RBSE Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 United Nations Organization Contribution towards World Peace and Security

Question 1. Which statement does not match with the aim of UNO?
(a) Maintaining international peace and security
(b) Saving world from the wars.
(c) Maintaining trade between India and Pak
(d) Initiative to solve international problems.
Answer: (c) Maintaining trade between India and Pak
In simple words: The United Nations (UNO) focuses on global peace and solving big international issues. Its main purpose is not to manage trade specifically between two countries like India and Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying the aims of international organizations, focus on broad, global goals rather than specific bilateral issues.

Question 3. Which of the following countries is the permanent member of security council?
(a) France
(b) India
(c) Japan
(d) Australia
Answer: (a) France
In simple words: The Security Council has special members who always stay on it. France is one of these five permanent members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the five permanent members of the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Question 4. The agency of UNO which promotes education and culture at present:
(a) World Bank
(b) WHO
(c) UNESCO
(d) IMF
Answer: (c) UNESCO
In simple words: UNESCO is the part of the United Nations that works to make education, science, and culture better all around the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate each UN agency with its primary area of work to distinguish them easily.

Question 5. Which Indian judge is serving in international court at present?
(a) Justice Dalveer Bhandari
(b) Justice Dr Nagendra Singh
(c) Justice Virteet Kothari
(d) Justice Dr Amit Singh Godra
Answer: (a) Justice Dalveer Bhandari
In simple words: Justice Dalveer Bhandari is an Indian judge who is currently a member of the International Court of Justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing current or significant figures from one's own country serving in international bodies can be important for general knowledge questions.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2. Where is the headquarters of International Court?
Answer: The headquarters of the International Court is located in The Hague, Netherlands.
In simple words: The main office for the world's top court is in a city called 'Hague'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the full name of the city, 'The Hague', not just 'Hague'.

Question 3. What is the number of temporary members in security council?
Answer: The Security Council has 10 temporary members.
In simple words: There are 10 members in the Security Council who are not permanent.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish clearly between the five permanent members and the ten non-permanent members of the Security Council.

Question 4. What is the name of special power of the permanent members of UN Security Council?
Answer: The special power held by the permanent members of the UN Security Council is called 'Veto Power'.
In simple words: Permanent members of the UN Security Council have a special power called 'Veto Power'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the veto power allows any one permanent member to block a resolution, even if all other members vote in favor.

Question 5. Who is secretary general of UN at present?
Answer: Antonio Guterres is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In simple words: Antonio Guterres is the main leader, or secretary general, of the United Nations right now.

🎯 Exam Tip: Stay updated on the names of key international figures, as they often appear in current affairs questions.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the main aims of United Nations Organization.
Answer: The first chapter of the UNO charter outlines its main goals in the first article:
1. To keep peace and safety among all countries, including itself and its neighbors. This helps create a good environment for everyone to grow.
2. To solve all kinds of problems—economic, political, social, cultural, and humanitarian—using strong rules and policies. The aim is to fully and finally resolve these issues.
3. To show respect for other countries' independence (sovereignty) and their borders (integrity), and to build good, friendly relationships between nations.
In simple words: The UNO aims to maintain world peace, solve global problems fairly, and ensure countries respect each other's independence to build friendly ties.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing aims, use clear, distinct points and highlight keywords like "peace," "security," "cooperation," and "respect for sovereignty."

Question 3. Name the five countries who are the permanent members of security council.
Answer: The Security Council is the most powerful part of the UNO, responsible for global peace and security. While it initially had 11 members (5 permanent, 6 temporary), an amendment in 1965 increased the total to 15, with 10 temporary members. The five permanent members are:
1. China
2. Russia
3. France
4. Britain
5. USA
In simple words: The five permanent members of the UN Security Council are China, Russia, France, Britain, and the USA. They are responsible for keeping global peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the list of the five permanent members as they are frequently asked in exams regarding the UN Security Council.

Question 4. What is the function of Trusteeship Council?
Answer: The Trusteeship Council works under the General Assembly and performs the following tasks:
1. It reviews reports submitted by administrative officers. These reports detail the political, economic, social, and educational progress of people in areas under trusteeship.
2. This council can, at specific times, visit the related trusteeship areas with administrative officers to observe the situation.
In simple words: The Trusteeship Council checks on how well people in certain territories are developing and makes visits to see their progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the main purpose of the Trusteeship Council: overseeing the transition of trust territories to self-governance or independence.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Throw light on the main aims, and present importance of the establishment of UNO.
Answer: The main aims of the UNO are:
1. To protect future generations from wars and ensure lasting international peace and security.
2. To increase friendly relations among all countries, giving equal rights to both large and small nations, and respecting their right to self-determination.
3. To find solutions for all economic, cultural, and humanitarian problems through cooperation between countries, and to provide basic freedoms to everyone without discrimination.
4. To make UNO a central place where all countries can work together to achieve common goals and establish harmony.
Present Importance of UNO:
Even though the UNO has not always succeeded in preventing wars and crises, it is still considered a vital organization by every country. Unlike the League of Nations, the UNO did not fail after World War II, making its continued existence necessary. Here are some reasons for its importance:
1. The UNO helps arrange discussions between the USA and other countries on various global issues. This allows smaller, poorer, and medium-sized countries to communicate with powerful nations like America.
2. By 2011, 193 countries had become UNO members, making it an important global forum. Here, open discussions take place on international peace, security, and social and economic challenges.
3. While the UNO doesn't have the power to force countries, it can still influence and check the actions of powerful nations like the USA. It can voice global opinion on American policies.
4. Today, many countries possess nuclear weapons. However, due to the UNO's influence, it has been successful in controlling the production and use of chemical and biological weapons.
5. The UNO has helped poor nations by providing loans from the World Bank, IMF, and other emergency aid. This shows why it is important for the world.
6. All countries now understand the need to depend on each other, and the UNO's efforts have increased this mutual reliance. Most countries recognize that no single nation is completely self-sufficient; everyone needs cooperation, whether it's America or England.
In simple words: The UNO's main goals are to stop wars, promote peace, and solve global problems by encouraging countries to work together and respect each other. It is important today because it provides a platform for discussions, helps poor nations, and tries to control dangerous weapons, showing that countries need each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by clearly separating the aims from the importance, using bullet points for clarity. Emphasize key achievements and functions that demonstrate its continued relevance.

Question 2. Write a note on the organizational structure of UNO.
Answer: After World War II, there was a strong need for a global organization to maintain international peace and cooperation. The United Nations Organization (UNO) was founded on October 24, 1945, to meet this need. The first meeting of the UN General Assembly took place on June 10, 1946, in London. The UNO charter has 111 articles that describe its organization, powers, and functions. The UNO is made up of 6 main parts, which are described below:
i. General Assembly:
This is the highest body of the UNO, often called the "meeting hall of the world." Here, all big and small countries' ideas are heard. All UN members are part of the General Assembly. Each country can send a maximum of five representatives but has only one vote. The General Assembly elects its President for one year, and its meeting is held every year on the third Tuesday of September. It discusses international peace and security, passes the UN budget, and elects members for other UN organs.
ii. Security Council:
This is the executive body and an important part of the UNO. It has fifteen members: five are permanent (USA, China, Russia, France, and Britain) and ten are temporary members. These temporary members are elected by the General Assembly for two years. The five permanent members have 'Veto Power', meaning any of them can reject an important proposal. It acts as a major guardian of international peace and security, resolving disputes and, if needed, using force against aggressor countries. It also selects judges for the International Court. However, it is sometimes seen as a tool for superpowers, as the interests of permanent members often dominate its decisions. This leads to criticism, clarified in these ways:
* Association with UN's principles: The Security Council is criticized because, as a part of UNO, it is bound by its principles and cannot always act freely, leading to views of its ineffectiveness.
* Being subordinate to UNO: The Security Council must follow UNO regulations for its operations, which limits its independent functioning.
* Privilege of permanent members: Any permanent member can refuse a decision, causing dissatisfaction among temporary members.
* Wide powers: Although considered crucial for world peace, the Security Council has been criticized for not fully meeting its responsibilities under the UN charter. Experts like Palmar and Parkison have noted that it hasn't played the central role it was intended to. Despite criticism, it remains vital for maintaining international peace and security.
iii. International Court:
This is another important part of the UNO, headquartered in The Hague. It resolves disputes between countries according to international laws, and member countries must follow its decisions. Its 22 judges are experts in international law, elected by the General Assembly for 9-year terms, with five judges retiring every three years and being eligible for re-election. Indian Justice Dalveer Bhandari currently serves as a judge. The court's powers are divided into three parts:
1. Optional right
2. Compulsory right
3. Advisory right
iv. Trusteeship Council:
This is a supporting part of the UNO that helps the UN political committee with the administration of certain strategic areas. It has significantly helped in political, economic, and social development. This council also oversees territories under UN control and protection, working to help these areas become independent and progressive.
v. Secretariat:
This is the main office of the UN, responsible for managing and coordinating programs and policies of various UN organs and agencies. The UN Secretary-General, who heads the Secretariat, is elected for five years based on the General Assembly's recommendation. The Secretary-General's duties include:
1. Calling meetings of the Security Council, Economic and Social Council.
2. Carrying out decisions made by different UN bodies.
3. Alerting the Security Council about global threats.
4. Reporting the Secretariat's work to the General Assembly.
In simple words: The UNO was started after World War II to keep peace. It has six main parts: the General Assembly (where all countries meet and vote), the Security Council (which handles world peace with 5 permanent and 10 temporary members), the International Court (which settles country disputes), the Trusteeship Council (which helps territories become independent), and the Secretariat (which manages daily work, led by the Secretary-General). Each part has specific jobs to help the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list and briefly describe each of the six main organs of the UNO, including their primary functions and key characteristics (e.g., number of members, location of headquarters).

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Other Important Questions

Question 2. Where was the first meeting of the UN General Assembly held?
(a) France
(b) London
(c) Russia
(d) China
Answer: (b) London
In simple words: The very first meeting of the main UN group, called the General Assembly, happened in London.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important historical facts like the location of the first meetings of major international bodies.

Question 3. How many articles are there in the UN Charter?
(a) 111
(b) 112
(c) 112
(d) 114
Answer: (a) 111
In simple words: The UN Charter, which is like the rulebook for the United Nations, has 111 different sections or articles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key numerical facts about international charters or organizations are often tested.

Question 4. How many members were originally there in the UN?
(a) 49
(b) 50
(c) 51
(d) 52
Answer: (c) 51
In simple words: When the United Nations first started, there were 51 countries that joined as members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the initial number of member states for significant international organizations to understand their growth over time.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. How many nations were included in the foundation of UN? Name them.
Answer: Five nations were involved in the founding of the UN. These five permanent members of the Security Council are: USA, France, China, Russia, and Britain.
In simple words: Five countries started the UN: the USA, France, China, Russia, and Britain.

🎯 Exam Tip: These five nations are the permanent members of the Security Council, a key fact to remember.

Question 2. Name any two aims of UNO.
Answer: Two aims of the UNO are:
1. To maintain peace among all nations around the world.
2. To build friendly and respectful relationships between countries, recognizing everyone's equal rights.
In simple words: The UNO wants to keep peace in the world and help countries be friendly and fair to each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for "any two" aims, choose the most fundamental and universally recognized goals of the organization.

Question 3. Name any two principle of UNO.
Answer: Two key principles of the UNO are:
1. To respect the independence (sovereignty) of all member countries.
2. To solve disagreements between nations peacefully.
In simple words: The UNO follows rules like respecting each country's right to govern itself and settling fights without war.

🎯 Exam Tip: Principles are the core beliefs or guidelines; aims are the goals. Keep these distinct in your understanding.

Question 4. On what basis membership is given to any country by UNO?
Answer: Membership in the UNO is granted by the General Assembly, based on the recommendation of the Security Council.
In simple words: A country can join the UNO if the Security Council suggests it and the General Assembly agrees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the two key bodies involved in approving new UN memberships: the Security Council (recommendation) and the General Assembly (final approval).

Question 5. Which part of UNO is known as he meeting hall of the world?
Answer: The General Assembly is known as the "meeting hall of the world."
In simple words: The General Assembly is often called the "meeting hall of the world" because all member countries gather there.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the General Assembly's role as the main deliberative body where all member states have equal representation.

Question 7. On which basis is the President of general assembly elected?
Answer: The President of the General Assembly is elected based on their personal ability and merit.
In simple words: The leader of the General Assembly is chosen based on how capable and skilled they are.

🎯 Exam Tip: While personal ability is a key factor, also note that the presidency rotates among regional groups.

Question 8. Who was the first President of general assembly?
Answer: Mr. Paul Spook of Belgium was the first President of the General Assembly.
In simple words: The first president of the UN General Assembly was Mr. Paul Spook from Belgium.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the first leaders of key international bodies is an important historical detail.

Question 9. How is the general committee of general assembly formed?
Answer: The General Committee of the General Assembly is formed by combining 17 vice-presidents and the heads of seven permanent committees.
In simple words: The General Committee is made up of 17 vice-presidents and the leaders of 7 main committees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the General Committee plays a crucial role in the General Assembly's agenda and work organization.

Question 10. Who is there to help the President of general assembly?
Answer: The Chief of Cabinet helps the President of the General Assembly.
In simple words: The President of the General Assembly gets help from the Chief of Cabinet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the key support staff and roles within the UN's operational structure.

Question 11. What are the conditions for new membership of international court of UN?
Answer: The conditions for new membership in the International Court of Justice of the UN are:
1. The applying country must agree to the court's constitution and all its rules.
2. The country must contribute its share to the estimated expenses of the General Assembly.
In simple words: To join the International Court, a country must agree to its rules and pay its share of the costs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that conditions for joining international bodies often include accepting their legal framework and financial responsibilities.

Question 12. Which Indian is a judge in international court at present?
Answer: Justice Dalveer Bhandari is an Indian judge serving in the International Court of Justice at present.
In simple words: Justice Dalveer Bhandari from India is currently a judge at the international court.

🎯 Exam Tip: As mentioned before, recognize significant personalities from your country serving in global roles.

Question 14. Write full name of UNESCO.
Answer: The full name of UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
In simple words: UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the full forms of key abbreviations for UN agencies is essential for comprehensive understanding.

Question 15. For world peace and security which two problems were solved by UNO?
Answer: The UNO helped solve the following two problems for world peace and security:
1. The Iran problem
2. The Congo crisis
In simple words: The UN helped sort out issues in Iran and the Congo to make the world more peaceful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cite specific historical examples where the UN intervened successfully to maintain peace and security.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 29 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. When and why was UNO founded? At present how many countries are its members?
Answer: The United Nations Organization (UNO) was founded on October 24, 1945. It was established because after World War II (1939-45), the dangerous situation led everyone to believe that another major war would destroy humanity. Therefore, efforts were made to create an organization that all countries would value for international peace. Initially, there were 51 member countries. Currently, the UNO has 193 member nations, with 'Montenegro' becoming the 193rd member in 2016.
In simple words: The UN was started on October 24, 1945, after World War II, to prevent future global wars and keep peace. It began with 51 countries and now has 193 members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the founding date, initial members, and current number of members as these are fundamental facts about the UN.

Question 2. In the introduction of UNO, which targets are laid down?
Answer: The following targets are outlined in the introduction of the UNO:
1. To protect the world from future wars.
2. To establish basic human rights for all, ensuring equal rights for women and for all countries, big and small.
3. To promote respect and fairness for agreements signed between nations.
In simple words: The UNO aims to prevent wars, ensure human rights and equality for everyone, and make sure countries respect their agreements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the overarching themes of peace, human rights, and international law when discussing the foundational targets of the UN.

Question 4. Describe briefly the powers of general assembly.
Answer: Articles 10 to 17 of the UNO Charter describe the powers of the General Assembly as follows:
1. To seek legal advice from the International Court on any legal matter.
2. To discuss the application of the international atomic power committee.
3. To select the Secretary-General based on the Security Council's recommendation.
4. To select 10 temporary members of the Security Council, as well as members of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council.
5. To consider proposals submitted by the Secretary-General, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, and other committees.
In simple words: The General Assembly can ask for legal advice, discuss atomic power, choose the Secretary-General and other members for councils, and review proposals from different UN bodies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the General Assembly's key roles in deliberation, election, and budgetary matters, distinguishing it from the executive functions of the Security Council.

Question 5. Describe the organization of general assembly.
Answer: Organization of General Assembly:
The General Assembly is the largest body of the UNO, serving as a kind of world parliament. All UN members are part of it, and each member has an equal voting right. While a country can send up to five representatives, it still gets only one vote. The General Assembly elects its President for a one-year term based on personal merit, chosen through a secret ballot. Mr. Paul Spook of Belgium was the first president, presiding over the first meeting on January 10, 1946. Generally, the Chief of Cabinet acts as the executive secretary and helps the President. The General Assembly represents different regions and includes a General Committee formed by 17 vice-presidents and 7 permanent speakers from various committees.
In simple words: The General Assembly is like the UN's main meeting place for all member countries, each with one vote. It elects a president for one year and has a General Committee to help manage its work.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the General Assembly, ensure you cover its composition (all members), voting structure (one country, one vote), presidency, and supporting committees.

Question 7. Why can the privilege of permanent members of security council not be ended?
Answer: The special privilege, or 'Veto Power', of the five permanent members of the Security Council cannot be ended for several reasons:
To maintain global peace, the UNO charter declared these five nations as permanent members with veto power. These countries are major global powers, often possessing nuclear weapons. Although the Cold War has ended, the world is still not ready for widespread changes that would give all 193 member countries equal status. It is also important to remember that if the veto power were removed, these powerful countries might lose interest in the UNO. Without their involvement and support, the UNO would become ineffective, posing a serious threat to world security and international peace.
In simple words: The special power of permanent Security Council members cannot be removed because these powerful countries are essential for world peace. Without their support, the UN might become ineffective, and the world is not yet ready for all countries to have equal power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the veto power, include arguments both for its historical necessity (Cold War context) and its contemporary implications for the UN's effectiveness and member state cooperation.

Question 9. Write a short note on economic and social council.
Answer: The Economic and Social Council is a crucial part of the United Nations. Its job is to perform economic and social welfare work globally. According to the UN charter, one of its goals is to ensure human rights and freedom for everyone, without discrimination based on caste, language, gender, or religion. This council is formed by elected members of the General Assembly to achieve these goals.
In simple words: The Economic and Social Council is a main part of the UN that works on improving economic and social well-being and making sure human rights are respected for all people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing UN organs, always mention their main function and how they relate to the UN's overall aims, such as promoting human rights and welfare.

Question 10. “Secretariat is one of the main organs of UNO. Clarify this.
Answer: The Secretariat is a key part of the United Nations, acting as its headquarters. It manages and coordinates the various programs and policies of other UN bodies and agencies. International staff are appointed to provide services to different UN organs and represent member countries. Around 50,000 staff members are appointed at headquarters and other locations, ensuring fair representation from each member country. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General, who is elected by the General Assembly for five years. The UN Charter grants significant powers to the Secretary-General, who can bring any issue threatening international peace and security to the attention of the Security Council. The Secretary-General also acts as a mediator between countries with the General Assembly's permission.
In simple words: The Secretariat is like the UN's main office, running its daily operations and coordinating all its parts. The Secretary-General leads it and works to keep global peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the Secretariat's role as the administrative body and the Secretary-General's function as its head and a key mediator.

Question 11. Which are the special agencies associated with UNO? Name them.
Answer: The special agencies associated with the UNO include:
1. UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
2. WHO: World Health Organization
3. ITU: International Telecommunication Union
In simple words: Many special groups work with the UN to help with different global issues, like education, health, and communication.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing agencies, ensure you provide both the acronym and the full name for clarity and completeness.

Question 12. Write about any five special agencies of UNO.
Answer: Here are five special agencies of the UNO:

• UNESCO: Its headquarters are in Paris. UNESCO monitors education levels, scientific research, and the use of international importance, as well as maintaining cultural heritage.
• ILO (International Labour Organization): Its headquarters are in Geneva. The ILO creates guidelines for workers and employers.
• WHO (World Health Organization): Established on April 17, 1948, celebrated as World Health Day. Its headquarters are in Geneva. It has worked on eliminating diseases like malaria, chickenpox, and polio. It also oversees many programs for the health of school children.
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization): Its headquarters are in Rome. It shares advanced farming methods, helps resolve food crises, and presents research on new crop varieties.
• IMF (International Monetary Fund): Its headquarters are in Washington. Its goal is to promote financial cooperation, provide trade facilities, and offer economic help to nations. For example, in 2002, the Euro currency was circulated by this institution.

🎯 Exam Tip: For each agency, remember its full name, headquarters, and one or two key functions to provide a comprehensive answer.

Question 13. What steps should be taken to make UNO powerful? Give your suggestions.
Answer: To strengthen the UNO, several steps can be taken:
1. Countries that are not yet members of the UNO should be encouraged to join.
2. The number of temporary members in the Security Council should be increased.
3. The funding for the UNO should be increased to support more development and growth programs.
4. In today's changing world, countries like India, Japan, Germany, Canada, Brazil, and South Africa should be granted permanent membership in the Security Council.
5. UNO members should collaborate on issues such as environmental pollution, terrorism, and denuclearization.
6. In the Security Council, the number of temporary members should be increased.
7. The UNO's budget should be increased to enable more development programs.
In simple words: To make the UN stronger, more countries should join, the Security Council should have more members, and the UN should get more money to do its work. Also, big countries like India should become permanent members of the Security Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: When suggesting improvements for international organizations, focus on structural changes (membership, funding) and functional enhancements (cooperation on global issues).

Question 14. Describe the fundamental principles of UNO.
Answer: The fundamental principles of the UNO, as outlined in Article 2 of its charter, are:

• Sovereignty: The first principle states that all nations, both large and small, are equal and their independence should be respected.
• Description of duties and responsibilities: The second principle expects all nations to honestly follow the duties and responsibilities written in the UN charter.
• Decision of disputes: Members of the UNO must resolve international disagreements peacefully to maintain global peace and security.
• Conduct of international relations: UNO members must not threaten the unity or political freedom of any nation in their international relations.
• Help in work: All members of the UNO will support its work and will not help countries that act against the UNO's rules and structure.
• International peace and security: The UNO will ensure that nations, even those not members, follow the principles of peace and security.
• Interference in internal cases: The UNO will not interfere in the internal affairs of any nation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key terms like sovereignty, peaceful dispute resolution, and non-interference, as these are central to the UN's operational philosophy.

Question 2. Describe in detail the general assembly of UNO.
Answer: The General Assembly of the UNO is its highest representative body, often called the "world parliament." Every member nation of the UN is also a member of the General Assembly. Each country can send up to five representatives but has only one vote. This assembly is a platform to present proposals against injustice and to voice concerns. Its detailed structure is as follows:
i. Organization of General Assembly: All UN members are part of it. The General Assembly elects its President for one year, based on personal ability through a secret ballot. Mr. Paul Spook of Belgium was the first President, who presided over the initial meeting on January 10, 1946. A Chief Di-Cabinet usually assists the President, acting as the executive secretary for the General Assembly officers. A general committee is formed by joining 17 Vice-Presidents and 7 permanent committee speakers.
ii. Session of General Assembly: The General Assembly meets regularly on the third Tuesday of September each year. Special sessions can be called if requested by a majority of UN members, the General Assembly, or the Security Council. If a special session is called, a President is elected for that specific session. A special process established in 1950 allows for a meeting within 24 hours to make decisions for world peace if there's an obstacle due to veto power, which the Security Council must follow.
iii. Powers and functions of General Assembly: Its powers and functions include:
1. Discussing issues related to international peace and security.
2. Electing 10 temporary members of the Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council, and the Secretary-General.
3. Ending a nation's membership with a two-thirds majority vote, upon the Security Council's recommendation.
In simple words: The General Assembly is the main talking and decision-making part of the UN, where all countries get a voice. It meets yearly, elects a leader, and helps manage global peace, security, and other UN bodies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the General Assembly's organizational structure, its session procedures, and its key powers, especially regarding elections and peace discussions.

Question 3. Describe the security council in detail.
Answer: The Security Council is the most powerful body of the UNO, primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Here is a detailed description:
i. Formation of Security Council: The Security Council consists of 15 members. Five of these are permanent members: USA, Russia, Britain, France, and China. The other 10 members are temporary and are elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly. When selecting temporary members, the General Assembly considers a country's contribution to global peace and security.
ii. Powers and functions of Security Council: Its functions include:
1. Making decisions regarding international peace and security.
2. Resolving disputes and, if necessary, using force against aggressor countries.
3. Electing the Secretary-General with the help of the General Assembly.
4. Reviewing complaints from any country and working to resolve them.
iii. Critical assessment: The Security Council is considered a highly important and sensitive part of the UNO due to its extensive powers. However, it has faced criticism because, despite its mandate, it sometimes fails to fully address its responsibilities under the UN Charter. For instance, Palmar and Parkinson noted that while the Security Council was intended as a central agency, it couldn't always play its expected role. This highlights that while crucial for peace, its effectiveness can be limited.
In simple words: The Security Council is the UN's strong arm, tasked with keeping peace. It has 15 members (5 permanent, 10 temporary) and makes important decisions, resolves conflicts, and can even use force. While it's vital, it sometimes gets criticized for not fully meeting its goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the distinction between permanent and temporary members, including the veto power, and mention both the council's importance and common criticisms.

Question 4. Describe the structure, powers and jurisdiction of international court.
Answer: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a main body of the UNO, with its headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands. All member states of the United Nations are bound to follow its decisions on matters covered by its charter. The structure, powers, and jurisdiction of the International Court are as follows:
i. Structure of International Court: All members of the UNO are also members of the International Court. On the Security Council's recommendations, the General Assembly can grant membership to the International Court to a country that is not a UN member, provided certain conditions are met. These conditions for new membership are:
1. The applying country must accept the court's constitution and other rules.
2. It must contribute to the estimated expenses determined by the General Assembly.
The International Court has 22 judges, who are experts in international law, chosen for their high ability and moral character, without considering their nationality. Judges are declared elected if they secure a majority in both the Security Council and the General Assembly.
ii. Power and jurisdiction of International Court:

• Optional: For issues brought before the International Court by mutual agreement of contesting nations, the optional jurisdiction applies. There is no obligation for any country to bring its cases to the International Court.
• Compulsory: According to Article 30, the following types of cases fall under its compulsory jurisdiction:
  1. Explaining treaties made under the UNO's authority.
  2. Questions related to international law.
  3. Cases of violating any international law or treaty.
  4. Any established fact that becomes the responsibility of the International Court for judgment.
• Advisory: The International Court has the authority to give advice on specific questions to special agencies established by the General Assembly and Security Council. This advice is given upon a written request from the associated institution. The court does not offer advice on its own initiative. Accepting or rejecting this advice depends on the requesting institution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the court's optional, compulsory, and advisory jurisdictions to show a complete understanding of its operational scope. Also, remember its location and how judges are selected.