant to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation and society. Here are five of these duties:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem. This means showing respect for the country's foundational rules and symbols.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired our national struggle for freedom. Citizens should remember and live by the values that led to India's independence.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. This duty asks citizens to ensure India remains independent, united, and whole.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. Citizens are expected to protect the nation and serve it during times of need.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities, and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. This duty encourages peace and respect among all Indians, especially towards women. These duties collectively aim to build a responsible and harmonious society.
In simple words: Five important duties for Indian citizens are: respecting the Constitution and national symbols, following the ideals of freedom fighters, protecting India's sovereignty and unity, defending the country when needed, and promoting harmony among all people while respecting women.

🎯 Exam Tip: While the question asks for "any five," try to choose duties that cover different aspects (national symbols, ideals, unity, defense, social harmony) to show comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 2. How can a person acquire citizenship of our country?
Answer: The Citizenship Act of 1955 provides several ways for a person to acquire Indian citizenship. These methods ensure that different situations for becoming a citizen are covered. Here are the five main ways:
1. **By Birth:** Any person born in India on or after January 26, 1950, is considered a citizen by birth. This rule ensures that most people born within the country automatically become citizens, promoting a stable population.
2. **By Descent:** A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, can be a citizen of India if their father was an Indian citizen at the time of their birth. Later amendments changed this to require either parent to be a citizen. This caters to children born to Indian parents abroad.
3. **By Registration:** Individuals who meet certain criteria, such as being of Indian origin or having married an Indian citizen and residing in India for a specified period, can apply to register as citizens with the appropriate authority. This method allows people with ties to India to become citizens.
4. **By Naturalisation:** A foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship through naturalization after fulfilling specific conditions. These include residing in India for a certain period, having good character, and having sufficient knowledge of an Indian language. This method is for those without direct Indian lineage but who wish to integrate into India.
5. **By Incorporation of Territory:** If a new territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India has the power to specify which persons from that territory will become citizens of India. This ensures smooth integration of the population of newly acquired areas. These various methods ensure a fair and comprehensive system for acquiring citizenship.
In simple words: A person can become an Indian citizen in five main ways: by being born in India (birth), by having an Indian parent (descent), by applying after living here for some time (registration), by living here for many years and meeting certain rules (naturalization), or if their area becomes part of India (incorporation of territory).

🎯 Exam Tip: List all five methods clearly and provide a brief, distinct explanation for each to show your understanding of the different pathways to Indian citizenship.

 

Question 3. What are the circumstances that compel the President to declare an emergency in a State?
Answer: The President of India can declare a State emergency, often called President's Rule, under Article 356 when the constitutional machinery in a state fails. Here are the circumstances that compel such a declaration:
(i) **Governor's Report:** The primary trigger is usually a report from the Governor of the state, stating that a situation has arisen where the government of the state cannot be carried on according to the provisions of the Constitution. The Governor acts as the President's representative.
(ii) **Continuance Beyond One Year:** If a State emergency needs to continue beyond one year, it is only possible under two conditions: either a National Emergency (under Article 352) is in operation across India or in the state, or the Election Commission certifies that holding Assembly elections in the state is difficult. The maximum duration for a State emergency is three years.
(iii) **Loss of Autonomy:** During a State emergency, the states lose much of their autonomy in legislative and executive matters. The President takes over the functions of the state government, either directly or through the Governor, ensuring central control.
(iv) **Suspension of State Legislature:** After such an announcement, the State Legislative Assembly is either suspended or dissolved, and the State is governed by the Governor on behalf of the President. The Parliament then takes over the legislative powers of the state. This power is used to restore constitutional order in the state.
In simple words: The President can declare an emergency in a state if the state government cannot follow the Constitution, often based on the Governor's report. This means the central government takes control, and the state's legislative assembly might be stopped. Such an emergency can last up to three years under certain conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining State emergency, emphasize the role of the Governor's report, the conditions for its continuation, and the immediate consequences for state autonomy and legislative functions.

 

Question 4. List the fundamental duties of every citizen of India.
Answer: Part IVA of our Constitution, specifically Article 51A, outlines the fundamental duties of every citizen of India. These duties, though not enforceable by courts, serve as a moral obligation and promote a sense of responsibility among citizens. There are 11 fundamental duties:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
11. To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. (This was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002.)
In simple words: Every Indian citizen has 11 fundamental duties. These include respecting the Constitution and national symbols, following the ideals of freedom, protecting India's unity, defending the country, promoting harmony, valuing culture, protecting the environment, developing scientific thinking, safeguarding public property, striving for excellence, and ensuring education for their children.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be thorough in listing all 11 fundamental duties. Mentioning the Article (51A) and the amendment that added the 11th duty (86th Amendment, 2002) shows extra depth.

 

Question 5. Write briefly about Acquisition of Citizenship.
Answer: The Indian Citizenship Act of 1955 provides several comprehensive ways through which a person can acquire Indian citizenship. These methods reflect different scenarios for becoming a part of the Indian nation. The five main ways are:
(i) **By Birth:** Any person born in India on or after January 26, 1950, is considered a citizen by birth. This principle ensures that birth within the country's borders confers citizenship, fostering national identity.
(ii) **By Descent:** A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, can become an Indian citizen if either of their parents was an Indian citizen at the time of their birth. This provision allows children of Indian nationals living abroad to retain a connection to India.
(iii) **By Registration:** Persons of Indian origin, or those who have married an Indian citizen and have resided in India for a specific period (currently seven years), can apply to the appropriate authority to register themselves as Indian citizens. This method is ideal for those with ancestral or matrimonial ties to India.
(iv) **By Naturalisation:** A foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship through naturalization. This requires fulfilling several conditions, such as having resided in India for at least twelve years (or shorter periods under specific circumstances), being of good character, and possessing adequate knowledge of a language listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. This is a pathway for individuals who wish to assimilate into Indian society.
(v) **By Incorporation of Territory:** If any new territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India has the authority to specify which individuals residing in that territory will automatically become citizens of India. This ensures the smooth integration of the population of newly absorbed regions. Each method serves a distinct purpose in defining who can be an Indian citizen.
In simple words: You can become an Indian citizen in five ways: by being born in India; if one of your parents is Indian when you are born outside India; by registering if you have Indian ties or marry an Indian; by naturalization if you are a foreigner living here long-term; or if your area becomes part of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail each of the five modes of acquiring citizenship, ensuring you clearly state the conditions for each method (e.g., birthdate, parentage, residency period, language knowledge) to provide a complete answer.

 

Question 6. Write a paragraph on Constitutional Reform commissions.
Answer: Over time, India has established Constitutional Reform Commissions to review and suggest changes to its Constitution, ensuring it remains relevant and effective. One notable commission was the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, set up in 2000 under the chairmanship of M.N. Venkatachaliah. This commission aimed to examine the constitutional provisions and recommend reforms to improve governance. Another important body, the Punchchi Commission, was set up in April 2007, headed by former Chief Justice M.M. Punchchi. This three-member commission focused on re-examining the relative roles and responsibilities of various levels of government, particularly concerning Centre-State relations. These commissions play a vital role in adapting the Constitution to changing societal needs and improving the efficiency of democratic institutions by suggesting necessary modifications and improvements. Such reviews are crucial for maintaining the dynamic nature of a living constitution.
In simple words: India sets up special groups called Constitutional Reform Commissions to check and suggest changes to the Constitution. For example, the Venkatachaliah Commission reviewed how the Constitution works, and the Punchchi Commission looked at how the central and state governments work together. These groups help keep the Constitution up-to-date.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about constitutional reform commissions, name at least two significant commissions (e.g., Venkatachaliah, Punchchi) and briefly explain their primary focus areas or contributions.

 

Question 2. How can a person acquire citizenship of our country?
Answer: According to the Citizenship Act of 1955, a person can become a citizen of India in five main ways. Each method helps new people join the country officially.
1. By Birth: Anyone born in India on or after January 26, 1950, is considered a citizen by birth.
2. By Descent: If a person is born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, they can be a citizen by descent if their father was an Indian citizen at the time of their birth.
3. By Registration: People can apply to become Indian citizens by registering with the proper government authority.
4. By Naturalization: Foreigners can get Indian citizenship by applying for naturalization to the Government of India.
5. By Incorporation of Territory: If India adds a new territory, the government decides which people from that new area will become Indian citizens.
In simple words: India has five main ways for people to get citizenship: being born there, having an Indian parent, registering, naturalizing, or becoming a citizen if a new area joins India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the five specific methods of acquiring citizenship (Birth, Descent, Registration, Naturalization, and Incorporation of Territory) as these are key points.

 

Question 3. What are the circumstances that compel the President to declare an emergency in a State?
Answer: The President can declare an emergency in a state if certain situations arise that make normal governance impossible. This power helps maintain order and constitutional rule.
(i) Under Article 356, the President can declare an emergency if the state's Governor reports that the state government cannot function according to the Constitution.
(ii) This emergency can continue for more than one year only if a national emergency (under Article 352) is in effect, or if the Election Commission says it's too difficult to hold state elections. The maximum time for such an emergency is three years.
(iii) During this type of emergency, states lose a lot of their power to make laws and manage affairs.
(iv) After the emergency is announced, the state legislature is paused, and the state is governed by the Governor, acting on behalf of the President.
In simple words: An emergency can be declared in a state if the government there stops working as per the Constitution. This means the state loses power, and the Governor runs things for the President, usually for a maximum of three years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state Article 356 and the conditions, like the Governor's report and the maximum duration, to score well.

 

Question 4. List the fundamental duties of every citizen of India.
Answer: Part IVA of our Constitution, specifically Article 51A, outlines the fundamental duties of Indian citizens. These duties are important for nation-building and good citizenship.
1. Citizens must respect the Constitution, its ideals, institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
2. We should cherish and follow the noble ideas that inspired India's fight for freedom.
3. It is our duty to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
In simple words: Indian citizens have duties like respecting the Constitution and flag, following freedom fighters' ideals, and protecting the country's unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing fundamental duties, remember to mention the Article (51A) and the part of the Constitution (IVA) for accuracy.

 

Question 5. Write briefly about Acquisition of Citizenship.
Answer: The Citizenship Act of 1955 explains the five main ways a person can become a citizen of India. These rules ensure a clear process for gaining nationality.
(i) By Birth: Anyone born in India on or after January 26, 1950, automatically becomes an Indian citizen.
(ii) By Descent: A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, can become an Indian citizen if their father was an Indian citizen at the time of their birth.
(iii) By Registration: Individuals can get Indian citizenship by applying for registration with the proper government authority, often after living in India for a certain period.
(iv) By Naturalization: A foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship through naturalization if they meet specific conditions set by the Government of India.
(v) By Incorporation of Territory: If a new territory becomes part of India, the Indian Government will announce which people from that territory will become Indian citizens.
In simple words: There are five ways to get Indian citizenship: being born in India, having an Indian parent, applying through registration, becoming naturalized, or being part of a territory that joins India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing all five methods of citizenship acquisition with a brief description for each is crucial for a complete answer.

 

Question 6. Write a paragraph on Constitutional Reform commissions.
Answer: To review how the Indian Constitution works, the Government of India established a National Commission in 2000. This commission was led by M.N. Venkatachaliah. Later, in April 2007, another three-member commission was set up, headed by the former Chief Justice of India, M.M. Punchchi. This commission was tasked with examining the roles and responsibilities of different levels of government and their relationships with each other, aiming to improve governance. These commissions play a vital role in keeping the Constitution relevant and effective.
In simple words: India set up commissions, like one in 2000 led by M.N. Venkatachaliah and another in 2007 by M.M. Punchchi, to check and suggest improvements for how the Constitution and different government levels work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the names of the commissions and their chairpersons (M.N. Venkatachaliah and M.M. Punchchi) along with their purpose will demonstrate a thorough understanding.