RBSE Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Planning in India

Question 1. Indian NITI Aayog Is a/an:
(a) Advisory unit
(b) Executive unit
(c) government committee
(d) legal unit
Answer: (a) Advisory unit
In simple words: The NITI Aayog acts like a guide, giving advice and ideas to the government about how to plan and make policies. It helps the government make good decisions for the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that NITI Aayog is a 'think tank' or advisory body, not a body that executes policies directly. This distinction is key.

Question 2. The Chairman of Planning Commission is the:
(a) President
Answer: The complete options and correct answer for this question are not available in the provided text.
In simple words: This question is incomplete, so we cannot provide a full answer. The Planning Commission's head usually holds a very important government position.

🎯 Exam Tip: For organizational structure questions, focus on the roles and responsibilities of the chairperson and key members. Knowing the full context is crucial for such questions.

Question 3. The Chairman of the National Development Council is:
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Planning Commission Secretary
(d) Central Finance Minister
Answer: (a) Prime Minister
In simple words: The Prime Minister is the head of the National Development Council. This council brings together central and state leaders to discuss and approve development plans for the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always associate key government bodies like the National Development Council with their presiding officers, as this is a frequently tested fact.

Question 4. Fourth plan's model was based on which of the following models?
(a) Prof. Mahalanobis
(b) Harod - Domar
(c) Dr. V.V. Bhatt
(d) A.S. Manne and Ashok Rudra
Answer: (d) A.S. Manne and Ashok Rudra
In simple words: The fourth five-year plan was designed using ideas from A.S. Manne and Ashok Rudra. Every plan had different people and ideas behind it to guide its goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When studying Five-Year Plans, remember to link each plan with its key model or influential economists, as this shows a deeper understanding.

Question 5. In Eleventh plan, the rate of development was reduced from pre - defined target percentage to:
(a) 8%
(b) 8.1%
(c) 8.5%
(d) 8.7%
Answer: (b) 8.1%
In simple words: The Eleventh Plan aimed for a certain growth rate, but the actual growth achieved was a little lower, at 8.1%. Plans often have targets that can change based on real-world events.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the difference between targeted growth rates and actual achievements in development plans, as questions often focus on these comparisons.

Question 6. In the eleventh plan, the maximum expenditure was proposed to be done on which sector?
(a) Energy
(b) Transport
(c) Agriculture and Allied activities
Answer: The complete options and correct answer for this question are not available in the provided text.
In simple words: We cannot fully answer this question because some options are missing. However, the Eleventh Plan often focused on important sectors like energy, transport, or agriculture to boost overall growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about expenditure priorities, understanding the broad goals of each plan (e.g., industrialization, poverty reduction, infrastructure) can help you infer the likely answer even if specific data is missing.

Question 7. What was given the highest priority in the 1st five year plan?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Industry
(c) Energy
(d) Employment
Answer: (a) Agriculture
In simple words: The first five-year plan focused most on agriculture. It was important to grow enough food for everyone and make the country self-sufficient in food.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the primary focus of the First Five-Year Plan was agricultural development, which laid the foundation for India's economic progress.

Question 8. Which was the base model for first five year plan?
(a) Harrod Domar Model
(b) Mahalanobis Model
(c) Manne and Rudra Model
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Harrod Domar Model
In simple words: The first five-year plan was based on the Harrod-Domar model. This model helped guide how investments should be made to achieve economic growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the First Five-Year Plan directly to the Harrod-Domar model, as this is a fundamental concept in India's planning history.

Question 9. Panchayati Raj system was started in the country during the:
(a) 1st five year plan
(b) 2nd five year plan
(c) 3rd five year plan
(d) 4th five year plan
Answer: (b) 2nd five year plan
In simple words: The Panchayati Raj system, which helps local villages govern themselves, began during the second five-year plan. This was a big step towards involving people at the local level in government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the timing of key institutional developments like Panchayati Raj in relation to the Five-Year Plans, as this shows the evolution of governance.

Question 10. 12th five - year plan is form:
(a) 1st April 2005 to 31st March 2010
(b) 1st April 2007 to 31st March 2012
(c) 1st April 2012 to 31st March 2017
(d) 1st April 2008 to 31st March 2013
Answer: (c) 1st April 2012 to 31st March 2017
In simple words: The 12th five-year plan lasted from April 1, 2012, to March 31, 2017. Knowing the start and end dates of plans is helpful to understand their historical context.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the duration of important Five-Year Plans, especially the last ones, as their periods are common exam questions.

Question 11. When did community development program start?
Answer: The community development program was initiated during the period of India's first five-year plan. This marked a significant effort to involve local communities in their own development process.
In simple words: This program began during the first five-year plan. It helped local people work together to improve their areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that community development programs were an early focus in planning, aiming for grassroots participation and empowerment.

Question 12. When was the NITI Aayog formed? Who is its chairman?
Answer: The NITI Aayog was formed on January 1, 2015. The Prime Minister serves as its chairman. This institution replaced the earlier Planning Commission to bring new approaches to policy-making.
In simple words: NITI Aayog started on January 1, 2015. The Prime Minister is its head.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission and the Prime Minister's role as chairman remained consistent with the previous body.

Question 13. When did the five year plans start?
Answer: The first Five Year Plan officially began on April 1, 1951. Its term lasted until March 31, 1956. These plans were designed to guide India's economic and social development.
In simple words: The first five-year plan started on April 1, 1951, and ended on March 31, 1956.

🎯 Exam Tip: The start date of the First Five-Year Plan is a crucial milestone in India's post-independence economic history; remember it as the beginning of planned development.

Question 14. Presently which five year plan is operational?
Answer: Presently, the 12th five-year plan concluded, and NITI Aayog is now working on launching a three-year action plan. This shift represents a change in India's planning approach from rigid five-year cycles to more flexible, shorter-term strategies.
In simple words: The 12th five-year plan is over. Now, NITI Aayog is making a new three-year plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that India has moved away from traditional Five-Year Plans; NITI Aayog now focuses on shorter-term action plans and vision documents.

Question 15. What is Desert Development Program?
Answer: The Desert Development Program is an initiative aimed at stopping the spread of desert areas. It also works to improve the living standards and income levels of people in the state, while creating job opportunities. This important program was launched between 1977 and 1978.
In simple words: It is a program that stops deserts from growing, helps people in those areas earn more, and creates jobs. It started in 1977-78.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining development programs, always include their main objective, key activities, and the period of their launch.

Question 16. Write a comment on planned development.
Answer: Planning is a careful process where available resources in a place are used in the best possible way. The five-year plans in India were designed to use resources efficiently to reach goals. These plans were first introduced in India, inspired by the Soviet Union. The planning cycle gained momentum with the second five-year plan, which was based on Professor P.C. Mahalanobis's development model. This model focused on promoting heavy industries to boost economic growth.
In simple words: Planned development means using a country's resources in a smart way to achieve specific goals. India used five-year plans for this, influenced by other countries, focusing on things like industries to grow the economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that planned development aims for optimal resource utilization and often involves a mix of economic models and inspirations from global practices.

Question 17. Highlight the importance of planning in five – year plans.
Answer: Planning in India began in 1951, and since then, 6 annual plans and 12 five-year plans have been made and put into action. These plans set priorities and aimed to achieve specific goals. The importance of planning in the Five Year Plans can be seen through several achievements:
1. Agricultural output increased over the years due to these plans.
2. Industries saw significant development.
3. Transportation and communication facilities greatly improved.
4. Education received a boost and was promoted.
5. The overall volume of foreign trade expanded.
6. There was an increase in national income, domestic savings, and the rate of investment, leading to greater self-reliance. This systematic planning helped India achieve steady progress across various sectors.
In simple words: Planning through five-year plans was very important for India. It helped increase farm output, grow industries, improve transport, spread education, boost trade, and make the country more self-sufficient and richer.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the importance of planning, listing specific achievements across different sectors (e.g., agriculture, industry, infrastructure) provides strong evidence.

Question 18. Write a note of 5th five - year plan.
Answer: The 5th five-year plan ran from April 1, 1974, to March 31, 1978.
Its main objectives included:
1. Eradicating poverty.
2. Achieving economic self-reliance.
Other goals were to:
3. Increase job opportunities by boosting production.
4. Address basic needs like education, health, family planning, and nutrition through national programs.
5. Promote social welfare.
6. Encourage industries related to agriculture.
7. Improve public collection and distribution systems.
The plan also aimed to improve utility models. The proposed expenditure was 37,250 crore Rs. Key achievements included strengthening the economy, increasing the development rate, expanding agricultural areas, and boosting food and industrial production. However, due to a fiscal deficit and changes in government, the plan ended one year early, in 1978.
In simple words: The 5th five-year plan (1974-1978) mainly wanted to end poverty and make India self-reliant. It also aimed to create more jobs, provide basic needs like health and education, and help agriculture and industry grow. It ended early because of money problems and government changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For notes on specific plans, always include their duration, main objectives, significant achievements, and any reasons for early termination or major challenges faced.

Question 19. Write a comment on 20 – point program.
Answer: The 20-Point Program was initiated in 1975 by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi. It was later updated and reconstituted in 1982 and 1986. This program saw several policy changes over time. In 2006, it was once again renewed. According to the T.P.P. (Target, Performance, and Programme), this program is part of the National Common Minimum Program, United Nations, and the SAARC social charter's Millennium Development Goals. The reconstituted program, officially approved on October 5, 2006, was named the 20-Point Program. Its main goals were to alleviate poverty, enhance productivity, reduce income disparities, and promote social and economic development. This program has been crucial in focusing government efforts on specific development targets.
In simple words: The 20-Point Program was started by Mrs. Indira Gandhi in 1975 to fight poverty and improve society. It was updated several times and aimed to make the country better by reducing inequality and boosting growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing programs like the 20-Point Program, mention its origin, evolution (reconstitutions), primary objectives, and any international frameworks it aligns with.

Question 20. Describe the tribal area development program.
Answer: The tribal area development program is designed for regions where more than 50% of the population consists of tribal people.
Major tribal areas identified include:
Nine states and two union territories have been identified as having such tribal areas, mainly in Madhya Pradesh, to focus development efforts.
The program also aims:
• To reduce the development gap between tribal and non-tribal regions.
• To raise the overall standard of living for tribal communities.
The programs for tribal areas involve various reforms, such as:
Agriculture and horticulture, animal rearing, forestry, small and cottage industries, and improvements in marketing. These initiatives also cover education, safe drinking water, adequate housing, medical facilities, and nutrition for the tribal population. This comprehensive approach ensures holistic development for these vulnerable communities.
In simple words: The tribal area development program helps places where many tribal people live. It aims to make their lives better by improving farming, health, education, and jobs, and by reducing the gap between them and other groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing development programs for specific communities, highlight the target group, geographical focus, key objectives (e.g., reduce disparity, improve living standards), and the various sectors covered by the reforms.

Question 21. Describe the 10th five – year plan.
Answer: The 10th five-year plan was in effect from April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2007.
Its primary objectives and aims were:
1. To target an 8% development rate.
2. To reduce the poverty ratio to 19.34%.
3. To provide meaningful employment for the workforce.
4. To make primary education accessible to everyone.
5. To lower the population growth rate to 16.2%.
6. To achieve a literacy rate of 75%.
7. To reduce infant and maternal mortality rates.
8. To ensure drinking water facilities in all villages by 2012.
9. To make all rivers pollution-free.
Regarding priorities, the 10th five-year plan gave the highest importance to energy. Other key priorities included:
1. Social welfare services, with 22.8% of expenditure.
2. 20.1% expenditure on agricultural and financial activities.
3. Emphasizing balanced development across all regions.
The plan's results and possibilities showed a focus on social welfare, improving living standards, ensuring food availability, and providing education, health, drinking water, and cleanliness. It was seen as a visionary and transformative plan. A mid-term review evaluated development in agriculture, biotechnology, and health, noting increased public investment and improved policies to reduce regional disparities and backwardness.
In simple words: The 10th five-year plan (2002-2007) aimed for 8% growth, less poverty, more jobs, universal primary education, and better health. It focused most on energy and also cared for social welfare and balanced growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a specific Five-Year Plan, always structure your answer with its duration, main objectives, key priorities, and significant outcomes or evaluations. Use clear bullet points for lists.

Question 22. Explain Regional imbalances.
Answer: Regional imbalance refers to the uneven development seen across different parts of a country. This means some areas progress much faster, while others fall significantly behind. For example, Bundelkhand currently lags behind its neighboring regions in terms of development.
Examples of such imbalances include regions like undivided Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, which possess abundant resources but are financially underdeveloped.
A study by K.V. Sundaram used a "Principal Component Analysis Technique" with 14 variables to identify areas of low and extremely low development in India, particularly focusing on central east and central south India. Important city centers are often considered specific growth indicators in these studies.
Five backward regions identified as problem areas are:
1. North-eastern India.
2. East-central Indian tribal belt.
3. Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Northern Bihar.
4. Uttar Pradesh and the Bundelkhand area of Madhya Pradesh.
5. Regions with ecological imbalances.
Understanding these imbalances is crucial for targeted development planning.
In simple words: Regional imbalance means that different parts of a country grow unevenly; some areas develop fast, while others stay poor. This happens even in resource-rich places. Experts study these differences to find which regions need more help and attention.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining regional imbalances, provide a clear definition, illustrate with examples, and mention how such areas are identified (e.g., through studies or indicators).

Question 23. Explain the Desert Development Programme and Hill Area Development Programme.
Answer:
**Desert Development Programme (DDP):**
The DDP was launched in 1977-78 based on the recommendations of the Agriculture Commission. It was implemented in 235 development areas across 40 districts in 7 states, including Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, and Rajasthan. Specifically in Rajasthan, the program operates in 85 development areas across 16 districts. All funding for this program comes from the central government. In 1995, the DDP was integrated into the watershed development program.
Objectives of the DDP are:
1. To prevent the spread of desertification.
2. To enhance the productivity of local resources to increase income and employment opportunities for the local population.
Three key remedies to stop desertification include:
1. Protecting existing vegetation cover.
2. Adopting effective water storage techniques.
3. Developing and improving pasture lands.
**Hill Area Development Programme (HADP):**
In India, hilly regions constitute 17% of the total land area and are home to 11% of the total Indian population. Hill areas are categorized into two types:
1. States that are entirely mountainous.
2. States that have partially mountainous regions.
The first category includes northeastern states, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. These are special states where most of the expenditure for development is borne by the central government. For the development of these northern hill states, the "North Eastern Council" was formed under the Parliament Act of 1971.
Assam and West Bengal fall into the second category. Other mountainous regions are found in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Kerala. While state governments are responsible for their development, the central government also provides financial assistance.
Main development programs for hilly regions include:
Gardening, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry farming, agriculture, forestry, soil conservation, and rural industries. These initiatives are promoted through various package programs and cooperatives, like agroforestry, social forestry, and orchards, with arrangements for marketing their produce. Other expected programs aim to transform shifting agriculture into sustainable practices and support coffee and rubber farmers in sustainable farming.
In simple words: The Desert Development Programme, started in 1977-78, aims to stop deserts from growing and help people in dry areas by improving resources and creating jobs. The Hill Area Development Programme helps mountainous regions, which are 17% of India's land, by improving agriculture, industries, and social welfare, with special focus on states like those in the northeast.

🎯 Exam Tip: For programs with dual components like this, ensure you clearly differentiate between their objectives, geographical focus, and specific strategies, using sub-headings or bullet points for clarity.

Question 24. Deliberate upon the goals, progress and result of 12th Five – year plan.
Answer:
**Period:**
The 12th Five-Year Plan spanned from April 1, 2012, to March 31, 2017.
**Goals, Progress, and Results:**
This plan aimed for a high growth rate, which was initially targeted at 9.0% but later adjusted to 8.2%. The agricultural sector aimed for 4.6% growth, the industrial sector for 9.6%, and the service sector for 10.00%. The investment rate was targeted at 38.7% of GDP, with a saving rate of 36.2% of GDP. The average annual fiscal deficit was planned to be 3.25% of GDP, and the average increase in the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) was estimated at 4.5% to 5%.
The main objectives of the plan included:
* Reducing the poverty rate to below 10%.
* Increasing the investment rate in infrastructure to 9% of GDP.
* Implementing an Aadhaar-card-based banking system for all subsidy programs, linking them to a cash transfer system.
The Prime Minister emphasized the states' contributions to achieve the annual growth rate objectives.
The 11th Five-Year Plan had an estimated WPI of around 6%, which the 12th plan aimed to restrict to 4.5% to 5%. The annual fiscal deficit target for the 12th plan's vision was maintained at 3.25% of GDP. This plan's ambitious targets reflected a commitment to sustained and inclusive growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing five-year plans, include specific numerical targets for growth, poverty reduction, and financial indicators. Using a table to summarize these figures can be very effective.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Additional Questions with Answers

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. What is Nation Development Council?
(a) Statutory Body
(b) Non - Statutory Body
Answer: The complete options and correct answer for this question are not available in the provided text.
In simple words: This question is incomplete. The National Development Council is a very important body that guides India's development plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the nature of governmental bodies (statutory, non-statutory, constitutional) as this classification helps in comprehending their legal basis and functions.

Question 2. Adopting community development programme was the objective of which plan?
(a) First five year plan
(b) Second five year plan
(c) Third five year plan
(d) Fourth five year plan
Answer: (a) First five year plan
In simple words: The first five-year plan aimed to start community development programs. These programs helped local communities work together for their own progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the community development program directly to the First Five-Year Plan, as it signifies an early focus on rural upliftment and local participation.

Question 3. Who prepared the outline of third five - year plan?
(a) P.C Mahalanobis
(b) Hairod - Domer
(c) Rostov
(d) Vakil and Brahmanand
Answer: (a) P.C Mahalanobis
In simple words: P.C. Mahalanobis helped create the ideas for the third five-year plan. He was a key person in shaping India's economic plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: While P.C. Mahalanobis is often associated with the Second Five-Year Plan, be aware that his influence and models extended to subsequent plans as well.

Question 4. What is the period of fourth five year plan?
(a) April 01, 1961 to March 31, 1996
(b) April 01, 1969 to March 31, 1974
(c) April 01, 1967 to March 31, 1972
(d) April 01, 1974 to March 31, 1979
Answer: (b) April 01, 1969 to March 31, 1974
In simple words: The fourth five-year plan ran from April 1, 1969, to March 31, 1974. Knowing these dates helps place the plan in India's history.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's helpful to remember the period of each Five-Year Plan, especially after the 'Plan Holiday' (1966-1969), which preceded the Fourth Plan.

Question 5. In case of inflation:
(a) Price decreases
(b) Price increases
(c) Price remains stable
(d) Price remains flexible
Answer: The complete options and correct answer for this question are not available in the provided text.
In simple words: This question is incomplete. However, inflation generally means that prices of goods and services go up over time, which makes money worth less.

🎯 Exam Tip: A fundamental understanding of economic terms like inflation (rising prices, decreasing purchasing power) is essential for geography and economics questions.

Question 6. Third five year plan (1961-66)
(a) First five year plan
(b) Second five year plan
(c) Third five year plan
(d) Fourth five year plan
Answer: (c) Third five year plan
In simple words: The third five-year plan was from 1961 to 1966. This question checks if you know which plan matches that time period.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the year ranges to their corresponding five-year plans for quick recall during exams. The early plans often serve as chronological markers.

Question 7. Which of the following five-year plans was ended one year prior to its duration?
(a) Third five year plan
(b) Fifth five year plan
(c) Seventh five year plan
(d) Ninth five year plan
Answer: (b) Fifth five year plan
In simple words: The fifth five-year plan ended one year earlier than planned. This happened due to political and economic reasons at that time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note exceptions like plans that were terminated early or extended, as these historical anomalies are common question topics.

Question 8. Dandekar Fact Finding Committee - 1984 was related to which state?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Maharashtra
Answer: (d) Maharashtra
In simple words: The Dandekar Fact Finding Committee, formed in 1984, was connected to Maharashtra. Such committees are set up to study specific issues in certain regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate specific committees and their years of formation with the states or regions they were tasked to investigate, as this helps in understanding regional development initiatives.

Question 9. I.G. Patel Committee - 1984 was related to which state?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Bihar
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer: (a) Gujarat
In simple words: The I.G. Patel Committee, also from 1984, focused on matters related to Gujarat. Different committees often looked at specific problems in various states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different committees and their respective states of focus, even if they were formed in the same year, to avoid confusion.

Question 10. The proportion of population in mountainous areas:
(d) More than 33%
Answer: (c) More than 50%
In simple words: More than 50% of the population in certain mountainous areas belongs to tribal communities. This shows how important these regions are for tribal development programs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with percentages and statistics when answering questions related to demographic distributions in specific geographical regions.

Question 11. Resource mapping of mountainous areas can be done through:
(a) Remote sensing technique
(b) Aerial photo technique
(c) Land survey
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: To map resources in mountains, we can use different methods like remote sensing (using satellites), aerial photos (from planes), and land surveys (on the ground). All these ways help us understand the area better.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about mapping techniques, remember that a combination of modern (remote sensing, aerial photography) and traditional (land survey) methods provides the most comprehensive data.

Question 1. Match the options given in column A with right options given in column B:
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it's vital to know the key initiatives, projects, or economic models associated with each Five-Year Plan. Create flashcards to memorize these links.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is meant by planning?
Answer: Planning involves preparing a roadmap and making arrangements for carrying out development programs. It helps to organize steps towards a goal.
In simple words: Planning means making a clear list of what needs to be done and how to do it for development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining planning, highlight its core aspects: preparation, systematic approach, and execution of development programs.

Question 2. What are the two main forms of planning?
Answer: The two main types of planning are:
1. Sectoral planning
2. Regional Planning
Both types aim to ensure balanced growth across different areas.
In simple words: Planning can be done for specific parts of the economy (like farming) or for certain areas (like a state).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between sectoral (focus on specific economic sectors) and regional (focus on specific geographical areas) planning in your answer.

Question 3. Mention the main steps of planning.
Answer: The three main steps involved in planning are:
1. Preparation (getting ready)
2. Making the roadmap (deciding the path)
3. Execution (doing the work)
These steps are followed in order to make sure plans are carried out effectively.
In simple words: First, you get ready, then you make a plan, and finally, you do what the plan says.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the simple sequence: prepare, plan, execute. This forms the basic cycle of any planning process.

Question 4. What is Sectoral Planning?
Answer: Sectoral Planning means making plans for different parts of the economy, like farming, factories, shops, and then putting these plans into action. This helps each area grow in a focused way.
In simple words: Sectoral planning is about making plans for specific economic activities, such as farming or industry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that sectoral planning targets distinct economic divisions to ensure specialized growth and development.

Question 6. For which type of countries planning is most important?
Answer: Planning is most important for developing countries, like India. These countries use planning to guide their growth and overcome challenges.
In simple words: Planning is very important for countries that are still developing, like India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the importance of planning directly to the needs of developing countries, such as efficient resource allocation and overcoming economic challenges.

Question 7. When was Planning Commission established?
Answer: The Planning Commission was established on March 15, 1950. This happened after the Indian Government passed a resolution to set it up. It played a key role in India's early economic strategy.
In simple words: India's Planning Commission was created on March 15, 1950, by the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the exact date and reason for the establishment of the Planning Commission.

Question 8. When was National Development Council established?
Answer: The National Development Council was established on August 6, 1952. This body was created to ensure cooperation between the central government and states on planning matters.
In simple words: The National Development Council was set up on August 6, 1952.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the exact date of establishment for the National Development Council. Note its role in coordinating development efforts.

Question 9. What is the main function of National Development Council?
Answer: The main job of the National Development Council is to make sure there is good teamwork between the Planning Commission and the states. This helps with financial planning across the country. It ensures that state perspectives are integrated into national plans.
In simple words: Its main job is to help the Planning Commission and states work together for financial planning.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the keyword "coordination" between the Planning Commission and states for financial planning as the primary function.

Question 10. How is National Development Council constituted?
Answer: The National Development Council is led by the Prime Minister of India. It also includes all Union Ministers, Chief Ministers from all states, administrators of Union Territories, and members of the Planning Commission. This broad membership ensures diverse representation.
In simple words: The Prime Minister leads it, and it includes ministers, state chief ministers, administrators, and planning commission members.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key members of the National Development Council, starting with the Prime Minister, to show its comprehensive nature.

Question 11. What is National Planning Council and how it is organised?
Answer: The priorities of planning change with time. However, the main goal of planning is always development, becoming modern, being self-dependent, and achieving social fairness. These broad goals guide how the planning body is structured and functions.
In simple words: Planning goals change over time, but the main aim is always development, becoming modern, being self-reliant, and ensuring social justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: While the question asks about organization, the provided answer focuses on objectives. Ensure you state these core objectives clearly if this is the expected answer in a test.

Question 13. When is the concept of planning considered to have started in India?
Answer: In India, the idea of planning is generally considered to have started with the second five-year plan. This plan marked a significant shift towards a more structured economic approach.
In simple words: Planning in India is thought to have properly begun from the second five-year plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to link the start of structured planning in India with the second five-year plan.

Question 14. Prof. P.C Mahalanobis development model was based on what?
Answer: Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis's development model was based on the growth of industries. This model emphasized heavy industries to boost the economy. It aimed for rapid industrialization to achieve self-reliance.
In simple words: The Mahalanobis model focused on developing industries to help the country grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Mahalanobis model primarily with the development of heavy industries.

Question 15. Vakil and Brahmanand model is known by which name?
Answer: The Vakil and Brahmanand model is known as the Wage - Goods model. This model focused on providing basic necessities to the population.
In simple words: The Vakil and Brahmanand model is called the Wage-Goods model.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific name "Wage-Goods model" when referring to the Vakil and Brahmanand model.

Question 16. 12th five - year plan emphasises on what?
Answer: The 12th five-year plan focused more on specific facts, aiming for a more inclusive and stable development strategy. It emphasized sustainable growth and broader participation. This ensured that growth benefits a wider section of society.
In simple words: The 12th five-year plan focused on clear facts and a stable growth strategy that included everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the 12th plan's focus on evidence-based, inclusive, and stable development.

Question 17. What was the topmost priority in first five – year plan?
Answer: Agriculture and irrigation were given the highest priority in the first five-year plan. This was crucial for ensuring food security and laying the foundation for economic growth. The plan recognized the immediate need to improve farming.
In simple words: The first five-year plan focused most on farming and watering fields.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that the initial focus of India's planning was on agriculture to address food scarcity and rural development.

Question 18. What was the increase in national income and per capita income in the first five year plan?
Answer: In the first five-year plan, the national income increased by 18%. The per capita income, which is the income per person, went up by 11%. These increases showed positive early economic progress. This growth was significant for a newly independent nation.
In simple words: In the first plan, national income grew by 18%, and income per person grew by 11%.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide both the national income and per capita income growth percentages accurately for the first five-year plan.

Question 20. What was the main goal of third (3rd) five – year plan?
Answer: The main goal of the third five-year plan was to create an economy that was self-dependent and could sustain itself. This meant reducing reliance on foreign aid and building a strong domestic base. Achieving self-reliance was a major national objective.
In simple words: The third five-year plan aimed to make the economy strong enough to stand on its own and keep growing.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core objective for the 3rd five-year plan was self-reliance and self-sustaining growth.

Question 21. What was the outlay in third (3rd) five year plan?
Answer: The planned amount for the third five-year plan was Rs 7500 crore. However, the actual money spent was Rs 8577 crore, which was more than planned. This shows that more resources were eventually utilized for its implementation.
In simple words: The third five-year plan was supposed to spend Rs 7500 crore, but actually spent Rs 8577 crore.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about outlays, specify both the proposed and actual expenditure, if available, and remember to convert the rupee symbol to Rs.

Question 22. What is Plan Holiday?
Answer: Due to a break in regular planning, the period between 1966 and 1969 is known as the Plan Holiday. During this time, three annual plans were implemented instead of a five-year plan. This break was caused by various economic and political challenges.
In simple words: The "Plan Holiday" was a time from 1966 to 1969 when India did not have a five-year plan, using yearly plans instead.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define "Plan Holiday" by stating the specific period (1966-69) and the reason (discontinuation of regular five-year plans).

Question 23. What were the two main objectives of 4th five – year plan?
Answer: The two main goals of the fourth five-year plan were:
1. To achieve stability in economic development.
2. To become self-dependent.
These objectives aimed to ensure steady growth and reduce reliance on foreign support. Both were critical for India's long-term economic health.
In simple words: The fourth five-year plan wanted to make the economy stable and the country self-reliant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight economic stability and self-reliance as the primary goals of the 4th five-year plan.

Question 24. What was the outlay for public sector in 4th five-year plan?
Answer: The proposed spending for the public sector in the fourth five-year plan was Rs 15,902 crore. This amount was allocated for various government-led development projects. It indicated a significant public investment in the economy.
In simple words: The fourth five-year plan aimed to spend Rs 15,902 crore in the public sector.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the specific outlay amount for the public sector in the 4th five-year plan and convert ₹ to Rs.

Question 25. Mention the two setbacks of 4th five – year plan?
Answer: The fourth five-year plan experienced two main problems:
1. India had to fight a war with Pakistan in 1971, which put a big strain on the economy.
2. There was a drought in 1972-73, causing food shortages and higher prices.
These events significantly impacted the plan's goals and implementation.
In simple words: The fourth five-year plan faced setbacks due to the 1971 war and a major drought.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the 1971 war and the 1972-73 drought as the primary challenges that affected the 4th five-year plan.

Question 26. What was the main objective of fifth (5th) five – year plan?
Answer: The main goal of the fifth five-year plan was to eliminate poverty and achieve self-dependence. This plan aimed to improve the living conditions of the poor and make India economically self-reliant. It was a crucial step towards social and economic equity.
In simple words: The fifth five-year plan aimed to remove poverty and make the country self-sufficient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on "poverty elimination" and "self-dependence" as the twin objectives of the 5th five-year plan.

Question 27. What is Transitional Planning?
Answer: Transitional Planning refers to the process of development that took place between April 1, 1979, and March 1980, during which the sixth five-year plan was prepared twice. This period saw adjustments and re-evaluations in development strategy. It allowed for flexibility in response to changing economic conditions.
In simple words: Transitional Planning was a period from 1979-1980 when India made a new sixth five-year plan to adjust its development strategy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain Transitional Planning as a period of re-evaluation and adjustment, specifically mentioning the 1979-1980 timeframe and the redrawing of the sixth plan.

Question 28. What was the objective of sixth (6th) five – year plan?
Answer: The main goal of the sixth five-year plan was to eliminate poverty and also to reduce the rate of unemployment. This plan focused on improving the lives of ordinary citizens and creating more job opportunities. It aimed for inclusive growth that benefited all sections of society.
In simple words: The sixth five-year plan focused on getting rid of poverty and creating more jobs.

🎯 Exam Tip: For the 6th five-year plan, remember the twin objectives: poverty eradication and unemployment reduction.

Question 29. What were the two negative aspects of 6th (sixth) five – year plan?
Answer: The two negative aspects of the sixth five-year plan were:
1. The rate of development during this period was negative (- 6%).
2. India faced a crisis of foreign exchange reserves.
These issues posed significant challenges to economic stability and growth. The period was marked by serious economic difficulties.
In simple words: The sixth five-year plan had two problems: a negative growth rate and a shortage of foreign money.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the negative development rate and the foreign exchange crisis as the key drawbacks of the 6th five-year plan.

Question 30. How much was the outlay for public sector in 6th (sixth) five – year plan?
Answer: The spending for the public sector in the sixth five-year plan was set at Rs 97,500 crore. This large sum was intended to fund various government initiatives and projects. It reflected a strong commitment to public sector development.
In simple words: The sixth five-year plan planned to spend Rs 97,500 crore on public projects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specify the exact outlay amount (Rs 97,500 crore) for the public sector in the 6th five-year plan, ensuring currency conversion.

Question 32. What were the main objectives of 7th (seventh) five – year plan?
Answer: The main goals of the seventh five-year plan were economic growth, becoming modern, achieving self-dependence, and social justice. This plan aimed for overall societal improvement alongside economic progress. It sought to balance growth with equitable distribution.
In simple words: The seventh five-year plan aimed for economic growth, modernization, being self-reliant, and fairness in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Enlist the four main objectives of the 7th five-year plan: economic growth, modernization, self-reliance, and social justice.

Question 33. What was the oath taken in 7th (seventh) five – year plan?
Answer: In the seventh five-year plan, a promise was made to directly deal with the issues of poverty, unemployment, and regional differences. The government aimed to tackle these problems head-on for a more balanced society. This commitment was central to the plan's vision.
In simple words: The seventh five-year plan promised to directly fight poverty, joblessness, and regional inequalities.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the specific commitment of the 7th plan: addressing poverty, unemployment, and regional disparities directly.

Question 34. What was the proposed expenditure of 7th (seventh) five - year plan?
Answer: The planned spending for the seventh five-year plan was Rs 3,48,148 crore. This substantial allocation was meant to support the plan's various initiatives and targets. It represented a major investment in the nation's development.
In simple words: The seventh five-year plan had a proposed expenditure of Rs 3,48,148 crore.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the exact proposed expenditure for the 7th five-year plan, ensuring the currency symbol conversion.

Question 35. Mention two weaknesses of 7th (seventh) five year plan?
Answer: The seventh five-year plan had two weaknesses:
1. The failure of the financial system led to an increase in inflation.
2. India got into more debt because of increased borrowing from the World Bank.
These issues created economic instability during the plan's period. High inflation made goods more expensive for people.
In simple words: The plan suffered from rising inflation due to financial problems and increased debt from World Bank loans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify inflation and increased international debt as the primary weaknesses of the 7th five-year plan.

Question 37. What were the priorities of Prime Minister's Special Action Plan (SAP)?
Answer: The three main priorities of the Prime Minister's Special Action Plan (SAP) were:
1. Reforms in food grains and agriculture.
2. Development in information technology.
3. Providing drinking water supply.
These priorities addressed crucial areas for national well-being and progress. Improving food production was essential for everyone.
In simple words: The Special Action Plan focused on improving food and farming, developing IT, and providing clean drinking water.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the three key priorities: agriculture/food, information technology, and drinking water supply.

Question 38. What was the amount of money provided for Prime Minister's Special Action Plan?
Answer: The amount of money given for the Prime Minister's Special Action Plan was Rs 21,946 crore. This funding was allocated to support the plan's initiatives in critical sectors. It was a significant investment by the government.
In simple words: The Prime Minister's Special Action Plan received Rs 21,946 crore in funds.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the exact amount provided (Rs 21,946 crore) for the Special Action Plan, remembering to convert the rupee symbol.

Question 39. Mention two priorities of 9th (Ninth) five – year plan?
Answer: The two priorities of the 9th five-year plan were:
1. Energy
2. Social Service
These areas were given importance to ensure essential resources and welfare for the people. Both were considered vital for overall national progress.
In simple words: The ninth five-year plan focused on energy and social services.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing priorities for the 9th plan, focus on energy and social welfare.

Question 40. Which neglected issues were emphasized upon in 10th (tenth) five – year plan?
Answer: The 10th five-year plan focused on improving neglected issues like e-governance, creating a good environment for investors, removing barriers in internal business, and making local panchayats strong financially and politically. It aimed to make governance more efficient and local bodies more powerful. This helped in decentralized planning and development.
In simple words: The tenth five-year plan stressed improving e-governance, investor environment, internal trade, and empowering local panchayats.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the 10th plan's focus on governance improvements, investor facilitation, internal trade, and empowering local bodies.

Question 41. What was the objective of 11th (eleventh) five – year plan?
Answer: The main goal of the 11th five-year plan was rapid and inclusive development. This meant achieving fast economic growth that also benefits all sections of society, including the poor and marginalized. It aimed to ensure that progress was shared widely.
In simple words: The eleventh five-year plan aimed for quick and widespread development, reaching everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key objective for the 11th five-year plan is "rapid and inclusive development."

Question 43. What is single – level planning?
Answer: In single-level planning, all major decisions are made at the national level. The smaller regional levels are then responsible for carrying out these decisions. This means power is centralized at the top. It ensures uniform policy implementation across the country.
In simple words: Single-level planning means all big decisions are made by the main government, and smaller areas just follow them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define single-level planning by emphasizing centralized decision-making at the national level with implementation at lower levels.

Question 44. What is Multi - level planning?
Answer: In multi-level planning, the country is divided into many small areas, and each area has its own planning. These smaller plans then work together to support the national plan. This helps address specific local needs. It promotes decentralized decision-making and participation.
In simple words: Multi-level planning involves making plans for small areas, which then fit into the larger national plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that multi-level planning involves dividing the country into smaller units, with each unit having its own interconnected plan.

Question 45. How many types of Desert are there?
Answer: There are two main types of deserts:
1. Hot Desert (like the Sahara)
2. Cold Desert (like the Gobi or polar regions)
Each type has different climate conditions and forms of life. They are distinguished by their temperature characteristics.
In simple words: Deserts are of two types: hot deserts and cold deserts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simply list the two categories: Hot Desert and Cold Desert.

Question 46. What is Desertification?
Answer: Desertification is the continuous expansion of desert areas. This happens when dry lands become even drier and lose their ability to support plant and animal life, often due to climate change and human activities. It is a serious environmental problem.
In simple words: Desertification is when desert areas keep growing bigger and bigger.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define desertification as the ongoing increase in desert land, often due to environmental degradation.

Question 47. What are the three dimensions to stop desertification?
Answer: To stop desertification, it is important to focus on three key areas:
1. Protecting the plant cover (vegetation).
2. Using techniques to store water.
3. Developing pasture lands (areas for animals to graze).
These actions help keep the soil healthy and prevent it from turning into desert. Maintaining vegetation helps to hold soil and moisture.
In simple words: We can stop desertification by protecting plants, saving water, and growing good grazing lands.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the three main strategies: protecting vegetation, water conservation, and pasture development.

Question 49. When and by whom was Desert Development Program started?
Answer: The Desert Development Program was started in 1977-78. It was launched based on the recommendation of the Agriculture Commission. This program aimed to combat desertification and improve conditions in desert-prone areas. It focused on sustainable development in arid regions.
In simple words: The Desert Development Program started in 1977-78, suggested by the Agriculture Commission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the year (1977-78) and the recommending body (Agriculture Commission) for the Desert Development Program.

Question 50. In which states is Desert Development Program operational?
Answer: The Desert Development Program is active in 7 states across India. These states are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, and Rajasthan. These are the regions most affected by desertification and aridity.
In simple words: The Desert Development Program works in 7 states: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all seven states where the Desert Development Program is active. A geographic memory aid might help recall them.

Question 51. As per census 2011, what is the calculated population of tribals in India?
Answer: According to the 2011 census, the total tribal population in India was calculated to be 182.81 Lakh. This figure represents a significant portion of India's diverse population. The census helps in understanding the demographics of various communities.
In simple words: In 2011, India had 182.81 Lakh tribal people.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the exact tribal population figure (182.81 Lakh) as per the 2011 census.

Question 52. Mention two objectives of tribal Development Program.
Answer: Two goals of the Tribal Development Program are:
1. To reduce the gap in development levels between tribal and other areas.
2. To improve the living standards of tribal people.
These objectives aim to bring tribal communities into the mainstream of development and provide them with better opportunities. It ensures inclusive growth for all communities.
In simple words: The program aims to lessen the difference in development for tribal people and improve their way of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on reducing disparities and improving living standards as the core objectives of tribal development.

Question 54. Into two many levels is an area divided for Tribal Developments Program?
Answer: For the Tribal Development Program, a tribal area is divided into three levels:
1. Macro level - Tribal level (large regions)
2. Medium Level - Tehsil (sub-district level)
3. Small - Scale Development Unit (local level)
This multi-level approach allows for targeted interventions based on specific needs at different scales. This helps in efficient resource allocation.
In simple words: Tribal areas for development are split into three parts: large tribal regions, tehsils, and small local units.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the three levels of division: Macro (Tribal), Medium (Tehsil), and Small-Scale Development Unit.

Question 55. How much is the mountainous area expanse in India?
Answer: The mountainous area in India covers only 17% of the total land area of the country. This percentage indicates that a significant but not dominant portion of India's geography consists of mountains. Despite this, these regions hold unique ecological and strategic importance.
In simple words: Mountainous areas make up 17% of India's total land.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the exact percentage: 17% of India's total area is mountainous.

Question 56. How much percentage (%) of population of India resides in mountainous regions?
Answer: About 11% of India's total population lives in mountainous regions. This shows that despite the challenging terrain, a considerable number of people call these areas home. These communities often have unique lifestyles adapted to mountain environments.
In simple words: 11% of India's population lives in mountain areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the precise percentage of the population (11%) residing in mountainous regions.

Question 57. Which are the specific states of total mountainous region/area in India?
Answer: The specific states that are part of India's total mountainous region/area are the North-eastern states, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. These states are characterized by their hilly terrain and distinct ecosystems. They form a crucial part of India's geographical and ecological diversity.
In simple words: The mountainous states in India are the North-eastern states, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the primary mountainous states: North-eastern states, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.

Question 58. What has the Indian government done for the development of North – eastern mountainous states?
Answer: The Indian government established the North-eastern Council in 1971, under a Parliament Act, to help develop the North-eastern mountainous states. This council works to plan and implement development projects specifically for these regions. It aims to address their unique challenges and promote growth.
In simple words: The Indian government created the North-eastern Council in 1971 to develop the North-eastern mountainous states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the establishment of the North-eastern Council in 1971 as the key action by the Indian government for these states.

Question 60. Mention the main development program for mountainous regions.
Answer: The main development programs for mountainous regions include gardening, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry farming, agriculture, forestry, soil conservation, and rural industries. These initiatives aim to boost economic activities and ecological balance in these challenging terrains. They help in creating sustainable livelihoods for the local population.
In simple words: Programs for mountain areas focus on farming, animal care, planting trees, protecting soil, and small village industries.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a range of development initiatives, including agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and rural industries, as suitable for mountainous regions.

Question 61. Mention two appropriate industries for mountainous regions?
Answer: Two suitable industries for mountainous regions are:
1. Cottage Industry and Handloom Industry (small-scale crafts)
2. Tourism Industry (attracting visitors)
These industries are well-suited to the local resources and environment, providing economic opportunities without causing significant ecological damage. They leverage unique local skills and natural beauty.
In simple words: Good industries for mountains are small crafts like handloom and welcoming tourists.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify cottage/handloom industries and tourism as appropriate for mountainous regions due to their environmental compatibility and resource utilization.

Question 62. Himalayan mountainous region is famous for which two biological characteristics?
Answer: The Himalayan mountainous region is known for two biological characteristics:
1. Bio-diversity (many different types of plants and animals)
2. Medicinal plants, flora and fauna, and many species of wildlife.
This region is a hotspot for unique species and valuable natural resources. Its rich biodiversity is a global treasure.
In simple words: The Himalayas are famous for their rich variety of plants and animals (biodiversity) and many types of medicinal plants and wildlife.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on "biodiversity" and "medicinal plants/flora and fauna" as the key biological features of the Himalayan region.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)

Question 1. Write a note on planning in India.
Answer: India uses a centralized planning method, with the Planning Commission originally responsible for it. The Planning Commission was a legal body led by the Prime Minister, with a Vice-Chairman and other members. India has used a five-year planning system, completing 12 such plans and 6 annual plans. Today, the NITI Aayog has replaced the Planning Commission. It acts as a think tank for the government, guiding future planning. This system has helped direct India's economic and social development over decades.
In simple words: India has used centralized planning with five-year plans, first by the Planning Commission (led by PM), now by NITI Aayog, to guide its development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the Planning Commission's role, the five-year plan system, its current replacement by NITI Aayog, and the Prime Minister's leadership.

Question 3. Why is planning important in a developing country like India?
Answer: Planning is very important in a developing country like India for several reasons:
1. To eliminate poverty.
2. To increase national income and the income of each person.
3. To reduce the differences in income and wealth among people.
4. To create more jobs.
5. For overall development in many areas.
6. To become self-dependent.
Planning helps to make the best use of limited resources and guide the country towards these important goals. It provides a structured approach to tackle complex socio-economic challenges.
In simple words: Planning helps India fight poverty, increase income, reduce inequality, create jobs, achieve overall growth, and become self-reliant.

🎯 Exam Tip: List key socio-economic benefits like poverty reduction, income growth, inequality reduction, employment, and self-reliance when discussing planning's importance for developing nations.

Question 4. Write a note on NITI Aayog.
Answer: The Planning Commission, established in 1950, was replaced by NITI Aayog on January 1, 2015. The Prime Minister of India leads NITI Aayog, which works as a "think tank" for all future planning. It helps both the central and state governments create plans. NITI Aayog also acts as a technical advisor, making strategies for national and international issues. It guides the government on the future outlook of five-year planning. This new body aims to foster cooperative federalism and greater state involvement in planning.
In simple words: NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015, led by the Prime Minister, and acts as a government "think tank" for planning and strategy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight NITI Aayog's replacement of the Planning Commission, its establishment date, the Prime Minister's role, and its function as a "think tank" for both central and state planning.

Question 5. What is the current structure of NITI Aayog?
Answer: The current structure of NITI Aayog includes:
3. Full-time members: Prof. Bibek Debroy (Center For Policy Research, New Delhi) and V. I. C. Saraswat (D. R. D. O. Chief).
4. Ex-Officio Members: Rajnath Singh (Home Minister), Aran Jaitley (Finance Minister), Suresh Prabhu (Minister of Commerce and Foreign Trade), and Radha Mohan Singh (Agriculture Minister).
5. Special Invitees: Nitin Gadkari, Smiriti Irani, and Thawar Chand Gehlot. The Governing Council includes all Chief Ministers of States and Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories.
6. Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Amitabh Kant.
This structure ensures a mix of experts, political leaders, and administrators for effective policy formulation. The broad representation helps to integrate diverse perspectives in policymaking.
In simple words: NITI Aayog has full-time members, ex-officio ministers, special invitees (including Chief Ministers), and a CEO to guide its work.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the different categories of members (full-time, ex-officio, special invitees, CEO) and some examples for each, especially the Prime Minister as Chairman (not listed in this specific excerpt, but is implied as the leader of the body described in Q4).

Question 6. What are the main functions of National Development Council?
Answer: The main functions given to the National Development Council are:
1. To study, analyze, and finalize the national plan, then give approval to it.
2. To advise the NITI Aayog on development priorities.
3. To consider the social and financial aspects of development.
4. To measure how planning impacts things over time.
This body ensures that national plans are well-thought-out, approved, and regularly reviewed. Its role is crucial for cooperative planning between the center and states.
In simple words: The National Development Council studies, approves, and monitors national plans, advises NITI Aayog, and looks at social and financial development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the NDC's roles in plan approval, advising NITI Aayog, and monitoring development's social/financial impact.

Question 7. What are the main goals of five-year planning?
Answer: The main goals of five-year planning are:
1. To increase national income and the income of each person.
2. To create more job opportunities.
3. To increase agricultural production.
4. To develop industries.
These goals aim to achieve comprehensive economic growth and improve the living standards of the population. They provide a clear direction for the country's economic policies.
In simple words: Five-year plans aim to increase national income, create jobs, boost farm production, and develop industries.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the four key economic goals: national/per capita income increase, employment, agricultural production, and industrial development.

Question 8. What were the problems faced by the nation during first five – year plan?
Answer: The nation faced several problems during the first five-year plan:
1. A stagnant economy due to the Second World War and the partition of India.
2. An increasing number of refugees needing support.
3. Rising inflation, meaning prices were going up.
4. A shortage of food, among other issues.
These challenges required immediate attention and significantly shaped the priorities of the first plan. The country was still recovering from historical events.
In simple words: During the first plan, India faced a slow economy, many refugees, rising prices, and food shortages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the major post-independence issues: economic stagnation (due to war/partition), refugee crisis, inflation, and food scarcity.

Question 9. What were the priorities of first five – year plan?
Answer: The priorities of the first five-year plan were:
1. Agriculture and irrigation (which took about one-fourth of the total spending).
2. Energy production.
3. Development of industries.
4. Education, health, and social security for community welfare.
These areas were prioritized to build a strong foundation for the economy and address basic needs. Food production and energy were seen as critical starting points.
In simple words: The first five-year plan prioritized farming, irrigation, energy, industry, and social welfare like education and health.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize agriculture and irrigation as the top priority, followed by energy, industry, and social welfare for the first plan.

Question 10. What were the objectives of second five-year plan?
Answer: The main goals of the second five-year plan were:
1. Rapid industrialization and the development of basic industries were the top priority.
2. Development of transport.
3. Development of irrigation and power.
This plan marked a shift towards heavy industries and infrastructure to accelerate economic growth. It aimed to create a strong industrial base for the country.
In simple words: The second five-year plan mainly focused on fast industrial growth, building basic industries, and improving transport, irrigation, and power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the second plan's focus on rapid industrialization, basic industries, and infrastructure (transport, irrigation, power).

Question 11. What were the goals fixed in the sixth five – year plan?
Answer: The goals set for the sixth five-year plan included:
3. To achieve an increase in industrial development of 8.9%.
4. To achieve an agricultural growth rate of 4% per year.
5. To achieve an annual growth rate of 5.2% in the service sector.
These targets aimed to boost growth across different economic sectors. The plan tried to ensure balanced progress in manufacturing, farming, and services. It reflects a comprehensive approach to economic upliftment.
In simple words: The sixth five-year plan aimed for specific growth rates: 8.9% in industry, 4% in agriculture, and 5.2% in services.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing the goals of the 6th five-year plan, ensure you state the specific percentage growth targets for industrial, agricultural, and service sectors.

Question 12. What were the goals of 7th five - year plan?
Answer: The seventh five-year plan aimed to solve problems like poverty, joblessness, and regional differences. Its main goals were:
1. To reduce the number of people living below the poverty line from 37% to 25.8%.
2. To increase the yearly economic growth rate to 5%.
3. To boost food production to 18.3 crore tons.
4. To increase industrial growth by 8%.
5. To raise the annual investment rate to 25.9% and the saving rate to 24.4%. This plan focused on lifting people out of poverty and boosting the economy through clear targets.
In simple words: The seventh five-year plan wanted to make less people poor, create more jobs, and make sure different parts of the country developed evenly. It set targets for how much the economy should grow and how much food should be produced.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing goals of a plan, remember to include both social aspects (like poverty reduction) and economic targets (like growth rates or production figures).

Question 13. What was the early background of 8th five - year plan?
Answer: The eighth five-year plan began during a time of big global changes. These changes formed its early background:
1. The end of the Cold War worldwide.
2. The rise of independent markets, a competitive business environment, and new social improvement plans.
3. An increase in structural reforms and adjustments in the economy.
4. New plans related to industries, international trade, exchange rates, government spending, and money policies. These global shifts greatly influenced India's planning approach during this period.
In simple words: The eighth five-year plan started when the world was changing a lot, like the end of the Cold War and new ways of doing business globally. India had to adjust its plans for industries and trade to fit these new worldwide changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the background of a plan, connect it to major national and international events that would have shaped its objectives.

Question 14. What were the important sectors of 9th five - year plan?
Answer: During the ninth five-year plan, some specific sectors were given special importance. These important sectors were:
1. Improving the country's financial situation.
2. Reducing the money lost by central and state governments by creating long-term financial plans. The aim was to make government finances more stable for the future.
In simple words: The ninth five-year plan focused on making the country's money matters better. It also aimed to stop the central and state governments from losing money by making plans for a long time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on economic stability and financial management when discussing the priorities of the 9th Five-Year Plan.

Question 15. In 10th five - year plan, which sub - committees were established under National Development Council?
Answer: During the tenth five-year plan, the following sub-committees were set up under the National Development Council:
1. A committee for improving electronic governance.
2. A committee for creating a good environment for people to invest money.
3. A committee to remove things that stopped trade inside the country.
4. A committee to make local village councils (panchayats) stronger in terms of their money and management. These committees aimed to address specific areas for better national development.
In simple words: The tenth five-year plan created small groups under the National Development Council. These groups worked on making government services digital, helping investors, making trade easier inside the country, and strengthening village councils.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about sub-committees, remember they are usually formed to tackle specific issues or improve particular areas identified within a larger plan.

Question 16. Explain important aspects of 11th five - year plan.
Answer: The eleventh five-year plan had several important goals and features, including:
1. From 2001 to 2011, it aimed to reduce the population growth rate over ten years to 16.2%.
2. It planned to reduce the total number of babies born per woman from 2 to 1.
3. It aimed to increase the number of girls for every boy in the 0-6 age group to 935 by 2011-2012 and to 950 by 2016-17.
4. It worked to make sure clean drinking water was available in all villages by 2012.
5. It planned to connect all villages with telephones by November 2007 and provide fast internet services in all villages by 2012. This plan truly focused on both demographic and infrastructure development.
In simple words: The eleventh five-year plan focused on slowing down population growth, making sure there were enough girls compared to boys, and getting clean water, phones, and fast internet to all villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: For plans focused on social development, remember key demographic targets like population growth, fertility rates, and sex ratio, alongside basic amenity provisions.

Question 17. What is the need for multi - level planning in countries like India?
Answer: Countries like India need planning at many levels for these reasons:
1. India is a democratic country with a federal system (meaning a union of states), where states have the freedom to make their own decisions in many areas and play a big part in carrying out plans.
2. When planning is done only from the center, it can lead to differences in development between regions, and small local problems are often ignored. Planning at many levels helps to solve this issue. This approach ensures that local needs are met and development is more balanced.
In simple words: India needs planning at different levels (like state and local) because it's a country with many states that make their own rules. If planning is only done from the top, some areas might get left behind, so multi-level planning helps everyone develop fairly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Multi-level planning addresses two key challenges in diverse countries: regional disparities and ensuring local participation and relevance in development efforts.

Question 18. What Is the tribal population (in percentage) in main Tribal populated regions in India?
Answer: The North-Eastern states of India have the largest number of tribal people. Here is a list of some regions and their tribal population percentage:

🎯 Exam Tip: When presenting statistical data, always ensure the table is clear, well-formatted, and directly answers the question, with an introductory and concluding sentence.

Question 19. Mention the names of states in India which have tribal population more than the average population of 8.61%.
Answer: Twelve states and union territories in India have a tribal population higher than the country's average of 8.61%. These are:
Manipur, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Jharkhand, Odisha, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, along with the union territories of Daman and Diu, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This shows that tribal communities are concentrated in specific regions.
In simple words: Many states in India have more tribal people than the country's average. These states include Manipur, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan, among others.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing geographical names, ensure accuracy and completeness to score full marks.

Question 20. Mountainous regions are favorable for which industries?
Answer: Mountainous regions are good for industries that need specific conditions such as a pollution-free environment, cold weather, high efficiency, and the ability to add high value to their products. Key industries suited for these areas include electronics, medicines, and optical glass. These areas provide natural advantages for such specialized manufacturing.
In simple words: Mountain areas are good for businesses that need clean air and cold weather, like making electronics, medicines, and special glass. These places help create high-quality products.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate the natural characteristics of a region (like mountains) directly to the requirements of specific industries to justify why they are favorable.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

Question 1. Mention main functions of NITI Aayog.
Answer: The main duties given to the NITI Aayog are the following:
1. To find out all the country's resources, both physical (like land, water) and non-physical (like culture, skills of people).
2. To create plans, making sure to use resources in the best and most effective way.
3. To decide what is most important and share resources accordingly.
4. To plan how to achieve goals and make sure there are enough resources and people to do it.
5. To check how well the plans are working.
6. To inform the government about problems that stop money-related development.
7. To advise central and state governments on how to manage their money for development. NITI Aayog acts as a key think tank for strategic development.
In simple words: NITI Aayog finds out what resources the country has, makes plans to use them well, decides what to focus on first, and then checks if the plans are working. It also helps the government with money matters for development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the functions of NITI Aayog, emphasize its role as a strategic planning body, focusing on resource optimization, goal setting, and advising governments.

Question 2. What were the objectives of 3rd five - year plan?
Answer: The objectives of the 3rd five-year plan included:
5. To make the best use of the country's human resources and create more job opportunities. (Note: Only one objective was clearly provided in the source text.)
In simple words: A goal of the third five-year plan was to use India's human skills well and create more jobs for people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the human resource development and employment generation aspects when discussing the objectives of the 3rd Five-Year Plan.

Question 3. Write a comment on three annual plans (1966 - 1969).
Answer: Before the fourth five-year plan, three annual plans were carried out between 1966 and 1969. The main aim of these plans was to continue development work and prepare the groundwork for the fourth five-year plan. During this time, the government spent Rs 6625 crore. In the first two annual plans, farming was focused on, while in the third annual plan, factories and businesses were given importance. However, during this period, the economy grew by only 3.8%, prices went up, and people saved and invested less money, which caused the economy to slow down. These plans were a temporary measure to address economic instability before regular five-year planning resumed.
In simple words: Three yearly plans happened between 1966 and 1969, before the fourth five-year plan. They focused on farming and then industries. However, during this time, the economy grew slowly, prices increased, and people saved less money.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing annual plans or "Plan Holidays," remember they often arise due to economic instability or external factors, leading to a shift from long-term to short-term planning.

Question 4. Mention the objectives of (eighth) 8th five - year plan.
Answer: The goals of the eighth five-year plan were:
1. To increase the number of job opportunities.
2. To slow down population growth by encouraging people to take part and get motivated.
3. To make basic education widespread and completely remove illiteracy among people aged 15-35 years.
4. To make sure clean drinking water was available and to increase basic services like schools and health centers.
5. To produce enough food for the country so it could be self-dependent.
6. To build strong basic systems (like roads, power) to support an economy that can keep going on its own. This plan emphasized both social and economic self-reliance.
In simple words: The eighth five-year plan aimed to create more jobs, control population growth, spread education, provide clean water and basic services, ensure the country could feed itself, and build strong systems for a stable economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 8th Five-Year Plan was significant for its focus on human development, liberalization, and the role of the private sector, so highlight these themes in your answer.

Question 5. Mention the objectives and goals of 9th (ninth) five - year plan.
Answer: The objectives and goals of the ninth five-year plan were:
1. To give a strong focus to farming and developing villages, and to create enough jobs that produce goods and services.
2. To keep prices stable while also speeding up economic growth.
3. To make sure poorer people in society get enough food and nutrition. This plan sought to combine growth with equity and social justice.
In simple words: The ninth five-year plan wanted to help farming and villages, create more useful jobs, keep prices stable while growing the economy, and make sure food reached everyone, especially the needy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the 9th Five-Year Plan's central theme was "Growth with Justice and Equity," so link its objectives back to these core ideas.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Write a short note on the various five - year plans in India.
Answer: India started its five-year planning system on April 1, 1951. So far, the country has completed 12 five-year plans and 6 annual plans. The 12th five-year plan began in 2012 and concluded on March 31, 2017. These plans have been central to India's economic development, guiding resource allocation and setting strategic goals across various sectors. The following table provides a summary of these plans from the 2nd plan onwards, highlighting their target and actual growth rates, financial outlays, main focus areas, and key achievements or programs:

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing notes on five-year plans, always include key details like the plan period, main objectives or focus, actual achievements, and significant programs or initiatives launched during that time.