RBSE Solutions Class 12 History Chapter 6 Freedom Movement of Modern India

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Who established the Brahma Samaj?
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Aatmarang Pandurang
Answer: (c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the Brahma Samaj. This group worked for social and religious improvements in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Raja Ram Mohan Roy as a key figure in the Indian Renaissance and founder of the Brahma Samaj.

Question 2. Who established the Rama Krishna Mission?
(a) Ram Krishna Paramhansa
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Answer: (b) Swami Vivekanand
In simple words: Swami Vivekanand founded the Ramakrishna Mission. He did this to spread the teachings of his guru, Ramakrishna Paramhansa, and for social service.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the difference between Ramakrishna Paramhansa (the spiritual teacher) and Swami Vivekanand (his disciple who established the mission).

Question 3. Where did Vivekanand participate in the world religious conference in 1893?
(a) San Francisco
(b) New York
(c) Chicago
(d) Bristol
Answer: (c) Chicago
In simple words: Swami Vivekanand attended the World's Parliament of Religions in 1893 in Chicago, USA. His speeches there made him famous globally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the significance of Swami Vivekanand's speech in Chicago as a landmark event for spreading Indian philosophy globally.

Question 4. Where did Raja Ram Mohan Roy die?
(a) London
(b) Bristol
(c) Chicago
(d) Calcutta
Answer: (b) Bristol
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy passed away in Bristol, a city in England. He was there for his work on social reforms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important dates and places related to key historical figures to score well in objective questions.

Question 5. In the tenure of which Governor-General was the Sati System abolished due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Lord William Bentick
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Rippon
Answer: (b) Lord William Bentick
In simple words: Lord William Bentinck was the Governor-General when the Sati system was stopped. This happened thanks to the strong efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When studying social reforms, link the reformer (Raja Ram Mohan Roy) with the specific reform (abolition of Sati) and the official in power (Lord William Bentinck).

Question 6. Who gave the slogan, "Back to the Vedas"?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Swami Dayanand Sarawati
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) Swami Dayanand Sarawati
In simple words: The famous slogan "Back to the Vedas" was given by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He wanted people to follow the original teachings of the Vedas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect important slogans or phrases with the specific leaders who coined them, as these are common facts tested in history.

Question 6. Who gave the slogan, 'Jai Hind'?
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Veer Savarkar
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Chandrashekhar Azad
Answer: (c) Subhash Chandra Bose
In simple words: The slogan 'Jai Hind' was given by Subhash Chandra Bose. It became a popular greeting and patriotic cry during the Indian independence movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about which leader is associated with which slogan, as many freedom fighters used powerful phrases.

Question 8. When were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev hanged?
(a) 31 December 1929
(b) 26 January 1930
(c) 23 March 1931
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) 23 March 1931
In simple words: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged on March 23, 1931. This day is remembered as a sacrifice for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific dates of significant events and sacrifices are crucial for history exams.

Question 9. Who was the first President of the congress?
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Womesh Chandra Bannerji
(c) Surendranath Bannerji
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer: (b) Womesh Chandra Bannerji
In simple words: Womesh Chandra Bannerji was the very first President of the Indian National Congress. This happened at its first meeting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the founding members and early leaders of important political organizations like the Indian National Congress.

Question 10. Who was the president of the Surat Session (1907) of Indian National Congress?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Raas Bihari Bose
(c) Surendra Nath Bannerji
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer: (b) Raas Bihari Bose
In simple words: Raas Bihari Bose was the president of the Indian National Congress during the Surat Session in 1907. This session was important because the Congress split into two groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Surat Split of 1907 is a significant event in Congress history; remember its president and the reasons for the split.

Question 11. Under Which Act was the diarchy system implemented in the provinces?
(a) 1909 Act
(b) 1919 Act
(c) 1935 Act
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) 1919 Act
In simple words: The system of diarchy, which meant dual rule, was put into practice in the provinces under the 1919 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the key provisions of important Acts like the 1909 and 1919 Acts, especially terms like 'diarchy' and 'separate electorates'.

Question 12. Under which Act was the separate electorate provided for Muslims under communal basis?
(a) 1909 Act
(b) 1919 Act
(c) 1935 Act
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) 1909 Act
In simple words: The 1909 Act, also known as the Minto-Morley Reforms, introduced separate elections for Muslims. This meant Muslims would vote for Muslim representatives only.

🎯 Exam Tip: The introduction of separate electorates was a significant policy by the British to divide communities; remember it was the 1909 Act.

Question 13. In which conference did Gandhiji participate as the sole congress representative?
(a) First Round - table conference
(b) Second Round - table conference
(c) Third Round - table conference
(d) All three Round - table conference
Answer: (b) Second Round - table conference
In simple words: Gandhiji went to the Second Round Table Conference as the only representative from the Congress party. This conference discussed India's future.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Gandhiji's role and presence in the Round Table Conferences, as this highlights significant phases of the freedom struggle.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who 'used the word 'Swarajya' for the first time?'
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first person to use the word 'Swarajya'. He strongly advocated for self-rule and independence for Indians.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati first used the word 'Swarajya'. He believed in India ruling itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always credit key terms like 'Swarajya' to their originators and understand the context in which they were used.

Question 3. Who wrote the book 'Satyarth Prakash'?
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati wrote the book 'Satyarth Prakash'. In this book, he shared his ideas and thoughts, which were written in Hindi. This book became very important for the Arya Samaj movement.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati wrote 'Satyarth Prakash'. It shared his ideas in Hindi.

🎯 Exam Tip: For history, knowing the authors and their key works is important, especially for those who influenced social or religious movements.

Question 4. Who is considered to be the father of Indian nationalism and Indian renaissance?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the father of Indian Nationalism and the Indian Renaissance. The idea of nationalism began to grow in the second half of the 19th century. Raja Ram Mohan Roy played a big part in bringing about new ideas and reforms.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called the father of Indian nationalism and renaissance because he brought new ideas and reforms to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize Raja Ram Mohan Roy's foundational role in modern Indian thought and reform movements.

Question 5. Who conducted the 'Purification movement'?
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati led the 'Purification movement', also called the Shuddhi movement. This movement aimed to bring back people who had converted from Hinduism to other religions.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati started the 'Purification movement' to bring people back to Hinduism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the aims and impact of movements like 'Shuddhi' in the context of religious reforms in India.

Question 6. Who gave the famous slogan “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”?
Answer: Subhash Chandra Bose gave the famous slogan “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom". This slogan encouraged many Indians to join the fight for independence.
In simple words: Subhash Chandra Bose said, "Give me blood and I shall give you freedom" to inspire people to fight for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Major slogans are often linked to specific leaders; ensure you know who said what in the freedom struggle.

Question 7. Who founded the 'Indian Independence League' and when?
Answer: Ras Bihari Bose founded the 'Indian Independence League' on June 23, 1942, in Bangkok. This organization aimed to unite Indians abroad for the cause of India's freedom.
In simple words: Ras Bihari Bose started the 'Indian Independence League' in Bangkok in 1942.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about organizations, always include the founder, founding date, and location if possible.

Question 8. Who was Birsa Munda?
Answer: Birsa Munda was a significant tribal leader. He led the Munda revolt, a tribal uprising against British rule. The Munda tribe considered Birsa Munda as a god-like figure who would free them.
In simple words: Birsa Munda was a tribal leader who led the Munda revolt against the British. His people saw him as a god.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing tribal revolts, identify the leader and the tribe, as well as the main reason for the uprising.

Question 10. Who founded the Congress and when?
Answer: A retired English officer named Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress in December 1885 CE. It was formed to create a platform for political discussions among educated Indians.
In simple words: Allan Octavian Hume, an English officer, started the Indian National Congress in December 1885.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the founder and founding year of the Indian National Congress as it's a fundamental fact in modern Indian history.

Question 11. When was the Partition of Bengal done, and during which Governor General's tenure?
Answer: The Partition of Bengal occurred in 1905, during the tenure of Lord Curzon as the Governor-General. This partition was done to divide the region for administrative ease, but it also aimed to weaken the nationalist movement.
In simple words: Bengal was divided in 1905 when Lord Curzon was the Governor-General.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key events like the Partition of Bengal should be linked to both the date and the British official responsible.

Question 12. In Which session of congress was it was divided into two fractions?
Answer: The Congress was divided into two factions, the Moderates and Extremists, in the Surat session of 1907. This split happened due to differences in their approaches to the freedom struggle.
In simple words: The Congress split into two groups during its Surat session in 1907.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Surat Split (1907) is a critical point; remember the year and the two factions involved.

Question 13. When did the Jallianwala massacre happen?
Answer: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar. This tragic event took place on the occasion of Vaisakhi, a spring harvest festival, when people gathered peacefully.
In simple words: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre happened on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar during Vaisakhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre is a deeply significant event; remember the date and location accurately.

Question 14. Due to which incident did Mahatma Gandhi suspend the non-cooperation movement?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement because of the Chauri-Chaura incident. This incident happened on February 5, 1922, in Deoria district (UP), where protestors set fire to a police station, leading to the death of policemen. Gandhiji believed in non-violence and stopped the movement because of this.
In simple words: Gandhiji stopped the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922, where violence broke out.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that Gandhi's commitment to non-violence was central to his movements, and acts of violence often led to their suspension.

Question 15. When did Mahatma Gandhi start his Dandi march and with how many followers?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi began his Dandi march on March 12, 1930. He started from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 selected followers. The march was a protest against the British salt law.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi started the Dandi march with 78 followers on March 12, 1930.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Dandi March is a pivotal event; remember the date, starting point, and number of initial followers.

Question 16. Under which Act was autonomy given to the provinces?
Answer: Autonomy was granted to the provinces under the Government of India Act of 1935. This act allowed provincial governments more freedom in their administration.
In simple words: The 1935 Government of India Act gave more self-rule to the provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Government of India Act 1935 introduced significant changes; focus on key provisions like provincial autonomy and dyarchy at the center.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Give the reasons for the rise of nationalism.
Answer: Nationalism grew in India during British rule for many reasons. These included the British government's unfair economic policies, the way they unified administration across India, better transport and communication, and the influence of the press and literature. Other reasons were Lord Lytton's policies, the Ilbert Bill controversy, and the growth of various Indian organizations. These factors together led to a strong political movement for freedom.
In simple words: Nationalism grew because of unfair British rules, new transport and communication, the spread of newspapers, and the formation of Indian groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about causes, provide a diverse range of factors (economic, political, social, intellectual) for a comprehensive answer.

Question 2. Explain the teachings of Arya Samaj.
Answer: The main teachings of the Arya Samaj are as follows: 1. Truth is the source of God's wisdom. 2. God has no shape and is all-powerful and present everywhere. 3. The Vedas are the complete source of truth and knowledge. 4. Every action should be well-thought-out and decided correctly. 5. The Arya Samaj aims to improve the world through physical, spiritual, and social reforms. 6. It promotes spreading knowledge and destroying ignorance. 7. Everyone should care about the public's progress. 8. People should have personal freedom, but it should not harm society.
In simple words: Arya Samaj taught that God is one and shapeless, Vedas hold all truth, and people should work for public good and personal freedom without harming society.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the teachings clearly using bullet points or numbered lists, ensuring each point is distinct and accurately reflects the philosophy.

Question 3. Write a short note on Chandrashekhar Azad.
Answer: Chandrashekhar Azad was born on July 23, 1908, in Bhavra village, Madhya Pradesh. He was a brave freedom fighter. He famously shouted "Vande Mataram" while being caned as a child, showing his courage. Azad participated in the Kakori train robbery and Sander's murder. He also led the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army in an attempt to bomb Viceroy Lord Irwin's train near Delhi, though the Viceroy survived. On February 27, 1931, in Alfred Park, Allahabad, he was surrounded by police after being identified by an informer. Rather than being caught, he shot himself with his last bullet, dying for his country.
In simple words: Chandrashekhar Azad was a fearless revolutionary who fought against the British. He was involved in several actions and chose to shoot himself rather than be captured by the police.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key biographical details, significant revolutionary activities, and the circumstances of his death for a complete short note.

Question 4. What was the Santhal Revolt? Explain.
Answer: The Santhal revolt was one of the most violent and important uprisings against British rule after 1850 CE. It took place in areas like Bhagalpur, Rajmahal, Veerbhum, Bankura, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, and Munger, which were dominated by the Santhal tribe. The main reason for the revolt was the British policy of colonial exploitation, including heavy land revenue, lack of justice from British courts, police brutality, and exploitation by moneylenders. These harsh conditions angered the Santhals and led them to revolt.
In simple words: The Santhal Revolt was a fierce uprising against the British after 1850. It happened because of unfair British rules like high taxes, police cruelty, and exploitation by moneylenders.

🎯 Exam Tip: For revolts, specify the tribe/group involved, the key regions, the main causes (often economic exploitation), and the general nature of the rebellion.

Question 5. What do you know about 'Gadar party'?
Answer: The 'Gadar Party' was formed in America, becoming a major center for Indian revolutionaries. It was led by Sohan Singh Bhakna. Initially, an organization called 'Hindustan Association of the Pacific Coast' was formed in Portland, America, with the goal of protecting Indians' rights and raising political awareness for India's freedom. Later, this organization became known as the 'Gadar Party'. It aimed to liberate India from British rule through armed revolution.
In simple words: The 'Gadar Party' was a group of Indian revolutionaries in America, led by Sohan Singh Bhakna. They aimed to gain India's freedom from British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the unique aspect of the Gadar Party – its formation and activities abroad – and its objective of armed rebellion for India's independence.

Question 6. Describe Abhinav Bharat.
Answer: The 'Abhinav Bharat' was a secret revolutionary organization founded in 1904 by Veer Savarkar. It emerged from the 'Mitra Mela' organization, which was formed in 1899 to celebrate the Ganesh festival in Nasik. The main goal of Abhinav Bharat was to free India from British rule. They planned to achieve this by using festivals like Ganesh festival and Shivaji festival to spread revolutionary ideas. The organization also trained young people in various combat skills like using sticks, swords, climbing hills, horse riding, and running, to prepare them for fighting the British. It established connections with many other revolutionary groups across Bengal and India.
In simple words: Abhinav Bharat was a secret revolutionary group started by Veer Savarkar in 1904. It trained young Indians and spread revolutionary ideas to fight for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: For revolutionary organizations, mention the founder, founding year, key objectives, and specific methods used to achieve their goals.

Question 7. Enlist the objectives and programmes of the congress.
Answer: The main goals and activities of the Congress were:
1. To build personal connections and friendship among Indians from different parts of the country for national benefit.
2. To remove differences based on caste, religion, and region, and to strengthen national unity.
3. To inform educated Indians about important political and social issues.
4. To decide on policies that would help public welfare in the future.
Some of its major demands included: having a Royal Commission, increasing the number of elected Indians in legislative assemblies, allowing these assemblies to discuss the budget, holding civil service exams in India and Britain, and reducing army costs.
In simple words: The Congress aimed to unite Indians, discuss important issues, and make policies for public welfare. They asked for more Indian representation in government and lower army costs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the "objectives" (what they wanted to achieve) and "programmes/demands" (how they planned to achieve it or specific requests).

Question 8. Write a short note on the Partition of Bengal.
Answer: The Partition of Bengal was carried out by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905. The official reason given was to make administration easier because Bengal was a very large province. However, the real aim was to weaken the growing nationalist movement in Bengal by dividing the Hindu and Muslim populations. The partition created a Muslim-majority East Bengal and a Hindu-majority West Bengal. This plan was put into action on October 16, 1905. Due to widespread public anger against the partition, it was eventually canceled in 1911.
In simple words: Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon in 1905, supposedly for easier management, but actually to weaken Indian nationalism. This partition was later canceled in 1911.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the stated reason for the partition versus the actual political motives, and remember the year it was implemented and then cancelled.

Question 9. What was the Khilafat movement?
Answer: The Khilafat movement was started by Indian Muslims to protest against the partition of the Turkish Empire and to support the Ottoman Caliph (Khalifa) as the religious head of Islam. Muslims in India saw the Sultan of Turkey as their Khalifa. After Britain's victory in World War I, its attitude towards Turkey changed, and the Turkish Empire was partitioned by the victorious powers. This angered Indian Muslims, who felt the Khalifa was being disrespected. They launched the Khilafat movement to show their discontent. The movement gained support from the Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi.
In simple words: The Khilafat movement was an Indian Muslim protest against the breakup of the Turkish Empire and to support the Caliph. It was also supported by Mahatma Gandhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the international context (Turkey's partition) and its impact on Indian Muslims, and how it merged with the Indian freedom struggle.

Question 10. Mention the main features of the act of 1919.
Answer: The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, had the following main features:
1. Dyarchy was introduced in the provinces, dividing provincial subjects into two parts: reserved subjects (controlled by the Governor) and transferred subjects (controlled by Indian ministers).
2. The Governor's Executive Council was not responsible to the State Legislative Assembly, but the Indian ministers were responsible to it.
3. Powers were divided between the central and provincial governments. Central subjects included defense and foreign policy, while provincial subjects included local self-governance, health, and police.
4. A Bicameral Legislature (two houses) was established at the center for the first time.
In simple words: The 1919 Act introduced dyarchy in provinces, divided powers between central and provincial governments, and created a two-house legislature at the center.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list and briefly explain each main feature of the Act of 1919, focusing on administrative changes like dyarchy and bicameralism.

Question 11. Describe the non-cooperation movement and its suspension.
Answer: After the Non-Cooperation Movement was stopped, differences arose among Congress leaders about future actions. Some, like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, believed Congress should participate in elections under the 1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms to oppose the government from within the councils. These leaders formed the Swaraj Party in March 1923 in Allahabad, with Chittaranjan Das as president and Motilal Nehru as general secretary. They decided to contest elections to enter legislative councils and pressure the British government to meet national demands. The movement was ultimately suspended due to the Chauri Chaura incident where protestors turned violent.
In simple words: After the Non-Cooperation movement stopped, some Congress leaders formed the Swaraj Party to fight elections and challenge the British from inside the councils. The movement was paused due to violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the aftermath of a major movement, highlight the internal divisions and the formation of new political strategies or parties.

Question 12. Describe the Gandhi - Irwin pact.
Answer: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement reached on March 5, 1931, after long discussions. For the first time, the Indian government and Congress were treated as equals. This pact is also known as the 'Delhi Pact'. Under this agreement, the British government released all political prisoners who had not committed violence and agreed to return confiscated property. The government also allowed people living on the coast to make salt for domestic use and agreed to take a softer stance on those who had resigned from government jobs. Indians were also given the right to hold peaceful protests. In return, Congress agreed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement.
In simple words: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was an agreement where the British released political prisoners and allowed salt-making, and Gandhi agreed to stop the Civil Disobedience Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: For important pacts, mention the date, the main parties involved, and the key concessions made by both sides.

Question 13. Describe the features of the Mountbatten plan.
Answer: The British government announced the Mountbatten Plan for partitioning India on June 3, 1947. Its main features were:
1. India would be divided into two separate countries: the Union of India and Pakistan.
2. The North-West Frontier Province and Assam would decide, through a vote, which country they wanted to join.
3. The native princely states would have the choice to join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent.
4. There would be separate conferences for each region to decide their future.
In simple words: The Mountbatten Plan of 1947 divided India into India and Pakistan, allowed provinces to vote on which country to join, and gave princely states the choice to join either.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the main features of the Mountbatten Plan clearly, focusing on the partition, self-determination for provinces, and choices for princely states.

Question 14. Descibe the main features of the act of 1935.
Answer: The main features of the Government of India Act of 1935 were:
1. The dyarchy system (dual rule) established in the provinces by the 1919 Act was removed.
2. Bicameral legislatures (two-house systems) were set up in provinces, with a Legislative Council (upper house) and a Legislative Assembly (lower house).
3. Plans were made to create an 'All India Federation'.
4. Dyarchy was put in place at the center.
5. All subjects were divided into three lists: federal, provincial, and concurrent.
6. A federal court was established.
7. This Act abolished the India Council, which was set up by the Act of 1858.
8. The system of communal electorates was further expanded.
9. A central bank, called the Reserve Bank of India, was created.
10. Burma was separated from India.
In simple words: The 1935 Act removed dyarchy in provinces, created two-house legislatures, planned an All India Federation, set up dyarchy at the center, divided subjects into three lists, and established a federal court and Reserve Bank.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 1935 Act is very important. Memorize its key provisions, especially concerning provincial autonomy, dyarchy at the center, and the federal structure.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the thoughts of Swami Vivekanand. Explain his contribution to the national revival.
Answer: Swami Vivekanand, born Narendranath Dutt on January 12, 1863, in Calcutta, was a key figure in India's national revival. He became a disciple of Ramakrishna Paramhans due to his deep religious and intellectual curiosity. In September 1893, he represented India at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, where his famous "Brothers and sisters" speech highlighted the greatness of Indian culture and religion. He later founded the Ramakrishna Mission on May 5, 1897, in Vellore, to spread his guru's teachings and engage in social service.

Vivekanand strongly opposed narrow-mindedness, social evils, and caste discrimination, advocating for equality. He believed in women's empowerment and sought to remove poverty and ignorance. He propagated Hindu philosophy worldwide and stressed education that builds character, aiming for a powerful and energetic society. His call to "Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached" inspired many. He believed spiritual development was essential to transform mankind into better humans. Through his words and actions, he instilled a sense of self-confidence and dignity in Indians, inspiring youth in the freedom struggle. He voiced for freedom, equality, and independent thinking, providing a new direction for the youth of India. Rabindranath Tagore noted that to understand India, one must read Vivekanand, highlighting his profound impact.
In simple words: Swami Vivekanand was a spiritual leader who spread Indian culture globally, fought against social evils, and founded the Ramakrishna Mission. He inspired Indians with his calls for self-confidence, equality, and character-building education, greatly helping India's national awakening.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by first introducing Vivekanand, then detailing his key ideas (e.g., social reform, education, nationalism), important events (Chicago speech, Ramakrishna Mission), and finally summarizing his overall contribution.

Question 7. Enlist the objectives and programmes of the congress.
Answer: The Congress aimed to build connections and friendships among Indians across the country to work for the good of the nation. It also sought to remove differences based on caste, religion, and region, fostering a strong sense of national unity. The Congress aimed to share the educated Indian public's views on important political and social matters. Finally, it planned to decide on policies and actions that would benefit the public in the future. Their main demands included setting up a Royal Commission, increasing elected representatives in legislative assemblies, allowing these councils to discuss budgets, holding civil service exams in India as well as Britain, and reducing army costs.
In simple words: The Congress wanted to unite Indians, discuss national issues, and plan for the country's future by making demands like fair representation and local civil service exams.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about objectives, list clear, actionable goals. For programs, describe the methods or actions taken to achieve those goals.

Question 8. Write a short note on the Partition of Bengal was to be ?
Answer: Lord Curzon, the Viceroy, divided Bengal in 1905 to weaken the growing nationalist movement. He claimed it was for easier administration because Bengal was a very large province. However, Bengal had become a hub for national movements, and the British wanted to stop the spread of nationalism there. This plan was put into action on October 16, 1905. But due to strong public opposition against the partition, this division was eventually canceled in 1911. The main goal was to divide the people and weaken political unity.
In simple words: Bengal was split by Lord Curzon in 1905 to stop nationalism, but the public protested so much that it was canceled in 1911.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the main reason for the Bengal Partition was "Divide and Rule" and the key date of its implementation (1905) and annulment (1911).

Question 9. What was the Khilafat movement?
Answer: The Khilafat movement primarily aimed to oppose the division of the Turkish Empire and to ensure the Khalifa's position as the religious head of Islam continued. This movement was largely a reaction to events. Indian Muslims considered the Sultan of Turkey as their Khalifa. Although Prime Minister George Lloyd initially promised Indian Muslims that Turkey's integrity would be maintained, the British attitude changed after their victory in World War I. This caused worry among Muslims about their holy places. After Turkey's defeat, Britain, along with other victorious powers, divided the Turkish Empire. This led to widespread anger among Indian Muslims, who felt unfairly treated. They started a movement known as the Khilafat movement to protest these actions.
In simple words: The Khilafat movement was started by Indian Muslims to protect the Turkish Sultan (their religious leader) and his empire after Britain went back on its promise and helped divide Turkey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that the Khilafat movement was a Muslim response to external events (treatment of Turkey) that found support in India, eventually merging with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 10. Mention the main features of the act of 1919.
Answer: The Act of 1919, also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, had several key features:
1. Dyarchy (dual rule) was introduced in the provinces. Provincial subjects were split into two parts: reserved subjects and transferred subjects.
2. The Governor's Executive Council was not answerable to the State Legislative Assembly, but the Indian ministers were answerable to it. The Governor had the power to appoint and remove ministers and could dissolve the legislative assembly and annual bills.
3. Powers were divided between the central and provincial governments. The central government managed subjects like defense, foreign policy, and railways, while provinces handled local self-governance, health, and police.
4. A Bicameral Legislature, with two houses, was established at the center for the first time.
In simple words: This 1919 Act brought changes like a dual government in provinces, where some ministers were accountable to the assembly. It also split powers between the center and provinces and created a two-house parliament at the national level.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key term "Dyarchy" for provincial administration and the establishment of a "Bicameral Legislature" at the center as core features of the 1919 Act.

Question 11. Describe the Gandhi – Irwin pact.
Answer: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement reached on March 5, 1931, after long discussions. For the first time, the British government and the Congress were treated as equals. This pact is also known as the 'Delhi Pact.' Under this agreement, the British government released all political prisoners, except those involved in violence, and agreed to return their seized property. The government allowed people living on the coast to make salt for their personal use and agreed to be lenient with those who had resigned from government jobs. Indians were also given the right to hold peaceful protests. In return, the Congress agreed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement.
In simple words: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement in 1931 where the British released prisoners and allowed salt-making, and Gandhi agreed to stop the Civil Disobedience Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the "equal terms" aspect of the pact and the key concessions made by both sides, especially the release of prisoners and the cessation of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 12. Describe the features of the Mountbatten plan.
Answer: The British government released the Mountbatten Plan for partitioning India on June 3, 1947. Its main features were:
1. India was to be divided into two independent parts: the Union of India and Pakistan.
2. Decisions about which side to join would be made through plebiscites in the North-West Frontier Province and Assam.
3. Princely states were given the choice to decide which of the two new countries they wanted to join.
In simple words: The Mountbatten Plan in 1947 proposed dividing India into two countries, India and Pakistan, allowing regions to choose their side.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the core outcome of the Mountbatten Plan: the partition of India into two separate nations and the freedom of princely states to choose their allegiance.

Question 13. Describe the main features of the act of 1935.
Answer: The main features of the Government of India Act of 1935 were:
1. The system of dyarchy (dual rule) in the provinces, which was established by the Act of 1919, was ended.
2. Bicameral (two-house) legislatures were set up in provinces. The Legislative Council was the upper house, and the Legislative Assembly was the lower house.
3. A plan was made to establish an 'All India Federation' including provinces governed by British rule and native princely states.
4. Dyarchy was put in place at the central level.
5. All subjects were categorized into three lists: Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List.
6. A Federal Court was established.
7. The India Council, which was set up by the Act of 1858, was abolished.
8. The system of separate communal electorates was further expanded.
9. A provision was made for a central bank, which became known as the Reserve Bank of India.
10. Burma was separated from India.
In simple words: The 1935 Act removed dual rule from provinces, created a central dyarchy, established an All India Federation, divided powers into three lists, and formed a Federal Court and the Reserve Bank of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: This Act was crucial for constitutional history. Focus on the shift of dyarchy from provinces to the center, the proposed All India Federation, and the creation of key institutions like the Federal Court and RBI.

Question 14. Descibe the main features of the act of 1935.
Answer: The main features of the Act of 1935 were as follows:
1. The diarchy system established in the provinces by the act of 1919 was abolished.
2. Bi-cameral legislatures were established in provinces. The legislative council was the Upper house and legislative Assembly was the lower House.
3. Provision was made for an 'All India federation' to be established.
4. Diarchy was implemented at the centre.
5. All subjects were divided into three lists-federal list, provincial list and concurrent list.
6. A federal court was established.
7. This act abolished India council established by Act of 1858.
8. The system of communal electorates was further extended.
9. Provision was made for a central bank which was called the Reserve Bank of India.
10. Burma was separated from India.
In simple words: The 1935 Act removed dual rule from provinces, created a central dyarchy, established an All India Federation, divided powers into three lists, and formed a Federal Court and the Reserve Bank of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question is a repeat of Question 13. Ensure the answer includes key changes like the shift of dyarchy, the introduction of bicameral legislatures in provinces, and the creation of an all-India federation proposal.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the thoughts of Swami Vivekanand. Explain his contribution to the national revival.
Answer: Swami Vivekananda, the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission, was born in Calcutta on January 12, 1863. His childhood name was Narendranath Dutt. He studied at Calcutta University and was deeply interested in religion and philosophy, which led him to meet Ramakrishna Paramhans. Ramakrishna, a priest at Dakshineshwar temple, strongly believed in Hinduism and emphasized devotion to God. Vivekananda was inspired by him and promoted these ideas. In September 1893, with the help of the Maharaja of Khetri, Vivekananda attended the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, USA. There, he delivered his famous speech starting with "Brothers and sisters." In his speech, he powerfully presented the importance of Indian culture and religion to the Western world, showcasing India's intellectual and spiritual richness. A New York newspaper, Herold, praised him as the "best individual" at the Parliament. After this, he traveled to America and England, spreading Hindu religion and culture. He founded the Vedanta Society in New York in 1896.

Establishment of Ramakrishna Mission: Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in Vellore on May 5, 1897, named after his guru, Ramakrishna Paramhans. Its branches opened in various parts of India and abroad. Vivekananda shared his ideas through the Mission, which mainly followed Vedanta philosophy.

Social Beliefs and Works: Vivekananda opposed narrow-mindedness and social evils. He spoke against caste-based discrimination and promoted equality. He believed that social and religious traditions should only be accepted if they seemed reasonable. He supported women's empowerment and wanted to eliminate poverty, ignorance, and lack of knowledge. He famously said, "As long as millions of people remain hungry, ignorant, and without knowledge, I consider any educated person who profits at their expense a traitor." To achieve his vision, the Ramakrishna Mission prioritized social service and charity. The Mission became renowned for its humane work, establishing schools, orphanages, and hospitals, and providing aid during droughts and floods, inspiring people to engage in social service.

National Outlook: Swami Vivekananda made a significant contribution to fostering nationalism. He and the Ramakrishna Mission instilled self-confidence and dignity among Indians, inspiring youth in the freedom struggle. He advocated for freedom, equality, and independent thought, guiding the youth in a new direction. He urged, "Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached." He was concerned about India's backwardness, decline, and poverty. He opposed blindly adopting Western culture and stressed spiritual development, believing that transforming individuals spiritually was the foundation for overall progress.

Global Impact: Vivekananda did commendable work by spreading Hindu religion and philosophy worldwide. He showcased India's ancient glory to the world and advocated for education that builds character. He wanted a strong and energetic society, believing that humanity's courage and bravery would eventually overcome evil. He wrote to the Maharaja of Khetri, "Every task undergoes three stages-taunt, opposition, and acceptance." He believed that by remaining steadfast and having faith in God, all challenges could be overcome.

Evaluation: Swami Vivekananda was a great philosopher who promoted Hinduism not just in India but globally. He sought to blend Eastern and Western cultures. Rabindranath Tagore noted, "If anyone wants to understand India, he should read Vivekananda." S.N. Natrajan stated, "Vivekanand devoted his life to the service of millions of India's victims. He wanted to rebuild the nation." Shri Ramdhari Singh Dinkar praised Vivekananda for awakening pride among Indians through his words and actions, reminding them that they are heirs to an ancient civilization with advanced religious texts and a great history. He believed that cultural nationality originated in India first, followed by political nationality, with him being the father of this cultural nationalism.
In simple words: Swami Vivekananda, born in 1863, founded the Ramakrishna Mission and spread Hindu philosophy worldwide. He promoted equality, women's rights, and fought social evils. He believed in spiritual growth, self-confidence, and inspired Indians towards freedom, famously saying, "Arise, awake, and stop not, till the goal is reached."

🎯 Exam Tip: For Swami Vivekananda's contribution, focus on his role in the Chicago Parliament of Religions, the founding of Ramakrishna Mission, his social reform ideas (equality, women's rights), and his impact on Indian nationalism and cultural pride.

Question 2. Explain the teachings of Arya Samaj.
Answer: The main teachings of Arya Samaj are as follows:
1. Truth is considered the ultimate wisdom of God.
2. God is without form, all-powerful, and present everywhere.
3. The Vedas are the complete source of truth and knowledge.
4. Every action should be carefully thought out before making a decision.
5. The Arya Samaj aims to improve the world through physical, spiritual, and social reforms.
6. It seeks to end ignorance and spread knowledge.
7. Everyone should care about the progress of the general public.
8. Personal freedom is important, but it should not harm society.
In simple words: Arya Samaj believes in one all-powerful God, sees Vedas as true knowledge, encourages thoughtful actions, and promotes social good, knowledge, and freedom without harming others.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the teachings of Arya Samaj, focus on its monotheistic view, emphasis on Vedas, and commitment to social and spiritual improvement.

Question 3. Write a short note on Chandrashekar Azad.
Answer: Chandrashekhar Azad was born on July 23, 1908, in Bhavra village, Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh. During his early life, he was sentenced to 14 cane lashings by a magistrate for his rebellious spirit, which he endured while shouting "Vande Mataram." He participated in the Kakori train robbery and the murder of Sander. Under his leadership, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army attempted to bomb Viceroy Lord Irwin's train near Delhi, but the Viceroy survived. On February 27, 1931, in Alfred Park, Allahabad, a police informer identified him while he was speaking with Sukhdev Raj. When confronted by police inspector Natbavar, Azad fought bravely. Realizing he had only one bullet left, he shot himself in the temple, choosing death over capture.
In simple words: Chandrashekhar Azad was a brave revolutionary involved in the Kakori train robbery and attempts against British officials. He died fighting the police, choosing to shoot himself rather than be captured.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Chandrashekhar Azad's key revolutionary acts (Kakori, attempt on Viceroy Irwin) and his iconic death, emphasizing his commitment to freedom.

Question 4. What was the Santhal Revolt? Explain.
Answer: The Santhal Revolt was one of the most violent and significant uprisings against British rule after 1850 CE. It took place in the region from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal, an area mainly inhabited by the Santhal tribe. The revolt spread across areas like Veerbhum, Bankura, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Bhagalpur, and Munger. The primary cause of this revolt was the British policy of colonial exploitation, which led to excessive land revenue collection, denial of justice in British courts, police brutality and corruption, and exploitation by moneylenders, creating credit problems for the Santhals. This fueled a strong spirit of rebellion among them.
In simple words: The Santhal Revolt was a big uprising against the British after 1850 due to unfair land taxes, police cruelty, and moneylender exploitation. It spread across many eastern Indian regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Santhal Revolt, mention its key causes like colonial exploitation, land revenue, and exploitation by police/moneylenders, as well as its geographical spread.

Question 5. What do you know about 'Gadar party'?
Answer: Portland, America, was a significant hub for Indian revolutionaries, led by Sohan Singh Bhakna. An organization called the 'Hindustan Association of the Pacific Coast' was formed in Portland. Its aim was to safeguard the rights of Indians and to raise political awareness among them for India's freedom. Later, this organization became known as the 'Gadar Party.'
In simple words: The Gadar Party was an organization started in America by Indian revolutionaries like Sohan Singh Bhakna to protect Indian rights and fight for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Gadar Party's foreign base (America), its leaders (Sohan Singh Bhakna), and its main objective of Indian independence through revolutionary means.

Question 6. Describe Abhinav Bharat.
Answer: The 'Mitra Mela' organization was formed in Nasik in 1899 AD during the Ganesh festival celebrations. From this 'Mitra Mela,' a secret revolutionary group called 'Abhinav Bharat' was established in 1904 AD under the leadership of Veer Savarkar. Its main goal was to free India from British rule by using popular festivals like Ganpati and Shivaji Utsav, which Tilak had started. This organization spread revolutionary ideas among people through meetings and magazines. It trained young people to fight the British, teaching them how to use sticks, swords, climb hills, ride horses, and run. Abhinav Bharat also built connections with many secret revolutionary groups in Bengal and other parts of India.
In simple words: Abhinav Bharat was a secret group started by Veer Savarkar in 1904, growing from Mitra Mela. Its goal was to free India from British rule by inspiring youth and spreading revolutionary ideas, often using cultural festivals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the key aspects of Abhinav Bharat: its founding by Veer Savarkar, its origin from Mitra Mela, and its use of festivals to spread revolutionary ideas and train youth.

Question 7. Enlist the objectives and programmes of the congress.
Answer: The objectives and programs of the Congress were as follows:
1. To create personal connections and friendship among Indians from different parts of the country to work for national welfare.
2. To remove differences based on caste, religion, and region among patriots and to strengthen national unity.
3. To inform the educated Indian class about important political and social issues.
4. To decide on policies and measures that politicians would need for public welfare in the future.

Programs: The major demands of Congress included appointing a Royal Commission, increasing the number of elected representatives in legislative assemblies or councils, creating such councils in the North-West region and Punjab, allowing these councils to debate the budget, holding civil service exams in India alongside Britain, and reducing army costs.
In simple words: The Congress aimed to unite Indians, discuss national issues, and plan for the country's future by making demands like fair representation and local civil service exams.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about objectives, list clear, actionable goals. For programs, describe the methods or actions taken to achieve those goals.

Question 8. Write a short note on the Partition of Bengal was to be ?
Answer: Viceroy Lord Curzon divided Bengal in 1905 to weaken the national movement. He claimed it was for easier administration because Bengal was a very large province. However, Bengal had become a hub for national movements, and the British wanted to stop the spread of nationalism there. This plan was put into action on October 16, 1905. But due to strong public opposition against the partition, this division was eventually canceled in 1911. The main goal was to divide the people and weaken political unity.
In simple words: Bengal was split by Lord Curzon in 1905 to stop nationalism, but the public protested so much that it was canceled in 1911.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the main reason for the Bengal Partition was "Divide and Rule" and the key date of its implementation (1905) and annulment (1911).

Question 9. What was the Khilafat movement?
Answer: The Khilafat movement primarily aimed to oppose the division of the Turkish Empire and to ensure the Khalifa's position as the religious head of Islam continued. This movement was largely a reaction to events. Indian Muslims considered the Sultan of Turkey as their Khalifa. Although Prime Minister George Lloyd initially promised Indian Muslims that Turkey's integrity would be maintained, the British attitude changed after their victory in World War I. This caused worry among Muslims about their holy places. After Turkey's defeat, Britain, along with other victorious powers, divided the Turkish Empire. This led to widespread anger among Indian Muslims, who felt unfairly treated. They started a movement known as the Khilafat movement to protest these actions.
In simple words: The Khilafat movement was started by Indian Muslims to protect the Turkish Sultan (their religious leader) and his empire after Britain went back on its promise and helped divide Turkey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that the Khilafat movement was a Muslim response to external events (treatment of Turkey) that found support in India, eventually merging with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 10. Mention the main features of the act of 1919.
Answer: The Act of 1919, also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, had several key features:
1. Dyarchy (dual rule) was introduced in the provinces. Provincial subjects were split into two parts: reserved subjects and transferred subjects.
2. The Governor's Executive Council was not answerable to the State Legislative Assembly, but the Indian ministers were answerable to it. The Governor had the power to appoint and remove ministers and could dissolve the legislative assembly and annual bills.
3. Powers were divided between the central and provincial governments. The central government managed subjects like defense, foreign policy, and railways, while provinces handled local self-governance, health, and police.
4. A Bicameral Legislature, with two houses, was established at the center for the first time.
In simple words: This 1919 Act brought changes like a dual government in provinces, where some ministers were accountable to the assembly. It also split powers between the center and provinces and created a two-house parliament at the national level.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key term "Dyarchy" for provincial administration and the establishment of a "Bicameral Legislature" at the center as core features of the 1919 Act.

Question 11. What was the Partition of Bengal done, and during which Governer General's tenure?
Answer: The Partition of Bengal occurred in 1905 during the tenure of Lord Curzon. It was done to divide the large province for administrative convenience, but the actual aim was to weaken the growing nationalist movement in Bengal by creating a Hindu-Muslim divide.
In simple words: Bengal was partitioned in 1905 by Lord Curzon to weaken nationalist feelings by dividing the population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always associate the Partition of Bengal with Lord Curzon and the year 1905, remembering its political motive of "divide and rule."

Question 12. In Which session of congress was it was divided into two fractions?
Answer: The Congress was divided into two factions during the Surat session in 1907. This split occurred between the moderate and extremist groups over leadership and approaches to the nationalist movement.
In simple words: The Congress split into two groups at the Surat session in 1907.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Surat Split of 1907 as a significant event marking the division between moderates and extremists in the Indian National Congress.

Question 13. When did the jallianwala massacre happen?
Answer: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, on the occasion of Vaisakhi. British troops fired upon a large, peaceful gathering, resulting in many casualties.
In simple words: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre happened on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar during the Vaisakhi festival.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre are the date (April 13, 1919) and location (Amritsar), and the tragic event of unarmed civilians being fired upon.

Question 14. Due to which incident did Mahatma Gandhi suspend the non - cooperation movement?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the Chauri-Chaura incident. On February 5, 1922, in the Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh, a clash between protestors and the police escalated, leading to the burning of a police station where 22 policemen died. Gandhiji, a staunch believer in non-violence, was deeply disturbed by this violence and immediately announced the withdrawal of the movement.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi stopped the Non-Cooperation Movement because of the Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922, where protestors became violent and burned a police station.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Chauri-Chaura incident directly with Mahatma Gandhi's decision to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement, highlighting his commitment to non-violence.

Question 15. When did Mahatma Gandhi start his Dandi march and with how many followers?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi began his Dandi March on March 12, 1930, from Sabarmati Ashram. He started this march with 78 selected followers. The purpose was to protest the British salt tax by making salt from seawater.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi started the Dandi March on March 12, 1930, with 78 followers to protest the salt tax.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details for the Dandi March are the start date (March 12, 1930), starting point (Sabarmati Ashram), number of followers (78), and its purpose (to break the salt law).

Question 16. Under which Act was autonomy given to the provinces?
Answer: Autonomy was given to the provinces under the Government of India Act of 1935. This act abolished the system of dyarchy in the provinces and granted them a greater degree of self-rule.
In simple words: Provinces got self-rule under the 1935 Government of India Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Government of India Act, 1935, as the legislation that introduced provincial autonomy, a crucial step in India's constitutional development.

Question 17. Who 'used the word 'Swarajya' for the first time?'
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first to use the word 'Swarajya,' emphasizing self-rule and independence for India.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati first used the term 'Swarajya'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Swami Dayanand Saraswati with the coining of 'Swarajya' as it reflects his nationalist and reformist ideals.

Question 18. What was the main reason for the British to partition Bengal?
Answer: The British government's main reason for partitioning Bengal was to divide the strong nationalist forces by weakening a significant group of opposing regimes. They aimed to curb the rising tide of nationalism by creating a Hindu-Muslim divide.
In simple words: The British partitioned Bengal to weaken nationalist movements and create divisions among the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The primary objective behind the Partition of Bengal was political - to break the unity of nationalist sentiment rather than solely administrative convenience.

Question 19. When was the Swadeshi movement started and what was the its main purpose?
Answer: The Swadeshi movement started in 1905, in response to the Partition of Bengal. Its main purpose was to promote Indian-made goods and boycott British products, making India self-reliant economically. It also aimed at strengthening national unity and spirit.
In simple words: The Swadeshi movement began in 1905 to promote Indian goods and boycott British ones, aiming for self-reliance and national unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Swadeshi movement directly to the Partition of Bengal (1905) and remember its dual purpose: economic self-reliance (boycott of foreign goods, promotion of Swadeshi) and political unity.

Question 20. When and by whom was 'Shanti Niketan' established ?
Answer: 'Shanti Niketan' was established in 1902 by Rabindranath Tagore. It was founded as an experimental school and a center for art, culture, and education, promoting a holistic approach to learning in harmony with nature.
In simple words: Rabindranath Tagore started 'Shanti Niketan' in 1902 as a unique school focused on art and culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Rabindranath Tagore as the founder of Shanti Niketan and the year 1902, noting its significance as a center for holistic education and culture.

Question 21. When and by whom was 'Gadar Party formed ?
Answer: The 'Gadar Party' was formed by Lala Hardayal on May 10, 1913, in the city of San Francisco, California. Its main aim was to overthrow British rule in India through a revolutionary uprising.
In simple words: The Gadar Party was started by Lala Hardayal in San Francisco in 1913 to fight for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details for the Gadar Party are its founder (Lala Hardayal), establishment year (1913), and its base in California, USA, indicating its international revolutionary efforts.

Question 22. When and by whom was 'Homerule movement started ?
Answer: The 'Home Rule Movement' was started by Annie Besant on September 1, 1916, in Madras. Another league was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in April 1916. Both aimed to achieve self-rule (home rule) for India within the British Empire.
In simple words: The Home Rule Movement was started by Annie Besant in Madras in 1916 to demand self-rule for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak as key figures in the Home Rule Movement, which aimed for self-governance within the British Empire.

Question 23. When and by which act was the policy separate electorates adopted in British period?
Answer: The policy of separate electorates was adopted in the British period by the Morley-Minto Reforms Act in 1909. This act introduced separate electorates for Muslims, allowing them to elect their own representatives, which was a significant step in the "divide and rule" policy.
In simple words: Separate electorates were introduced for Muslims by the Morley-Minto Reforms Act of 1909.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) with the introduction of separate electorates, which was a controversial policy aimed at dividing Indian communities.

Question 24. When and why was Marley Minto reforms act brought ?
Answer: The Morley-Minto Reforms Act was brought in 1909. It was primarily introduced to create differences between liberals and radicals within the Indian political landscape, especially by introducing separate electorates for Muslims, thus furthering the British policy of 'divide and rule.'
In simple words: The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 were introduced to create divisions among Indian political groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Morley-Minto Reforms were a calculated move by the British to sow discord between different political factions in India and strengthen their control.

Question 25. When and where did the first division of congress take did place?
Answer: The first division of Congress occurred during the Surat Session in 1907 CE. This split separated the moderate and extremist factions of the Indian National Congress.
In simple words: The first split in Congress happened in 1907 at the Surat Session.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Surat Session of 1907 as the historical event where the Indian National Congress experienced its first major ideological split.

Question 26. When was 'Sharda Act implemented and by whose efforts ?
Answer: The Sharda Act was implemented in 1930 CE, primarily due to the efforts of Harbilas Sharda. This act aimed to curb child marriage by raising the minimum age of marriage for girls to 14 and for boys to 18.
In simple words: The Sharda Act, which aimed to stop child marriage, was implemented in 1930 because of Harbilas Sharda's work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Sharda Act with Harbilas Sharda and the year 1930, focusing on its objective of preventing child marriage.

Question 27. When did the Khond tribe revolt start and under whose leadership?
Answer: The Khond tribe, living near the border of Orissa, revolted under the leadership of Chand Bisai in 1846 CE. Their rebellion was against British exploitation, particularly regarding land and economic policies.
In simple words: The Khond tribe started a revolt in 1846 under Chand Bisai's leadership in Orissa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details for the Khond Revolt are the leader (Chand Bisai), the year (1846), and its location (Orissa border), indicating tribal resistance to British expansion.

Question 28. When did the Santhal rebellion occur and under whose leadership?
Answer: The Santhal rebellion occurred on June 30, 1885, under the leadership of Sidhu and Kanhu. This was a major tribal uprising against the exploitation by the British and local moneylenders.
In simple words: The Santhal rebellion happened on June 30, 1885, led by Sidhu and Kanhu.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Santhal rebellion's leaders (Sidhu and Kanhu) and the year 1885, as it represents a significant tribal protest against colonial oppression.

Question 29. Which tribe's leader described himself as one of the five Pandavas ?
Answer: Koro Malya, the leader of the Kora tribe, described himself as one of the five Pandavas. This claim helped to rally his people and garner support for his resistance against the British.
In simple words: Koro Malya, a tribal leader, called himself one of the five Pandavas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the tribal leader Koro Malya and his symbolic association with the Pandavas, which was a strategy to inspire and unite his community.

Question 30. When and by whom was the 'India house' formed ?
Answer: The 'India House' was formed in 1905 CE by Shyamji Krishna Verma. It was a student residence in London that served as a center for Indian nationalist activities and revolutionary ideas.
In simple words: Shyamji Krishna Verma founded the 'India House' in 1905 as a hub for Indian nationalists in London.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Shyamji Krishna Verma as the founder of 'India House' and 1905 as its establishment year, recognizing its role as a key revolutionary center abroad.

Question 31. Describe three motivational elements of nationalism.
Answer: The three motivational elements that helped in the rise of nationalism were:
1. Growing number of transport means: Improved roads and railways connected different parts of India, making it easier for people to travel and share ideas, fostering a sense of shared identity.
2. English education: While introduced by the British, English education exposed Indians to Western ideas of liberty, democracy, and nationalism, which inspired them to demand similar rights.
3. Religious and cultural awakening: Social and religious reform movements revived traditional Indian values, creating pride in Indian heritage and challenging foreign dominance. This reawakening unified people under a common cultural banner.
In simple words: Better transport, English education, and a revival of Indian culture all helped people feel more nationalistic and united.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing motivational elements for nationalism, think about factors that connect people, introduce new ideas, and create a sense of shared identity and pride.

Question 33. How did the protest of Ilbert Bill affect national unity in the coming years?
Answer: The British opposition to the Ilbert Bill strongly highlighted the racial discrimination faced by Indians and made them realize the urgent need for a unified, all-India organization with clear political goals. This protest brought Indians from various regions together and solidified their resolve to form a collective platform to fight for their rights, significantly strengthening national unity.
In simple words: The Ilbert Bill protest showed Indians they needed a strong, united group to fight for their rights against the British, helping to build national unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Ilbert Bill controversy to its impact on fostering a sense of shared grievance and the subsequent push for an all-India political organization, strengthening national unity.

Question 34. What was the predecessor of the Indian National Congress that first proclaimed the spirit of nationalism?
Answer: The predecessor of the Indian National Congress that first proclaimed the spirit of nationalism was the 'Indian Association.' Founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose, it aimed to unite Indians on a common political platform and articulate their national aspirations.
In simple words: The 'Indian Association' was the group before Congress that first pushed for nationalist ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying the predecessor of the Indian National Congress, remember the Indian Association and its role in promoting early nationalist sentiments.

Question 35. What was the name of the founder of the organization of “Tarun Samaj’ and its main objectives ?
Answer: The founders of the "Tarun Samaj" organization were the Chapekar Bandhu (Chapekar Brothers). Its main objective was to eliminate British officers and fight against British rule through revolutionary activities. They aimed to instill a spirit of defiance against colonial oppression.
In simple words: The Chapekar Brothers founded "Tarun Samaj" to fight against British officers and rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Chapekar Bandhu as the founders of "Tarun Samaj" and their focus on direct revolutionary action against British officials.

Question 36. What was the message of Tilak, which became the chief slogan of the national movement forever ?
Answer: The message of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!" became the chief slogan of the national movement forever. This powerful statement expressed the fundamental demand for self-rule and inspired countless Indians in their struggle for independence.
In simple words: Tilak's famous message, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!" became the main slogan for India's freedom fight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quote Tilak's iconic slogan correctly and explain its significance as a rallying cry for self-rule in the Indian nationalist movement.

Question 37. What was the purpose of the government behind the partition of Bengal ?
Answer: The British government's purpose behind the partition of Bengal was to divide nationalist forces by weakening a group of opposing regimes. They aimed to curb the rising tide of nationalism and create a Hindu-Muslim divide to maintain their control.
In simple words: The British partitioned Bengal to weaken nationalist movements and create divisions among the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The primary objective behind the Partition of Bengal was political - to break the unity of nationalist sentiment rather than solely administrative convenience.

Question 38. When was the Swadeshi movement started and what was the its main purpose?
Answer: The Swadeshi movement started in 1905, in response to the Partition of Bengal. Its main purpose was to promote Indian-made goods and boycott British products, making India self-reliant economically. It also aimed at strengthening national unity and spirit.
In simple words: The Swadeshi movement began in 1905 to promote Indian goods and boycott British ones, aiming for self-reliance and national unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Swadeshi movement directly to the Partition of Bengal (1905) and remember its dual purpose: economic self-reliance (boycott of foreign goods, promotion of Swadeshi) and political unity.

Question 40. When and by whom was 'Shanti Niketan' established ?
Answer: 'Shanti Niketan' was established in 1902 by Rabindranath Tagore. It was founded as an experimental school and a center for art, culture, and education, promoting a holistic approach to learning in harmony with nature.
In simple words: Rabindranath Tagore started 'Shanti Niketan' in 1902 as a unique school focused on art and culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Rabindranath Tagore as the founder of Shanti Niketan and the year 1902, noting its significance as a center for holistic education and culture.

Question 41. When and by whom was 'Gadar Party formed ?
Answer: The 'Gadar Party' was formed by Lala Hardayal on May 10, 1913, in the city of San Francisco, California. Its main aim was to overthrow British rule in India through a revolutionary uprising.
In simple words: The Gadar Party was started by Lala Hardayal in San Francisco in 1913 to fight for India's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details for the Gadar Party are its founder (Lala Hardayal), establishment year (1913), and its base in California, USA, indicating its international revolutionary efforts.

Question 42. When and by whom was 'Homerule movement started ?
Answer: The 'Home Rule Movement' was started by Annie Besant on September 1, 1916, in Madras. Another league was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in April 1916. Both aimed to achieve self-rule (home rule) for India within the British Empire.
In simple words: The Home Rule Movement was started by Annie Besant in Madras in 1916 to demand self-rule for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak as key figures in the Home Rule Movement, which aimed for self-governance within the British Empire.

Question 43. When and by which act was the policy separate electorates adopted in British period?
Answer: The policy of separate electorates was adopted in the British period by the Morley-Minto Reforms Act in 1909. This act introduced separate electorates for Muslims, allowing them to elect their own representatives, which was a significant step in the "divide and rule" policy.
In simple words: Separate electorates were introduced for Muslims by the Morley-Minto Reforms Act of 1909.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) with the introduction of separate electorates, which was a controversial policy aimed at dividing Indian communities.

Question 44. When and why was Marley Minto reforms act brought ?
Answer: The Morley-Minto Reforms Act was brought in 1909. It was primarily introduced to create differences between liberals and radicals within the Indian political landscape, especially by introducing separate electorates for Muslims, thus furthering the British policy of 'divide and rule.'
In simple words: The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 were introduced to create divisions among Indian political groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Morley-Minto Reforms were a calculated move by the British to sow discord between different political factions in India and strengthen their control.

Question 45. When and where did the first division of congress take did place?
Answer: The first division of Congress occurred during the Surat Session in 1907 CE. This split separated the moderate and extremist factions of the Indian National Congress.
In simple words: The first split in Congress happened in 1907 at the Surat Session.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Surat Session of 1907 as the historical event where the Indian National Congress experienced its first major ideological split.

Question 10. In 1893 CE, who represented India in Chicago world Religions, conference?
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Mahadev Govind Ranade
(d) Vyomesh Chandra Chatterjee
Answer: (b) Swami Vivekanand
In simple words: Swami Vivekanand spoke on behalf of India at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures and their contributions to major historical events, especially significant speeches or representations at global conferences.

Question 11. Freedom is my birth right and I will have it. This statement was given by:
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lata Lajpat Rai
(c) Vipin Chandra pal
(d) Gyanendranath Ghosh
Answer: (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
In simple words: This famous statement, which means "I deserve freedom and I will get it," was spoken by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with famous quotes and slogans from prominent national leaders, as they often appear in exams.

Question 12. The incident which took place in Asia in the beginning of the twentieth century and affected India's national movement was :
(a) Japan's victory over Russia .ro
(b) Boer war
(c) Opposition to the partition of the Turkey Empire
(d) Italy's defeat by Ethiopia
Answer: (c) Opposition to the partition of the Turkey Empire
In simple words: Early in the 1900s, opposition to the division of the Turkish Empire had a big effect on India's fight for freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how international events, like the decline of the Ottoman Empire, influenced nationalist sentiments in India.

Question 14. Who was known as the father of revolutionaries?
(a) Shyam ji krishna
(b) Lala Hardayal
(c) Veer Sawarkar
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Shyam ji krishna
In simple words: Shyam ji Krishna was seen as the main leader and inspirer of many revolutionary groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key figures associated with different movements, such as the revolutionary movement, and their specific roles or titles.

Question 15. With whose efforts was the Hindustan Republicon Association formed in 1924?
(a) Yogesh Chatterjee
(b) Shachindra sanyal
(c) Chandra shekar Azad
(d) Ram Prasad Bismil
Answer: (b) Shachindra sanyal
In simple words: Shachindra Sanyal was key in setting up the Hindustan Republican Association in 1924.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the founders of important organizations and the year they were established, especially those related to the freedom struggle.

Question 16. Which leader of the tribals challenged the British power in eastern India?
(a) Khudi Ram Bose
(b) Varindra Ghosh
(c) Birsa Munda
(d) Raja Mahendra Pratap
Answer: (c) Birsa Munda
In simple words: Birsa Munda led the tribal people in challenging the British in eastern India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the leaders and regions involved in tribal uprisings against British rule.

Question 18. The system of governance that was implemented in the provinces by the act of 1919.
(a) Provincial self rule
(b) Dyarchy
(c) Parliamentray System
(d) Unitary Government
Answer: (a) Provincial self rule
In simple words: The 1919 Act introduced a system where provinces got some control over their own government, known as provincial self-rule or dyarchy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the key features of major acts passed by the British, such as the 1919 Act, and their impact on provincial administration.

Question 19. Who wrote the book named 'Geeta Rahasya'?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Rai
(d) Vipin Chandra Pal
Answer: (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
In simple words: The book 'Geeta Rahasya' was written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important literary works and their authors, especially those connected to the freedom movement.

Question 20. Who founded the Forward Block Party?
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose
(b) Ras Bihari Bose
(c) Khudiram Bose
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: (a) Subhash Chandra Bose
In simple words: Subhash Chandra Bose started the Forward Block Party.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the founders and key leaders of political parties and movements during the independence struggle.

Question 23. Who was the president of the first session of congress?
(a) Womesh Chandra Banerjee
(b) Surendra Nath Bannerjee
(c) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Womesh Chandra Banerjee
In simple words: Womesh Chandra Banerjee was the first person to lead the Indian National Congress meeting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the first leaders and key figures of important organizations like the Indian National Congress is crucial.

Question 24. Who was the viceroy of India during the partition of Bengal in 1905?
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Litton
(c) Lord curzon
(d) Lord Irwin
Answer: (c) Lord curzon
In simple words: Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India when Bengal was divided in 1905.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect major historical events with the viceroys or governors-general in power at that time.

Question 25. When did Simon commission come to India?
(a) August 7, 1928
(b) February 3rd, 1927
(c) August 7, 1942
(d) August 8, 1942
Answer: (a) August 7, 1928
In simple words: The Simon Commission arrived in India on August 7, 1928.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the dates of significant commissions and their arrival in India.

Question 27. The negative impact of communal award 1932, on Hindu society was:
(a) Electioners were devided into 17 parts
(b) Dalit classes were kept separate from Hindus
(c) Injustice was done to the Hindus
(d) Increased feeling of hatred among Hindu-Muslims.
Answer: (b) Dalit classes were kept separate from Hindus
In simple words: The Communal Award of 1932 negatively affected Hindu society by creating separate voting groups for Dalit communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the provisions and controversial impacts of awards like the Communal Award on different communities.

I. Match the Following:

Answer: 1. (C), 2. (D), 3. (E), 4. (A), 5. (F), 6. (B)
In simple words: This table matches important books with their respective authors. Knowing these connections helps understand the literary contributions to India's history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Create flashcards for important books and their authors from the period to memorize them effectively.

II. Match the Following:

Answer: 1. (C), 2. (D), 3. (E), 4. (F), 5. (H), 6. (I), 7. (J), 8. (K), 9. (G), 10. (B), 11. (A).
In simple words: This table links various historical organizations and movements with their founders or key figures. It shows who was involved in starting these important groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the founders and main leaders of each social and political organization, as these are common matching questions.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Why is the nineteenth century called the Indian renaissance era?
Answer: The nineteenth century is known as the Indian Renaissance era because during this time, new ideas spread throughout Indian society. People started feeling a stronger sense of national identity and enlightenment, leading to significant changes in thought and culture.
In simple words: The 1800s were called the Indian Renaissance because new ideas and a sense of national pride emerged then.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining historical periods, highlight key characteristics like the emergence of new ideas and national sentiment.

Question 2. Describe the two major principles of Brahma Samaj?
Answer: The two main principles of Brahma Samaj were:
1. Prayer is considered very important for spiritual growth.
2. The soul is believed to be immortal, meaning it lives forever.
In simple words: Brahma Samaj believed that praying helps spiritual growth and that the soul never dies.

🎯 Exam Tip: List core tenets clearly and concisely when asked to describe principles of any social or religious reform movement.

Question 3. When and by whom was Brahma Samaj established?
Answer: Brahma Samaj was established in 1828 CE by Raja Rammohan Rai.
In simple words: Raja Rammohan Rai started the Brahma Samaj in 1828.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember both the founder and the year of establishment for important organizations.

Question 4. Who wrote 'Gift of Monothiest' and 'Precept of Jesus'?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Rai wrote both 'Gift of Monothiest' and 'Precept of Jesus'.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Rai wrote the books 'Gift of Monothiest' and 'Precept of Jesus'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key literary works with their authors, particularly those influential in social reform.

Question 6. Why and by whom was 'The Tatva Bodhini Sabha'established?
Answer: Maharishi Devendranath Tagore established 'The Tatva Bodhini Sabha'. He created it specifically for the study of ancient Vedic literature.
In simple words: Maharishi Devendranath Tagore started the 'Tatva Bodhini Sabha' to study old Vedic writings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the founder and the primary purpose when asked about the establishment of an organization.

Question 7. When and by which efforts was the sati system banned?
Answer: The sati system was banned in 1829 CE. This was achieved through the strong efforts of Raja Rammohan Rai, which led to a law being passed during the time of Lord William Bentick.
In simple words: Sati was banned in 1829 thanks to Raja Rammohan Rai's efforts and a law passed by Lord William Bentick.

🎯 Exam Tip: For reform movements, remember both the year of reform and the key individuals involved.

Question 8. When and by whom was the Arya Samaj established?
Answer: The Arya Samaj was established in 1875 CE by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the founders and establishment dates of major socio-religious organizations for accuracy.

Question 9. When and by whom was 'The Prarthna Samaj' established?
Answer: 'The Prarthna Samaj' was established in 1867 CE in Bombay by Atmarang Pandurang.
In simple words: Atmarang Pandurang started 'The Prarthna Samaj' in Bombay in 1867.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between similar-sounding organizations by their founders, dates, and locations.

Question 10. Who gave the slogan of 'Back to the Vedas'?
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave the slogan 'Back to the Vedas'.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the one who said, "Go back to the Vedas."

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect iconic slogans with their respective leaders for easy recall in exams.

Question 11. What were the issues that Arya Samaj opposed?
Answer: Arya Samaj opposed many practices, including polytheism (worshipping many gods), anthropomorphism (giving human qualities to God), idol worship (worshipping statues), and animal sacrifice.
In simple words: Arya Samaj was against worshipping many gods, idols, and sacrificing animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing what a movement opposed, list specific practices rather than general terms.

Question 13. When and by whom was 'Ramakrishna Mission' established?
Answer: The 'Ramakrishna Mission' was established by Swami Vivekanand on May 5, 1897, at Vallore.
In simple words: Swami Vivekanand founded the Ramakrishna Mission on May 5, 1897, in Vallore.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure you remember the exact date and location of the establishment of key religious missions.

Question 14. Write the names of two major countries which were visited by Swami Vivekanand?
Answer: The two main countries Swami Vivekanand visited were:
1. France (Paris)
2. America (California).
In simple words: Swami Vivekanand traveled to France and America.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific locations within countries (like Paris, California) shows a deeper understanding.

Question 15. When and where did Vivekanand participate in World Riligious Conference?
Answer: With help from the Maharaja of Khetri, Vivekananda visited Chicago City, America, in September 1893 to take part in the Parliament of Religions.
In simple words: Vivekanand went to the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago, America, in September 1893.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the key individuals who supported important figures like Swami Vivekanand, along with the date and location of significant events.

Question 16. Who gave the slogan 'Nar Seva Narayan Seva'?
Answer: The principle of the Ramakrishna Mission is that serving people is serving God, and 'Nar Seva Narayan Seva' is a very important slogan given by this Mission.
In simple words: The Ramakrishna Mission gave the slogan 'Serve people, serve God'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a slogan is associated with a mission or organization, explain its core meaning or principle.

Question 17. What was the main difference between the views of Maharishi Devendranath Tagore and Keshav Chandra Sen?
Answer: The main difference was that Maharishi Devendranath Tagore did not want to copy Western ideas and ways of life. However, Keshav Chandra Sen was influenced by Western civilization and ideas.
In simple words: Devendranath Tagore did not like Western ideas, but Keshav Chandra Sen was inspired by them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight contrasting viewpoints of historical figures to show an understanding of intellectual debates of the era.

Question 19. When and by whom was the 'Satya Shodhak Samaj formed?
Answer: The 'Satya Shodhak Samaj' was formed by Jyotiba Phule in 1875 CE.
In simple words: Jyotiba Phule started the 'Satya Shodhak Samaj' in 1875.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the founder and year of establishment for social reform organizations.

Question 20. When and by whom was the “Theosophical society' formed?
Answer: The Theosophical Society was formed in 1875 CE in New York by a Russian lady, Helen Petravana Blawataski, and an American Army officer, H.S. Alcott.
In simple words: The Theosophical Society was founded in 1875 in New York by Helen Blawataski and H.S. Alcott.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note international organizations and their founders if they had an influence on Indian movements.

Question 21. Who was the writer of 'Sarvajanik Satya Dharma' and 'Gulamgiri'?
Answer: Both 'Sarvajanik Satya Dharma' and 'Gulamgiri' were written by Jyotiba Phule.
In simple words: Jyotiba Phule wrote 'Sarvajanik Satya Dharma' and 'Gulamgiri'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify significant writings of social reformers and their contributions to literature.

Question 22. Describe the two main objectives of Theosophical society.
Answer: The two main objectives of the Theosophical Society were:
1. To promote the spirit of universal brotherhood, uniting all people.
2. To encourage the study of ancient philosophy and wisdom.
In simple words: The society aimed to create a feeling of universal unity and to study old philosophical ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for objectives, list them clearly and use simple language to explain each one.

Question 23. Who ran the Ahmadiya movement?
Answer: Gulam Ahmad Kediyani was the originator of the Ahmadiya movement.
In simple words: The Ahmadiya movement was started by Gulam Ahmad Kediyani.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the founders of different religious or social movements.

Question 24. When and by whom was the 'Religious reform council established?
Answer: The Religious Reform Council was established in 1851 CE by Dada Bhai Nauraji, Nauraji Rardon, and S.S. Bengali.
In simple words: Dada Bhai Nauraji, Nauraji Rardon, and S.S. Bengali set up the Religious Reform Council in 1851.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note both the year and the multiple key figures involved in the formation of significant councils.

Question 26. When was 'Sharda Act implemented and by whose efforts?
Answer: The Sharda Act was implemented in 1930 CE, thanks to the efforts of Harvilas Sharda.
In simple words: Harvilas Sharda helped implement the Sharda Act in 1930.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific acts or laws with their promulgators and implementation years.

Question 27. When did the Khond tribe revolt start and under whose leadership?
Answer: The Khond tribe, living near the border of Orissa, revolted in 1846 CE under the leadership of Chand Bisai.
In simple words: The Khond tribe rebelled in 1846, led by Chand Bisai, near Orissa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the tribal leaders and the year of their revolts for a comprehensive understanding of resistance movements.

Question 28. When did the Santhal rebellion occur and under whose leadership?
Answer: The Santhal rebellion occurred on June 30, 1885 CE, led by Sidhu and Kanhu.
In simple words: Sidhu and Kanhu led the Santhal rebellion on June 30, 1885.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific dates and leaders of major tribal uprisings against colonial rule.

Question 29. Which tribe's leader described himself as one of the five Pandavas?
Answer: Koro Malya, a tribal leader, described himself as one of the five Pandavas.
In simple words: Koro Malya, a tribal chief, said he was like one of the five Pandavas.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question tests knowledge of specific details and cultural references within tribal movements.

Question 30. When and by whom was the 'India house' formed?
Answer: The 'India House' was formed in 1905 CE by Shyamji Krishna Verma.
In simple words: Shyamji Krishna Verma started the 'India House' in 1905.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect key organizations with their founders and the year of establishment, especially those operating abroad.

Question 31. Describe three motivational elements of nationalism.
Answer: The three elements that encouraged nationalism were:
1. An increasing number of transport options, making it easier for people to connect.
2. The spread of English education, which allowed for shared ideas.
3. A religious and cultural awakening, bringing people together through common heritage.
In simple words: More transport, English education, and a new cultural awareness helped build nationalism.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing motivational factors, provide concise explanations for each to show understanding.

Question 33. How did the protest of Ilbert Bill affect national unity in the coming years?
Answer: The protest by the British against the Ilbert Bill made Indians realize they needed a national organization with clear political goals. This feeling contributed to greater national unity in the years that followed.
In simple words: The Ilbert Bill protest showed Indians they needed a unified political group, boosting national unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the long-term impact of significant events, especially how they contributed to national consciousness.

Question 34. What was the predecessor of the Indian National Congress that first proclaimed the spirit of nationalism?
Answer: The 'Indian Association' was the organization before the Indian National Congress that first declared the spirit of nationalism.
In simple words: The 'Indian Association' was the group that first showed national pride before the Indian National Congress existed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the chronological development of political organizations leading up to major national bodies.

Question 35. What was the name of the founder of the organization of “Tarun Samaj” and its main objectives?
Answer: The founders of "Tarun Samaj" were the Chapeker Bandhu (Chapekar Brothers). Their main objective was to remove British officers from India.
In simple words: The Chapekar Brothers started "Tarun Samaj" to get rid of British officers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the founders of revolutionary groups and their primary goals.

Question 36. What was the message of Tilak, which became the chief slogan of the national movement forever?
Answer: Tilak's message, "Swaraj (self-rule) is my birthright and I will have it," became the main slogan of the national movement.
In simple words: Tilak's message, "Freedom is my right and I'll get it," became a key national slogan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quote famous slogans accurately and explain their significance in the context of the national movement.

Question 37. What was the purpose of the government behind the partition of Bengal?
Answer: The government's purpose behind partitioning Bengal was to weaken nationalist forces by dividing opposing groups in the region.
In simple words: Bengal was divided to weaken Indian nationalist groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the political motivations behind British policies like the Partition of Bengal.

Question 38. When was the Swadeshi movement started and what was the its main purpose?
Answer: The main purpose of the Swadeshi movement was to increase the production of goods made in India and to make India self-reliant in its economy. It started in response to the partition of Bengal in 1905.
In simple words: The Swadeshi movement began in 1905 to boost Indian-made goods and make the country self-sufficient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the start date and the core economic and nationalistic objectives of the Swadeshi movement.

Question 40. When and by whom was 'Shanti Niketan' established?
Answer: 'Shanti Niketan' was established in 1902 by Rabindranath Tagore.
In simple words: Rabindranath Tagore founded 'Shanti Niketan' in 1902.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the establishment year and founder of cultural and educational institutions.

Question 41. When and by whom was 'Gadar Party formed?
Answer: The "Gadar Party" was formed by Lala Hardayal on May 10, 1913 CE, in California.
In simple words: Lala Hardayal started the Gadar Party in California on May 10, 1913.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the founder, date, and location of origin for revolutionary parties.

Question 42. When and by whom was 'Homerule movement started?
Answer: The 'Home Rule movement' was started by Annie Besant on September 1, 1916, in Madras.
In simple words: Annie Besant began the Home Rule movement in Madras on September 1, 1916.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the different Home Rule Leagues and their respective founders and start dates.

Question 43. When and by which act was the policy separate electorates adopted in British period?
Answer: The policy of separate electorates was adopted during the British period by the Morley-Minto Reforms Act in 1909.
In simple words: Separate voting groups were created by the Morley-Minto Reforms Act in 1909.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific policies, like separate electorates, to the acts that introduced them and their respective years.

Question 44. When and why was Marley Minto reforms act brought?
Answer: The Morley-Minto Reforms Act of 1909 was introduced to create disagreements and divisions between liberal and radical groups within India.
In simple words: The 1909 Morley-Minto Act was brought in to cause division between different Indian political groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the underlying political motives, such as 'divide and rule,' behind British legislative reforms.

Question 45. When and where did the first division of congress take did place?
Answer: The first division of the Congress took place during the Surat Session in 1907 CE.
In simple words: The Congress first split at the Surat Session in 1907.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year and location of significant splits or major sessions within the Indian National Congress.

Question 47. What was the programme which was adopted in the Non – Cooperation movement, was also included in the programme of the Swaraj Dal?
Answer: The Swaraj Dal also adopted the program of boycotting foreign goods and promoting Khadi (hand-spun cloth), which were key parts of the Non-Cooperation movement.
In simple words: The Swaraj Dal also decided to boycott foreign goods and use Khadi, just like the Non-Cooperation movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note how different political groups shared common objectives or programs during the independence struggle.

Question 48. Who were hanged together on the same day?
Answer: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged together on March 23, 1931.
In simple words: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were executed together on March 23, 1931.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question requires precise recall of historical figures and key dates related to their sacrifices.

Question 49. What was the main provision of Rowlatt Act?
Answer: The main provision of the Rowlatt Act allowed the government to arrest political activists without warrants, meaning there was no right to appeal, no lawyer, and no argument for the accused.
In simple words: The Rowlatt Act let the government arrest people without reason, trial, or appeal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the repressive nature of acts like the Rowlatt Act by detailing their key provisions.

Question 50. Write the name of the four revolutionaries, involved in Kakori train robbery case.
Answer: The four revolutionaries involved in the Kakori train robbery case were:
1. Ramprasad Bismil
2. Ashfaqullah Khan
3. Rajendra Lahiri
4. Roshan Singh.
In simple words: Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Roshan Singh were the four revolutionaries in the Kakori train robbery.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately list the names of all individuals involved in specific historical incidents like the Kakori case.

Question 51. When and where was the first session of the 'Swaraj Dal' held?
Answer: The first session of the 'Swaraj Dal' was held at Motilal Nehru's residence in March 1923.
In simple words: The 'Swaraj Dal' had its first meeting at Motilal Nehru's house in March 1923.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific locations and dates for the first sessions of important political parties.

Question 53. What was the difference between the report of Motilal Nehru and the report of the Simon Commission regarding the separate electorate?
Answer: There were two key differences:
1. The Simon Commission report did not include colonial independence, but the Nehru Report provided for colonial independence.
2. The Simon Commission recommended a separate electoral system, whereas the Nehru Report suggested a joint election method to protect minority interests.
In simple words: The Simon Commission wanted separate elections and no colonial independence. The Nehru Report wanted joint elections to protect minorities and colonial independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly articulate the contrasting recommendations of different committees or reports on key constitutional issues like electorates and dominion status.

Question 54. Name three prominent leaders of Dandi march.
Answer: Three important leaders of the Dandi March were:
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel were key leaders in the Dandi March.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the main leaders associated with iconic movements like the Dandi March.

Question 55. When did the first Round table conference begin?
Answer: The first Round Table Conference began on November 12, 1930.
In simple words: The first Round Table Conference started on November 12, 1930.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the dates of important conferences and their significance.

Question 56. Which Indian leader was the recipient of the title of 'Kesar - A - Hind'?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi received the title of 'Kesar - A - Hind'.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi was given the title 'Kesar-e-Hind'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the titles conferred upon prominent national leaders and the historical context.

Question 59. When and where did Gandhiji start 'Dandi March'?
Answer: Gandhiji began the 'Dandi March' with his 78 followers. It started from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 CE. This march was a key part of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
In simple words: Gandhiji started the Dandi March on March 12, 1930, from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 followers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the date and the number of followers for the Dandi March as these are common factual points in exams.

Question 60. Mention a single event under the leadership of Sarojini Naidu during the Salt Satyagraha.
Answer: Bharat Kokila Sarojini Naidu led satyagrahis to launch a rally at the salt reserves. This event led to her arrest by the British authorities.
In simple words: Sarojini Naidu led a protest rally at the salt reserves during the Salt Satyagraha and was arrested.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific action of leadership (leading a rally at salt reserves) by Sarojini Naidu during the Salt Satyagraha.

Question 61. Who was the first Indian woman to become the president of the United Nation's General Assembly?
Answer: Ms. Vijay Laxmi Pandit was the first Indian woman to become the president of the United Nations General Assembly. She was a renowned diplomat and politician.
In simple words: Vijay Laxmi Pandit was the first Indian woman to become president of the UN General Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a direct factual question; ensure you recall the full name and the specific achievement.

Question 62. Which organization was formed by Khan Abdul Gaffar?
Answer: The organization 'Khudai Khidmatgar' was formed by Khan Abdul Gaffar. This group was also known as the "Red Shirts" and promoted non-violent resistance.
In simple words: Khan Abdul Gaffar formed the 'Khudai Khidmatgar' organization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the alternative name ("Red Shirts") for 'Khudai Khidmatgar' can also be helpful for multiple-choice questions.

Question 63. In which armed revolution did women participate?
Answer: Women actively participated in the armed revolution of Chittagong. This event took place on April 18, 1930. Preetilata Waddedar was a prominent leader among them.
In simple words: Women took part in the armed revolution in Chittagong in 1930, with Preetilata as a key leader.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing women's involvement, always try to mention specific leaders or regions if the question allows.

Question 64. In which five provinces did congress get clear majority in 1837 election?
Answer: The question seems to have a typo in the year, as the 1837 election is too early for the Indian National Congress. Assuming it refers to the 1937 provincial elections, the Congress gained a clear majority in Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, and Orissa. These victories showed their growing political influence.
In simple words: If referring to the 1937 elections, Congress won clear majorities in Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, and Orissa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be mindful of historical dates; an incorrect year can lead to confusion. Focus on the core event of Congress's electoral success.

Question 65. Who was the Prime Minister of England and Viceroy of India at the time of India's independence?
Answer: At the time of India's independence, Lord Atlee was the Prime Minister of England. The Viceroy of India was Lord Mountbatten. They played crucial roles in the transfer of power.
In simple words: Lord Atlee was England's Prime Minister and Lord Mountbatten was India's Viceroy when India became independent.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to remember both the British Prime Minister and the Viceroy for questions about India's independence period.

Question 66. Name three leaders of the Congress Socialist Group.
Answer: Three prominent leaders of the Congress Socialist Group were: 1. Jawaharlal Nehru, 2. Jai Prakash Narayan, 3. Aruna Asaf Ali. This group advocated for socialist policies within the Congress.
In simple words: Jawaharlal Nehru, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Aruna Asaf Ali were leaders of the Congress Socialist Group.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing leaders, try to mention at least three if the question asks for "three leaders."

Question 67. When did the formation of Indian constitution begin and when it was implemented?
Answer: The formation of the Indian constitution began in 1946. It was finally implemented on January 26, 1950. This date is celebrated as Republic Day.
In simple words: India's constitution started being made in 1946 and became effective on January 26, 1950.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the distinction between the start of formation and the date of implementation, both are important historical milestones.

Question 68. What was the Rajgopalachari Plan and when it was started?
Answer: The 'Rajagopalachari Yojana' was a plan proposed to reach an agreement with the Muslim League. Its goal was to resolve issues related to India's independence and partition. This plan was initiated in 1944. It aimed to find a political solution for the division.
In simple words: The Rajagopalachari Plan, started in 1944, was a proposal to agree with the Muslim League on India's independence and partition.

🎯 Exam Tip: For plans or proposals, remember the key objective and the year it was introduced.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the reasons of Social Reforms movement.
Answer: Many factors led to social reform movements in India. The British administration and their colonial culture created questions in Indian minds. Indians reacted against social evils prevalent at the time, leading to a movement known as the Indian Renaissance. People wanted to remove old customs and restore dignity by remembering India's glorious past. The close link between social behavior and religious faith made reform necessary. Social reformers challenged traditional customs based on facts and worked to end practices like Sati. Swami Dayananda Saraswati also spoke against the caste system, drawing on Vedic texts. Educated Indians, influenced by liberal and humane ideas, tried to find reasons for the country's backwardness and make it progressive. Movements like Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, and Ramakrishna Mission pushed for these reforms. Additionally, Christian priests, who came in large numbers after 1813, criticized Hinduism and tried to convert Indians, leading to a need to protect native religion and culture.
In simple words: Social reform movements started because British rule, harmful old customs, and Christian missionary activities made Indians want to change society, protect their culture, and become more modern.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the causes of a movement, categorize them (e.g., social, religious, political) to ensure a comprehensive answer.

Question 2. Mention the religious views of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed in the concept of one God. He used ancient Hindu texts like the Vedas and Upanishads to show that a single divine principle exists. He strongly opposed meaningless community rituals and old biases. He thought that if a philosophy or tradition couldn't be proven correct by facts, people should not follow it. He also criticized the superstitious beliefs found in Christianity. He believed in the basic unity of all global communities and religions. The Brahma Samaj spread his ideas about God's oneness and opposed idol worship.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed in one God, rejected unnecessary rituals, and thought that religious beliefs should be based on facts, promoting unity among religions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Raja Ram Mohan Roy's core principle of monotheism and his scientific approach to religious beliefs.

Question 3. Discuss the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the field of education.
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy strongly supported Western education, especially English education. He believed that modern education was essential to spread new ideas. He established a college and a school in Calcutta to promote English education. He translated important Vedic texts and Upanishads into Bengali and also wrote a Bengali grammar book. His work in journalism was also very important, which is why he is often called "The Forerunner of Indian Journalism." He used his writings to advocate for social and educational reforms.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy promoted English education, started schools, translated texts, and worked in journalism to spread modern ideas and learning.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect his educational efforts to his broader goal of modernizing Indian society and thought.

Question 4. Mention the religious views and works of Swami Dayanand?
Answer: In religious matters, Swami Dayanand Saraswati worked to correct flaws within Hinduism that had developed over time. He also pointed out the problems in Christianity and Islam. He considered the Vedas as the true foundation of Hinduism. Believing in the pure Vedic tradition, he famously gave the slogan "Back to the Vedas." He advocated for a return to the original principles of the Vedas. He also opposed religious rituals and superstitions, describing God as shapeless, all-powerful, and present everywhere. Through his 'Shuddhi movement,' he aimed to purify converted Hindus and bring them back to their native religion. He believed that Vedic mantras should be understood using reason and facts, and that the language of the Vedas is very ancient and pure. Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj did not believe in having many gods, human-like gods, idol worship, or animal sacrifice. They were against religious rituals and superstitions.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand wanted to bring Hinduism back to the pure teachings of the Vedas, opposing idol worship and rituals. He started the 'Shuddhi movement' and gave the slogan "Back to the Vedas."

🎯 Exam Tip: The slogan "Back to the Vedas" is a key identifier for Swami Dayanand Saraswati's reformist work.

Question 5. Write a comment on Vivekananda's Chicago religious conferences visit?
Answer: Swami Vivekananda attended the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago on September 11, 1893. He began his famous speech with "Brothers and sisters," which was very well received. In his address, he powerfully explained the importance of Indian culture and religion to the Western world. He showed India's intellectual, spiritual, and religious richness through his interpretations. A New York newspaper, 'New York Herold,' even wrote that "Vivekananda is the best individual present in the Chicago Parliament of Religions." His speech made a huge impact, with many realizing how "stupid it is to send Christian propagators to a universally developed nation such as India." After this, Vivekananda traveled across America and England, spreading Hindu religion and culture. He founded the Vedanta Society in New York in 1896 CE.
In simple words: Vivekananda's visit to the Chicago Parliament of World Religions in 1893 made him famous for sharing India's rich spiritual and cultural heritage with the West.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year (1893), place (Chicago), and the main outcome (spreading Indian culture/religion) for full marks.

Question 6. Swami Vivkekananda was a true nationalist. Explain it.
Answer: Swami Vivekananda made significant contributions to developing a sense of nationalism in India. Both he and the Ramakrishna Mission helped build self-confidence and dignity among Indians. This spirit encouraged the youth to join the Indian freedom struggle. He spoke strongly for freedom, equality, and independent thought, giving a new direction to young people. He famously said, "Arise, awake, and stop not, till the goal is reached." He was concerned about India's backwardness, decline, and poverty. He did not blindly oppose Western culture. Vivekananda focused on spiritual development, believing that transforming mankind into truly good humans was the foundation for overall progress. He worked to spread Hindu religion and philosophy globally, highlighting India's ancient glory and advocating for education that builds character and a strong, energetic society.
In simple words: Swami Vivekananda was a nationalist because he promoted self-confidence, dignity, and a fighting spirit among Indians for freedom, emphasizing India's rich culture and spiritual development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When proving someone was a nationalist, connect their actions and words directly to fostering national pride, unity, or freedom struggle.

Question 7. Describe Keshav Chandra Sen's contribution to the social reform movement.
Answer: Keshav Chandra Sen made significant contributions to spreading the Brahma Samaj's message after Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Born on November 19, 1838 CE, in Calcutta, he became an active and passionate reformer. He strongly opposed child marriage. However, he faced criticism when he married his own 13-year-old daughter to the old king of Kuchbihar. This decision made some of his followers unhappy, leading to a split in the 'Bharat ka Brahma Samaj' in 1878 CE, with progressives forming the 'Sadharan Brahma Samaj.' Despite this, his early efforts greatly influenced social reform, focusing on women's rights and education.
In simple words: Keshav Chandra Sen helped spread the Brahma Samaj and worked for social reforms like opposing child marriage, but faced opposition due to his own actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing a reformer's contribution, mention specific reforms they supported and any major controversies or splits they were involved in.

Question 8. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was an effective reformer. Explain.
Answer: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was an influential Muslim reformer deeply affected by modern scientific thinking. He started the 'Aligarh movement' in Aligarh with his supporters. He championed modern Western education for Muslims and tried to blend modern progressive ideas with Islamic teachings throughout his life. He interpreted the Quran in a way that fit contemporary understanding. He believed that civilization couldn't begin or develop without the freedom of thought. He opposed fanaticism and encouraged people to be liberal and tolerant. He founded the Mohammedan Literary Society in Kolkata in 1863 and opened English education schools in many cities. The Mohammedan Oriental College, which became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, was established through his efforts.
In simple words: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a major reformer for Muslims, promoting Western education and modern thought to help them progress and blend modern ideas with Islam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's focus on modern education and his efforts to reconcile Islamic thought with scientific ideas.

Question 9. What do you know about 'Santhal revolt?
Answer: The Santhal tribe's revolt was one of the most violent and important uprisings against British rule after 1850 CE. It mainly happened in the regions of Bhagalpur and Rajmahal, which were dominated by the Santhals. The revolt spread to areas like Veerbhum, Bankura, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Bhagalpur, and Munger. The main cause of this revolt was the British policy of colonial exploitation. The Santhals were angered by excessive land revenue collection, lack of justice from British courts, police brutality and corruption, and exploitation by moneylenders, along with issues of credit. On June 30, 1855, thousands of Santhal tribals gathered in Bhagnidiha, deciding to end foreign rule and establish a rule based on justice and religion. Sidhu and Kanhu were the main leaders. They attacked police stations and other symbols of colonial rule, robbing wealthy individuals. The British army was called in to suppress the revolt. Sidhu was captured and killed in 1885 CE, and Kanhu in 1855 CE, ending the rebellion in 1856 CE.
In simple words: The Santhal Revolt was a violent uprising against British exploitation, land revenue, and police corruption in areas like Bhagalpur, led by Sidhu and Kanhu, but was suppressed by the British army.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the main causes (exploitation, injustice), key leaders (Sidhu and Kanhu), and the general period (post-1850 CE) of the Santhal Revolt.

Question 11. Highlight Delhi Conspiracy Case' of 1912.
Answer: The Delhi Conspiracy Case of 1912 involved a revolutionary group led by Lala Hardayal. On December 23, 1912, a bomb was thrown at Lord Harding in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. Lord Harding survived with a shoulder injury. Ras Bihari Bose, a major leader of this bombing, managed to escape. However, Amirchand, Avadhbihari, Balmukund, and Basant Kumar were arrested and later hanged on May 9, 1915, in connection with the Delhi conspiracy case. Lala Hardayal, another key figure, went to London.
In simple words: The Delhi Conspiracy Case in 1912 was an attempt to assassinate Lord Harding by Lala Hardayal's group. Though Harding survived, several revolutionaries were hanged for their involvement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the target (Lord Harding), the leaders involved (Lala Hardayal, Ras Bihari Bose), and the outcome for the revolutionaries.

Question 12. Describe the Komagata Maru Incident 1914.
Answer: The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 involved a Japanese steamship named Komagata Maru. It carried 376 Punjabi Indian passengers who were trying to immigrate to Canada. After passing through Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Yokohama, the ship reached Vancouver in Canada. However, the Canadian government did not allow it to dock or its passengers to disembark. On July 23, 1914, the ship was forced to return and stopped at Bajbai port in Calcutta on September 29, 1914. The British government wanted to send the passengers directly to Punjab. When the passengers resisted, a clash occurred with the police, resulting in about 20 passengers being killed. This incident highlighted the discriminatory immigration policies of the time.
In simple words: The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 was when a ship carrying 376 Indian immigrants was denied entry to Canada. Upon its forced return to Calcutta, a clash with police led to the death of about 20 passengers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details to remember are the year (1914), the ship's name (Komagata Maru), the destination (Canada), and the tragic outcome in Calcutta.

Question 13. Give a brief account of Kakori incident.
Answer: Revolutionaries needed money to fund their activities. To get funds, they planned to rob a government treasury. On August 9, 1925, they stopped a train near Kakori village, close to Lucknow, and looted the government treasure. This incident, known as the Kakori incident, led to many young revolutionaries being imprisoned and charged. Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh, and Rajendra Lahiri were later hanged for their involvement. Shachindra Sanyal was sentenced to life imprisonment. Chandra Shekhar Azad, however, managed to escape and continued his revolutionary work secretly.
In simple words: In 1925, revolutionaries robbed a train near Kakori for funds, leading to many arrests and hangings, though Chandra Shekhar Azad escaped.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the year (1925), location (Kakori), purpose (funding activities), and the fate of the prominent revolutionaries involved.

Question 14. What was the role of the press and literature in the rise and development of nationalism?
Answer: The press and literature played a very important role in awakening national awareness in India. They helped educate people politically and spread economic and political ideas. Newspapers and books criticized the British government's unfair policies and activities. News about British atrocities, racial discrimination against Indians, and the importance of democracy and self-governance were widely spread. Key newspapers like Samvad Kaumudi, Somprakash, and Hindu Patriot, along with Amrit Bazar Patrika, were instrumental. Patriotic literature also strongly contributed to national awareness. For example, Bhartendu Harishchandra, known as the father of modern Hindi, showed India's sad state under British rule through his play 'Bharat Durdasha' in 1876.
In simple words: Newspapers and literature helped spread nationalist ideas by criticizing British rule, sharing information about injustices, and promoting political awareness among Indians.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the role of media, provide specific examples of newspapers or literary works to strengthen your answer.

Question 15. What was the contribution of the social and religious reform movement in the rise of nationalism?
Answer: Social and religious reform movements, like the Brahma Samaj of Raja Rammohan Roy, Arya Samaj of Dayananda Saraswati, and Ramakrishna Mission of Vivekananda, played a crucial role in the rise of nationalism. These movements worked to remove social evils prevalent in Indian society and helped unify Indians socially. They brought back the glory of Indian culture and fostered a sense of dignity among the people. By doing so, these reform efforts greatly contributed to the development of nationalist feelings among Indians. They made people proud of their heritage and encouraged them to work for a better future.
In simple words: Social and religious reforms helped nationalism grow by removing social evils, promoting Indian culture, and uniting people with a sense of pride and dignity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific reform movements (e.g., Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj) to their impact on national identity and unity.

Question 17. "Maximum self – sacrifice also could not made the revolutionary movement successful.” Based on this statement, write down major four reasons for the failure of the revolutionary movement.
Answer: Even with immense self-sacrifice, the revolutionary movement did not succeed for several main reasons: 1. This movement lacked widespread public support, meaning not enough ordinary people joined in. 2. Revolutionary organizations were scattered across different provinces and did not have strong connections or coordination with each other. 3. They often lacked sufficient weapons and resources to effectively fight the British. 4. The government's harsh methods of suppression and betrayals by some individuals also played a significant role in their failure. The British had a more organized military and intelligence system.
In simple words: Revolutionary movements failed because they lacked wide public support, were not well-connected, had few weapons, and faced strong government suppression and betrayals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing reasons for failure, focus on internal weaknesses (lack of support, coordination, resources) and external pressures (government suppression, betrayals).

Question 18. What was liberalism and its programme?
Answer: The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the liberal phase of the Congress. During this time, Indian leaders had a liberal approach. They presented their demands to the British government through constitutional methods. Their main goal was to involve a large number of Indian people in nationalist politics. They aimed to educate Indians politically and raise awareness. They submitted their demands through requests, reminder letters, and other formal communications to the British government. Liberals believed that by peacefully educating Indians and gaining British support through reasoned arguments, they could achieve justice and reforms. They thought that through interpretation, they could show British rulers that Indian demands were fair.
In simple words: Liberalism in Congress (1885-1905) meant leaders used peaceful, constitutional ways like petitions and letters to ask the British for reforms and to politically educate Indians.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish liberalism from extremism by emphasizing its methods (constitutional, peaceful) and goals (political education, reforms).

Question 19. What do you think of the extremist nationalistic movement?
Answer: Disputes began to arise among the moderate leaders of Congress between 1905 and 1907. The extremists wished not to blindly accept British rule but to actively fight for Swaraj or self-rule. They believed that constitutional methods were not enough and advocated for more assertive actions. In 1907, the Surat session of Congress saw a split between the moderates and extremists over issues like the chairmanship. Leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Aurobindo Ghosh were prominent extremist figures. They were known as 'Lal, Bal, Pal.' The British government followed a policy of 'Divide and Rule' to suppress the extremists and gain support from moderates. This period marked a shift towards a more aggressive form of nationalism.
In simple words: The extremist nationalist movement, prominent around 1905-1907, favored aggressive methods like Swadeshi and Boycott to achieve self-rule, leading to a split with the moderate Congress leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key extremist leaders and their shift from constitutional methods to more confrontational approaches like Swadeshi and Boycott.

Question 20. What do you think of Swadeshi Movement?
Answer: The Swadeshi Movement emerged as a powerful weapon for Indians against British imperialism, especially in response to the partition of Bengal. It involved boycotting foreign goods and promoting Indian-made products, and also emphasized national education. The movement gained momentum in Bombay, Madras, and Northern India. Various voluntary organizations and public committees were formed to strengthen the Swadeshi movement. People boycotted foreign clothes, sugar, and salt, and strikes were organized at shops selling foreign goods. Large bonfires of foreign clothes were common. People were encouraged in public meetings to shun foreign goods and adopt Swadeshi alternatives. This movement helped foster economic self-reliance and national pride, showing strong resistance to British policies.
In simple words: The Swadeshi Movement involved boycotting foreign goods and promoting Indian products and education to fight British rule, especially after the Bengal partition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the two core components of Swadeshi: promotion of domestic goods and boycott of foreign goods, along with its nationalist appeal.

Question 21. When was Muslim league established? What was its objective?
Answer: The Muslim League was established on December 30, 1906, in Dhaka. It was formed at a meeting of Muslims, with Nawab Waqur ul Mulk as its chairman. The main objectives of the Muslim League were to support the British government and secure facilities for Muslims. It also aimed to counter the growing influence of the Congress. The Muslim League supported the partition of Bengal in 1905 CE, seeing it as beneficial for the Muslim community.
In simple words: The Muslim League was founded in Dhaka on December 30, 1906. Its goals were to support the British, protect Muslim interests, and oppose the Congress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details include the date (1906), place (Dhaka), and main objectives (support British, protect Muslims, oppose Congress).

Question 22. Mention the Surat session of congress and congress' split.
Answer: The annual session of the Congress in December 1907 was held on the banks of the river Tapti in Surat. During this session, a major dispute arose between the extremists and moderates over the choice of chairman. The extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai to be the chairman, but the moderates appointed Ras Bihari Ghosh instead. The extremists also sought a guarantee for passing resolutions on Swadeshi, boycott, national education, and self-rule, which were adopted in the 1906 Calcutta session. The conflict became so intense that chairs were thrown, and a shoe hit Ferozshah Mehta and Surendranath Bannerjee. This led to the expulsion of the extremists from Congress, effectively splitting the party into two factions: moderates and extremists. Tilak tried to prevent this split, but the rigid stance of Ferozshah Mehta and his supporters made it impossible. The British government exploited this division with its 'Divide and Rule' policy, suppressing extremists and trying to gain moderate support.
In simple words: The Surat session in December 1907 saw a big fight between moderate and extremist Congress leaders over choosing a chairman and policy. This led to a split in the Congress party, weakening the nationalist movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year (1907), place (Surat), and the key outcome (split between moderates and extremists), as this was a pivotal event.

Question 24. What do you know about Champaran Satyagraha?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi led his first successful 'Satyagraha' in India in 1917, in the Champaran district of Bihar. In Champaran, European indigo plantation owners were brutally exploiting farmers. They forced the farmers to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land, known as the 'tinkathia system', and then compelled them to sell the indigo at very low, fixed prices. Upon the invitation of a farmer named Rajkumar Shukla, Gandhi ji arrived in Champaran in 1917. Along with supporters like Rajendra Prasad, Majharul Haq, J.B. Kripalani, and Marhari Parikh, Gandhi ji's efforts brought significant relief to the farmers. This movement marked a crucial step in Gandhi's non-violent resistance in India.
In simple words: The Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 was Gandhi's first success in India, where he helped farmers in Bihar against unfair indigo plantation practices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify it as Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India, mention the year (1917), the cause (indigo farmers' exploitation), and the key location (Champaran).

Question 25. What was the Rowlatt Act?
Answer: The British government used very harsh measures to suppress revolutionary activities through the Indian Defence of India Act during the First World War. After the war, to continue stopping such activities, a sedition committee was formed under the chairmanship of Sir Sidney Rowlatt, a judge of the British High Court, in 1917. This committee submitted its report in April 1918. Based on its recommendations, a bill was presented in the central legislature. Despite strong protests from Indians, this act was passed on March 18, 1919. This law, known as the 'Rowlatt Act,' allowed the government to arrest political activists without warrants and detain them without trial, appeal, or legal argument. It was seen as a grave violation of civil liberties.
In simple words: The Rowlatt Act, passed in 1919, gave the British government power to arrest and imprison people without trial or warrant, leading to widespread protests in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year (1919), its main provision (arrest without trial), and its common description (no appeal, no lawyer, no argument).

Question 26. What do you know about Chauri - Chaura incident?
Answer: The Chauri-Chaura incident occurred on February 5, 1922, in Chauri-Chaura, a village in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. During a large procession of non-cooperation movement participants, a clash broke out with the police. The protestors set fire to a police station, leading to the deaths of the station officer and 21 policemen. This violent incident deeply disturbed Mahatma Gandhi, who believed in non-violence. Due to this event, Gandhi ji decided to immediately suspend the non-cooperation movement on February 12, 1922, during a Congress committee meeting in Bardoli. This decision was met with protest from many leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, Chittaranjan Das, and Motilal Nehru.
In simple words: The Chauri-Chaura incident in February 1922 involved protestors setting fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. This act of violence led Mahatma Gandhi to stop the Non-Cooperation Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key details include the date (February 1922), location (Chauri-Chaura), the act of violence (burning police station), and Gandhi's response (suspending the Non-Cooperation Movement).

Question 27. When did Simon Commission come to India? What were its objectives?
Answer: The British government appointed the Simon Commission, also known as the Indian Statutory Commission, in November 1927. This commission arrived in India in February 1928. It was formed under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. A major point of controversy was that it did not include a single Indian representative. The main objective of this commission was to suggest constitutional reforms for India. It was tasked with studying the Indian administrative system and preparing a report on whether a responsible government could be implemented. Indians strongly protested its formation, citing the violation of the principle of self-determination, as no Indian was part of it.
In simple words: The Simon Commission came to India in 1928 to suggest constitutional reforms but faced protests because it had no Indian members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year (1927/1928 arrival), its chairman (Sir John Simon), and the main reason for Indian protest (no Indian members).

Question 28. What were the main points of the Nehru Report in 1928?
Answer: The Nehru Report, published in May 1928, aimed to create a framework for India's future constitution. Motilal Nehru chaired the committee that drafted it. The main features of this report were: 1. India should be granted Dominion status, meaning independence within the British Commonwealth. 2. A declaration of rights should be made, giving all Indian citizens religious and political freedom. 3. Separate electorates based on religion should be abolished. However, seats would be reserved for Muslims in both central and provincial legislatures. 4. A bicameral legislature (two houses) should be maintained at the center. 5. Autonomy should be given to the provinces. 6. All powers should reside with the government of India, which would be accountable to the central legislature. Only foreign affairs and defense would remain under British control.
In simple words: The Nehru Report (1928) proposed Dominion status for India, a bill of rights, combined electorates with reserved seats for Muslims, provincial autonomy, and a bicameral central legislature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that the Nehru Report advocated for Dominion Status, not complete independence, and its stance on electorates for minorities.

Question 29. When was absolute self – rule resolution brought?
Answer: The resolution for absolute self-rule, or complete independence, was passed by the Congress on December 31, 1929. This happened at midnight on the banks of the Ravi river in Lahore. After passing this resolution, the flag of India's independence was hoisted. The Congress then observed 'Complete Independence Day' on January 26, 1930, and continued to celebrate this day every year until India gained actual independence.
In simple words: The resolution for complete self-rule was passed by Congress on December 31, 1929, in Lahore, leading to the first 'Complete Independence Day' celebration on January 26, 1930.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the date (December 31, 1929), location (Lahore Session), and the significance of January 26 (first Independence Day, later Republic Day).

Question 30. Write a short note on second round-table conference.
Answer: The Second Round Table Conference began in September 1931 in London. Mahatma Gandhi was the sole representative of the Congress at this conference. Other important figures like Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar and Madan Mohan Malviya also participated. A major challenge during this conference was resolving the communal issue. Like the Muslims, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar also demanded separate electorates for Dalits, leading to disagreements among the delegates regarding the division of power between the central and provincial governments and the establishment of a responsible government. Ultimately, no proposals from the British government were found acceptable. Due to these unresolved issues, Gandhi ji returned to India disappointed in December 1931. The government's oppressive policies continued even while the conference was ongoing.
In simple words: The Second Round Table Conference (September 1931) in London was attended by Gandhi, but it failed to resolve communal issues and constitutional reforms, leaving Gandhi disappointed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note Gandhi's presence, the failure to resolve communal issues, and the resulting disappointment, which are key aspects of this conference.

Question 31. What do you know about August proposal (8 August, 1940)?
Answer: Viceroy Linlithgow presented the August Offer on August 8, 1940. This proposal included the following points: 1. After the war, a group of Indian representatives would be formed to prepare the framework for the Indian constitution. 2. The Viceroy's executive council would be expanded, with a larger number of Indians included. 3. A war advisory council would be appointed, which would include representatives from Indian native states and other Indians. 4. The British government's goal was to grant Dominion status (colonial self-rule) to India. 5. The government would not make any constitutional changes without the consent of minorities. However, the Congress did not accept the August Offer, feeling it did not go far enough towards full independence and did not address their concerns adequately.
In simple words: The August Offer (1940) by Viceroy Linlithgow proposed Dominion status, an expanded executive council, and a war advisory council for India, but it was rejected by the Congress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year (1940), the Viceroy (Linlithgow), the core offer (Dominion Status), and why it was rejected (Congress wanted more autonomy).

Question 33. Evaluate the Cripps Mission plan.
Answer: The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, presented its proposal on March 23, 1942, after discussions with Indian leaders. The plan included: 1. India would receive Dominion status after the war, with the right to separate from the British Commonwealth. 2. A Constituent Assembly would be formed immediately after the war to draft a new Indian constitution. 3. Any province or native state unwilling to accept the new constitution could retain its previous status and remain separate from the Indian federation. 4. During the war and until the new constitution was formed, India's security would remain the responsibility of the British government. However, the Cripps Mission plan was not well-received. Indians were not immediately given real power. Mahatma Gandhi called it "a post-dated cheque on a falling bank." Congress opposed it because the right for provinces and native states to separate indirectly implied acceptance of the demand for the creation of Pakistan. The Muslim League also rejected it because their demand for Pakistan was not clearly accepted. Ultimately, the Congress, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Sikhs, Dalit representatives, and liberals all rejected these proposals.
In simple words: The Cripps Mission (1942) offered Dominion status after WWII and a constitution-making body, but it failed because it didn't grant immediate power and hinted at partition, satisfying neither Congress nor the Muslim League.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the key proposals (Dominion status, Constituent Assembly) and the reasons for its rejection by both Congress (not immediate enough, implied partition) and the Muslim League (not explicit enough about Pakistan).

Question 34. What was the Wavell plan?
Answer: In June 1945, British Prime Minister Churchill, seeking to resolve the political deadlock in India, presented a framework for constitutional reforms through Viceroy Wavell. This became known as the 'Wavell Plan'. The plan's main idea was to form an interim government where the Viceroy's Executive Council would include more Indian members. All members, except the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief, would be Indians. This council would act as a temporary government until a new constitution was finalized. However, the plan failed primarily because of disagreements between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League over the composition and representation in the Executive Council, especially regarding Muslim representation. The League insisted on being the sole representative of Muslims, which Congress rejected.
In simple words: The Wavell Plan (1945) was a British proposal to form an interim Indian government with more Indian members, but it failed due to disagreements between Congress and the Muslim League over representation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year (1945), the proposer (Viceroy Wavell), the main objective (interim government with Indian representation), and the reason for its failure (Congress-League deadlock).

Question 35. Write a short note on Navy revolt (February 1946).
Answer: In February 1946, Indian soldiers aboard the ship 'Talwaar' revolted. They went on a hunger strike to protest the racist behavior of the British and the poor quality of food provided to them. Slogans like 'Britishers, leave India' were written on many ships. The very next day, this strike spread to 22 other ships. The protestors formed a 'Strike Committee' under the leadership of M. S. Khan. Their main demands included good quality food for Indian sailors, equal treatment with British soldiers, and the release of 'Azad Hind Fauj' soldiers from custody. They also demanded that Indian soldiers serving abroad be recalled. This revolt demonstrated the growing nationalist sentiment within the armed forces and significantly pressured the British to leave India.
In simple words: In February 1946, Indian navy sailors revolted on the ship 'Talwaar' against British racism and poor conditions. This strike spread to many ships and highlighted strong anti-British feelings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the year (February 1946), the key ship ('Talwaar'), the reasons for the revolt (racism, poor conditions), and its widespread impact.

Question 36. What proposal did Cabinet Mission send?
Answer: On May 16, 1946, the Cabinet Mission, after consulting with the Viceroy and the British cabinet, published its proposals. The main suggestions were: 1. An Indian Federation should be established, including both British India and native states. This Federation would be responsible for defense, foreign relations, and communication systems. 2. Provinces would have the right to form separate groups. 3. A Constituent Assembly should be formed to prepare the constitution. Its members would be indirectly elected by the existing Legislative Assemblies, with one representative for every ten lakh people. 4. An interim government, including members from major Indian parties, should be established at the center. The Indian Federation could not be formed because the clause requiring a sufficient number of native states to join was not met, and they failed to resolve issues with native states. Despite Congress criticizing the Act, most provisions were implemented from April 1, 1937, and Congress formed governments in several provinces.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission (1946) proposed an Indian Federation with provincial grouping, a Constituent Assembly elected indirectly, and an interim government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key points are the year (1946), the main proposals (federation, provincial grouping, constituent assembly, interim government), and its ultimate partial failure.

Question 37. What was the 'Direct Action Day'?
Answer: The Muslim League decided to observe 'Direct Action Day' to achieve its demand for Pakistan. This day was declared for August 16, 1946. The purpose of observing 'Direct Action Day' was to show the Muslim League's resolve for Pakistan through direct action, which unfortunately led to widespread violence against Hindus. The Muslim League explicitly adopted a policy of violence to achieve its political objective. This resulted in severe communal riots, particularly in Calcutta, leading to a massive loss of life and property. The events of this day further deepened the communal divide in India.
In simple words: 'Direct Action Day' was observed by the Muslim League on August 16, 1946, to demand Pakistan, which resulted in widespread communal violence and riots, especially against Hindus.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the date (August 16, 1946), the group (Muslim League), the objective (Pakistan), and the tragic outcome (communal violence).

Question 1. Mention the causes of social reform movment in India.
Answer: The British way of governing greatly changed Indian society. Indians reacted to the British empire and its colonial culture. In the first half of the 1800s, a movement began in India's social and cultural life, which became known as the Indian Renaissance.

On one side, people tried to get rid of old customs that had appeared over time in religious matters. On the other side, Indians gained a sense of pride by remembering India's glorious past.

Social reform was very important because of the strong connection between social behavior and religious beliefs. Social reformers questioned old customs and traditions based on facts. To stop the Sati custom, Raja Ram Mohan Roy told people that this practice was not supported by religion.

Dayananda Saraswati opposed the caste system, which was based on birth and mentioned in Vedic texts. Social reformers were inspired by fair and kind ideas. Educated people worked to understand why the country was suffering and backward, and they tried to make India better.

Through social movements like the Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, and Ramakrishna Mission, people worked for social and religious reforms. The main reasons these movements started were:
1. Christian Priests: Christian priests, along with British merchants and religious teachers, came to India in large numbers after 1813 CE. They criticized Hinduism and tried to convert Indians to Christianity.
To protect their religion and culture, socio-religious movements became necessary. Efforts were made to remove social problems and prevent the spread of Christianity.

3. Western Civilization: The spread of Western culture was another reason for Indian social reform. Indian civilization came into contact with Western ideas during a time when Europe focused on thinking and individualism.

The spread of Western culture made Indians suspicious. They wanted to protect India from Western influence. Social reformers encouraged Indians to keep their faith in Indian religion and culture. They worked to remove old, outdated customs from society.

4. Newspapers and Magazines: Newspapers and magazines played a big role in the Indian Renaissance. The unfair actions of the British began to be reported in newspapers. Social reformers helped spread awareness in society through these publications.
5. English Educated Middle Class: An English-educated middle class emerged from studying Western societies. By learning about the social changes happening there, they developed a sense of social equality and unity among Indians.

Based on these points, we can say that interaction with Western civilization, the exchange of ideas, the rise of English education, the work of the Asiatic society, and the appearance of social and religious reformers all led to a new awareness in India's social, political, and religious life.
In simple words: Social reform movements in India happened because the British system changed society, people wanted to end old customs like Sati, and new ideas from Western culture spread. Christian priests trying to convert people also made Indians want to protect their own religion and culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing social reform movements, remember to categorize the causes: British influence, internal social issues, spread of new ideas, and the role of individuals and groups. Give specific examples for each point.

Question 2. Mention the religious views of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed that God is one. He tried to prove this idea, found in the Vedas and Upanishads, was present in basic Hindu religious texts. He was against meaningless community rituals and old ways of thinking.

He also thought that the Vedanta philosophy was based on facts. Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that if a philosophy or tradition is not proven right by facts, people should not hesitate to leave it. He also spoke against the superstitions common in Christianity.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed in one God, supported by ancient Hindu texts. He opposed rituals without meaning and criticized superstitions in different religions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Raja Ram Mohan Roy's core belief in monotheism and his critical approach to rituals and superstitions, emphasizing his rational and evidence-based outlook.

Question 3. Discuss the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the field of education.
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported Western and English education. He believed that modern education was vital for spreading new ideas. He set up a college and a school in Calcutta and promoted English education.

He translated the Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali. He also wrote a Bengali grammar book. He did great work in journalism, which is why he is called 'The Forerunner of Indian Journalism'.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy helped spread modern education, especially English, by starting schools and translating important religious texts. He also greatly contributed to Indian journalism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Raja Ram Mohan Roy's dual approach to education: promoting Western learning while also making ancient Indian texts accessible. Mentioning his "Forerunner of Indian Journalism" title is key.

Question 4. Mention the religious views and works of Swami Dayanand ?
Answer: In religion, Dayanand Saraswati worked to fix problems within the Hindu religion that had developed over time. He also pointed out issues in Christianity and Islam.

Dayanand Saraswati saw the Vedas as the true foundation of Hinduism. He strongly believed in pure Vedic traditions and gave the slogan: 'Back to the Vedas'.

He believed that Vedic chants should be understood using facts. He argued that the language of the Vedas is very old. Dayanand Saraswati and the Arya Samaj did not believe in having many gods, human-like gods, idol worship, or animal sacrifices. He opposed religious rituals and old superstitions. Through his 'Shuddhi movement', the Arya Samaj purified converted Hindus and brought them back to their original religion.

Political thoughts: When talking about self-rule, Dayanand Saraswati said that any foreign rule, no matter how good it seems, can never be truly helpful. He taught that it's better to rule in a bad situation than to serve in a good one. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first to use the word 'Swaraj' (self-rule). He promoted Swadeshi (using home-made goods), Swabhasha (one's own language), and Swabhiman (self-respect).

Work in education: The Arya Samaj did good work in education. After Dayanand Saraswati passed away, the Dayanand Anglo Vedic School was set up in Lahore in 1886, which became the Dayanand Anglo Vedic College in 1889 CE. Dayanand Anglo Vedic institutions spread across the country. Arguments arose within the Arya Samaj about whether to teach using Western education.

To provide education through the Vedic system, a Gurukul was established near Haridwar in Kangri. Both Dayanand Anglo Vedic institutions and Gurkul Kangri promoted Indian culture. They inspired pride among Indians. Through these educational institutions, efforts were made to remove superstitions and social evils. Dayanand Saraswati also tried to make Hindi the national language.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand wanted to fix problems in Hinduism and expose issues in other religions. He believed the Vedas were the true source of Hinduism and famously said 'Back to the Vedas'. He was against many gods, idol worship, and superstitions. He also championed self-rule, local goods, and Hindi as the national language, and started schools to spread Vedic education.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing Swami Dayanand's contributions, always link his religious views to his 'Back to the Vedas' slogan and highlight how his reforms led to social, political (Swaraj, Swadeshi), and educational advancements. Emphasize his role in uniting Hindus.

Question 2. Describe the works of Swami Dayananda Saraswati in the social reform movement.
Answer: Swami Dayananda Saraswati, who founded the Arya Samaj, was born in 1824 CE in Tankara, Gujarat. His childhood name was Mulshanker. His father, Ambashanker, was a Vedic scholar. Dayananda was a thoughtful person from a young age and met Swami Virjanand in Mathura in 1860.

Dayananda Saraswati wrote his thoughts in 'Satyarth Prakash', a book in Hindi. He established the Arya Samaj in Bombay in 1875 CE and set its rules. The Arya Samaj's principles were updated in Lahore in 1877 CE. The Arya Samaj movement grew as a reaction to the British empire and Western ideas.

The Arya Samaj was different from other social reform movements of its time. Its main goal was to reform religion and society. It aimed to remove social evils and restore the Vedic religion to its original, pure form. The principles of Arya Samaj are:
1. Truth is the main reason for God's wisdom.
2. God is shapeless, all-powerful, and everywhere.
3. The Vedas are the source of truth and knowledge.
4. Every task should be carefully considered and decided rightly.
5. The Arya Samaj aims to do good for the world through physical, spiritual, and social reforms.
6. Destruction of ignorance and spread of knowledge.
7. Everyone should be interested in the betterment of the general public.
8. There should be personal freedom, but not if it harms society.

Social reforms: The Arya Samaj promoted social equality and harmony. It believed that actions, not birth, determined caste. It opposed the caste system and untouchability. It worked to improve women's conditions, abolish child marriage, the veil system, dowry, and polygamy, and helped widows. The Arya Samaj established many shelters for widows. It supported equality between men and women. Based on the Vedas, Dayanand Saraswati said women were not forbidden from studying the Vedas and could perform sacred threads. He stated that any Hindu customs or beliefs not allowed by the Vedas should be given up.

Religious beliefs and works: In the religious field, Dayananda Saraswati worked to correct flaws within Hinduism that had developed over time. He also highlighted problems in Christianity and Islam.
In simple words: Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj to reform society and religion. He wrote 'Satyarth Prakash' and taught that God is one, Vedas are true, and good deeds are important. He fought against untouchability, child marriage, and promoted women's rights, always urging people to return to pure Vedic traditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by first introducing Swami Dayananda Saraswati and the Arya Samaj. Then, list and briefly explain the key principles of the Arya Samaj, followed by specific examples of his social and religious reforms, such as those related to caste, women's rights, and Vedic teachings.

Question 3. Give an introduction of Tribal movement in India.
Answer: Many revolts took place against British rule both before and after 1857 CE. Local tribal communities led this resistance. Leaders like Kol, Santhal, Bheel, and Munda led revolts in their areas. The British rulers faced tribal resistance in many places.

British officers, contractors, merchants, and moneylenders acted as middlemen for the British. The British took over forests, made various rules to "protect" them, and banned many tribal practices. They forced tribals to work without pay. Many types of taxes were imposed on goods produced in tribal regions.

Christian missionaries interfered more and more in tribal areas. The angry tribals fought against the British government. When the colonial government crushed this resistance very cruelly, their fight turned into armed rebellion. The tribal people did not attack each other, nor did they attack those who played important roles in their economy and had trade relations with them, like ironworkers, carpenters, potters, weavers, and barbers. They also did not attack servants who worked for outsiders.

In northern India, revolts were led by groups like Chuar, Khasi, Singo, Naga, Kuki, Khond, Santhal, Kol, Munda, and Bhumij. In western India, Bheel and Ramosi tribals revolted. In the south, Kora, Malya, Konda, and Dora tribal revolts occurred. Here are descriptions of some of these rebellions:

Khasi rebellion: Many revolts happened in northern India against colonial exploitation. The Khasi tribe, living near the Assam border in the mountains, revolted in 1829 CE. The British started building roads through their region. When Khasi people were forced to work as laborers for this task, anger grew in their community. Led by Tirat Singh, the Khasi attacked the British. The British harshly suppressed this revolt.

Kol rebellion: The Kol people were unhappy with the British administrative system, their strict land revenue system, and the bad behavior of local officers and workers. This revolt started in Chotanagpur in 1831 CE and quickly spread to Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Manbhumi, and other parts of Bihar state.

Bhumi rebellion: The Bhumi tribe revolted in Veerbhumi and Jangal Mahal under Ganganarayan's leadership in 1832 CE.

Konda Dora rebellion: The Konda Dora tribals started revolting against British government cruelties, exploitation by the Pradhan (chief), forced labor, and more. This tribe lived in the Krishandevpeta hills of Vishakhapattnam district. Led by Tapsvi Ramraja, an armed rebellion began in 1922 CE. Gautam Dora, Mallu Dora, Angiraj, and Jyeny Raja were some of its main leaders. They assassinated British officers Colonel Scott and Haetarson. Ramraja wrote to the chairman of the congress session in 1923, stating that if they had many thousands of guns, he and his companions could end British rule in India and establish self-rule.

This tribe revolted and planned to form a parallel government to the British government in Orissa and Andhra. The British government suppressed this revolt very cruelly in 1924 CE. Gautam Dora was killed. Ramaraja surrendered after seeing the increasing cruelties by the British, but the British imprisoned and shot him.

While British officers, armed with modern weapons and helped by the army, suppressed the tribal revolts in many places, the tribal people fought with bows, arrows, spears, and axes. In this armed struggle, various tribes showed incredible bravery against British colonial rule, relying on their self-confidence.

The merchants and moneylenders who acted as middlemen for the British were also attacked. Most revolts were suppressed, but this tribal resistance proved that they would not accept exploitation.
In simple words: Tribal movements in India were revolts against British exploitation, forced labor, and interference in their land and culture. Leaders like Santhal, Kol, and Munda led these fights, showing great bravery with traditional weapons against the British army and unfair policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: To answer effectively, identify the key causes of tribal revolts (exploitation, land laws, missionary interference), name major tribes and their leaders (Santhal, Kol, Munda, Khasi, Konda Dora), and describe the nature of their resistance (armed rebellion, self-rule demands).

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. “The revolutionary movement has an important place in the history of Indian freedom struggle.” Elaborate.
Answer: Revolutionary incidents happened both in India and abroad. Key revolutionary groups included Abhinav Bharat Anusheelan Samiti, Gadar Party, Hindustan Socialist Republic Party, and Azad Hind Fauj. In India, Maharashtra, Bengal, and Punjab were major centers for these activities.

Abroad, London (England), Paris (France), San Francisco and Portland (America), Berlin (Germany), and Tokyo (Japan) were also major centers. Revolutionaries tried to involve the Indian army and sought help from foreign powers that opposed the British. The Gadar movement and Azad Hind Fauj are examples of this.

With Germany's help, the Gadar Party, and with Japan's help, the Azad Hind Fauj worked to end British rule in India. In 1905 CE, Shyamji Krishna Verma established the 'India House' in London, which became a center for Indian revolutionaries. He published a journal called 'Indian Sociologist'.

Many revolutionaries, such as Veer Savarkar (leader of Abhinav Bharat), Lala Hardayal (leader of Gadar Party), and Madan Lal Dhingra, became members of these groups. Shyamji Krishna Verma was known as the 'Father of Revolutionaries'. In Paris, S. R. Rana, Bhikaji Rustom Kama were active members.

Abhinav Bharat: To celebrate the Ganesh festival in Nasik, the 'Mitra Mela' organization was formed in 1899 CE. From this group, a secret revolutionary organization called 'Abhinav Bharat' emerged in 1904 CE under Veer Savarkar's leadership. Its goal was to free India from foreign rule.

Through the Ganesh festival and Shivaji festival, started by Tilak, this organization spread revolutionary ideas. It educated and organized people through assemblies and magazines. It trained youth to fight the British by teaching them how to use sticks, swords, climb hills, ride horses, and run. Its branches were set up in many colleges and schools in Poona and Bombay, Maharashtra.

Abhinav Bharat collected pistols and other weapons from abroad. Veer Damodar Savarkar sent weapons from London to India. Abhinav Bharat sponsored Pandurung Mahadev Bapat and sent him to Europe to learn bomb-making.

Curzon Willey murder case: Madan Lal Dhingra assassinated Curzon Willey in 1909 CE. Dhingra was studying engineering in London and was upset by British cruelties against Indians. Veer Savarkar opposed the motion to condemn Dhingra at Willey's memorial meeting.

Veer Savarkar: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar of Abhinav Bharat is a crucial figure among India's freedom fighters. Because of his patriotism and sacrifices, he became known as Veer Savarkar. He encouraged youth to join revolutionary activities against British rule. He opposed the official mourning for Queen Elizabeth in 1901 CE, calling the coronation of Edward VII a 'ceremony of slavery' and a 'revolt against the country and community'.

Nasik conspiracy case: Anant Laxman assassinated District Magistrate Jackson on 21st December 1909, known as the 'Nasik conspiracy case'. Major revolutionaries involved were hanged. Veer Savarkar was imprisoned in London, caught after trying to escape by jumping into the sea, and sent to jail in the Andaman Islands where he was tortured. He was released in 1937 CE.

Delhi conspiracy case (1912 CE): On 27th December 1912, a bomb was thrown at Lord Harding in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. He survived. Ras Bihari Bose, a main leader of this plot, escaped. The Delhi conspiracy case led to Amirchand, Avadh Bihari, Balmukund, and Basant Kumar being hanged. Lala Hardayal left for London.

Revolutionary events abroad (Gadar party): America was a major center for revolutionary activities. Indians there realized that the British in India discriminated against them. Portland, America, became a key hub for Indian revolutionaries. Under Sohan Singh Bhakna, the 'Hindustan Association of the Pacific Coast' was formed in Portland to protect Indian rights and create political awareness for India's freedom.

People from various communities spread revolutionary ideas by distributing Gadar Party literature. In August 1914, revolutionaries connected with Germans.

Komagata Maru incident (1914): This was a ship hired from Hong Kong carrying 376 Punjabi Indian passengers. It reached Calcutta's Bajbai port on 29th September 1914. The government wanted to send passengers to Punjab. The passengers fought with the police, and about 20 passengers were killed.

Lahore Armed Rebellion (February 1915): In 1915, the Gadar Party revolted in Singapore. Their plan to invade the British with German help in Southeast Asia failed. The Lahore armed revolt became famous as the first Lahore conspiracy case. The Gadar Party spread revolutionary spirit among the Indian army and people, aiming to free India through armed rebellion. A temporary government was formed in Kabul by Raja Maher Pratap Singh, which directly connected with the Afghan government.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association: Revolutionary activities that began in the late 19th century in India became inactive by the end of World War I. Revolutionary Ras Bihari Bose went to Japan. Sachindra Nath Sanyal was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Banaras conspiracy case in 1915 CE.

Various revolutionaries joined the non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Other revolutionaries included Sardar Bhagat Singh, Ramprasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, and Ashfaqulla Khan.
In simple words: Revolutionary movements were vital in India's freedom fight, with groups like Abhinav Bharat and Gadar Party working in India and abroad. They aimed to overthrow British rule through armed struggle, even trying to involve the Indian army and seeking foreign support. Key incidents included assassinations, bomb attacks, and organizing resistance, with leaders like Savarkar and Hardayal inspiring many to sacrifice for independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When elaborating on the revolutionary movement, categorize events by location (India vs. abroad) and type (organizations, specific incidents like murders or conspiracies, and key leaders). Always link these actions to their impact on the broader freedom struggle.

Question 5. Which different organizations were created before the establishment of the congress.
Answer: Along with social and religious reform groups, many political organizations were formed in the 19th century. These groups were based on specific interests. Landlords, merchants, and educated middle-class people formed various groups to protect their interests. These organizations played a crucial role in building political awareness. The main ones were:

1. British Indian Association: This organization represented the interests of landlords. Its members worked to protect their property rights. They believed that British rule had harmed their interests and traditional land systems. The British Indian Society was formed in London in 1839 CE, and the Landholders Society connected with it. It presented its ideas to the British Parliament and sought British support.

2. Bengal British India Society: This society was formed on 20th April 1943 in Calcutta. Its chairman was George Thompson, and its secretary was Prarichandra Mitra. Like the Landholders Association, this group included Indians and non-government British upper-middle-class people. From the platform of the Bengal British India Society, Indians learned their first lessons in politics.

3. British India Association: Established in 1851 CE, its chairman was Radhakant Dev, and Devendranath Tagore was its secretary. This was an organization of new Indian landlords. To make it larger, traders and new intellectuals were included. The East India Company's charter was to expire in 1853 CE, and the association tried to run a movement across India. They sent reminders while forming organizations in three presidencies. This organization demanded Indian inclusion in administration and that state legislatures be established where Indian representatives, such as Womesh Chandra Bannerjee (who later became the first president of Congress) and Ramesh Chandra Dutt, could work.

4. East India Association: Dadabhai Naoroji formed this in London on 1st December 1866. Its goal was to benefit India through legal means. It provided information on Indian issues to the British Parliament and citizens. In 1873 CE, when Dadabhai Naoroji became the Diwan and came to India, retired British officials took control of this institution.

Dadabhai Naoroji was India's first economic thinker. Through his writings, he showed that India's poverty was due to British exploitation and wealth flowing to Britain. In his book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India', he explained how wealth drained from India to England. He is known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'.

Poona Sarvajanik Sabha: This was a leading organization of progressive people in western India. It raised political awareness in the Bombay presidency and organized public meetings. Members would present the country's poor condition to people and suggest ways to fix it. They sang patriotic songs in their meetings.

Indian League: Shishir Kumar Ghosh founded the Indian League on 25th September 1875 in Calcutta. Shishir Kumar Ghosh owned and edited 'Amrit Bazar Patrika'. Shambhu Chandra Mukherjee was its temporary chairman. The league aimed to spread nationalism among Indians and provide political education.

Indian Association: Surendranath Bannerjee and Anand Mohan Bose formed this on 26th July 1876 in Calcutta. This organization wanted to unite all of India. Because its goal was to form an all-India association, it was named the Indian Association. Its main goals included uniting Indians with shared nationalistic feelings and political interests, building friendly relationships between Hindus and Muslims, and including ordinary people in political movements.

This organization opposed Viceroy Litton's decision to lower the age for civil services from 21 to 19 years and the Vernacular Press Act 1878 CE and Arms Act 1878. It played an important role in the movement against the Ilbert Bill during Lord Rippon's time. After being criticized by a judge, the government ordered Surendranath Bannerjee's arrest in May 1883, but he was released after two months on 4th July 1883.

Madras Mahajan Sabha: This was formed on 16th May 1884. P. Rangia Naidu was its chairman, and P. Raghavachari and Anand Charlu were its secretaries. It became the central political institution of the Madras presidency. In its meetings, the Madras Mahajan Sabha discussed issues like reforms in legislative councils, separation of judiciary and executive, government structure changes, and farmers' problems.

Indian National Congress: Alongside various groups and individuals, the Indian Association called for a national conference in Calcutta on 29-30 December 1883, led by Ramtanu Lahori. Representatives from Ahmedabad, Madras, and North India also attended. This was the first step towards forming a united All-India National Organization. Discussions covered topics like civil service exams in India, increasing the age limit for participation, and establishing representative legislative assemblies in India. At the same time, Hume called for an Indian National Congress conference in Bombay. Because of this, Surendranath Bannerjee could not attend the first session, which was held from 28-30 December.
In simple words: Before the Indian National Congress, various groups like the British Indian Association, Bengal British India Society, British India Association, East India Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Indian League, and Indian Association were formed. These organizations aimed to protect different interests, spread political awareness, and unite Indians against British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing organizations before the Indian National Congress, group them by their primary focus (e.g., landlords, political awareness, regional) and mention a key leader or objective for each. Ensure you differentiate their aims from those of the Congress.

Question 6. Explain the basic purpose of establishing the Indian National Congress and tell how it was born ?
Answer: Before the Congress was formed, various political groups had significantly helped to develop political awareness and nationalism. In different parts of the country, the desire to organize a national movement by combining various local movements was growing. Because of the need for an all-India organization, the Congress was born.

On 1st March 1883, Hume wrote a letter to Calcutta University graduates, urging them to form a political organization of Indian individuals. In May 1885, Hume met Lord Dufferin in Shimla and got his support before forming the Congress. In July 1885, Hume visited Britain as a representative of the Indian National Union and spoke with political leaders there.

Before the Congress was officially formed, its name was 'Indian National Union'. With the help of liberal intellectuals, a retired British officer, Allan Octavian Hume, founded the Indian National Congress in December 1885. The first meeting, originally planned for Poona, was moved to Bombay due to the spread of dysentery.

Objectives of the Congress:
1. To build personal connections and friendships among Indians working in various parts of the country for national welfare.
2. To eliminate differences based on caste, religion, and region among patriots and to strengthen national unity.
3. To bring the opinions of educated Indians on important political and social issues to light.
4. To decide on policies and measures necessary for politicians to promote public welfare in the future.

The main demands of Congress included appointing a Royal Commission, increasing the number of elected representatives in legislative assemblies or councils, allowing these councils to discuss the budget, holding civil service exams in India and Britain, and reducing defense spending.

Various political organizations were encouraged to support Congress's proposals. The second session of Congress was held in Calcutta on 28th December 1886, with A. O. Hume elected as the chief secretary. At the end of the first session, Hume praised British Empress Victoria.

Hume tried to use Congress as a 'safety valve' to control growing dissatisfaction among educated Indians. On the other hand, liberal intellectual Congress leaders tried to use it as a 'lightning conductor' to protect against British repression.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress was created to unite Indians and promote national welfare, political awareness, and demand reforms from the British. It was founded by Allan Octavian Hume in 1885, with its first meeting in Bombay, after getting support from various Indian leaders and even the Viceroy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the birth and purpose of the Indian National Congress, remember to mention Allan Octavian Hume as its founder, the year (1885), and the location of its first session (Bombay). Clearly state its main objectives, such as promoting national unity, political education, and demanding constitutional reforms.

Question 7. Who were liberalists ? Mention their main ideas and achievements.
Answer: The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the liberalist period of the Congress. During this time, Indian leaders had liberal views. They presented their demands to the British government through constitutional methods, using requests, reminders, and letters. Their goal was to involve many Indians in nationalistic politics.

They wanted to educate Indians peacefully and raise awareness. They believed that both in Britain and India, they had successfully gained the support of British rulers by showing that Indian demands were fair, and they could achieve justice. In this context, Congress sent various groups of representatives to explain the relevance of Indian demands to the British Parliament and citizens.

Working procedure of liberalists:
1. During this period, Congress did not openly oppose the government. Liberal leaders believed it was not practical to directly confront the British government at that time. Prominent liberal leaders of Congress included Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta, and Dinesh Wacha.

2. The liberalists strongly criticized the British imperialistic economic policies. They raised economic awareness among Indians, explaining that India's poverty and economic backwardness were due to British exploitation in agriculture, trade, industry, and other sectors.
In simple words: Liberalists were early Indian National Congress leaders (1885-1905) who used peaceful, constitutional ways like petitions to ask the British for reforms. They aimed to politically educate Indians and expose British economic exploitation, believing justice could be achieved through dialogue.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about liberalists, identify their time period (1885-1905), their methods (constitutional means, petitions, appeals), and their main objectives (political education, exposing economic exploitation, administrative reforms). Mention key leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji.

Question 7. Who were liberalists? Mention their main ideas and achievements.
(Or) "There was the influence of moderates on the initial policies of Congress from 1885 to 1905.” Explain it.
(Or) Describe in brief outline of the programme and movement of the liberalists.
Answer: The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the liberalist phase of the Congress. During this time, Indian leaders had a progressive outlook. They presented their demands to the British government through constitutional methods. They used requests, reminders, and letters to put forth their points. Their goal was to involve many Indian people in nationalistic politics. They wanted to educate Indians peacefully and make them aware. They believed that both in Britain and India, they could get support from British rulers by explaining that the demands of Indians were fair, which would help them achieve justice. For this purpose, Congress sent various groups of representatives who highlighted the importance of Indian demands to the British Parliament and citizens.

The liberalists followed these working procedures:
1. During this time, the Congress did not openly oppose the government. The liberal leaders felt it was not practical to directly confront the British government then. Prominent liberal leaders of Congress included Dada Bhai Nauroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta, and Dinesh Wacha.
2. Liberalists strongly criticized the economic policies of British imperialism. They raised awareness among Indians about economic issues. They showed how the British exploited India's economy through agriculture, trade, industry, and other sectors. They argued that British economic exploitation was the root cause of India's poverty and backwardness.
5. Liberalists made many demands for administrative reforms. These included appointing more Indians to public services, Indianizing public services, separating executive and judiciary, removing the Arms Act, and reducing defense spending.
6. They consistently demanded constitutional reforms in legislative councils. The British government passed the Act of 1892 CE, which increased the number of Indian members in central and provincial legislative councils. An indirect election system was introduced. Members could ask questions and debate the budget. However, Indians were not fully satisfied with the 1892 Act and demanded more rights.
7. Liberalists actively worked to protect citizens' rights, such as freedom of speech, expression, and the right to form organizations. Though the Congress did not achieve complete success during this period, they fostered awareness among Indians about political, economic, and cultural interests. They prepared the public for political roles and spread ideas of democracy, citizens' freedom, and nationalism.

British government's policy towards the Congress:
In 1885 CE, Viceroy Dufferin hosted a reception for Congress representatives in Calcutta. However, the British government became suspicious of Congress as its form changed in 1888. In 1890, Lord Dufferin called Congress a representative of a very small part of Indians. Viceroy Curzon aimed to eliminate Congress. In 1990, Lord Curzon wrote to the Indian Secretary, expressing his intense desire to help Congress have a peaceful end as it was 'gradually declining'. The British government worried about the rising nationalist movement and the growing unity among Indians. They adopted a policy of 'Divide and Rule'.
In simple words: Liberalists were early Indian leaders who used peaceful, constitutional ways like petitions to ask the British government for reforms. They wanted more Indians in government, economic fairness, and self-rule. The British, however, tried to weaken Congress and used a 'Divide and Rule' strategy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing liberalists, always mention their constitutional methods and gradual approach to reforms, contrasting them with later extremist movements. Highlight their focus on administrative and economic issues.

Question 8. Write the history of National movement from 1907 to 1919.
(Or) Throw light on Bal Gangadhar Tilak's contribution to the national independence movement.
Answer:
**Surat Session of Congress and Congress Split (1907 CE):**
In 1907, it was suggested that the Congress session be held in Nagpur, which was a hub for extremists. However, the annual Congress session took place in December 1907 on the banks of the Tapti river in Surat. A dispute arose between the extremists and moderates over who should be the chairman. Extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai, but moderates elected Ras Bihari Ghosh. Extremists also wanted to ensure that resolutions passed in the 1906 Calcutta session (Swadeshi, boycott, national education, and self-rule) were adopted. The disagreement became so intense that chairs were thrown, and a shoe hit Ferozshah Mehta and Surendranath Bannerjee. This chaos led to the expulsion of extremists from Congress, splitting it into two groups: moderates and extremists. Tilak tried to prevent this split, but the firm stance of Ferozshah Mehta and his supporters made it impossible. The British government used a 'Divide and Rule' policy, suppressing extremists while trying to gain moderate support.

**Tilak's Political Views:**
Tilak was a leader of the extremist group who favored struggle over petitions to achieve Swaraj (self-rule). He famously declared, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it." He promoted Swaraj, Swadeshi (local goods), boycott of foreign goods, and national education. After the 1907 Surat split, Tilak was forced to leave Congress and never became its chairman. With his friends, he started a new English school in Poona in 1880 and was involved in the Deccan Education Society and Ferguson College. To build public support, he published two newspapers: 'Maratha' (an English weekly) and 'Kesari' (a Marathi daily). He used religious festivals like Ganesh festival (starting 1893 CE) and Shivaji festival (starting 1896 CE) to foster nationalism and provide political education. He also established wrestling clubs (akharas) and 'Lathi clubs' to develop youth physically and morally, opposing cow slaughter. Tilak was called the 'Crown-less Emperor of India.' After his imprisonment in Mandalay Jail in Burma for six months in 1908 due to his extremist influence, people organized large protests. Tilak remarked that perhaps God wanted him to face troubles to fulfill his life's goals.

**Leadership of Lal, Bal, Pal:**
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Aurobindo Ghosh were key extremist leaders. The first three were famously known as 'Lal, Bal, Pal'. Tilak faced a treason charge for an article against the British government published in 'Kesari'.

**Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Contributions:**
Tilak was a nationalist who connected with the masses and encouraged them to participate in the freedom struggle for Swaraj. He was born on July 23, 1856, in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, into a Brahmin family with a history of serving the Peshwas. He studied law. While in Mandalay jail, he wrote 'Gita Rahasya' and 'Arctic Home of the Aryans.' After his release in 1914 CE, he played a vital role in the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between Congress and the Muslim League. He also led the Home Rule Movement with Annie Besant to achieve self-rule. Valentine Chirol called Tilak the 'Father of Indian Unrest,' leading Tilak to file a defamation case against Chirol. Tilak died in 1920 CE, and his funeral procession drew a massive crowd, showing the nation's grief.
In simple words: From 1907 to 1919, the national movement saw the Surat Split where Congress divided into two groups over leadership and approach. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a key leader who promoted self-rule, Swadeshi, and national education through his newspapers and festivals, inspiring many Indians.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the national movement in this period, remember to clearly explain the Surat Split and its causes, as well as Bal Gangadhar Tilak's role and his methods of mobilizing public support.

Question 9. Describe the features of the act of 1919. Or Discuss the major provisions and defects of the governance system enforced by: the Government of India Act 1919.
Answer: After World War I, Indians hoped the British government would grant them more rights and self-rule. The Lucknow Pact of 1916, an agreement between Congress and the Muslim League, suggested this possibility. Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement to demand self-rule. The extremist faction gained influence in Congress. On August 20, 1917, Indian Secretary Montague announced that self-rule would be gradually encouraged to establish a responsible government in India. All these events formed the basis of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919. Montague was the Indian Secretary, and Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India. The Act of 1919, based on their reports, had the following key features:

**Main Features of the Act of 1919:**
1. **Reserved and Transferred Subjects:** At the provincial level, subjects were divided into two categories. "Reserved subjects" (like police, jails, law and order, justice) were managed by the Governor with his executive council, who were accountable to the Governor. "Transferred subjects" (like local self-governance, health, medical care, public works) were managed by the Governor with the advice of Indian ministers.
2. **Governor's Executive Council:** The Governor's Executive Council was not accountable to the Provincial Legislative Assembly but to the Governor. Indian ministers, however, were responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The Governor could appoint and remove ministers, and also dissolve the legislative assembly or reject its annual bills.
3. **Division of Power:** Power was divided between the central and provincial governments. The central government managed subjects such as defense, foreign policy, railways, communication, census, and public debt. Provincial governments managed local self-governance, health, medical services, police, education, public works, forest, irrigation, and agriculture.
4. **Bicameral System at Center:** For the first time, a two-house legislature was set up at the center. The upper house was called the Council of States, and the lower house was called the Legislative Assembly.
5. **Separate Electorates:** The system of separate electorates was extended to communal groups in the provincial legislative assembly. Besides Muslims, Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, and Indian Christians could elect their representatives through separate electorates.
6. **Indian High Commissioner:** A provision was made for an Indian High Commissioner to handle tasks like those of the India Council and the education of Indians in England. The Crown appointed the Indian High Commissioner based on the advice of the British Indian government.

**Defects in the Act of 1919:**
This Act was widely criticized, mainly because of the dyarchy (dual governance) system in the provincial administration. The division of subjects into reserved and transferred lists was not practical. The transferred subjects were under Indian ministers, who were accountable to the legislative assembly, but there was a lack of collective responsibility among ministers, which made the dyarchy system a failure. The Governor-General (Viceroy) and his council remained accountable to the Secretary of India and the British Parliament. The Governor-General could override his executive council's recommendations. The expansion of the communal electorate system was seen as an attempt to prevent national unity in India.
In simple words: The Act of 1919, known as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, aimed to give Indians more say in government. It created a system called 'dyarchy' in provinces, dividing subjects between the Governor and Indian ministers. It also set up a two-house legislature at the center and expanded separate voting groups. However, the dyarchy system failed because ministers lacked real power, and the Governor-General remained supreme, which caused much dissatisfaction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the concept of 'dyarchy' in the provinces as the central feature and major defect of the 1919 Act. Mention the split between reserved and transferred subjects, and the continued power of the Viceroy.

Question 10. Describe the main features of the act of 1935.
Answer: The Act of 1935 was a very comprehensive law and was the last major provision introduced by the British in India. Many factors led to its creation. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 had failed to satisfy Indians, who also opposed the Simon Commission's proposals for constitutional reforms. The Civil Disobedience Movement further intensified anti-British sentiments, and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact didn't offer a complete solution. The British government then published a white paper after three Round Table Conferences, outlining new reforms. After some amendments, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1935.

**Main Features of the Act of 1935:**
1. **Abolition of Dyarchy in Provinces:** The dyarchy system established by the 1919 Act in the provinces was ended. Provinces were given full autonomy (self-rule).
2. **Bicameral Legislatures in Provinces:** Two-house legislatures were set up in six provinces: Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Assam, and Bihar. The Legislative Council was the upper house, and the Legislative Assembly was the lower house.
3. **All India Federation:** A provision was made to establish an 'All India Federation' including provinces governed by Governors and native princely states. However, this federation could not be formed because a sufficient number of native states did not agree to join.
4. **Dyarchy at the Centre:** Dyarchy was implemented at the central level.
5. **Division of Subjects:** All subjects were divided into three lists: Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List.
6. **Federal Court:** A federal court was established. Appeals against its decisions could be made to the Privy Council in England.
7. **Abolition of India Council:** This Act abolished the Indian Council, which was established by the Act of 1858. Instead, advisors were appointed to the Indian Secretary.
8. **Extended Communal Electorates:** The system of communal electorates was further expanded, also providing separate electorates for Dalits.
9. **Reserve Bank of India:** A provision was made for a Central Bank, which was named the Reserve Bank of India.
10. **Federal Railway Authority:** A Federal Railway Authority was set up to control, construct, maintain, and operate the railways.
11. **Separation of Burma:** Burma was separated from India. New provinces like Sindh and Orissa were created (British India then comprised 11 provinces).

**Responsible Governments and Provincial Elections:**
In the provinces, responsible governments were established, but provincial governors retained discretionary powers to restrict them. Since a sufficient number of native states did not join, the Indian Federation could not be established. Despite talks with native states, issues could not be resolved quickly. The federal court was also not the final court of appeal. A large part of this Act became a crucial part of India's constitution. Except for the Indian Federation, all other provisions of the Act came into effect from April 1, 1937. Congress criticized the Act but participated in the provincial elections of 1937 and formed governments in several provinces. In July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 out of 11 provinces of British India, including Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa. Coalition governments were formed in the North-West Frontier Province and Assam with Congress. In Bengal, a coalition government of the Krishak party and the Muslim League was formed under Fazlul-Haq. In Punjab, a similar arrangement occurred.
In simple words: The Act of 1935 was a big law that ended dyarchy in the provinces, giving them more self-rule, and set up two-house legislatures. It aimed to create an 'All India Federation' but this never happened fully. Dyarchy was instead moved to the center. It divided government powers into lists, created a federal court, established the Reserve Bank of India, and separated Burma. The Act also led to provincial elections where Congress formed governments in many areas, even though they criticized the law.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to highlight the shift of dyarchy from provinces to the center and the introduction of provincial autonomy. The 'All India Federation' proposal and its failure are also key points.