RBSE Solutions Class 12 History Chapter 5 Colonial Invasions

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 5 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. First European who discovered the direct sea route from Europe to India was:
(a) Zamorin
(b) Columbus
(c) Thomas Roe
(d) Vasco - de - gama
Answer: (d) Vasco - de - gama
In simple words: Vasco da Gama was the first European explorer to find a direct sea route to India, which opened up new trade paths between Europe and Asia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures and their significant discoveries in historical navigation. The discovery of sea routes greatly influenced global trade and politics.

Question 2. The Battle of Plassey was fought in:
(a) 1764
Answer: The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757.
In simple words: The Battle of Plassey took place in the year 1757. It was a very important battle in Indian history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always double-check historical dates for major battles as they are crucial for accurate answers in history exams. The Battle of Plassey was a turning point for British rule in India.

Question 3. In Bengal, the East India Company obtained special facilities in 1717 by:
(a) Jahangir
(b) Shah Alam
(c) Faruukhsiyar
(d) Bahadur Shah
Answer: (c) Faruukhsiyar
In simple words: The East India Company got special trading rights in Bengal in 1717 because of Emperor Faruukhsiyar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the names of Mughal emperors who granted trade concessions is important. Such farmans (royal orders) significantly helped the East India Company's expansion.

Question 4. In Punjab, the Misl Sukarchakia was associated with:
(a) Gulab Singh
(b) Ranjit Singh
(c) Duleep Singh
(d) Rani Jinda
Answer: (b) Ranjit Singh
In simple words: The Sukarchakia Misl, a group of Sikh warriors, was strongly linked with Ranjit Singh, who later became a powerful ruler.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key figures in regional powers, like Ranjit Singh and the Misls, are important for understanding the political landscape before British dominance. Misl associations are frequently tested.

Question 5. At which time was the revolt of 1857 to be started as per the pre - plan?
(a) 31st May 1857
(b) 10th May 1857
(c) 31st January 1857
(d) 10th June 1857.
Answer: (a) 31st May 1857
In simple words: The plan was for the 1857 revolt to begin on May 31st, but it started earlier than expected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the planned versus actual start dates of significant historical events can reveal important details about leadership and coordination issues.

Question 6. On 10th May 1857 from where did the freedom struggle begin?
(a) Meerut
(b) Delhi
(c) Barrackpore
(d) Kanpur
Answer: (a) Meerut
In simple words: The fight for freedom in 1857 started from Meerut on May 10th.

🎯 Exam Tip: The starting point of the 1857 revolt, Meerut, is a fundamental fact. Also, remember the immediate cause related to cartridges.

Question 7. Which Governor General implemented the Doctrine of Lapse?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Warren Hastings
(c) Lord Wellesley
(d) Cornwallis
Answer: (a) Lord Dalhousie
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie was the Governor General who brought in the Doctrine of Lapse. This policy allowed the British to take over Indian states if their ruler died without a natural heir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate important policies with the British Governor-Generals who implemented them. The Doctrine of Lapse was a major annexation policy.

Question 8. The hero who provided momentum to the revolt of 1857 in south India was :
(a) Kunwar Singh
(b) Ranga Bapuji Gupte
(c) Tatya Tope
(d) Kushal Singh
Answer: (b) Ranga Bapuji Gupte
In simple words: Ranga Bapuji Gupte was an important leader who helped strengthen the 1857 revolt in southern India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of regional leaders of the 1857 revolt, not just the prominent national figures. The revolt had impact across different parts of India.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Between whom was the Battle of Buxar fought in 1764?
Answer: In 1764, the Battle of Buxar was fought between the British and a combined force. This combined force included the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, the Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, and the Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula. The British won this battle.
In simple words: The Battle of Buxar in 1764 was fought between the British and a triple alliance of the Mughal Emperor, Nawab of Bengal, and Nawab of Awadh, which the British won.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing battles, always mention the year, the main parties involved, and the outcome. This ensures a complete and accurate answer.

Question 2. What was Blue Water Policy?
Answer: De Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy in India, focused on making his naval forces stronger. This strategy, which aimed to control the sea routes and establish naval dominance, became known as the Blue Water Policy.
In simple words: The Blue Water Policy was De Almeida's plan to make the Portuguese navy very strong and control the seas in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key policies of colonial powers, especially those related to trade and military, are important. The 'Blue Water Policy' highlights the Portuguese emphasis on maritime strength.

Question 3. Who is regarded as the Plato of Jat community?
Answer: Jat ruler King Surajmal is widely considered the Plato of the Jat community. He was known for his wisdom, statesmanship, and military skills.
In simple words: King Surajmal, a Jat ruler, is often called the Plato of the Jat community because of his great wisdom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying historical figures by their honorary titles or comparisons, like "Plato of the Jats," shows a deeper understanding of their significance.

Question 5. Through which treaty did the First Anglo – Maratha war end?
Answer: The First Anglo-Maratha War concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. This treaty brought a period of peace between the British and the Marathas.
In simple words: The first war between the British and Marathas finished with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782.

🎯 Exam Tip: Treaties are critical historical markers. Always mention the specific treaty, the parties involved, and the year it was signed.

Question 6. Who were included in the ternary formed against Hyder Ali in the first Anglo-Mysore war?
Answer: In the First Anglo-Mysore War, the British joined forces with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. Together, they formed a three-sided alliance (ternary union) against Hyder Ali.
In simple words: The British, Marathas, and Nizam teamed up against Hyder Ali in the first Anglo-Mysore war.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the alliances and rivalries during major conflicts. Understanding who allied with whom helps explain the dynamics of power struggles.

Question 7. Which Governor General implemented the Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer: The Doctrine of Lapse was put into effect by Governor General Lord Dalhousie. This policy allowed the British to annex Indian states if their ruler died without a natural male heir.
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie was the Governor General who started the Doctrine of Lapse.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the names of Governor-Generals and the specific policies they introduced is key for questions on British administration in India.

Question 8. On which basis was the state of Awadh merged into British Empire?
Answer: The state of Awadh was taken over by the British and merged into their empire based on claims of maladministration and corruption within its governance.
In simple words: Awadh was taken by the British because they said its rulers were managing it badly and were corrupt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the reasons (often pretexts) used by the British to annex Indian states. 'Maladministration' was a common justification.

Question 9. Write the names of two major revolts which took place against the British before 1857.
Answer: Two significant revolts against the British before 1857 were:
1. The Santhal revolt, which happened between 1855 and 1856.
2. The revolt of the 34th Regiment, which took place in Firozpur.
In simple words: Before 1857, two big revolts against the British were the Santhal revolt and the Firozpur Regiment revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with earlier uprisings that set the stage for the larger 1857 revolt. These show the continuous resistance against British rule.

Question 10. Who led the revolt of 1857?..
Answer: The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was the symbolic leader of the 1857 revolt. Although old, he accepted the leadership role from the rebellious soldiers. Other leaders included Nana Saheb, Rani Laxmi Bai, and Begum Hazrat Mahal, who led in various regions.
In simple words: Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal Emperor, was the chosen leader for the 1857 revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: While Bahadur Shah Zafar was the nominal leader, it's important to recognize the multiple regional leaders who actively fought the British during the 1857 revolt.

Question 12. Write the names of four major centres of revolt of 1857 in southern India.
Answer: Four key locations where the 1857 revolt had a significant presence in southern India were Tanjor, Malabar, Madurai, and Cochin.
In simple words: Tanjor, Malabar, Madurai, and Cochin were four big places where the 1857 revolt happened in South India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the geographical spread of the revolt is important. Southern India had its own centers of resistance, often distinct from the northern ones.

Question 13. Mention the immediate reason for the revolt of 1857.
Answer: The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the introduction of new Enfield rifles. A rumor spread that the cartridges for these rifles were greased with animal fat, specifically from cows and pigs. Soldiers had to bite off the cartridge ends to load them. This deeply offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, who saw it as an attack on their religion. This incident sparked immense anger and led to the widespread rebellion, shaking the foundations of the British Empire in India.
In simple words: The main reason for the 1857 revolt was the new rifle cartridges said to be greased with animal fat, which angered soldiers of all religions.

🎯 Exam Tip: The greased cartridge incident is universally recognized as the spark for the 1857 revolt. Always explain its religious implications for both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

Question 14. Write the names of two women who led the revolt of 1857.
Answer: Two prominent women who played a leading role in the 1857 revolt were Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi and Begum Hazrat Mahal. They bravely fought against the British in their respective regions.
In simple words: Rani Laxmi Bai and Begum Hazrat Mahal were two women leaders in the 1857 revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the contributions of women leaders in the revolt, as they played crucial roles and symbolize the widespread nature of the resistance.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What was the objective of the Europeans, coming to India ?.
Answer: During the 17th century, India was a very rich country with strong cultural and trade links with Western Asia and Rome. India's culture, wealth, and intellectual growth always drew Europeans. Initially, their main goals were to gain wealth, increase trade, and spread Christianity. However, these objectives later changed into gaining political power and establishing colonies.
In simple words: Europeans came to India mainly to get rich, trade more, and spread Christianity, but later they also wanted political power and to build colonies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the dual objectives of European powers – initial trade and religious goals evolving into political and colonial ambitions. This progression is vital.

Question 2. What was the prison incident of Calcutta ? Or Describe the black hall accident.
Answer: In Calcutta, it is said that Siraj-Ud-Daulah imprisoned 146 people in a small room, only 18 feet long and 14 feet 10 inches wide. Many people died due to suffocation. This event, known as the Black Hole of Calcutta, was reportedly publicized by the British to make Indians angry and justify their actions in India.
In simple words: The Black Hole of Calcutta was an event where Siraj-Ud-Daulah supposedly imprisoned many British people in a small room, leading to many deaths. The British used this story to stir up anger.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both aspects of the Black Hole incident – the event itself and how the British used it for their political gain. This shows critical historical understanding.

Question 3. What is the meaning of Dastak system ? How was it misused?
Answer: In 1717 CE, Emperor Faruukhsiyar of Bengal gave a 'firman' (royal order) that allowed the East India Company to trade in Bengal without paying customs duty, for an annual fee of 3000 rupees. The Company was also allowed to issue 'Dastaks', which were special passes for duty-free trade. The British misused this system by selling these Dastaks to Indian traders, allowing them to also avoid paying taxes. This caused great financial loss to the Nawab of Bengal.
In simple words: The Dastak system was a special pass from the emperor that let the British trade without taxes. They misused it by selling these passes to other traders, which made the local ruler lose money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the 'Dastak system' and then elaborate on how its misuse led to economic loss for local rulers and increased friction with the British.

Question 4. Write the meaning of subsidiary alliance and also mention its acutal objective.
Answer: In 1798 CE, Lord Wellesley introduced a new system called the Subsidiary Alliance. Under this, the British signed agreements with princely states, bringing them under British control. This policy helped the British to establish their authority over India. The main objectives of this alliance were:
1. States that accepted the alliance had to keep a British army for their security. This army was controlled by British officers, and the state had to pay for its expenses.
2. States could only employ European individuals with the Company's permission.
3. A British 'Resident' (an official representative) was stationed in the capital of the allied state.
4. Without the Company's approval, states were not allowed to have foreign relations.
5. The Company promised to protect the allied state in return.
6. The Company also assured states that it would not interfere in their internal matters, though this often did not happen.
In simple words: The Subsidiary Alliance was a British system where Indian states agreed to have a British army, pay for it, and follow British rules on foreign matters, in exchange for protection. This helped the British control more of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define the Subsidiary Alliance clearly, list its main provisions, and explain how it helped the British expand their empire without direct military conquest in every instance. Use numbered points for clarity.

Question 5. Write a note on Doctrine of Lapse implementd by Lord Dalhousie.
Answer: To strengthen British rule in India, Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse. This policy allowed the British to take over Indian states if their ruler died without a natural male heir. It meant that a ruler could not just adopt a successor without the British government's permission. Through this system, many states were annexed into the British Empire. For example:
1. Satara was the first state merged in 1848.
2. Sambhalpur was merged in 1849.
3. Jhansi was merged in February 1854.
4. Nagpur was merged in 1854.
5. Other states like Jaitpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), and Tanjore (1855) were also annexed.
In simple words: The Doctrine of Lapse was a rule by Lord Dalhousie. If an Indian ruler died without a natural son, the British took over their state, even if the ruler had adopted a son. This helped the British grow their empire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the Doctrine of Lapse, name Lord Dalhousie, and list a few examples of states annexed under this policy. This demonstrates a thorough understanding of this controversial British policy.

Question 7. Mention the social reasons of the revolt of 1857.
Answer: The social causes that contributed to the 1857 revolt were as follows:
1. The British felt superior due to racism and looked down upon Indians, treating them as inferior.
2. Their behavior towards Indians was often insulting and disrespectful.
3. Indians were not allowed to travel in first-class railway compartments and were excluded from British social events.
4. European merchants running hotels and clubs often banned Indians from entering.
5. The Western education system introduced by the British aimed to create clerks and 'black Britishers' for administration, which undermined the traditional Indian education system.
6. To create a sense of inferiority, the British wrote history in a way that glorified their rule and created divisions among local people, for example, by promoting ideas like the 'Aryan invasion'.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt was partly caused by British racism, their rude behavior, banning Indians from certain places, changing the education system, and writing history to make Indians feel less important.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing social causes, focus on how British policies and attitudes created widespread resentment among different sections of Indian society. Use clear, distinct points.

Question 9. Write the names of major centres of revolt in northern India and the persons who led it.
Answer: The main centers of the 1857 revolt in northern India and their leaders were as follows:

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions asking for multiple leaders and locations, a table is an excellent way to organize information clearly and concisely for full marks.

Question 10. Mention two major reasons for the failure of the revolt of 1857.
Answer: Two major reasons for the failure of the 1857 revolt were:
1. **Lack of strong leadership and coordination:** The revolt did not have one strong leader who could unite all the rebels. Many leaders like Nana Saheb, Rani Laxmi Bai, and Begum Hazrat Mahal fought bravely, but they lacked mutual coordination and a unified plan. This meant they often fought independently and couldn't combine their efforts effectively.
2. **Lack of a unified plan and timely execution:** The revolt was planned to start on May 31, 1857, across the country. However, due to the incident of the greased cartridges, it began prematurely on May 10, 1857, in Meerut. This early start meant the revolt happened at different times and places, making it easier for the British to crush the rebellion in each area one by one.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt failed mainly because it didn't have one strong leader or a clear, united plan. Also, it started too early, so different groups fought at different times and places, making it easy for the British to defeat them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing reasons for failure, focus on internal weaknesses of the revolt (leadership, planning, unity) and British strengths (better organization, resources). Providing two distinct, well-explained reasons is crucial.

Question 7. Describe the expanse of the revolt of 1857 in north and south India.
Answer: The revolt of 1857 was a result of a predetermined plan, led by various leaders in different regions. The plan was for the revolt to begin across the entire country on May 31, 1857. However, due to the incident involving fat-plated cartridges, the revolt started earlier, on May 10. Soldiers in Meerut Cantt revolted, freed their fellow soldiers, and then marched towards Delhi.

Expansion of Revolt in North India:
Delhi: Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II agreed to lead the revolutionaries and was declared the emperor of India. Letters were sent to Indian rulers asking them to participate in the revolt.
Awadh: The revolt began in Lucknow on June 4. Begum Hazrat Mahal declared her young son as the Nawab and started the fight against the British. Landlords, farmers, and soldiers supported her, setting fire to the British Residency, where Henry Lawrence was killed.
Kanpur: With the help of his capable companions, Tantya Tope and Azimullah, Nana Sahib freed Kanpur from British control on June 5, 1857.
Jhansi: In early June 1857, soldiers also revolted in Jhansi. Rani Laxmi Bai led this revolt, fighting bravely and achieving martyrdom while confronting the British.
Bihar: The 80-year-old Kunwar Singh, a landlord from Jagdishpur, Bihar, led the revolt, freeing nearby regions from British control.
Rajasthan: In Rajasthan, Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa initiated the revolt in British military cantonments of Nasirabad, Neemuch, and Erinpura.

Expansion of Revolt in South India:
1. The impact of the revolt spread to Goa, Pondicherry, and other parts of South India.
2. In Maharashtra, Ranga Bapu formed a public army against the British, leading it in places like Belgaon, Satara, and Kolhapur.
3. The revolt began in Satara and Pandharpur, with later revolutionary incidents in Nasik, Ratnagiri, and Bijapur.
4. Chintabhupati led a revolt in Golkunda.
5. In Bangalore, the 9th Horsed Army and 20th Foot Army revolted.
6. In Northern Arcot, Tanjore, and Vellore, landlords revolted against the British. Additionally, Madurai, Malabar, Calicut, and Cochin were major centers of revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always describe the spread of the revolt by mentioning key leaders, specific locations, and notable incidents in both northern and southern regions.

Question 8. Mention the reasons of the failure of revolt of 1857.
Answer: The revolt of 1857 was an armed attempt to remove the British from India. Despite the Indian army being seven times larger than the British and having widespread public support, the British succeeded in crushing the revolt, leading to the defeat of the Indians. The factors responsible for the failure of the revolt were:

(i) Lack of skilled and capable leadership: The leader of this revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was an old and weak ruler. There was a lack of coordination among the different leaders, which prevented the revolt from being led effectively, allowing the British to crush it.
(ii) The revolt starting before its fixed time: May 31, 1857, was the planned date for the revolt to begin simultaneously across the country. However, it started prematurely on May 10, 1857. This caused the revolt to occur at different times and places, enabling the British to suppress it.
(iii) Non-cooperation of the Indian rulers: Most kings from different states supported the British in crushing the revolt due to their own self-interests. Rulers of Rajputana, Maratha, Mysore, Punjab, and Eastern Bengal remained neutral.

The indifference of landlords, merchants, and the educated class also contributed. Big landlords, moneylenders, and merchants supported the British. The revolutionaries also failed to gain the support of the educated class.
Lack of fixed objectives and ideals: The revolutionaries had no clear vision or plan for the future administration of India after the British left. As V. D. Savarkar wrote, "If there was a clear ideal in front of the people which could interest them by heart, then the end of the revolt would also be as glorious as its beginning was."
Favourable conditions for the British: The year 1857 proved beneficial for the British. After winning the Crimean and Chinese wars, British soldiers arrived in India. The railway and post and telegraph systems developed by Dalhousie also helped them in transport and communication.
Diplomacy of Canning and the British: The British successfully gained the support of Punjab, the Pathans of the North-Western Frontier Province, the Afghans, Sindhiya, and Nizam through clever diplomacy. Canning's liberal policy also helped calm some revolutionaries. In short, the main reasons the revolt was crushed were a lack of nationalism, mutual coordination, and strong leadership among the rebels.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the failure of a major event, categorize the reasons (e.g., leadership, planning, support) for a comprehensive answer.

Question 9. Describe the form of the revolt of 1857.
Answer: Historians have different views on the nature of the 1857 revolt. What began as military dissatisfaction transformed into a national revolt and freedom struggle due to widespread public support. It marked the first united effort against the British and can be considered the first freedom struggle.

Major Views on the Revolt:
This was a sepoy mutiny: Robert John Lawrence, Ceile, Charles Rakes, Durgadas Bandyopadhyay, and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan considered this revolt a sepoy mutiny. While it undoubtedly started as a sepoy mutiny, it is not entirely accurate to call it just that, as various sections of society participated.
It was a Muslim reaction: According to Sir James Outram, W. Taylor, Mollison, and Copeland, this revolt was a Muslim conspiracy disguised by Hindu concerns, aiming to re-establish Muslim rule. However, since Hindus participated in large numbers, this view is also not entirely correct.
It was a peasant revolt: As farmers played an important role, some scholars also called it a peasant revolt. Along with fighting the company government, farmers also revolted against powerful landlords (talluqdars), but this view is not fully correct either.
It was a national revolt: Benjamin Disraeli, Ashok Mehta, and Veer Savarkar, among others, called it a 'national revolt.' However, Western historians do not consider it a national revolt in the context of 20th-century European nationalism.
Dr. Satya Rai wrote that European definitions should not be applied to the Indian context. Due to nationalistic feelings, people from all sections of society set aside their differences and united to oust the British from India, which falls under the category of a national struggle.
This revolt was the war of Indian Independence: Many scholars, including Dr. S. N. Sen, V. D. Savarkar, Pt. Nehru, and Dr. Tarachand, regarded it as the first freedom struggle of India. Dr. Vishveshwar Prasad S. B. Chaudhary believed that regardless of its actual form, this revolt challenged British rule in India and is credited as the national freedom struggle against the British. Therefore, it was a freedom struggle for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing historical interpretations, present multiple viewpoints along with their justifications and evaluate their accuracy based on factual evidence.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 5 Other Important Question - Answers

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Which two countries established their colonial dominance in South Africa?
(a) England and Germany
(b) England and India
(c) England and France
(d) France and Germany
Answer: (c) England and France
In simple words: England and France were the main European powers that set up colonies and took control of parts of South Africa.

🎯 Exam Tip: For colonial history, focus on identifying the main European powers involved in specific regions.

Question 3. When was Qustuntunia occupied by Turks?
(a) 1553 CE
(b) 1453 CE
(c) 1556 CE
(d) 1435 CE
Answer: (b) 1453 CE
In simple words: The Turks took over Qustuntunia (Constantinople) in the year 1453.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important dates for significant historical events as they are frequently tested.

Question 4. Who was the first Viceroy of regions occupied by the Portuguese in India?
(a) Dupliex
(b) Almeda
(c) Dalhousie
(d) Wellesley
Answer: (b) Almeda
In simple words: De Almeda was the first main official who represented Portugal in the parts of India they had taken control of.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key historical figures with their specific roles or positions, such as the first viceroy for a colonial power.

Question 5. In which port did the first British trading ship named 'Hector' reach in 1608?
(a) Surat
(b) Calcutta
(c) Calicut
(d) Machhallipattnam.
Answer: (a) Surat
In simple words: The first British ship, called 'Hector', arrived at the port of Surat in 1608 to start trading.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the early trading posts and arrival points of European powers is important for understanding their expansion.

Question 7. Who constructed Fort William of Calcutta?
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) Portguese
(d) French
Answer: (a) British
In simple words: The British built Fort William in Calcutta to protect their trading interests.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify which colonial power built specific forts or key structures, as this shows their regional dominance.

Question 8. The emperor who issued the firman 'Dustak' - a special letter for exemption from toll tax:
(a) Farrukhsiyar
(b) Siraj - ud - Daula
(c) Shah Alam
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Farrukhsiyar
In simple words: Emperor Farrukhsiyar was the ruler who gave a special permission letter, known as 'Dustak', which allowed people to avoid paying toll taxes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the significance of historical documents and decrees, such as the 'Dustak', and the rulers who issued them.

Question 9. When was the French East India Company established?
(a) 1600 CE
(b) 1664 CE
(c) 1672 CE
(d) 1680 CE
Answer: (b) 1664 CE
In simple words: The French East India Company was formed in the year 1664.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep track of the establishment dates of major European trading companies as they mark the beginning of their presence in India.

Question 10. Where was the first French trading hub established in 1667?
(a) In Calcutta
Answer: The first French trading hub was established in Surat in 1667.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the initial trading centers established by different European powers, as these locations were vital for their colonial expansion.

Question 11. The Battle of Plassey was fought between:
(a) British and Maratha
(b) British and Suja - ud - Daula
(c) British and Nawab Siraj - ud - Daula
(d) British and Jats
Answer: (c) British and Nawab Siraj - ud - Daula
In simple words: The Battle of Plassey was a fight between the British army and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the key parties involved in major battles is essential for understanding their historical significance.

Question 12. When was the treaty of Vansittart signed?
(a) 27 Septembar, 1756
(b) 27 June, 1735
(c) 21 May, 1759
(d) 27 September, 1760
Answer: (d) 27 September, 1760.
In simple words: The treaty of Vansittart was signed on September 27, 1760.

🎯 Exam Tip: Precise dates for treaties are crucial as they mark significant political shifts and alliances.

Question 13. The treaty of Purandar was signed between:
(a) Dalhousie and Siraj - ud - Daula
(b) Canning and Bajirao - II
(c) Hastings and Peshwa Raghoba
(d) Baji Rao Peshwa and Wellesley
Answer: (c) Hastings and Peshwa Raghoba
In simple words: The treaty of Purandar was signed between Hastings and Peshwa Raghoba.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific individuals or groups involved in historical treaties, not just the general parties.

Question 14. In which battle was Peshwa defeated last?
(a) Aasti
(b) Second Anglo Maratha war
(c) Anglo Mysore war
(d) Carnatic war
Answer: (a) Aasti
In simple words: The Peshwa faced his final defeat in the Battle of Aasti.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the concluding battles for significant historical figures or powers helps to understand their end or decline.

Question 16. From where did the 1857 revolt start first?
(a) Delhi
(b) Agra
(c) Barrackpore
(d) Nasirabad.
Answer: (c) Barrackpore
In simple words: The 1857 revolt first began in Barrackpore.

🎯 Exam Tip: The starting point of major revolts is a key detail that helps trace their origin and spread.

Question 17. Who led the revolt from Kanpur?
(a) Nana Sahib
(b) Kunwar Singh
(c) Wajid Ali
(d) Sadruddin
Answer: (a) Nana Sahib
In simple words: Nana Sahib was the leader of the revolt in Kanpur.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately matching leaders to the regions they led during the revolt is crucial for historical accuracy.

Question 18. Which place did Kunwar Singh belong to?
(a) Bareilly (U.P.)
(b) Ajmer (Rajasthan)
(c) Aarah (Bihar)
(d) Calcutta (Bengal)
Answer: (c) Aarah (Bihar)
In simple words: Kunwar Singh came from Aarah in Bihar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the hometowns of prominent leaders can provide context to their involvement in historical movements.

Question 20. "The cherry would fall into our mouth one day,” who said this?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Canning
(c) Lord Clive
(d) General Huroz
Answer: (a) Lord Dalhousie
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie made this statement, suggesting that Awadh would eventually be easily annexed by the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Attributing famous quotes to the correct historical figures demonstrates a deep understanding of their policies and views.

(i) Match the column
'a' (Book)
1. The Great Rebellion
2. Nationalism in India
3. War of Indian Independence
4. Discovery of India
'b' (Writer)
(a) Dr Satya Ray
(b) Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru
(c) Ashok Mehta
(d) Dr Veer Savarkar
Answer: 1. (d), 2. (e), 3. (b), 4. (c), 5. (a).
In simple words: This question asks you to match books with their authors or related concepts.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, carefully read both columns and try to make logical connections before finalizing your choices.

(ii) 'a' Leaders
1. Hazrat Mahal
2. Nana Sahib
3. Rani Laxmi Bai
4. Bahadur Shah Zafar
5. Kunwar Singh
'b' Places of Revolt
(a) Jagdishpur (Bihar)
(b) Jhansi
(c) Lucknow
(d) Kanpur
(e) Delhi
Answer: 1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (e), 5. (a).
In simple words: This section links leaders of the 1857 revolt with the places where they led the rebellion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the main leaders of the 1857 revolt and the specific locations where they played a key role.

(iii) 'a'
1. Economic cause
2. Political cause
3. Social cause
4. Immediate cause
5. Religious cause
'b'
(a) The spread of Christianity
(b) Misbehaviour towards Indians
(c) Fat cartridges
(d) Land taxation system of the British
(e) Doctrine of Lapse
Answer: 1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (d), 4. (b).
In simple words: This task requires matching different types of causes (economic, political, social, immediate, religious) with their descriptions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classifying causes of historical events into categories (e.g., economic, political) helps in structured and comprehensive answers.

Question 2. When was Dutch United East India Company formed?
Answer: The Dutch United East India Company was formed in 1602.
In simple words: The Dutch company for trading in the East was created in 1602.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the formation dates of different trading companies is important for understanding the timeline of European arrival in India.

Question 3. On which places did the Dutch establish their trading centres ?
Answer: The Dutch established their trading centers in Machhallipatnam and Nizam pattanam.
In simple words: The Dutch set up their main trading spots in Machhallipatnam and Nizam pattanam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific locations where European powers established their early trading centers.

Question 4. Name the European companies which came to India for the purpose of trade.
Answer: The European companies that came to India for trading purposes were Portuguese, Dutch, Denmark, British, and French.
In simple words: Companies from Portugal, Holland (Dutch), Denmark, Britain, and France came to India to trade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list the major European powers that arrived in India for trade and later established colonial influence.

Question 5. Who was Sir Tomas Roe?
Answer: Sir Thomas Roe was a British ambassador sent to Jahangir's court by British Emperor James I. There, he gained trading facilities for the British company.
In simple words: Sir Thomas Roe was a British representative who got trading rights for his company from Emperor Jahangir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key diplomatic figures and their achievements, like Sir Thomas Roe obtaining trading rights, are important historical details.

Question 6. When and under whose leadership was the French East India company established?
Answer: The French East India Company was established in 1664 CE under the leadership of Louis XIV and his minister Kolbert.
In simple words: The French East India Company was set up in 1664, led by King Louis XIV and his minister Kolbert.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing company formations, include both the date and the key individuals responsible for their establishment.

Question 7. When did French Governor General Dupliex come to India?
Answer: French Governor General Dupleix came to India in 1742 CE.
In simple words: Dupleix, the French Governor General, arrived in India in the year 1742.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the arrival dates of important colonial governors as they often mark significant shifts in policy or conflict.

Question 9. Who founded the independent rule in Awadh, and when?
Answer: Subedar Saadat Khan founded the independent rule in Awadh in 1728.
In simple words: Saadat Khan started an independent kingdom in Awadh in 1728.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the founders and establishment dates of independent regional kingdoms that emerged during the decline of larger empires.

Question 10. With which treaty did the Battle of Buxar end?
Answer: The Battle of Buxar ended with the treaty of Allahabad.
In simple words: The Battle of Buxar finished after the treaty of Allahabad was signed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect major battles with the treaties that resolved them, understanding how they reshaped political landscapes.

Question 11. When did Awadh accept the Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer: Awadh accepted the Subsidiary Alliance in 1801 CE.
In simple words: Awadh agreed to the Subsidiary Alliance in 1801.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the dates when various states accepted the Subsidiary Alliance, as this shows the expansion of British influence.

Question 12. Who founded the independent rule in Bengal?
Answer: In Bengal, the independent rule was founded by Murshid Quli Khan.
In simple words: Murshid Quli Khan established independent rule in Bengal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the founders of key independent states that arose as the Mughal Empire weakened.

Question 13. When was the Battle of Plassey fought ? Who was defeated in it?
Answer: The Battle of Plassey was fought in June 1757 CE between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula and the British army. Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated in this battle.
In simple words: The Battle of Plassey happened in June 1757, and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula lost to the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: For major battles, remember the date, the opposing forces, and the outcome, especially which side won or lost.

Question 14. Who was the first ruler of Bharatpur?
Answer: Badan Singh was the first ruler of Bharatpur.
In simple words: Badan Singh was the first king of Bharatpur.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the foundational rulers of important regional states that played a role in Indian history.

Question 15. In whose rule did the Jat empire reach its peak?
Answer: The Jat empire reached its peak under the rule of King Surajmal.
In simple words: King Surajmal's time was when the Jat empire was strongest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the rulers under whom significant empires or communities reached their greatest power or influence.

Question 17. Who established his rule in Rohilkhand?
Answer: Ali Muhammad Khan established his rule in Rohilkhand.
In simple words: Ali Muhammad Khan set up his own rule in Rohilkhand.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific individuals who founded independent states in different regions.

Question 18. Which was the most prosperous province under the control of Mughal Empire?
Answer: Bengal was the most prosperous province under the control of the Mughal Empire.
In simple words: Bengal was the richest area controlled by the Mughal Empire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowledge of the economic importance of different regions can explain why they became targets for colonial powers.

Question 19. What was the main reason of the Battle of Plassey?
Answer: The main reason for the Battle of Plassey was the political and economic interference of the British in the rule of Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal.
In simple words: The British meddling in the politics and money matters of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula was the main cause of the Battle of Plassey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on identifying the primary underlying causes of major conflicts, rather than just immediate triggers.

Question 20. Who became the Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey?
Answer: Mir Zafar became the Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey.
In simple words: After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Zafar became the new ruler of Bengal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the immediate consequences of key battles, such as changes in leadership or territory.

Question 21. What was the main purpose of the treaty of Vensitart?
Answer: The Vensitart treaty was a secret agreement signed to appoint Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal.
In simple words: The main goal of the Vensitart treaty was to make Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal.

🎯 Exam Tip: For treaties, note the primary objective or outcome as it reveals the political motivations of the involved parties.

Question 22. When and between whom was the Battle of the Buxar fought ?
Answer: The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764 between the British and the combined army of Shah Alam, the Mughal Emperor, Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh.
In simple words: The Battle of Buxar took place in 1764, fought between the British and a joint force of Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, Mir Qasim, and Shuja-ud-Daula.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing battles, always specify the year and the key players on each side for a complete answer.

Question 24. Who said, "The Battle of Buxar completed the unfulfilled tasks of Plassey"?
Answer: This statement was given by Smith.
In simple words: Smith said that the Battle of Buxar finished what the Battle of Plassey had started.

🎯 Exam Tip: For significant historical quotes, remember to identify the historian or figure who made the statement.

Question 25. "The Battle of Buxar was more decisive than the Battle of Plassey in context to the results.” Who said it?
Answer: This statement was given by K. K. Dutta.
In simple words: K. K. Dutta believed that the Battle of Buxar had a bigger impact than the Battle of Plassey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between historical quotes and their authors to accurately attribute perspectives on key events.

Question 26. Between whom was the treaty of Surat signed?
Answer: The treaty of Surat was signed between the Bombay government and the deposed Peshwa to help him regain his position.
In simple words: The British government in Bombay and the Peshwa who had lost his position signed the treaty of Surat.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing treaties, mention the specific parties involved and the main objective behind the agreement.

Question 27. When and between whom was the treaty of Salbai signed ?
Answer: The treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782 CE between the British and the Peshwa of Sindhiya.
In simple words: The British and the Sindhiya Peshwa signed the treaty of Salbai in 1782.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the year and the key parties for important treaties, as they are crucial details for historical context.

Question 28. When did Lord Wellesley come to India as Governor General ?
Answer: Lord Wellesley came to India as Governor General in 1798 C.E.
In simple words: Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of India in 1798.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the arrival dates of significant Governor Generals as their tenures often mark important policy changes.

Question 29. What was the main purpose of Lord Wellesley ?
Answer: The main purpose of Lord Wellesley was the expansion of the British Empire.
In simple words: Lord Wellesley's main goal was to make the British Empire bigger.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect prominent Governor Generals with their primary policy objectives or administrative legacies.

Question 30. Why was the treaty of Bassein signed between the British and the deposed Peshwa ?
Answer: The treaty of Bassein was signed because the deposed Peshwa, Baji Rao II, sought help from the British after being defeated by Holkar. This alliance aimed for the British to restore the Peshwa to his position in exchange for concessions.
In simple words: The British signed the treaty of Bassein with the Peshwa who had lost his power, because he needed their help to get his position back.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the circumstances and political motivations that led to the signing of specific treaties.

Question 32. When was Mysore annexed in British Empire ?
Answer: Mysore was annexed into the British Empire in 1799 through the Subsidiary Alliance with the new ruler of Mysore.
In simple words: Mysore was added to the British Empire in 1799 using the Subsidiary Alliance, after its new ruler agreed to it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the dates and methods (like Subsidiary Alliance) by which major Indian states were absorbed into the British Empire.

Question 33. What was Subsidiary Alliance ? Who is credited for implementing it ?
Answer: The Subsidiary Alliance was a new method adopted by the British for signing treaties with princely states, annexing them, and establishing British sovereignty in India. Lord Wellesley is credited with implementing this policy.
In simple words: The Subsidiary Alliance was a British system where princely states gave up their independence to the British for protection. Lord Wellesley started it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define key colonial policies clearly and identify the individuals responsible for their implementation.

Question 34. Name any four states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer: Four states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance were:
1. Hyderabad (1798)
2. Mysore (1799)
3. Awadh (1801)
4. Maratha (1802).
In simple words: Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, and the Maratha states were some of the first to join the Subsidiary Alliance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list examples of states that adopted key British policies, indicating the policy's widespread impact.

Question 35. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh die ?
Answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died on 27 June, 1839 CE.
In simple words: Maharaja Ranjit Singh passed away on June 27, 1839.

🎯 Exam Tip: Important dates in the lives of significant historical figures are often part of factual recall questions.

Question 36. When was Punjab annexed in British Empire ?
Answer: On 29 March, 1849, Punjab was annexed in the British Empire.
In simple words: Punjab became part of the British Empire on March 29, 1849.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific dates for annexation are important for understanding the timeline of British territorial expansion in India.

Question 38. Who was the Mughal emperor during the 1857 revolt?
Answer: During the revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was the Mughal emperor of India.
In simple words: During the 1857 revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar was the emperor of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures and their roles in important historical events like the 1857 revolt.

Question 39. Which Mughal emperor accepted to lead the revolt of 1857?
Answer: Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar accepted to lead the revolt of 1857.
In simple words: Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar agreed to lead the 1857 revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: For identification questions, state the name clearly and directly.

Question 40. Who led the revolt from Rohilkhand?
Answer: Ahamadulla led the revolt from Rohilkhand.
In simple words: Ahamadulla led the revolt in Rohilkhand.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's important to know the leaders and their regions during the revolt for full marks.

Question 41. Who was the leader of the revolt from Bihar?
Answer: Kunwar Singh was the leader of the revolt from Bihar.
In simple words: Kunwar Singh led the revolt from Bihar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the prominent leaders associated with specific regions in the 1857 revolt.

Question 42. Who led the revolt from Jhansi?
Answer: Rani Laxmibai led the revolt from Jhansi.
In simple words: Rani Laxmibai led the revolt in Jhansi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key historical figures and their associated places are important for recall.

Question 43. When and how did Rani Laxmibai die?
Answer: Rani Laxmibai died in June 1858 while confronting the Britishers.
In simple words: Rani Laxmibai died fighting the British in June 1858.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include both the year and the circumstances for a complete answer to "when and how."

Question 44. When and by whom was the state of Awadh annexed in British empire?
Answer: In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in British empire.
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie added Awadh to the British empire in 1856.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific year and the British official responsible for key annexations.

Question 46. Write the name of the famous book of Veer Savarkar.
Answer: Veer Savarkar's famous book is "War of Indian Independence."
In simple words: Veer Savarkar's famous book is "War of Indian Independence."

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing famous authors and their works related to specific historical events is crucial.

Question 47. Who is the writer of 'Discovery of India'?
Answer: Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru wrote "Discovery of India."
In simple words: Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru wrote "Discovery of India."

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with important literary works and their authors in Indian history.

Question 48. Name two scholars who considered this revolt war of independence.
Answer: Dr. Tarachand and Dr. Vishveswar Prasad believed this revolt was a war for independence.
In simple words: Dr. Tarachand and Dr. Vishveswar Prasad believed this revolt was a war for independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for names, provide specific examples to support your answer.

Question 49. The revolt of 1857 was a military revolt or a war of independence. Justify your answer.
Answer: The 1857 revolt was clearly a war of independence because people from all communities, religions, and social groups joined the fight. It shook the foundations of British rule in India, demonstrating widespread desire for freedom.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt was a war of independence because people from all communities, religions, and social groups joined the fight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Justification questions require clear reasoning and evidence to support your stance.

Rbse Class 12 History Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the causes and influences of colonial invasion of mid western countries between 16th to 18th centuries.
Answer: From the 16th to 18th century, countries like Portugal, Spain, England, Holland, and France invaded lands to gain wealth. They used discoveries and different methods to achieve their economic goals. Their main aim was to get rich, expand trade, and spread Christianity, which later shifted to gaining political power and establishing colonies.
In simple words: From the 16th to 18th century, countries like Portugal, Spain, England, Holland, and France invaded lands to gain wealth. They used discoveries and different methods to achieve their economic goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the economic motives, geographical discoveries, and initial objectives of European powers during the colonial period.

Question 2. What was the influence of colonialism on India?
Answer: India was a rich country with a great culture and wealth, which attracted many European companies in the 17th century. These traders wanted to make profits, increase production, and spread Christianity. Over time, their goals changed to gaining political power and establishing colonies. This led to deep damage to India's social, economic, and cultural systems, fundamentally altering its structure.
In simple words: The British wanted profits and power in India. Colonialism deeply harmed India's social, economic, and cultural systems, changing everything.

🎯 Exam Tip: Analyze the impact of colonialism on India's economy, society, culture, and political structure.

Question 3. How did Vasco - de - gama reach India and where did he establish his trading centres?
Answer: Vasco da Gama was the first European to find a direct sea route to India, arriving in Calicut on May 17, 1498. The local ruler welcomed him and offered facilities. He returned to India in 1502 and set up trading posts in Kannanor, Calicut, and Cochin. These centers helped Portugal establish an early foothold in Indian trade.
In simple words: Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India in 1498, landing in Calicut. He later set up trading centers in Kannanor, Calicut, and Cochin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the key facts about Vasco da Gama's arrival, the route, initial reception, and subsequent trading posts.

Question 4. When and how did British East India company get the right to trade ? Where did it establish its trading centres ?.
Answer: On December 31, 1600 CE, Queen Elizabeth gave a charter to the East India Company to trade in the East Indies. Captain Hawkins' ship 'Hector' arrived at Surat in 1608 CE. In 1615 CE, Sir Thomas Roe got trading rights from Emperor Jahangir. The British set up trading centers in Ahmedabad, Burhanpur, Ajmer, and Agra. This charter and these initial permissions were crucial for their growth in India.
In simple words: In 1600, Queen Elizabeth gave the British East India Company a charter to trade. Captain Hawkins reached Surat in 1608, and Sir Thomas Roe got more trading rights from Emperor Jahangir in 1615. They set up centers in Ahmedabad, Burhanpur, Ajmer, and Agra.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the charter, key figures like Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe, and the early trading hubs established by the British.

Question 6. Describe the causes of the third Battle of Panipat.
Answer: The third Battle of Panipat was fought on January 14, 1761, between Ahmadshah Abdali and the Marathas. The main causes were: 1. Ahmad Shah Abdali claimed Mughal territories in the east, seeing them as his domain. 2. Various Rohilla and Afghan Pathans encouraged Abdali to invade India. 3. Raghunath Rao had removed Najib-ud-Daulah, Abdali's representative in Delhi, and moved towards Punjab in 1758, further escalating tensions. This created a direct conflict over control of North India.
In simple words: The Third Battle of Panipat happened in 1761 between Ahmadshah Abdali and the Marathas. Causes included Abdali's claim over Mughal lands, encouragement from Afghan groups to invade, and Maratha actions in Punjab that challenged Abdali's power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the key players involved, their motivations, and the primary reasons that led to the battle.

Question 7. How was the British Empire established in India?
Answer: In the early 19th century, European powers competed to replace the weak Mughal Empire and gain trade control in India. The Dutch and Portuguese gradually declined, leaving only the British and French as major rivals. After three Carnatic Wars (1746-48, 1749-54, 1758-63), the British defeated the French, ending their influence. With no other European challengers, the British were able to establish their empire in India.
In simple words: The British Empire grew in India by defeating rival European powers like the French in the Carnatic Wars. With no other strong European challengers, they were able to take control and build their empire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the British strategy, including their victories over European rivals and Indian powers, to establish dominance.

Question 8. When was the treaty of Venstitart signed and what were its provision?
Answer: Governor General Vansittart signed a secret treaty on September 27, 1760, to make Mir Qasim the new Nawab of Bengal. Its main provisions were: 1. Mir Qasim would give the districts of Burdwan, Midnapur, and Chittagong to the company for military expenses. 2. For three years, half the lime trade from Sylhet would belong to the company. 3. Mir Qasim would treat the company's enemies as his own. 4. He would give 5 lakh rupees for the company's southern campaign. 5. Mir Qasim agreed to pay 50,000 pounds to Vansittart, 27,000 pounds to Holwell, and 25,000 pounds to each member of the Calcutta Council.
In simple words: The Treaty of Vansittart was signed on September 27, 1760, to make Mir Qasim Nawab of Bengal. It involved Mir Qasim giving districts, trade shares, money, and personal payments to the British, benefiting the British greatly.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the date and main points of the treaty, particularly how it benefited the British and changed the Nawab's position.

Question 9. Why was the treaty of Wadgaon offensive for the British?
Answer: In 1778, the Maratha army defeated the British army led by Colonel Egerton. This led to the Treaty of Wadgaon on January 29, 1779. It was offensive for the British because it demanded: 1. The British would return lands taken from the Marathas. 2. The British would pay 41,000 rupees as war compensation. 3. Raghoba would be handed over to the Peshwa. 4. The income from the Bahruch district would go to Sindhiya. 5. Two British officers, Farmer and Stewart, would be held as prisoners by the Marathas. These terms were very humiliating for the British.
In simple words: The Treaty of Wadgaon was offensive because the British were defeated by the Marathas. They had to return land, pay money, hand over Raghoba, give up income from a district, and leave two officers as prisoners.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the British defeat and the harsh terms imposed on them, showing how it challenged their authority.

Question 11. When and where was Hyder Ali born? How did he get the name of Mysore?
Answer: Hyder Ali was born in 1722 to Fateh Muhammad, a military officer in Mysore and the jagirdar of Budikote. After his father's death, Hyder Ali became the Dindigal Faujdar due to his skills. King Krishna Raj was the nominal ruler of Mysore, with real power held by his ministers, Devraj and Nandraj. In 1761, Hyder Ali seized the throne from Nandraj, becoming a powerful leader of Mysore. The British grew concerned about his increasing strength.
In simple words: Hyder Ali was born in 1722 in Budikote. He became powerful in Mysore by seizing control from the ministers of the weak King Krishna Raj in 1761.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide details about Hyder Ali's origins, his rise to power, and his connection to Mysore.

Question 12. What was the immediate cause of the third Anglo - Mysore war?
Answer: Tipu Sultan wanted to buy the Dutch fort in Cochin to protect Malabar. But the king of Travancore, supported by the British, bought it instead, which made Tipu very angry. This was the main cause of the Third Anglo-Mysore War, fought between 1790-92 CE. Tipu could not fight for long and signed the Treaty of Seringapatnam in 1792, losing much of his territory.
In simple words: Tipu Sultan got angry when the British-backed Travancore king bought a Dutch fort in Cochin that Tipu wanted. This led to the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92 CE), which Tipu lost, signing a treaty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific event that triggered the war and the key figures involved.

Question 13. Why was the treaty of Seringapatam offensive for Tipu?
Answer: The Treaty of Seringapatam was offensive for Tipu because, according to its terms, half of his kingdom was annexed and given to the British and their allies. This significantly reduced his power and territory, making it a humiliating defeat.
In simple words: The treaty was offensive for Tipu because he lost half of his kingdom to the British and their allies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the territorial losses and other harsh terms imposed on Tipu Sultan after his defeat.

Question 14. What were the major provisions of Subsidiary Alliance and name the states that accepted subsidiary alliance?
Answer: The Subsidiary Alliance was a new system where the British signed treaties with Indian states to take over their control and establish British rule. The major provisions were: 1. States had to keep a British army for security, paid for by the state, and controlled by British officers. 2. States needed company permission to hire any European. 3. A British Resident (officer) would be stationed in the state's capital. 4. States could not form foreign relations without company approval. 5. In return, the company promised protection but often interfered in internal matters. States that accepted this alliance included Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Awadh (1801), and the Maratha region (1802).
In simple words: The Subsidiary Alliance made Indian states keep and pay for a British army, get British permission for hiring Europeans or foreign relations, and host a British officer. This gave the British control and protection in return. Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, and Maratha accepted it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the main features of the Subsidiary Alliance and name at least three Indian states that adopted it.

Question 15. Which treaty was signed between the British and the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjeet Singh and what were its main provisions?
Answer: The Treaty of Amritsar was signed in April 1809 between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Its main provisions were: 1. The Sutlej River was set as the boundary, recognizing British control over the eastern regions while allowing Ranjit Singh to expand in the north-western part. 2. If any part of the treaty was broken, the entire treaty would become invalid. 3. Both sides promised to remain friendly towards each other. This treaty helped define the spheres of influence for both powers.
In simple words: The Treaty of Amritsar was signed in April 1809 between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It made the Sutlej River the border, allowed Ranjit Singh to expand northwest, and both sides agreed to stay friendly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name the treaty, its date, the parties involved, and its key terms, especially regarding territorial boundaries.

Question 17. When and which states were annexed in British empire by the Doctrine of Lapse of Lord Dalhousie?
Answer: Lord Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse allowed the British to take over Indian states if their ruler died without a natural male heir. States annexed under this policy included: 1. Satara (1848) 2. Sambhalpur (1849) 3. Jhansi (1853) 4. Nagpur (1854) 5. Jaitpur (1849) 6. Baghar (1850) 7. Udaipur (1852) 8. Tanjore (1855) 9. Awadh (1856). This policy was a key method for expanding British territory.
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse took over states if a ruler died without a natural male heir. Examples include Satara (1848), Sambhalpur (1849), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854), and Awadh (1856).

🎯 Exam Tip: Define the Doctrine of Lapse and list several specific states with their annexation years.

Question 20. What were the causes of political dissatisfaction during the revolt of 1857?
Answer: Political unhappiness during the 1857 revolt had several reasons: (i) Misbehaviour towards the Mughal Emperor - The British disrespected Bahadur Shah Zafar, ending his title and grants, and emptying the Red Fort, which upset Muslims and intensified their frustration. (ii) The Doctrine of Lapse - Lord Dalhousie annexed many states like Jhansi and Nagpur. Awadh, despite its loyalty, was taken over under the excuse of bad governance, greatly angering its soldiers. (iii) Discrimination in Public facilities - The British ignored the Charter Act of 1833, which promised fair recruitment in the military regardless of religion or caste. Instead, higher positions were reserved only for the British, causing widespread resentment.
In simple words: Political unhappiness during the 1857 revolt came from British disrespect towards the Mughal Emperor, the Doctrine of Lapse that annexed many states like Awadh, and unfair military recruitment that kept Indians from higher posts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the political reasons for the revolt, focusing on British policies that angered rulers and the public.

Question 21. Describe any two social causes of the revolt of 1857
Answer: Two social causes of the 1857 revolt were: 1. The British felt superior and treated Indians as inferior due to racism. This disrespectful behavior created deep resentment. 2. Their Western education system aimed to replace traditional Indian education, with the goal of producing clerks for their administration rather than fostering independent thought. This undermined Indian cultural identity.
In simple words: Two social causes were British racism, treating Indians as inferior, and their Western education policy that aimed to create clerks, destroying traditional Indian systems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear examples of social issues and discriminatory practices that fueled the revolt.

Question 23. Why did the rebellions insist the old rulers to lead the revolt in many places?
Answer: The rebels needed strong leaders and good teamwork for the 1857 revolt, so they asked popular old rulers for help. For example, the Meerut soldiers forced Bahadur Shah Zafar to lead in Delhi, who then accepted. Nana Sahib was made leader in Kanpur. Rani Laxmi Bai led in Jhansi due to public demand and British policies. Kunwar Singh led in Bihar, and Begum Hazrat Mahal spoke out against the British in Awadh. These leaders brought legitimacy and widespread support to the movement.
In simple words: Rebels wanted old, popular rulers to lead the 1857 revolt to get strong leadership and wide support. Leaders like Bahadur Shah Zafar, Nana Sahib, Rani Laxmi Bai, Kunwar Singh, and Begum Hazrat Mahal took charge in different regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the strategic importance of popular, established leaders for gaining widespread support and legitimacy for the revolt.

Question 24. What were the religious causes of the revolt of 1857.
Answer: Religious causes for the 1857 revolt included: 1. A new British law allowed Christian converts to keep their ancestral property, worrying Hindus and Muslims about forced conversions. 2. Under the Act of 1813, Christian priests were allowed to spread their religion in India. 3. Christian books were distributed in military camps and schools, seen as an attempt to proselytize. 4. The British began taxing mosques and temples, offending religious sentiments. 5. Christian missionaries actively tried to convert people using financial incentives and other methods, fueling fears of religious interference.
In simple words: Religious causes included a new law favoring Christian converts, permission for Christian priests to spread their religion, distribution of Christian literature, taxing of religious places, and planned conversion campaigns by missionaries.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific religious policies and actions by the British that were perceived as threats to Indian religions.

Question 26. What was the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857?
Answer: The immediate cause of the 1857 revolt was the new Enfield rifles introduced in 1856. A rumor spread in January 1857 that the rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat, which soldiers had to bite off. This angered both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, who saw it as an attack on their religion. They refused to use the cartridges, sparking the revolt and causing a widespread explosion of anger against the British.
In simple words: The immediate cause of the 1857 revolt was the rumor that new rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. This deeply offended Hindu and Muslim soldiers, leading them to refuse use and sparking the uprising.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific event that sparked the revolt and explain why it provoked such a strong reaction among soldiers.

Question 27. Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar II ? Describe in brief.
Answer: Bahadur Shah Zafar II was the last Mughal emperor of Delhi. Despite his old age, he agreed to lead the 1857 revolt when forced by the Meerut soldiers. He became the symbolic head of the rebellion, and letters were sent in his name to other Indian rulers, urging them to participate. However, he was eventually defeated by the British, imprisoned, and exiled to Rangoon, where he died in 1862, marking the end of the Mughal dynasty.
In simple words: Bahadur Shah Zafar II was the last Mughal emperor. He led the 1857 revolt but was defeated, imprisoned, and exiled to Rangoon, where he died.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide key details about his role, his acceptance of leadership, and his ultimate fate in the revolt.

Question 28. How did the revolt of 1857 spread from Delhi?
Answer: On May 12, revolutionaries occupied Delhi, and Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II accepted to lead them, being declared the emperor of India. Lieutenant Willoughby briefly resisted but was defeated. The capture of Delhi became a powerful symbol, marking the start of the revolt. Soon after, the rebellion spread across northern and central India, including Lucknow, Allahabad, Kanpur, Bareilly, Benaras, regions of Bihar, and Jhansi. Letters were sent to various Indian rulers, encouraging their participation and unifying the scattered uprisings.
In simple words: The revolt spread from Delhi after rebels captured it on May 12 and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar II as emperor. This inspired uprisings across northern and central India, including places like Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi, with leaders urging others to join.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the initial capture of Delhi and then trace the spread of the revolt to other major regions in North and Central India.

Question 29. Who played the major roles of leader from Rajasthan in this revolt?
Answer: In Rajasthan, Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa played a major role in leading the revolt. He instigated the rebellion in British military cantonments located in Nasirabad, Neemuch, and Erinpura. His actions challenged British authority in the region and inspired local resistance.
In simple words: Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa was a key leader from Rajasthan in the revolt, stirring up rebellion in British military camps at Nasirabad, Neemuch, and Erinpura.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify specific leaders from Rajasthan and the areas where they instigated the revolt.

Question 30. Name the main leaders who led the revolt from South India.
Answer: The main leaders who led the revolt from South India included: Ranga Bapuji Gupte (Satara), Sonaji Pandit, Ranga Rao Pandey, Maulvi Sayyid Alauddin (Hyderabad), Bhim Rao and Mundargi, Chhota Singh (Karnatak), Annaji Fadanavis (Kolhapur), Gulam Gaus and Sultan Bakhs (Madras), Aranagiri, Krishna (Chingaful), Mulbagal Swami (Coimbatore), Mulla Ali, Kone ji Sarkar, Vijay Kudarat, and Kunji Mama (Kerala). These leaders mobilized various communities in their respective regions.
In simple words: Key leaders from South India in the revolt included Ranga Bapuji Gupte (Satara), Maulvi Sayyid Alauddin (Hyderabad), Bhim Rao and Mundargi, Chhota Singh (Karnatak), Annaji Fadanavis (Kolhapur), Gulam Gaus and Sultan Bakhs (Madras), and Kunji Mama (Kerala).

🎯 Exam Tip: List several key figures from different regions in South India who participated in the revolt.

Question 31. How did company Raj come to end?
Answer: The Company Raj ended due to the 1857 revolt. On November 1, 1858, Queen Victoria issued a Charter, transferring the rule of India from the East India Company to the British Crown through the Government of India Act of 1858. The Board of Control and Board of Directors were abolished. A 15-member All India Council was formed to manage India, headed by the Secretary of State for India. The Governor General's title was changed to Viceroy, making him the direct representative of the British Crown.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt led to the end of Company Rule. In 1858, a new Act passed by the Queen transferred power directly to the British Crown, abolishing the Company's governing bodies and renaming the Governor-General as Viceroy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the Queen's Proclamation, the Government of India Act of 1858, and the changes in governance that followed the revolt.

Question 32. What changes were made in the British policy towards the Indian rulers as a result of the revolt of 1857?
Answer: As a result of the 1857 revolt, the British changed their policy towards Indian rulers. Queen Victoria declared an end to the "policy of expanding territories." The rights, pride, and honor of the rulers were protected, and they were allowed to adopt sons as their successors. This was a significant shift from previous annexation policies, aiming to secure loyalty from the princely states.
In simple words: After the 1857 revolt, the British ended their annexation policy, guaranteed the rights and honor of Indian rulers, and allowed them to adopt heirs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Discuss the shift in British policy regarding annexation, succession, and respecting the dignity of Indian rulers.

Question 33. What was the policy of 'Divide and rule'?
Answer: The British were scared by the unity shown by Indians during the 1857 revolt. So, to keep control, they started the policy of 'divide and rule'. This policy aimed to create differences among people based on religion, caste, and region, to prevent them from uniting against British rule again. It was a strategy to maintain British power by weakening Indian solidarity.
In simple words: The British started the 'divide and rule' policy because they were afraid of Indian unity during the 1857 revolt. They aimed to create divisions among people to keep control.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain why this policy was introduced by the British and its objective in suppressing future united uprisings.

Question 35. "The revolt of 1857 was a public revolt.” Explain it.
Answer: The 1857 revolt was a public uprising because farmers, landlords, soldiers, and many other people from various occupations participated in it. Its quick spread showed it had wide public support. Even British officials like Canning and John Bruce Norton described it as a public revolt. This widespread involvement across different sections of society proves it was not just a military mutiny but a popular movement.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt was public because farmers, landlords, soldiers, and many other people joined it. Its fast spread showed strong public support, making it a true public uprising.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide evidence of widespread participation from various sections of society to support the argument that it was a public revolt.

Question 36. Which scholars consider the revolt of 1857 as a national revolt?
Answer: Scholars like Benjamin Disraeli, Ashok Mehta, Veer Savarkar, and Dr. Satya Rai viewed the 1857 revolt as a national revolt. They believed that feelings of nationalism made people from all parts of society forget their differences and unite to remove the British from India. This collective effort, transcending social and religious divides, led them to categorize it as a national struggle for independence.
In simple words: Benjamin Disraeli, Ashok Mehta, Veer Savarkar, and Dr. Satya Rai saw the 1857 revolt as a national uprising. They believed people united with nationalistic feelings to fight the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name key historians and explain why they viewed the 1857 uprising as a national rather than a localized rebellion.

Question 37. "The revolt of 1857 was the first war of Indian Independence." Explain this statement of Veer Savarkar.
Answer: Veer Savarkar, in his book 'War of Indian Independence,' called the 1857 revolt the first fight for freedom. He argued that no matter its initial form, it quickly grew into a national struggle that challenged British rule in India. It is considered the first war of Indian Independence because it involved nationalistic elements and was a united effort across the country to free India from British control, demonstrating a collective will for self-rule.
In simple words: Veer Savarkar called the 1857 revolt the first war of Indian Independence. He saw it as a national fight with strong patriotic feelings, uniting people to free India from British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain Savarkar's perspective by highlighting the nationalistic elements and widespread unity that characterized the revolt.

Question 2. Describe the causes and consequences of the Battle of Plassey.
Answer: Bengal was the wealthiest province under the Mughal Empire. In 1740 CE, Alivardi Khan created an independent state in Bengal. After his death in 1756 CE, his grandson Siraj-Ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal.

Conflicts kept growing between the Nawab and the British over political, economic, and other issues. This led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757 CE.

Causes behind the Battle of Plassey:
1. Ghasiti Begum, Raj Ballabh, Shaukat Jung, and other opponents of the Nawab were plotting against him. The British supported these opponents and ignored the Nawab's orders against building forts, so they could get more benefits later.
2. When Siraj-Ud-Daulah became the Nawab, the British did not give him gifts or attend the ceremony. When the Nawab wanted to visit the British trading post in Kasim Bazar, the British refused. This action by the British was seen as rude.
3. The British were wrongly using the special trading passes (Dastak) given to them in 1717 CE. They sold these passes to Indian traders, which caused the Nawab to lose money.
4. The British stopped the Nawab from building forts without need and continued building their own.
5. The British trading post was used as a safe place for the Nawab's enemies. Diwan Rajvallabh and his son Krishna Vallabh were among the main enemies.
When the Nawab asked the British to hand over his enemies, they refused. These were the reasons behind the Battle of Plassey between Siraj-Ud-Daulah and the British.

Consequences of the Battle of Plassey:
1. The Nawab gave many valuable gifts to the British officers, including Clive himself.
The British victory in the Battle of Plassey was not due to bravery but to betrayal and plotting.
In simple words: The Battle of Plassey happened because the British and Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah kept clashing over power and trade rules. The British won mainly because of secret plans and betrayals, not just their strength.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining historical conflicts, clearly list the underlying reasons and then detail the key outcomes. Use simple, direct language for clarity.

Question 3. Explain the causes of the battle of Buxar.
Answer: In Bengal, the British Company wanted to install a puppet Nawab who was clever and would serve their interests. Mir Qasim, however, wanted to stop the British from becoming too powerful and keep his own authority strong.

He tried to improve his government, but British interference made it hard. Soon, their differences grew over money matters and special trading rights, which led to the Battle of Buxar. Here are the reasons for the Battle of Buxar:

1. The Nawab wanted to rule independently, which the British did not like. He changed his capital from Murshidabad to Munger, trained his army in European style, and started factories to make weapons and explosives. These actions further increased the differences between the British and the Nawab.
2. The British forced the Nawab to give a gift of 12 lakh rupees to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, which the Nawab felt was an attack on his independence.
3. The British Company and its officials were wrongly using the special trading passes (Dastak) given to them in Bengal. The Nawab was losing money because of this. When the Nawab also allowed Indian traders to use these passes, the British became very unhappy.
4. The Nawab demanded to get back three districts-Burdwan, Midnapur, and Chatgaon-which the Company had taken in 1760 for military costs and collecting taxes. He needed these for his army, which was being used against him.
5. **Struggle between Mir Qasim and the Britishers:** When efforts to make peace between the Calcutta Council and the Nawab failed, a battle started between them. In June 1763, Major Andemaz was involved in this.
6. **Formation of Alliance:** After his defeat, Mir Qasim escaped and sought help from Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh. At that time, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam was also in Awadh. These three leaders teamed up to plan how to drive the British out of Bengal.

This battle took place between the British and the combined armies of Mir Qasim (Nawab of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh), and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam on October 22, 1764. The British won this battle.
In simple words: The Battle of Buxar happened because Mir Qasim wanted to rule freely, but the British kept interfering and misusing trade rules. This led to fights over money and power. Mir Qasim then formed an alliance with other rulers to fight the British, but they lost.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on economic disputes (Dastak misuse) and political power struggles as key causes for the Battle of Buxar. Remember the alliance formed against the British.

Question 4. Which factors were responsible for the second Anglo-Maratha war?
Answer: In 1798, Lord Wellesley became Governor General of India, wanting to expand British power. By 1800 CE, after Nana Fadnavis died, disputes arose between Sindhiya and Holkar in the Maratha court over who should be in charge. Sindhiya managed to control Peshwa Bajirao II.

In October 1802, Holkar defeated the combined armies of the Peshwa and Sindhiya, and Vinayak Rao became the Peshwa. To get his position back, Bajirao sought help from the British. This gave the British a chance to interfere in Maratha politics again.

Reasons for the War:
1. The Peshwa could not settle arguments among his own Maratha leaders. When a fight occurred between Holkar and Sindhiya, Bajirao II sought refuge with the British.
2. There was a rivalry between Holkar and Sindhiya for control in Maratha politics, and the British benefited from this fight.
3. After Nana Fadnavis died in 1800 CE, there was no strong leader to unite the Marathas. As a result, fights among the Maratha leaders kept growing, which led to war.
4. In 1798, Lord Wellesley came to India with the main goal of making the British empire bigger. To attack the Marathas, the British signed a treaty.
In simple words: The Second Anglo-Maratha War was caused by internal power struggles among Maratha leaders (Sindhiya and Holkar) after Nana Fadnavis died. This allowed the British, led by Lord Wellesley who wanted to expand the empire, to interfere and gain an advantage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that internal conflicts and a lack of unified leadership among Indian powers often created opportunities for the British to intervene and expand their influence.

Question. What was Subsidiary Alliance? Who is credited for implementing it? Name any four states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer: In 1798 CE, Lord Wellesley came to India as the Governor General. His main aim was to expand the British Empire. The British started a new way of making agreements with princely states, taking control of them and making British power strong in India. This system is known as the Subsidiary Alliance, and Lord Wellesley is known for starting it. Key states that accepted this alliance included Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, and the Maratha kingdom.

Benefits to the Company:
1. This system helped the British keep an eye on princely states while appearing to build their empire.
2. A large army was maintained at the cost of Indian states.
3. The Indian rulers housed the Company's army in their capital cities. This meant the Company got control over militarily important areas.
4. The Company's army became very successful in expanding its political reach far beyond its original borders.
5. The Company fully succeeded in stopping other European powers, especially the French, from expanding.
6. It acted as a peacemaker in conflicts between Indian rulers.
7. British officials (Residents) placed in these states gained power and began meddling in their internal affairs.

Disadvantages to the Princely States:
1. By having to give up their weapons and foreign policies to the Company, they lost their freedom.
2. The British Residents interfered too much in how the states were run.
3. Weak kings were protected but also exploited, while ordinary people couldn't improve their lives.
The states that agreed to the alliance quickly ran out of money. The Company often took one-third of a state's income as financial support.
In simple words: Subsidiary Alliance was a system started by Lord Wellesley where Indian states had to pay for a British army and give up their foreign policy. It helped the British grow their empire but made Indian states lose their independence and money.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Subsidiary Alliance, always mention Lord Wellesley and explain both its advantages for the British and disadvantages for the Indian states, including key examples.

Question 8. "This cherry would fall into our mouth one day." Describe this statement of Lord Dalhousie.
Answer: In 1851 CE, Lord Dalhousie, wanting to take over the state of Awadh and add it to the British empire, famously said, "This cherry will one day drop into our mouth." The British had started taking over Indian states as early as 1798, using Lord Wellesley's Subsidiary Alliance. Awadh was also forced to accept the Subsidiary Alliance in 1801 CE.

Awadh was a rich region, especially for growing indigo, and the British saw it as a potentially large market. The Nawab had also lost much of his power over local leaders and landowners. Over time, the British became more and more interested in Awadh. By early 1850, most of India, including Maratha, Carnatic, Punjab, Sindh, and Bengal regions, was under British control.
In simple words: Lord Dalhousie made this statement about Awadh because he saw it as a rich state that would easily become part of the British Empire, either through existing alliances or by simply waiting for an opportunity.

🎯 Exam Tip: This statement highlights the British policy of annexation, often disguised with various pretexts. Mention Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse and the strategic importance of Awadh.

Question 9. What were the consequences of the revolt of 1857 ? Explain.
Answer: Even though the 1857 revolt failed, its impact was huge, far-reaching, and lasting. The revolt made the British realize they needed to change their rules about governing India, the army, and how they treated Indian rulers.

End of Company Rule:
On November 1, 1858, Queen Victoria issued a new order. This meant the British government took direct control of India from the East India Company, through the Government of India Act of 1858. The Board of Control and Board of Directors were dissolved. A new 15-member All India Council was set up to manage India's administration, led by a chairman called the Secretary of State for India. The Governor General's role was changed to Viceroy.

Reorganization of the Army:
The revolt began as a military uprising, so it became crucial to restructure the army. Under the Army Amalgamation Scheme of 1861, the Company's European soldiers were moved to the direct control of the British government. Following the Peel Commission's report in 1861, more British soldiers were added to the army in India. Only Europeans could hold key positions in the army and manage weapons. Rules were made so that Indian soldiers from the same community or religion would not be grouped together in army units.

Change of policy towards the Indian rulers:
The Queen's declaration ended the policy of expanding territories. It assured Indian rulers of their rights, dignity, and respect, allowing them to adopt heirs.

Promotion to the Policy of 'Divide and Rule':
The British were scared by how Hindus and Muslims united during the 1857 revolt. Because of this, they started dividing people based on religion and caste to prevent future unity.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt ended the East India Company's rule, brought India directly under the British Crown, led to army reforms, changed policies towards Indian rulers, and made the British actively use a "divide and rule" strategy to prevent future unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score well, categorize the consequences into administrative, military, political, and social changes, and highlight the shift from Company rule to direct British Crown rule.

Question 10. Write a short note on the following revolutionaries:
(a) Queen of Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai.
(b) Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Peshwa.
Answer:
(a) **Queen of Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai:** Rani Laxmibai led the 1857 revolt in Jhansi. Lord Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse did not allow rulers without a natural son to adopt an heir. After her husband, King Gangadhar Rao, died, Rani Laxmi Bai adopted Damodar Rao. When the British rejected this adoption, the Queen of Jhansi declared war. In 1858 CE, the British commander General Hugh Rose attacked and captured Jhansi. After her defeat, Rani Laxmibai went to Kalpi and, with Tatya Tope's help, took control of Gwalior. In June 1858, the British took Gwalior back. Rani Laxmibai bravely died fighting against the British.

(b) **Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Peshwa:** Nana Sahib was the main leader of the 1857 revolt in Kanpur. He was a courageous Maratha and the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. In June 1857, he announced himself as the Peshwa in Kanpur, but the British did not accept this. Also, the British stopped his pension of 80,000 pounds. Because of this, Nana Sahib rebelled against the British and led the revolt from Kanpur. With the help of his skilled companions, Tantya Tope and Azimullah, Nana Sahib freed Kanpur from British rule on June 5, 1857. In December, Sir Colin Campbell led the British to recapture Kanpur. Nana Sahib then had to escape to Nepal.
In simple words: Rani Laxmibai fought bravely in Jhansi after the British rejected her adopted son's right to rule. Nana Sahib led the revolt in Kanpur because the British stopped his pension and refused to recognize him as Peshwa. Both were key leaders in the 1857 uprising.

🎯 Exam Tip: For revolutionary leaders, include their region of activity, the specific reasons for their involvement (e.g., Doctrine of Lapse, pension issues), and their key contributions or battles.

Question 2. Mark the main Indian states of 1750 CE on the map of India.
Answer:

The map below shows the main Indian states around 1750 CE:

🎯 Exam Tip: When presenting maps, ensure clarity of labels and context. For historical maps, a simplified representation focusing on key features is often more effective than overly intricate details.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 History