RBSE Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Textbook Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. In which part of constitution, fundamental rights have been described?
(a) Section 1
(b) Section 2
(c) Section 3
(d) Section 4
Answer: (c) Section 3
In simple words: Fundamental rights are explained in Section 3 of the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific articles or sections of the Constitution related to fundamental rights for MCQs.

Question 3. The Directive Principles of State Policy have been taken from the Constitution of which country?
(a) The USA
(b) England
(c) Ireland
(d) Australia
Answer: (c) Ireland
In simple words: The ideas for the Directive Principles of State Policy in India came from the Constitution of Ireland.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the sources of different constitutional provisions is important for political science exams.

Question 4. In which section of the constitution have the Directive Principles of State Policy been described?
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer: (d) Fourth
In simple words: The Directive Principles of State Policy are found in the Fourth section of the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the sections for Fundamental Rights (Section 3) and Directive Principles of State Policy (Section 4).

Question 5. "Men and women all citizens have equal right of earning a living.” which of the following types of directive principles is this?
(a) Regarding Social Welfare and Education
(b) Regarding Economic Security
(c) Regardingjustice
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Regarding Economic Security
In simple words: The statement about equal right to earn a living for all citizens relates to ensuring everyone has economic security.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the categories of Directive Principles (socialistic, Gandhian, liberal-intellectual) and associate specific provisions with them.

Question 7. How many fundamental rights are there in the Indian constitution at present?
(a) 05
(b) 06
(c) 07
(d) 08
Answer: (b) 06
In simple words: Currently, there are 6 fundamental rights listed in the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that the number of fundamental rights has changed over time (e.g., Right to Property was removed), so specify "at present".

Question 8. When the High Court issues a writ to the government official asking to do his duty, it is called :
(a) Mandamus
(b) Prohibition
(c) Certiorari
(d) Quo warranto
Answer: (a) Mandamus
In simple words: When a court tells a government official to do their job, it's called a writ of Mandamus.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the different types of writs and their specific purposes for judicial review questions.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. In which article have the fundamental rights been described?
Answer: Fundamental rights are described from Article 12 to 30 and from Article 32 to 35.
In simple words: Fundamental rights are explained in the Constitution within Articles 12 to 30 and then from 32 to 35.

🎯 Exam Tip: Group related articles together when discussing constitutional provisions for clarity.

Question 2. To which article is the right to freedom related?
Answer: The right to freedom is related to Article 19.
In simple words: The right to freedom is connected to Article 19 of the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the specific article numbers for important fundamental rights.

Question 4. Mention different educational programs being carried out by the government with a view to implementing the directive principles.
Answer: To implement the directive principles related to education, the government has carried out several programs. The 86th constitutional amendment gave every child aged 6 to 14 the right to free and compulsory primary education. Programs like the Education for All campaign and Mid-day meal schemes are being run to achieve this goal.
In simple words: The government has started programs like free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 and Mid-day meal schemes to follow the education guidelines in the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing government initiatives, always link them back to the specific constitutional provisions or principles they aim to fulfill.

Question 5. In which section of the constitution have the fundamental duties been added?
Answer: Ten fundamental duties were added in Section 4 (a) of the constitution.
In simple words: Fundamental duties were included in Section 4 (a) of the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific section (4A) and the number of duties added originally (10) for fundamental duties.

Question 6. To which fundamental right are the articles 14 to 18 of the Indian constitution related?
Answer: Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian constitution are related to the Right to Equality.
In simple words: Articles 14 to 18 in the Indian Constitution are all about the Right to Equality.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly associate the range of articles with the correct fundamental right.

Question 7. To which article is the right against exploitation related?
Answer: The right against exploitation is related to Articles 23-24 of the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: Articles 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution deal with the right against exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand which fundamental rights are covered by which specific articles.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is meant by fundamental right?
Answer: Fundamental rights are essential rights that are crucial for a person's complete development. They ensure basic freedoms and protections necessary for every individual to live a dignified life. These rights are fundamental because they are considered inherent and are protected by the constitution.
In simple words: Fundamental rights are basic rights every person needs for their full growth and protection, guaranteed by the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining fundamental rights, highlight their essential nature for individual development and constitutional protection.

Question 2. What provisions have been made in the fundamental rights regarding religious freedom?
Answer: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution grant religious freedom to every citizen. The provisions include:
1. Article 25 ensures freedom of conscience, the right to freely practice, profess, and propagate any religion. It also allows entry and worship in religious institutions without discrimination.
2. Article 26 provides the right to manage one's own religious affairs and institutions.
3. Article 27 states that donations for religious activities are tax-free.
4. Article 28 prevents anyone from being forced to receive religious instruction in educational institutions fully funded by the state.
In simple words: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution give everyone the freedom to choose, practice, and spread their religion. It also ensures religious institutions can manage themselves, religious donations are tax-free, and no one is forced into religious instruction in state-funded schools.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key articles and their specific protections when explaining fundamental rights like religious freedom.

Question 3. Write a note on prevention detention.
Answer: Preventive detention involves holding a person without a trial to stop them from committing a crime, rather than as punishment. If the state believes a person might commit an offense that threatens state security, they can be detained for a limited period without trial. Although a person cannot be detained for more than three months without the approval of an Advisory Board (which includes a judge-qualified member), the government has enacted laws for this purpose. Two such laws are:
1. The National Security Act
2. The Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Ordinance.
In simple words: Preventive detention means holding someone to stop them from doing something wrong, not to punish them. It can be done for a limited time if there's a security risk, even without a trial, but it needs approval after three months.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between punitive detention (after committing a crime) and preventive detention (to prevent a crime) and mention the associated laws.

Question 4. Explain the utility of National Security Act.
Answer: The National Security Ordinance was introduced in December 1980 and later became a law. Its main goal was to allow the government to detain people involved in dangerous activities or communal riots to protect national security. The National Security Act is a part of preventive detention laws. In June 1984, the National Security Act Second Amendment Ordinance was issued, making it applicable across all of India, except for Jammu and Kashmir at that time.
In simple words: The National Security Act helps the government detain people who might harm the country's safety, especially those involved in dangerous activities or riots, to keep the nation secure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the primary objective of such acts and their historical context if relevant.

Question 5. Write any five fundamental duties given in the India constitution.
Answer: The Indian Constitution outlines several fundamental duties for its citizens. Here are five of them:
1. To follow the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the national flag, and the national anthem.
2. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
3. To defend the country and perform national service when asked.
4. To promote harmony and a spirit of common brotherhood among all people, going beyond religious, linguistic, and regional differences, and to avoid practices that disrespect women.
5. To safeguard public property and avoid violence.
In simple words: Citizens must respect the Constitution and national symbols, protect India's unity, defend the country, promote harmony among everyone, and protect public property while avoiding violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing duties, ensure you cover a range of aspects, such as civic responsibility, national unity, and social harmony.

Question 6. Mention the provisions made in the Indian constitution regarding the right to equality.
Answer: The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Equality from Articles 14 to 18. This ensures everyone is equal before the law, has equal employment opportunities, and social equality. Key provisions include:

• Article 14: States that all citizens are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the law without any discrimination.
• Article 15: Prohibits discrimination by the state against any citizen based on religion, origin, caste, gender, or birthplace.
• Article 16: Guarantees equal opportunities in public services for all citizens, preventing discrimination based on religion, caste, or gender.
• Article 17: Completely abolishes the practice of untouchability to promote equality, making it a punishable offense. The Untouchability Prevention Act 1955 was amended and renamed the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955.
• Abolition of Titles: During British rule, titles caused discrimination. Indian citizens cannot accept any title except in education or the army, nor any foreign title without presidential permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly enumerate the specific articles and their contributions to the Right to Equality, including legal and social aspects.

Question 7. "Fundamental rights and fundamental duties are complementary to each other”. Explain.
Answer: Fundamental rights and duties are key pillars of the Indian Constitution, both crucial for the overall development of citizens. They share a special, complementary relationship; one person's rights often correspond to another's duties. It's impossible to imagine rights existing without duties. While the 1950 Constitution initially provided only rights, the 42nd amendment in 1976 added ten fundamental duties, recognizing their importance. Without performing duties, fully enjoying rights isn't possible. Duties instill patriotism and represent the other side of the rights coin, implying that to claim our rights, we must also be prepared to fulfill our responsibilities.
In simple words: Fundamental rights and duties work together in the Indian Constitution; you can't have one without the other. If you want your rights, you must also do your duties, which helps build patriotism and a balanced society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the interdependent nature of rights and duties, highlighting that duties are essential for the effective realization and enjoyment of rights.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention the fundamental rights of the Indian constitution given to the citizens, explaining any two rights in detail.
Answer: The Indian Constitution grants six fundamental rights to its citizens. These are:
1. Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18)
2. Right to Freedom (Article 19 to 22)
3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23 to 24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25 to 28)
5. Cultural and Educational Right (Article 29 to 30)
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Right against Exploitation:
This right protects individuals from forced labor and child labor. According to Articles 23-24, human trafficking, forced labor, and any form of exploitation are prohibited and punishable by law. Children below 14 years of age cannot be employed in factories, mines, or other hazardous work.

Cultural and Educational Rights:
These rights ensure that minorities can preserve their culture and establish educational institutions. Key provisions include:

• Protection of interests of minorities (Article 29): All citizens have the right to preserve their distinct language, script, and culture. No citizen can be denied admission to any state-maintained or state-aided educational institution on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
• Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30): All religious and linguistic minorities have the right to establish and manage educational institutions of their choice. The state cannot discriminate against any educational institution receiving aid simply because it is managed by a minority group.

Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): The Indian Constitution guarantees six basic freedoms to every citizen, along with protection of life and personal liberty, and safeguards against arrest and detention.

I. Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)):
1. All citizens are guaranteed the freedom to express their opinions, make speeches, and publish their views in public.
2. This freedom also includes the freedom of the press.
3. However, certain restrictions can be imposed to prevent misuse of this right, such as for the sovereignty and integrity of India, state security, friendly relations with foreign countries, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, and incitement to an offense.

II. Right to Assemble Peacefully without Arms (Article 19(1)(b)):
Under this article, all citizens have the right to assemble peacefully and hold gatherings without weapons. This right can be limited in the interest of public safety.

III. Right to Form Associations and Unions (Article 19(1)(c)):
Citizens can form associations and unions. This right can also be limited in the interest of the state or public safety.

IV. Right to Move Freely and Reside Anywhere throughout the Territory of India (Article 19(1)(d)):
Citizens have the right to move freely throughout India without any restrictions.

V. Right to Reside and Settle in Any Part of the Territory of India (Article 19(1)(e)):
Citizens are guaranteed the right to reside and settle in any part of India.

VI. Right to Practice Any Profession or to Carry on Any Occupation, Trade or Business (Article 19(1)(f)):
This article guarantees the right to practice any profession or carry on any occupation, trade, or business in any part of India. However, for public welfare, certain activities like drug dealing, or dangerous or harmful businesses, may be prohibited.

Protection of Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21):
No person can be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. The 44th constitutional amendment made this right even more effective, ensuring it cannot be limited even during a state of emergency.

Protection Against Arrest and Detention (Article 22):
A person who is arrested has specific rights:
1. The right to know the reason for their arrest.
2. The right to legal support from a lawyer of their choice.
3. They must be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours.
These rights do not apply to enemy aliens or those arrested under Preventive Detention Acts. This ensures that the right to freedom is not diminished, although prohibitions can be imposed during special emergency times.
In simple words: Indian citizens have six fundamental rights. These include the Right against Exploitation (stopping forced labor and child labor), Cultural and Educational Rights (allowing minorities to protect their culture and run schools), and the Right to Freedom. The Right to Freedom covers free speech, peaceful assembly, forming groups, moving and living anywhere in India, and choosing a profession. It also protects life and personal freedom (Article 21) and gives rights to arrested persons (Article 22), like knowing why they're arrested and seeing a lawyer.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing specific fundamental rights, mention the relevant articles and provide concise explanations for each sub-provision. It's helpful to organize them with Roman numerals or bullet points for clarity.

Question 2. What do you mean by fundamental rights? Mentioning their importance explain the right to equality.
Answer:
Meaning of fundamental rights: Fundamental rights are basic human rights, also called natural rights, that every individual should possess. They are crucial for a person's overall development and allow them to live life according to their choices. These rights are protected by the Indian Constitution, and the state cannot interfere with them. If these rights are violated, a person can approach the judiciary for protection, with the Supreme Court upholding their supremacy.
Importance of fundamental rights:
1. Fundamental rights are the bedrock of democracy.
2. They ensure the physical, mental, and moral development of every citizen.

Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18):
The Constitution guarantees equality before the law, equal employment opportunities, and social equality to every citizen. The following provisions are made for this:

• Equality before the law: Article 14 states that the state cannot deny any citizen equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within its territory. All are treated equally without discrimination.
• Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of religion, origin, caste, gender or birth place: Article 15 directs the state not to discriminate against any citizen based on these factors.
• Equality of opportunities of appointment in Public Services: Article 16 guarantees equal opportunities for all citizens in public services, ensuring no discrimination based on religion, caste, or gender.
• Abolition of untouchability: Article 17 completely abolishes untouchability, making its practice a punishable offense. The Untouchability Prevention Act 1955 was amended and is now known as the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955.
• Abolition of Titles: During British rule, titles created social discrimination. Indian citizens cannot accept any titles except those related to education or military, and no foreign titles without the President's permission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer clearly with a definition, importance points, and detailed explanations of specific rights, including their relevant articles.

Question 3. Explain the directive principles of state policy and explain the difference between the directive principles and fundamental rights.
Answer:
The directive principles of state policy: The Indian Constitution lays down certain fundamental guidelines that states must follow when making their policies. These are called Directive Principles of State Policy. They act as instructions or orders, indicating what the states' policies should be to provide citizens with essential facilities for their overall development and to establish a welfare state.

These principles can be categorized as follows:
1. Directive principles related to economic security
2. Directive principles related to social security and education
3. Directive principles related to Panchayati Raj, ancient heritage, sites, and justice.
4. Directive principles related to international peace and security.

Difference between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights:

• On the basis of area: Fundamental rights mainly concern people within the country, while directive principles also extend to the international level, making their scope broader.
• On the basis of objectives: Fundamental rights aim to establish political democracy for citizens. Directive principles, however, aim to establish economic and social democracy, which is vital for national success.
• On the basis of form: Fundamental rights are prohibitory (they forbid the state from doing certain things), whereas directive principles are positive (they direct the state to do certain things).
• On other basis:
  1. Fundamental rights focus on the individual, while directive principles focus on society.
  2. Citizens can enjoy fundamental rights immediately, but directive principles are still being worked towards for full practical implementation.
  3. Fundamental rights are justiciable, meaning they can be enforced in court. Directive principles are not justiciable.
  4. Fundamental rights indicate political democracy, while directive principles indicate social and economic democracy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each concept first, then use a comparative approach (e.g., side-by-side or point-by-point) to highlight their differences, especially their enforceability and scope.

Question 4. Explain in detail the various programs carried out by the government with a view to implementing the directive principles state policy.
Answer: To implement the Directive Principles of State Policy, the government has undertaken various programs:

• Land Reforms: After 1951, land reforms were implemented under the 9th Schedule of the Constitution to provide security to farmers who actually tilled the land.
• Panchayati Raj and Local Self Government: Directive principles recommended establishing Gram Panchayats as local self-government units. The Panchayati Raj system was implemented nationwide on October 2, 1959.
• Five-Year Plans: A planning system was adopted for the country's economic development, with a Planning Commission forming economic development structures. Eleven Five-Year Plans have been implemented to date.
• Welfare of Weaker Sections: Special provisions have been made in the Constitution for the welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and backward classes. Reservations in representative institutions were extended until January 25, 2020, by the 95th constitutional amendment. Strict laws against untouchability were enacted, and provisions for free education and scholarships for these sections were made. For women's empowerment, 30% posts were reserved in Panchayati Raj Institutions and urban local self-governments by the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments.
• Social Security: Programs like the Old Age Pension Scheme, Health Insurance Scheme, and Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 have been implemented at the national level for the social upliftment of weaker sections.
• Nationalization of Big Industries: To achieve economic equality, major industries like life insurance, transportation, coal mining, tourism, and banks have been nationalized.
• Reformation in the Judicial System: To provide fast and affordable justice, Lok Adalats and fast-track court systems have been adopted.
• The Right to Free and Compulsory Education: At independence, only 14% of India's population was educated. Recognizing education's importance, the 86th constitutional amendment granted every child aged 6-14 the right to free and compulsory primary education. Campaigns like the Mid-day Meal Program are run to achieve this.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing government programs for Directive Principles, provide specific examples and, if possible, mention the relevant constitutional amendments or acts.

Question 6. Explain in detail the fundamental duties as given in the Indian constitution.
Answer: In the 1950 Constitution, only fundamental rights were provided, not duties. However, in 1976, the 42nd amendment added fundamental duties to the Constitution, recognizing their importance for citizens. Section 4(a) of the Constitution now lists 10 fundamental duties. It states that it shall be the duty of every citizen to:

1. Follow the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, national flag, and national anthem.
2. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
3. Defend the country and render national service when called upon.
4. Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional diversities, and renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
5. Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
6. Protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and have compassion for living creatures.
7. Develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
8. Safeguard public property and abjure violence.
9. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
10. The 11th fundamental duty was added by the 86th constitutional amendment (2002), amending Article 51(a). It states that parents or guardians must provide opportunities for education to their children between the ages of 6 and 14 years.

In simple words: The Indian Constitution, after an amendment in 1976, includes fundamental duties for citizens. These duties cover respecting the Constitution, protecting India's unity, promoting harmony, preserving heritage, protecting the environment, developing scientific thinking, safeguarding public property, striving for excellence, and ensuring education for children aged 6-14.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing fundamental duties, ensure you mention their constitutional origin (42nd and 86th amendments) and cover a diverse range of responsibilities.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Which right has been accepted under article 21?
(a) Right to quality
(b) Right to freedom
(c) Right to property
(d) Right to education
Answer: (b) Right to freedom
In simple words: Article 21 of the Constitution recognizes the Right to Freedom, specifically the protection of life and personal liberty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Article 21 is a crucial part of the Right to Freedom, often referred to as the "heart and soul" of the Constitution in specific contexts.

Question 2. Which of the following freedom has not been included in six freedoms mentioned under article 19?
(a) Freedom of speech and expression.
(b) Freedom to practise any profession, occupation, trade, business.
(c) Freedom to have arms for personal security.
(d) Freedom to form association or union.
Answer: (c) Freedom to have arms for personal security.
In simple words: The six freedoms listed in Article 19 do not include the right to own weapons for personal protection.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about what freedoms are explicitly guaranteed under Article 19 and distinguish them from other rights or proposed freedoms.

Question 4. Which writ is issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts to prohibit the lower courts which are doing something which exceeds their jurisdiction?
(a) Prohibition
(b) Mandamus
(c) Quo Warranto
(d) Habeas Corpus
Answer: (a) Prohibition
In simple words: This writ is like an order from a higher court telling a lower court to stop doing something it doesn't have the power to do. It prevents courts from going beyond their allowed limits.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember 'prohibition' means to stop something. This writ stops lower courts from exceeding their authority.

Question 5. Who is the author of the 'Arthashastra'?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Chanakya
(c) Aristotle
(d) Manu
Answer: (a) Kautilya
In simple words: Kautilya wrote the famous book called 'Arthashastra'. It is an ancient Indian book about politics, economics, and military strategy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Kautilya is also known as Chanakya. This historical figure is important for understanding ancient Indian political thought.

Question 6. In section 3 of the Indian Constitution, how many articles are there about the fundamental rights?
(a) 22
(b) 23
(c) 24
(d) 26
Answer: (b) 23
In simple words: In the Indian Constitution, there are 23 articles within Section 3 that specifically describe the fundamental rights given to citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with article counts related to constitutional provisions.

Question 8. When was the system of Panchayati Raj Institutions implemented in the entire nation?
(a) 1959
(b) 1960
(c) 1961
(d) 1962
Answer: (a) 1959
In simple words: The Panchayati Raj system, which helps local villages govern themselves, was started all over India in the year 1959.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on key dates for major constitutional and governance reforms like the Panchayati Raj system.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. In which article have the fundamental rights been described?
Answer: Fundamental rights are explained in the Indian Constitution from Article 12 to Article 30, and also from Article 32 to Article 35.
In simple words: Fundamental rights are covered in specific parts of the Indian Constitution, mainly from Article 12 to 30, and then again from Article 32 to 35.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific article ranges in the Constitution for fundamental rights to score well.

Question 2. To which article is the right to freedom related?
Answer: The right to freedom is described in Article 19 of the Constitution.
In simple words: Article 19 of the Constitution talks about the important right to freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key articles and the specific rights they cover, such as Article 19 for the right to freedom.

Question 3. In curbing whose actions, the fundamental rights are helpful?
Answer: The fundamental rights provided in the Constitution help to limit the actions and powers of both the Executive and the Legislature.
In simple words: Fundamental rights stop the government's Executive and law-making (Legislature) parts from becoming too powerful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that fundamental rights act as a check on governmental power, protecting individual liberties.

Question 4. Name any two fundamental rights.
Answer: Two fundamental rights are the Right to Equality and the Right to Freedom. These rights are crucial for every citizen.
In simple words: Two important basic rights are the Right to be Equal and the Right to be Free.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always be ready to list and briefly describe the fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Question 5. Under which section education was given the status of fundamental right?
Answer: Education was made a fundamental right by adding Article 21(a) to the existing Article 21 of the Constitution.
In simple words: Education became a basic right when Article 21(a) was added to the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific article (21A) that grants the right to education, as it's a key amendment.

Question 6. Name the fundamental right, in absence of which the constitution will become almost void.
Answer: The fundamental right without which the Constitution would be almost useless is the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).
In simple words: The Right to Constitutional Remedies, found in Article 32, is very important because it allows people to go to court if their other fundamental rights are taken away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the Right to Constitutional Remedies is vital as it enforces all other fundamental rights.

Question 7. For which fundamental right, Dr Ambedkar said that it is like the heart or the soul of the constitution?
Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called the Right to Constitutional Remedies the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.
In simple words: Dr. Ambedkar said the Right to Constitutional Remedies is like the heart or soul of the Constitution because it protects all other basic rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall Dr. Ambedkar's famous statement about Article 32, emphasizing its importance.

Question 8. To which fundamental right, article 32 is related?
Answer: Article 32 is related to the fundamental right of Constitutional Remedies.
In simple words: Article 32 helps people get solutions if their basic rights are violated.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect Article 32 directly with the ability to seek legal remedies for fundamental rights.

Question 9. How many types of writs are issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts for protection of fundamental rights?
Answer: The Supreme Court and High Courts issue five types of writs to protect fundamental rights. These are:
1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Prohibition
4. Certiorari
5. Quo Warranto
Each writ has a specific purpose in safeguarding rights.
In simple words: Courts can issue five kinds of special orders, called writs, to make sure fundamental rights are protected. These orders are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all five types of writs and briefly understand their individual functions for comprehensive answers.

Question 11. Which right protects fundamental rights of citizens?
Answer: The Right to Constitutional Remedies protects the fundamental rights of citizens.
In simple words: The Right to Constitutional Remedies is the power that keeps all other basic rights safe for citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the protective role of the Right to Constitutional Remedies in ensuring other fundamental rights are not violated.

Question 12. In which articles of the constitution, the directive principles have been mentioned?
Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy are mentioned in the Constitution from Article 36 to Article 51.
In simple words: The rules called Directive Principles are found in Articles 36 to 51 of the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the article range for Directive Principles (36-51) as distinct from fundamental rights.

Question 13. Mention any two directive principles related to economic security.
Answer: Two directive principles related to economic security are:
1. Both men and women should have enough ways to earn a living equally.
2. Men and women should receive the same pay for doing the same amount of work.
In simple words: Two rules for economic safety are that everyone, men and women, should have fair ways to earn money and get equal pay for equal work.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for specific directive principles, categorize them (e.g., economic, social) and provide accurate examples.

Question 14. Mention any two Acts passed by the government for abolition of untouchability.
Answer: Two Acts passed by the government to abolish untouchability are:
1. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
2. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
These laws help ensure equality and prevent discrimination.
In simple words: The government passed two main laws to end untouchability: the Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1955 and the Prevention of Atrocities Act for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in 1989.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cite specific Acts and their years to demonstrate a strong understanding of legal provisions against social discrimination.

Question 15. Mention any one fundamental duty mentioned in the Indian Constitution.
Answer: One fundamental duty mentioned in the Indian Constitution is to follow the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the national flag, and the national anthem.
In simple words: A basic duty is to obey the Constitution and show respect for national symbols like the flag and anthem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the core principle of fundamental duties: contributing to the nation and respecting its values.

Question 16. Mention any two points related to the importance of the fundamental duties.
Answer: Two important points about fundamental duties are:
1. They remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation and society.
2. They help in promoting a sense of discipline and patriotism among the people.
These duties encourage citizens to actively participate in the nation's progress.
In simple words: Fundamental duties are important because they tell citizens what they should do for their country and help them feel proud and responsible.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing fundamental duties, highlight how they balance rights with responsibilities and foster national spirit.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 17. Under which article of the Indian constitution, child labour has been prohibited?
Answer: Child labour has been prohibited under Article 24 of the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: Article 24 of the Constitution bans child labor, making it illegal to employ children in certain harmful jobs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Article 24 specifically addresses the prohibition of child labor, a key protection for children.

Question 18. In which year, the 11th fundamental duty was added in the constitution?
Answer: The 11th fundamental duty was added to the Constitution in 2002 by the 86th Constitutional Amendment, which modified Article 51(A).
In simple words: The 11th basic duty was added in 2002 through the 86th amendment, changing Article 51(A).

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the year (2002) and the amendment number (86th) for the addition of the 11th fundamental duty regarding education.

Question 1. Make the right to equality clear.
Answer: The Right to Equality is a core principle of democracy, and it forms the basis of India's political system. All citizens in India are given equal rights, meaning there is no discrimination based on caste, religion, gender, language, or place of birth. These rights apply to everyone living in India, not just citizens, and are covered in Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: The Right to Equality means everyone is treated the same, no matter their background. It's a key part of India's democracy and applies to everyone living here, as stated in Articles 14 to 18.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain equality as a foundational democratic value and cite the specific articles (14-18) that define it in the Constitution.

Question 2. Why are rights called the fundamental rights?
Answer: Rights are called fundamental rights for these reasons:
1. They are protected by the Constitution itself, meaning they can only be changed through a special constitutional amendment process, making them very strong.
2. Generally, these rights cannot be taken away or violated, and the government cannot interfere with them.
3. They are 'justiceable,' which means citizens can go to court to protect these rights if they are violated, and all government officials must respect them.
4. These rights are vital for the full growth and development of every individual, so they are guaranteed to everyone.
In simple words: Rights are called 'fundamental' because they are protected by the Constitution, can't easily be taken away, can be defended in court, and are necessary for everyone's complete development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked why rights are fundamental, focus on their constitutional protection, enforceability in courts, and their role in individual development.

Features of Fundamental Rights:

1. Fundamental rights have been provided to all the citizens of India equally.
2. Federal government, state governments, and local governments are bound to accept and to implement these rights.
3. The judiciary has been made the protector of fundamental rights.
4. By fundamental rights, the power of the government and the dictatorship of the majority has been curbed or controlled.
5. Fundamental rights are even more than the general law. In case of violation of fundamental rights, a citizen can appeal to the judiciary.

Question 4. Which fundamental right was described by Dr Ambedkar as the heart or the soul of the constitution? Describe briefly.
Or
Write a short note on the right to constitutional remedies.
Answer: The fundamental right that Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution is the Right to Constitutional Remedies. This right provides a way to enforce other fundamental rights: if someone's basic rights are violated, they can go directly to the High Courts or the Supreme Court to seek protection. These courts can issue special orders, called writs, to ensure that fundamental rights are upheld. These writs include:
1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Prohibition
4. Certiorari
5. Quo Warranto
The High Courts and Supreme Court are guardians of fundamental rights in the Constitution.
In simple words: Dr. Ambedkar said the Right to Constitutional Remedies is the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution. This right lets citizens go to court (High Courts or Supreme Court) if their basic rights are taken away. The courts can then issue special orders, like Habeas Corpus or Mandamus, to protect these rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be prepared to explain the significance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies and list the five types of writs issued by the courts for its enforcement.

Question 6. Which elements have been included in the constitution to uplift educational and social standard of the citizens?
Answer: To improve the educational and social standards of citizens, the Constitution includes several provisions:
1. Article 44 states that the government should work towards a uniform civil code for all citizens across India.
2. According to Article 55, the state should try to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years of age within ten years of the Constitution beginning.
3. Article 46 directs the state to protect the interests of weaker and backward sections from exploitation.
4. Article 47 mandates that the state should strive to improve people's living standards and health.
5. Article 48(a) requires the state to protect and improve the environment, including wildlife and forests.
In simple words: The Constitution includes rules to help citizens improve their education and social life. These rules cover having common laws for everyone, providing free education for children, protecting weaker groups, improving health, and safeguarding nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about constitutional elements for social and educational upliftment, mention relevant Directive Principles and their intended impact.

Question 7. On what grounds have the directive principles of state policy been criticized?
Answer: Directive Principles of State Policy have been criticized on several grounds, including:
1. They are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by courts, so they are seen as merely advisory.
2. Some critics view them as too vague or general, lacking clear definitions for implementation.
3. They are sometimes considered utopian, as achieving all their goals is difficult in practice.
In simple words: Directive Principles are criticized because courts can't make the government follow them, they are sometimes unclear, and their goals can be hard to achieve in real life.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing criticisms, focus on their non-enforceability, vagueness, and idealistic nature.

Question 8. Which are the main directive principles promoting international peace and security?
Answer: The main directive principles that promote international peace and security are:
1. The state should work to promote international peace and safety.
2. The state should keep fair and respectable relationships with other nations.
3. The state should encourage respect for international laws and agreements when dealing with other countries and their people.
4. The state should support solving international disagreements through peaceful arbitration.
In simple words: Key principles for global peace are: promoting peace and safety worldwide, keeping good relations with other countries, respecting international laws, and solving problems through peaceful discussions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Article 51 of the Constitution as the source of directive principles concerning international peace and security.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What types of writs are issued by courts for protection of fundamental rights? Explain.
Answer: The Supreme Court and High Courts can issue five types of writs to protect fundamental rights:
Habeas Corpus: This writ is issued when someone believes they are being held illegally. The court orders the authority to bring the detained person before it to check if the detention is lawful. If it's not legal, the court orders their release.
Mandamus: This is a command from a court to a public official or government body, telling them to perform a duty that they are legally required to do but have failed to perform.
Prohibition: This writ is issued by higher courts (Supreme Court or High Courts) to stop lower courts from acting outside their legal jurisdiction or authority. It prevents lower courts from overstepping their boundaries.
Certiorari: This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to transfer a case or quash an order made by it, typically when the lower court has exceeded its jurisdiction or made an error of law.
Quo Warranto: This writ is issued when someone is holding a public office and the court wants to know by what authority they are holding it. If they cannot give a proper legal explanation, the court can stop them from continuing in that office.
In simple words: Courts use five special orders called writs to protect basic rights. Habeas Corpus asks for a person to be presented in court to check if their arrest is legal. Mandamus tells a public official to do their job. Prohibition stops a lower court from doing something it doesn't have the power to do. Certiorari asks a higher court to review decisions of lower courts. Quo Warranto checks if a person is legally holding a public office.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to define each writ clearly and explain its specific function in protecting fundamental rights.

Question 2. What is the importance of Directive Principles? Explain.
Answer: Directive Principles are very important for the Constitution and for how the country is run. Their importance can be understood in several ways:
Code of Conduct for Government: Even though courts cannot directly enforce them, governments cannot ignore these principles because they are supported by public opinion. A responsible government will always consider them.
Blueprint for a Welfare State: Dr. Ambedkar explained that the Constitution aims to create a welfare state with both political and social-economic democracy. Directive Principles lay out the ideals for achieving this.
Yardstick for Government Performance: These principles act as a way to measure how well a government is doing its job and if it is truly working for the people.
Aid in Implementing the Constitution: These principles are basic guidelines for the government. All parts of the government are expected to follow them. The judiciary also considers these principles when interpreting the Constitution.
Driving Social and Economic Change: The makers of the Constitution wanted a welfare state. Directive Principles help achieve economic security, fair justice, equal chances for everyone to earn a living, prevent wealth concentration, and protect women and child labor. They also promote education, health, and employment to improve people's lives.
In simple words: Directive Principles are crucial because they guide the government, act as a plan for a fair society, help judge how well the government works, assist in following the Constitution, and bring about important social and economic improvements.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of Directive Principles, describe their role as a moral compass, a welfare state blueprint, and a tool for social-economic justice.

Directive Principles of State Policy:

In the constitution, Directive Principles have been included to establish a welfare state. Their goal is to create a society based on social justice, providing equal opportunities for everyone's development. These principles, found in Articles 36 to 51 in Section 4 of the Constitution, can be divided into categories for easier understanding:

I. Directive Principles and Economic Security:

(a) According to Article 39, the state should set policies to ensure:
1. Both men and women should have enough ways to earn a living equally.
2. Physical resources should be shared in a way that benefits everyone the most.
3. Money and production means should not be held by only a few people in a way that harms the common good.
4. Men and women should receive equal pay for the same work.
5. The health and strength of male and female workers, and the young age of children, should not be misused for money.
6. Children should be given opportunities and facilities to develop well.

(b) Article 41 states that the government, within its economic capacity, should strive to provide employment to every individual based on their qualifications and education.

(c) Article 42 requires the state to ensure fair and humane working conditions, and to provide maternity benefits for women.

(d) The state should try to provide all workers (whether in agriculture, industry, or other fields) with work, a living wage, and working conditions that ensure a good standard of life, either through laws or economic planning.

(e) The state should also promote cottage industries in villages, either individually or cooperatively. The 42nd Amendment added two more points about economic security to the Directive Principles:
1. Free legal support for weaker sections.

(g) Article 48, amended by the 44th Constitutional Amendment, states that the government should organize farming and animal husbandry using modern and scientific methods. It should also take steps to protect and improve animal breeds, and prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and other milk-giving or drought animals.

(h) The 44th Amendment (April 1979) also added that the state should try to reduce the differences in income, social standing, opportunities, and facilities among people living in various regions and those working in different jobs.

II. Directive Principles and Social Security and Education:

To improve education and social standards, the Constitution includes these provisions:
1. The state should work to create a uniform civil code for all citizens across India.
2. The state should aim to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years old within ten years of the Constitution's beginning.
3. The state should especially promote the education and economic interests of weaker groups, including Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and protect them from social unfairness and all types of exploitation.
4. Improving people's nutrition, living standards, and public health should be among the state's main duties.
5. The 42nd Amendment added a new Article 48, stating that the state should work to protect and improve the environment, forests, and wild animals.

III. Directive Principles and Panchayati Raj, Ancient Heritage, Sites, and Justice:

This section includes provisions for developing Panchayati Raj, protecting ancient heritage, and achieving social justice. These are:
1. The state should take steps to organize village Panchayats and give them the necessary powers and authority so they can act as local self-governing bodies.

IV. Directive Principles and International Peace and Security:

The following Directive Principles, included in Article 51, relate to international peace and security:
1. The state should work to promote international peace and safety.
2. The state should maintain fair and honorable relations with other countries.
3. The state should encourage respect for international law and treaty agreements when dealing with other organized communities.
4. The state should support the resolution of international disagreements through arbitration.

It is clear from these directive principles that true democracy can only be established by following these guiding principles of state policy.