RBSE Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Major Tribes of the World

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Text Book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which tribe resides in Tundra region?
(a) Bhil
(b) Bushman
(c) Eskimos
(d) Gond
Answer: (c) Eskimos
In simple words: The Eskimos are a tribe known to live in the Tundra region, which is very cold and has little vegetation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always link tribes to their specific geographical regions for full marks in such questions.

 

Question 2. Which tribes resides in inaccessible mountainous and plateau region?
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Answer: Tribes like the Bhils and Gonds commonly reside in inaccessible mountainous and plateau regions. These areas provide natural protection and resources for their traditional way of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that many tribal groups prefer isolated geographical features like mountains and plateaus for their settlements due to resource availability and natural barriers.

 

Question 3. What is Kayak?
(a) Fish
(b) Boat of Eskimos
(c) House of Bushman
(d) Weapons of Bhils
Answer: (b) Boat of Eskimos
In simple words: A Kayak is a type of boat specifically used by the Eskimo people for traveling on water, especially in cold regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key terms associated with specific tribes, like their tools or shelters, to show detailed knowledge.

 

Question 4. What is the meaning of Eskimo?
(a) One who lives in forest
(b) One who eats raw meat
(c) One who remains naked
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) One who eats raw meat
In simple words: The word "Eskimo" literally means "one who eats raw meat," reflecting their traditional diet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the literal meaning of tribal names can sometimes help understand their lifestyle or environment.

 

Question 5. Which tribe uses ostrich egg-shells to make utensils and ornaments?
(a) Eskimos
(b) Bushman
(c) Pygmy
(d) Bhil
Answer: (b) Bushman
In simple words: The Bushman tribe is known for using ostrich eggshells to create various items like utensils and ornaments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Unique cultural practices, like using specific natural materials, are important identifiers for tribes.

 

Question 6. Bushman tribe is related to which races?
(a) Negrito
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(c) Kakeshas
Answer: (a) Negrito
In simple words: The Bushman tribe is primarily related to the Negrito race, a classification that helps understand their physical characteristics.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about tribal origins, focus on the primary racial group they are associated with.

 

Question 7. 'Gol Gadhedo' system is related to which tribe?
(a) Gond
(b) Bhil
(c) Saimang
(d) Sakai
Answer: (b) Bhil
In simple words: The 'Gol Gadhedo' system is a unique social custom specifically associated with the Bhil tribe, related to marriage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of specific cultural systems or rituals unique to particular tribes, as they highlight distinct social structures.

 

Question 8. Kodu and Kutki is the staple food of which tribe?
(a) Gond
(b) Bhil
(c) Pygmy
(d) Bushman
Answer: (a) Gond
In simple words: Kodu and Kutki are important staple foods for the Gond tribe, forming a significant part of their traditional diet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the staple foods helps understand a tribe's agricultural practices and diet based on their environment.

 

Question 9. Which place is not ruled by Gonds?
(a) Deogarh
(b) Mandla
(c) Chanda
(d) Rajgarh
Answer: (d) Rajgarh
In simple words: Among the given options, Rajgarh was historically not ruled by the Gond tribe, who had influence in other areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the historical territories and regions associated with major tribes to identify areas outside their influence.

 

Question 10. Dippa and Painda agriculture is related to which tribe?
(a) Bhil
(b) Santhal
(c) Gond
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Answer: (c) Gond
In simple words: Dippa and Painda agriculture are traditional shifting farming methods associated with the Gond tribe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific agricultural practices and their unique names to the tribes that traditionally use them.

 

Question 11. What is sledge?
Answer: A sledge is a vehicle without wheels that travels over ice or snow. It is pulled by animals like dogs or caribou and is commonly used by the Eskimo people for transport. This allows them to move supplies and hunt efficiently in their snowy environment.
In simple words: A sledge is a wheel-less cart pulled by animals like dogs over ice and snow, mainly used by Eskimos for travel.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing tools, specify their function, how they are used, and which tribe uses them for a complete answer.

 

Question 12. Name the language spoken by Eskimos?
Answer: The primary language spoken by the Eskimo people is Aleut. This language is unique to their culture and helps maintain their identity and traditions.
In simple words: Eskimos speak the Aleut language.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the specific language of a tribe can be an important detail for understanding their cultural heritage.

 

Question 13. Where is Bechuanaland situated?
Answer: Bechuanaland is located on the African Continent, specifically between 18° and 24° south latitude. This region is significant for understanding the habitat of certain tribes like the Bushman.
In simple words: Bechuanaland is in Africa, situated between 18° and 24° south latitude.

🎯 Exam Tip: When giving geographical locations, always include the continent and approximate latitude/longitude if provided for precision.

 

Question 14. What is Cros?
Answer: "Cros" refers to a type of cloth worn by Bushman women. It is also known by the name "chonga." This traditional attire is part of their cultural dress and reflects their local resources.
In simple words: Cros is a cloth worn by Bushman women, also called chonga, as part of their traditional dress.

🎯 Exam Tip: For specific cultural terms, clearly define what they are and which tribe they belong to, as these are key identifiers.

 

Question 15. Sabari is related to which tribe?
Answer: Sabari is a significant figure related to the Bhil Tribe. This connection highlights cultural and mythological aspects of the tribe, often passed down through stories.
In simple words: Sabari is a figure linked to the Bhil tribe, important in their cultural stories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify important figures or legends associated with specific tribes to demonstrate a deeper understanding of their culture.

 

Question 16. What is another name of jhooming farming done by Bhils in mountainous regions?
Answer: Jhooming farming, when practiced by the Bhil tribe in mountainous areas, is also known as Chimata. This type of agriculture involves clearing land for temporary cultivation.
In simple words: Jhooming farming done by Bhils in mountain areas is called Chimata.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with agricultural terms, noting different names for similar practices in varied environments or by different tribes.

 

Question 17. The priest in Gond tribe is known by what name?
Answer: The priest within the Gond tribe is known by the name Debari. This person plays a crucial role in their religious ceremonies and community life, guiding spiritual practices.
In simple words: The Gond tribe calls their priest a Debari.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cultural roles and titles within tribes, such as that of a priest, are important for understanding their social and religious structure.

 

Question 19. Mention the social - cultural characteristics of Bushman.
Answer: The Bushman people are a small but distinct part of their society. They hold animals and nature in high regard, integrating them into their religious beliefs, customs, and art. They are superstitious and believe in magic, as well as in two main gods (one for the east, one for the west). Wizards are important for protecting them from spirits and illnesses. Their stone carvings are globally recognized. Today, they create various crafts, including jewelry from eggshells, bows, arrows, and skirts.
In simple words: Bushman society values nature and animals, with beliefs in magic and two gods. Their stone carvings are famous, and they make many crafts from natural materials.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing social-cultural traits, cover religious beliefs, art, superstitions, and their social structure for a comprehensive overview.

 

Question 20. Describe the houses of Bhils.
Answer: Bhil houses vary in type. They typically build their huts on small mounds located between fields. Each hut is self-contained, serving as a living space while also having areas for storing food grains and housing animals. The walls are constructed from mud, stones, and bamboo, with roofs made of rags. The front walls are often decorated with cow dung, chalk, and red stone. Nowadays, some Bhils are also starting to build stronger, "pucca" houses and live in more populated settlements. A group of small Bhil villages is called a 'Fala,' and a larger village is known as a 'Pal.'
In simple words: Bhil houses are huts on mounds between fields, made of mud, stone, bamboo, and rags. They are for living, food storage, and animals. Front walls are decorated, and some now build strong houses or live in bigger villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: For housing descriptions, include materials, location, functionality, and any traditional decorative elements to show a detailed understanding.

 

Question 21. Write a short note on economic activities of Gond tribe.
Answer: The Gond tribe is largely self-sufficient. Their primary economic activities include Jhooming agriculture (shifting cultivation) and hunting. They also gather forest products, raise cattle, and fish. Dippa agriculture is a specific type of Jhooming farming where land is cultivated for about three years and then left to recover. In this method, fields are cleared by removing unwanted plants and shrubs.
In simple words: Gonds are self-sufficient. They mainly do shifting agriculture (Jhooming and Dippa) and hunt. They also collect forest items, raise cattle, and fish.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing economic activities, categorize them (agriculture, hunting, gathering) and include any specific names for practices to highlight their unique methods.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Essay Type Questions

 

Question 22. Write a geographical note on Eskimo tribe.
Answer:
1. **Meaning of Eskimo:** The name Eskimo literally means "meat eater" and "people of snowy regions." This describes their diet and where they live.
2. **Physical Structure:** Eskimos belong to the Mongol race. They have wide, flat faces, yellowish-brown skin, and thick black hair. Their height is medium, their noses are flat, and their deep, slanting eyes are often chocolate-colored. They have strong, muscular bodies, which helps them survive in harsh cold.
3. **Behavior:** Eskimo people generally have a simple way of life. They are known for their calm nature, seriousness, and intelligence. They can stay stable even in tough situations.
4. **Habitat Areas:** The Eskimos have always lived in the Arctic and Tundra regions. Their territory stretches from Alaska to the Bering Strait, covering parts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and northern Siberia. These are extremely cold places with difficult climates.
**Social Condition:**
1. **Regional Names:** Eskimos are known by different names depending on where they live. For example, they are called Eskimo in Canada and Greenland, Laps in Scandinavia, and Samoyeds, Yakut, Chakchi, and Tung in North Siberia.
**Social Condition (cont.):** These communities often live in small groups and lead a nomadic life. Their society is male-dominated (patriarchal), and they often practice polygyny (one man having multiple wives). They speak the Aleut language and hold many superstitious beliefs.
2. **Food System:** Their diet mainly consists of raw meat, as suggested by their name. They hunt and eat fish, whales, polar bears, sea lions, hares, wolves, and walruses. This high-protein diet helps them stay warm.
3. **Clothes:** Eskimo clothing is made from animal skins, primarily caribou skin, and sometimes polar bear fur. Both men and women wear similar styles. Women create these clothes. They wear a jersey-like garment called a Timiyak, and another layer over it called an Anohak. Their traditional shoes are called Karmik or Muklooks, made to withstand the cold.
**Economic Activities:**
1. **Hunting:** Hunting is the most important way Eskimos get food and resources. They hunt animals differently in winter and summer. Seals are a key animal they hunt, using methods like Maypak and Iturpak in winter. In summer, they use bows and arrows to hunt smaller animals like hares, wolves, ducks, and other birds.
2. **Tools and Equipment:** Eskimos use many different tools. Their spear is called a Harpoon. They have a small leather boat called a Kayak or Qayaq, and a larger boat called an Umiyak. They also use a sled (Sledge), which is a cart without wheels, for hunting and transport.
**Present Time Condition of Eskimos:** After 1960, the Eskimo tribe began to have more contact with people from outside their communities. Now, they use guns for hunting and motor-powered boats instead of Kayaks or Qayaqs. They also use snow scooters instead of sledges. These new tools and the influence of the American government have changed their way of life.
In simple words: Eskimos mean "meat eaters" who live in snowy areas. They are strong Mongol-race people, simple, calm, and intelligent. They live in Arctic and Tundra regions across North America and Siberia, with different regional names. They mainly hunt seals and other animals, using traditional tools like spears (Harpoons) and various boats (Kayaks, Umiyaks) and sledges. Their clothes and shoes are made from animal skins. They live in small, male-led groups and are superstitious, but their lifestyle is changing due to modern contact.

🎯 Exam Tip: For comprehensive notes, break down the description into logical sub-headings like meaning, physical traits, behavior, habitat, social customs, food, clothing, economic activities, and modern changes.

 

Question 23. Describe the habitat regions, economy and social customs of Bhil tribe.
Answer:
1. **Habitat Regions:** The Bhil tribe lives in remote and uninhabited mountainous areas, including the Aravalli, Vindhyachal, and Satpura ranges, as well as dense forests. In India, they are found across four states: Rajasthan (especially Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Chittorgarh), Madhya Pradesh (Dhar, Jhabua, Ratlam), Gujarat (Panchmahal, Vadodara), and Maharashtra (Aurangabad, Ahmednagar, Jalgaon, Nashik, Dhule).
2. **Economy:** Bhils live in isolated forest and mountain areas. Their main way of life is agriculture and raising livestock. Women also collect and store edible forest produce. They are skilled hunters, but nowadays, farming is their main work, with about 80% involved in it. Shifting cultivation in mountainous regions is called 'Chimata,' while farming in plain areas is known as 'Dajia.'
(b) **Food:** Their main food is maize, eaten throughout the year. For festivals, they make special dishes like 'chokha' (rice) and 'lapsi.' They also make 'Rabari' by boiling buttermilk and flour. Nowadays, their diet includes wheat, urad, moong beans, and vegetables. Traditionally, they are vegetarian.
(c) **Clothes:** Before India's independence, Bhils wore very few clothes. Men wore short pants made from husk, and women wore petticoats. Today, men wear shirts, dhotis, turbans, or trousers. Women wear 'ghaghara,' 'kanchali,' and 'loongari.' Boys wear loincloths, and girls wear 'ghaghari' and 'odhani.' They adorn themselves with ornaments made of silver, bronze, zinc, and nickel. Bhil women also wear bangles made of lac and glass.
(d) **Residence:** Bhil houses are typically scattered. Their homes, called 'Koo,' are usually huts made from grass, weeds, and rags. A collection of small villages is called a 'Fala,' and a larger village is known as a 'Pal.'
(e) **Tools and Utensils:** Their main weapons are bows, arrows, swords, and daggers. There are two types of arrows: 'Hariyo' and 'Robado.' They use a snare called 'Phatakiya' to catch birds. Wealthier Bhils now also use guns. For daily life, they use clay utensils, bamboo cradles, and a grinding stone (treadmill) for maize.
3. **Society and Culture:** Bhil society is organized into various patriarchal (male-dominated) groups and clans, with each clan living in its own village and having its own symbol. Marriage is common for everyone, and polygyny (having multiple wives) is also practiced. Traditionally, the groom's family pays a bride price, and the marriage proposal usually comes from the groom's side.
In simple words: Bhils live in remote mountains and forests across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Their economy relies on farming (Chimata and Dajia), hunting, raising animals, and collecting forest foods. They eat maize and other grains. Their traditional clothes are simple, but modern styles are now worn. They live in scattered huts called 'Koo,' and their main weapons are bows and arrows. Their society is male-led, with clans and sometimes multiple wives.

🎯 Exam Tip: For habitat, list the main geographical features and specific states/districts. For economy, list primary and secondary activities. For social customs, mention marriage practices, social structure, and significant traditions.

Map Based Questions

 

Question 24. Show the habitat region of Eskimos and Bushman on the map of world.
Answer: The Eskimo tribal areas are primarily located in the Arctic and northern regions of North America (Alaska, Canada, Greenland) and northern Siberia. The Bushman tribal areas are found in Southern Africa, specifically within and around the Kalahari Desert.

In simple words: The map shows that Eskimos live in the far northern, icy parts of the world, like Canada, Greenland, and Siberia. Bushman people live in the southern part of Africa, especially in the Kalahari Desert.

🎯 Exam Tip: When marking tribal areas on a map, use distinct shading or colors for each group and include a clear legend for easy identification.

 

Question 25. Show the habitat regions of Bhils and Gonds on the map of India.
Answer: The Bhil tribal areas are predominantly located in west-central India, covering parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. The Gond tribal areas are found in central and eastern India, including regions like the Satpura and Maikal hills, Son-Deogarh, and Bastar plateau.

In simple words: The map illustrates that Bhils primarily live in states like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Gonds are found in central and eastern India, in areas such as the Satpura hills and Bastar plateau.

🎯 Exam Tip: For maps of India, accurately depict the general geographical spread of each tribe and clearly label the legend.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Additional Questions with Answers

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which tribe resides in the temperate zone grassland regions?
(a) Khirgiz
(b) Eskimo
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Answer: (a) Khirgiz
In simple words: The Khirgiz tribe primarily resides in the temperate zone grassland regions, which have moderate climates.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect each tribe to its typical climate zone and geographical feature (e.g., tundra, grassland, desert) for precise identification.

 

Question 2. Eskimos living in Scandinavia are known as:
(a) Yakoot
(b) Tung
(c) Chakchi
(d) Laps
Answer: (d) Laps
In simple words: Eskimos who live in the Scandinavia region are known by the name Laps, showing that different regions can have different names for the same group.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that different regions might use different names for the same tribal group; remember the regional variations.

 

Question 3. The method of hunting using two holes by the Eskimos is called:
(a) Harpoon
(b) Maupak
(c) Hurpak
(d) Umiyak
Answer: (c) Hurpak
In simple words: The Eskimos use a specialized two-hole hunting technique called Hurpak for ice hunting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific names given to distinct hunting techniques by different tribes, as these often reflect unique adaptations.

 

Question 4. Summertime hunting practiced by the Eskimos is called :
(a) Kayak
(b) Utok
(c) Timiyak
(d) Igloo
Answer: (b) Utok
In simple words: The hunting method used by Eskimos during the summertime is known as Utok, adapted for warmer conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate hunting methods based on the season and environmental conditions, as tribes adapt their practices seasonally.

 

Question 5. Bushman are the main inhabitants of which continent?
(a) Asia
(b) Europe
(c) Africa
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Answer: (c) Africa
In simple words: The Bushman tribe are the primary inhabitants of the continent of Africa, particularly in the Kalahari Desert region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly link tribes to their primary continental and regional habitats for a fundamental understanding of their distribution.

 

Question 7. Big village of Bhils is known as:
(a) Koo
(b) Phalan
(c) Pal
(d) Basti
Answer: (c) Pal
In simple words: A large village of the Bhil tribe is referred to as a 'Pal,' which is part of their traditional community structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the specific terms used by tribes for their settlements and social units to demonstrate cultural awareness.

 

Question 8. The head of the Pal among the Bhils is known as:
(a) Patel
(b) Gameti
(c) Bolava
(d) Bhanjgadiya
Answer: (b) Gameti
In simple words: Among the Bhil tribe, the leader or head of a 'Pal' (large village) is known as 'Gameti,' holding authority in the community.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the leadership roles and their designations within different tribal structures to show knowledge of their social hierarchy.

 

Question 9. Which is the world's biggest tribes groups:
(a) Bhil
(b) Eskimo
(c) Gond
(d) Naga.
Answer: (c) Gond
In simple words: The Gond tribe is considered one of the largest tribal groups in the world, with a significant population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key facts about tribal populations, such as which ones are considered the largest globally.

Match Based Questions

 

Question 1. Match the options given in column (A) with correct options given in column (B) :

Answer: (i) g, (ii) e, (iii) a, (iv) f, (v) c, (vi) d, (vii) b.
In simple words: Samoyeds are in Northern Siberia, Semang in Malaysia, Bushman in Kalahari Desert, Masai in Kenya, Khirgiz in temperate grasslands, Bhil in Central India, and Naga in Nagaland.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it's helpful to remember one or two defining characteristics (like habitat) for each tribe to make quick and accurate connections.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What are Tribes?
Answer: Tribes are not just groups of living things; they are also social and cultural communities. A tribe is made up of people who are strongly connected to each other through shared social traditions and cultural rituals. They share common beliefs and ways of life.
In simple words: Tribes are groups of people connected by shared social traditions and cultural ways of living.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define tribes by emphasizing their social, cultural, and relational aspects, rather than just their biological grouping.

 

Question 2. Where do tribes mainly live?
Answer: Tribes mainly live in diverse and often isolated environments. These include very cold polar regions, thick forests, extremely hot and dry deserts, wide-open grasslands, and areas that receive heavy rainfall. These unique habitats strongly influence their lifestyles and survival strategies.
In simple words: Tribes mostly live in polar areas, dense forests, hot deserts, grasslands, and places with heavy rain.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the various types of challenging environments where tribal communities commonly reside, showcasing the diversity of their habitats.

 

Question 3. What is the basis of economy of tribes?
Answer: The economy of tribal communities is based on several traditional activities. These include collecting food, hunting, gathering resources, raising livestock, and practicing simple, primitive forms of agriculture. Their economy is often directly linked to their natural environment and its resources.
In simple words: Tribes earn money by collecting food, hunting, gathering, raising animals, and basic farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing tribal economies, focus on subsistence activities that are directly derived from nature or traditional methods, reflecting their self-sufficiency.

 

Question 4. What is the main basis of livelihood of Eskimo tribe?
Answer: The primary way the Eskimo tribe earns a living is through gathering food, hunting animals, and catching fish. These activities are essential for their survival in the harsh Arctic environment. Their survival skills are highly adapted to their surroundings, allowing them to thrive in extreme cold.
In simple words: Eskimos live by gathering food, hunting animals, and catching fish for their survival.

🎯 Exam Tip: For specific tribes, list their main economic activities, especially if they are unique adaptations to their particular environment.

 

Question 5. Which tribo in rolotod to Mon~~! ro~~~
Answer: The Eskimo tribe is related to the Mongol race. Their unique physical characteristics, such as a wide and flat face, are typical of this racial group. This connection helps in understanding their origins and anthropological classifications.
In simple words: The Eskimo tribe is linked to the Mongol race.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about tribal origins, identify the primary racial or ethnic group they belong to, as this is a key aspect of their identity.

 

Question 7. On regional basis, by which names are Eskimos known?
Answer: Eskimos have different names depending on where they live. For example, people in the Tundra region are called Inuit. Those in Siberia are known as Yupik, Tung, Chakchi, Yukaghir, and Yakut. In Scandinavia, they are called Laps, and in some close areas, they are called Sami. These diverse names show how different groups of Eskimos have adapted to their unique environments over time.
In simple words: Eskimos are called by different names in different places. Like Inuit in Tundra, and Laps in Scandinavia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific regional names for tribes, as these details often appear in identification-based questions.

 

Question 8. Which animals are mainly hunted by Eskimos?
Answer: Eskimos primarily hunt a variety of animals for survival. Their main targets include polar bears, hares, musk deer, wolves, jackals, caribou, dogs, seals, whales, walruses, and sea lions. Hunting these animals is central to their traditional way of life in the harsh Arctic environment.
In simple words: Eskimos hunt animals like polar bears, seals, whales, and caribou. They use these animals for food and other needs.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a range of animals to show comprehensive knowledge of the Eskimo's hunting practices.

 

Question 9. What is meant by harpoon?
Answer: A harpoon is a type of spear that Eskimos use for hunting. It is a long tool with a sharp, barbed head, designed to catch large marine animals. This specialized hunting tool is essential for their survival in a region where large prey are common.
In simple words: A harpoon is a special spear used by Eskimos. They use it to hunt animals, especially in the water.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define key terms clearly and state their function to score full marks.

 

Question 10. What is meant by maupak?
Answer: Maupak refers to a hunting method used by Eskimos. The word itself literally means "waiting." It involves patiently waiting for prey, often at breathing holes in the ice. This method showcases their patience and deep understanding of animal behavior in cold environments.
In simple words: Maupak is an Eskimo hunting method. It means to wait patiently for animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the literal meaning and the practical application of tribal terms.

 

Question 11. What is meant by Iturpak?
Answer: Iturpak is another hunting technique used by Eskimos, particularly during the winter season. In this method, hunters create two holes in the ice. One hunter lures a seal by placing food at one hole. As the seal comes to eat, another hunter, who is waiting at the second hole, harpoons the seal when signaled. This method ensures seals are captured for food and fuel, reflecting their ingenious strategies for sustained hunting in extremely cold conditions.
In simple words: Iturpak is a winter hunting method for Eskimos. They make two holes in the ice; one to attract a seal, and another to hunt it with a spear.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing hunting methods, include specific steps and the purpose behind them.

 

Question 13. What are Timiyak and Anohak?
Answer: Timiyak is a jersey-style garment with sleeves that Eskimos wear. Over the Timiyak, they wear another outer garment called an Anohak. Both are part of their traditional clothing made to stay warm, designed for maximum warmth and protection against the harsh Arctic weather.
In simple words: Timiyak is a jersey-like shirt worn by Eskimos. Anohak is another garment worn on top of the Timiyak.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between similar terms, providing a brief description for each.

 

Question 14. What is meant by Karmik or Mukhooks?
Answer: Karmik, also known as Muklooks, are shoes worn by Eskimos. These specialized boots are typically made from seal skin, providing warmth and protection from the cold. Seal skin is highly insulating and waterproof, making it an ideal material for footwear in snowy environments.
In simple words: Karmik or Muklooks are special shoes Eskimos wear. They are made from seal skin to keep their feet warm.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the material used and its benefit when describing traditional clothing or tools.

 

Question 15. What is meant by igloo?
Answer: An igloo is a dome-shaped house built by Eskimos, primarily during the winter season. These structures are made entirely from blocks of snow, which provides excellent insulation. Igloos are remarkably warm inside, demonstrating clever engineering for survival in icy climates.
In simple words: An igloo is a round house Eskimos build from snow. They live in them during winter.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the shape, material, and purpose when describing traditional housing.

 

Question 16. What is meant by Karmak?
Answer: A Karmak is a type of house built by the Eskimo tribe. These homes are constructed from wood and whale bones, with the structure elevated 2-3 feet above the ground and 5-6 feet deep underground. This unique design helps to insulate the dwelling from extreme cold, maximizing natural insulation, making it effective even in the coldest temperatures.
In simple words: Karmak is an Eskimo house made of wood and whale bones. It is built partly above and partly below the ground to stay warm.

🎯 Exam Tip: Compare and contrast different housing types if multiple are mentioned for a tribe, highlighting their unique features.

 

Question 17. What is Umiyak?
Answer: An Umiyak is a large boat used by Eskimo tribes. They primarily use this boat for hunting, especially for large marine animals like whales. The Umiyak is designed to be sturdy enough to carry many hunters and a large catch back to shore.
In simple words: Umiyak is a big boat Eskimos use for hunting. They use it to catch whales and other large sea animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the primary function and a key characteristic when defining tribal tools or vehicles.

 

Question 18. Tribes of Kalahari Desert are known by which name?
Answer: The tribes living in the Kalahari Desert are known by several names. These include Bushman, Saun, Ratvi, and Basarwa. Each name represents different groups within this broader tribal community, and these tribes have developed unique survival strategies to thrive in the challenging desert environment.
In simple words: The tribes in the Kalahari Desert are called Bushman, Saun, Ratvi, and Basarwa.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all relevant names if multiple are provided for a tribal group or region.

 

Question 20. Where do Bushman tribal people reside?
Answer: The Bushman tribe lives in the Kalahari Desert, which is located in Bechuanaland. This area is found in the African continent, specifically between 18° and 24° south latitude. Their deep knowledge of the desert environment allows them to find food and water in harsh conditions.
In simple words: The Bushman tribe lives in the Kalahari Desert in Africa.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the continent, specific desert, and any notable geographical coordinates when describing habitat regions.

 

Question 21. What is the favourite food of Bushman?
Answer: The favorite foods of the Bushman tribe include termites, ants, and various types of eggs. These items are readily available in their desert environment and provide important nutrients, showing excellent adaptation to the resources found in their dry habitat.
In simple words: Termites, ants, and eggs are the favorite foods of the Bushman people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples of food items to illustrate a tribe's diet.

 

Question 22. What are the main weapons of the Bushman tribe?
Answer: The Bushman tribe uses several main weapons for hunting and defense. These include bows and arrows, pointed rods, spears, burcha, and agnidand. They craft these tools from natural materials found in their surroundings, and their hunting skills and traditional weapons are vital for their survival in the wild.
In simple words: The Bushman tribe uses bows, arrows, spears, and pointed rods as their main weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the primary weapons and mention their crafting materials if known.

 

Question 23. What is the origin and literal meaning of Bhils?
Answer: The term "Bhil" literally means people who are skilled in archery. The name comes from the Dravidian word "Beelu." This reflects their historical expertise with bows and arrows, which has historically been a central skill for the Bhil tribe, crucial for both hunting and defense.
In simple words: "Bhil" means someone good at archery. The word comes from "Beelu" in Dravidian language.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for origin and meaning, provide both the linguistic root and the practical skill or characteristic it signifies.

 

Question 24. What is Dajiya and Chimata?
Answer: Dajia and Chimata are two types of farming practiced by the Bhil tribe. Dajia refers to the cultivation method used in flat areas, while Chimata is the term for shifting cultivation done in hilly regions. Both methods are adapted to the specific landscapes where the Bhils live, highlighting their ability to farm effectively in various terrains.
In simple words: Dajia is farming by Bhils in flat lands, and Chimata is shifting farming by them in mountains.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and differentiate between related terms, specifying where each practice is carried out.

 

Question 25. What is difference betwene Fala and Pal.
Answer: Among the Bhil tribe, "Fala" refers to a collection of small villages. In contrast, "Pal" is used to describe a cluster of larger villages. This shows how their community is organized based on village size, and understanding these terms helps to clarify the social and residential structure of the Bhil communities.
In simple words: Fala means small groups of Bhil villages. Pal means bigger groups of Bhil villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use comparative language to highlight differences between similar-sounding terms.

 

Question 27. What is meant by Dapa practice?
Answer: In the Bhil tribe, the "Dapa practice" is a marriage custom. In this tradition, the bride's family must pay a certain amount or "price" to the groom's family for their daughter. This payment is part of their marital rituals, and while appearing like a payment, it signifies the value and agreement between the two families joining through marriage.
In simple words: Dapa practice in the Bhil tribe means the bride's family pays a price to the groom's family during a wedding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the action and the cultural significance of tribal customs.

 

Question 28. What is 'Gol - Gadhedon' practice?
Answer: The 'Gol-Gadhedon' practice is a tradition in the Bhil tribe. In this ritual, a young man earns the right to choose his bride by demonstrating his strength and courage. This process is a way to prove his worthiness for marriage, combining elements of courtship with tests of physical ability and bravery, reflecting tribal values.
In simple words: 'Gol-Gadhedon' is a Bhil tradition where a young man proves his strength to choose a girl for marriage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the specific actions and the outcome of traditional practices.

 

Question 29. Which is the major fair of the Bhils?
Answer: The main festival of the Bhil tribe is the Beneshwardham fair. This important event is held in Rajasthan, at the meeting point (triveni confluence) of three rivers: Som, Jhakham, and Mahi. It's a significant cultural and religious gathering for the community, and fairs like Beneshwardham serve as vital cultural hubs for trade, social interaction, and spiritual practices.
In simple words: The biggest fair for the Bhils is the Beneshwardham fair. It happens where the Som, Jhakham, and Mahi rivers meet in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name major cultural events and their location or significance for the tribe.

 

Question 30. Which is the 'Ranghosh' of Bhils?
Answer: "Faire-Faire" is considered the 'Ranghosh' of the Bhils. This term often refers to their traditional songs, dances, or enthusiastic expressions during celebrations. This vibrant form of expression is a key part of their cultural identity and communal gatherings.
In simple words: 'Faire-Faire' is known as the 'Ranghosh' of the Bhil tribe, which refers to their festive celebrations and expressions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a direct answer and a short explanation for cultural terms.

 

Question 31. What is the difference between Gameti and Bolawa?
Answer: In the Bhil tribe, a "Gameti" is the head or leader of a 'Pal' (a large village or group of villages). A "Bolawa" is an instructor or guide within the tribe. So, one is a leader, and the other is a teacher or guide. These roles are important for maintaining order and passing down knowledge within the Bhil community.
In simple words: In the Bhil tribe, a Gameti is the village head, and a Bolawa is a guide or teacher.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and contrast roles within tribal social structures.

 

Question 32. How has the word 'Gond' originated?
Answer: The word 'Gond' is believed to have come from the word 'Konda', which means "hilly." This suggests that the people living in hilly areas were commonly referred to as Gonds. Their name directly connects them to their mountainous habitat, and many tribal names are derived from their geographic location, reflecting a deep connection to their environment.
In simple words: The word 'Gond' comes from 'Konda', meaning hilly. So, people living in hilly areas were called Gonds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Trace the etymology of tribal names to understand their historical and geographical context.

 

Question 34. Where does gond tribe live?
Answer: The Gond tribe primarily resides in several hilly and plateau regions. These include the Satpura and Maikal hills, the Son-Deogarh high land area, the Bastar plateau, and the Garhjat hills. They are spread across various parts of central India, and these areas often provide forest resources and a relatively isolated environment, suitable for their traditional lifestyle.
In simple words: The Gond tribe lives in hilly areas like Satpura, Maikal hills, Bastar plateau, and Garhjat hills.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name specific geographical features like hills and plateaus when describing tribal habitats.

 

Question 35. What is shifting agriculture? Or What is meant by jhooming cultivation?
Answer: Shifting agriculture, also known as jhooming cultivation, is an old farming method. In this practice, farmers clear a piece of land by cutting down and burning plants. They cultivate crops on this cleared land for about 2-3 years. After that, they leave the land unused (fallow) so it can regain its nutrients naturally, and then move to a new area. This method is sustainable in areas with low population density but becomes challenging with increasing pressure on land resources.
In simple words: Shifting agriculture (jhooming cultivation) is where farmers cut and burn plants to clear land for a few years, then move to a new area to let the old land rest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the full process of the agricultural method, including why land is left fallow.

 

Question 36. What does Gond tribe do to maintain the moisture of soil?
Answer: To keep moisture in the soil, the Gond tribe uses a special technique. They place wooden blocks in the lower parts of their fields. This helps to prevent soil erosion and ensures that the soil retains water, which is important for their crops. This traditional method shows a practical understanding of soil conservation and water management.
In simple words: The Gond tribe puts wooden blocks in their fields. This helps to stop soil from washing away and keeps the soil moist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe specific traditional techniques for environmental management and their benefits.

 

Question 37. What is Patel or Mukhadam?
Answer: In the Gond tribe, the leader of a village is called either a Patel or a Mukhadam. These individuals hold significant authority and are responsible for the village's administration and well-being. These traditional leadership roles are crucial for the governance and social cohesion of the tribal communities.
In simple words: A Patel or Mukhadam is the head of a village in the Gond tribe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the roles of leadership figures in tribal societies.

 

Question 38. What is meant by Kotwar and Devari?
Answer: In a Gond tribal village, two important roles are Kotwar and Devari. The Kotwar is the village watchman, responsible for security and maintaining order. The Devari is the village priest, who performs religious ceremonies and spiritual guidance. These roles demonstrate the structured social system within Gond communities, balancing practical needs with spiritual life.
In simple words: Kotwar is the watchman and Devari is the priest in a Gond village.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between social and religious roles within a tribal community.

 

Question 41. What is meant by Kabadi practice?
Answer: The "Kabadi practice" in the Gond tribe was a system where future generations of a person who owed money had to work like slaves for the creditor. This labor was used to repay even very small loans, trapping families in long-term debt. This practice highlights historical social inequalities and the severe consequences of debt in traditional communities.
In simple words: Kabadi practice meant that in the Gond tribe, families who owed money had to work as slaves for the lender to pay off their debt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define historical or problematic social practices accurately and state their impact.

 

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)

 

Question 1. Describe the tribes according to their habitat areas? Or Write the names of tribes found in various parts of the world.
Answer: Tribes around the world live in different environments, adapting to their specific habitats. Here are some major tribes and their regions:
1. Polar and Cold Regions: Eskimos and Samoyeds live in very cold places.
2. Equatorial Regions: Pygmy, Saimang, and Sakai tribes live near the equator.
3. Hot and Dry Deserts: The Bushman tribe lives in the hot Kalahari Desert.
4. Tropical Grassland Areas: Masai and Badoo tribes are found in warm grassland regions.
5. Temperate Grassland Areas: The Khirgiz tribe lives in temperate grasslands.
6. Hilly and Plateau Areas: Bhil, Gond, Meena, and Naga tribes live in mountains and high flat lands.
These examples show the incredible diversity of human adaptation to Earth's varied climates and landscapes.
In simple words: Different tribes live in different parts of the world. Eskimos live in cold regions, Bushmen in deserts, and Gonds in hilly areas, each suited to their home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize tribes by their habitat type (e.g., polar, desert, grassland) and list a few examples for each.

 

Question 2. Describe the physical structure of Eskimo tribal people.
Answer: The Eskimo people belong to the Mongol race. They have a wide and flat face with yellowish-brown skin. Their hair is thick and black, and their height is usually medium. They have a flat nose, deep-set, dark, and slanted eyes. Their jaws are strong and heavy, with a wide mouth and healthy, white teeth. They are also known for their strong minds. These physical features are adaptations to the extreme cold and bright snowy conditions of their Arctic homeland.
In simple words: Eskimo people have wide, flat faces, yellowish-brown skin, and black hair. They have flat noses, deep, slanted eyes, and strong bodies and minds.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing physical features, include details about skin color, hair, height, and facial characteristics.

 

Question 4. Describe the importance of seal in Eskimo's life?
Answer: Seals are very important for the Eskimo way of life for many reasons:
1. Food Source: Seals provide a crucial source of food for the Eskimo people.
2. Fuel: Seal blubber (fat) is used as an energy source for lamps and heating.
3. Clothing: Eskimos use seal skin to make warm and durable clothes.
4. Warmth: The large amount of fat from seals provides essential heat, making it very valuable in extremely cold temperatures.
5. Tools: The bones of seals are used to build the frames for sledges, which are important for transport.
6. Materials: The skin of seals also provides strong cords and threads, used for various purposes.
This extensive use of seals highlights how integral this animal is to the Eskimo's survival and cultural practices in the Arctic.
In simple words: Seals are super important for Eskimos. They give them food, fuel, clothes, warmth, materials for sledges, and strong threads.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the multiple uses of a key resource for a tribe to show its overall importance.

 

Question 5. Explain the process of environmental adjustment of Eskimo people. Or How have Eskimos become used to hard circumstanes? Explain.
Answer: The Eskimo people have shown incredible ability to adjust to their harsh environment. They have created a special way of life to survive in very difficult conditions. For example, they build warm houses from snow (igloos) because there are no trees or building materials. They also make sledges from the bones of walruses and seals, which are pulled by reindeer, to travel across the ice. To protect their eyes from the bright sunlight reflecting off the snow, they use special eye shields. All these actions demonstrate their clever ways of adapting to their environment, and their ingenuity in utilizing available resources and creating specialized tools is a testament to human resilience in extreme climates.
In simple words: Eskimos are good at living in tough, cold places. They build snow houses, use sledges made from bones, and wear eye shields to cope with their snowy environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples of adaptations (housing, transport, tools) to illustrate how a tribe adjusts to its environment.

 

Question 7. Describe the tools and utensils of Bushman tribe.
Answer: The Bushman tribe uses a variety of tools and utensils. For hunting, they primarily use bows and arrows, pointed sticks, spears, lances, and agnidand (a fire-starting tool). They are known for using poisonous arrows, often sharpening ostrich and giraffe leg bones to create arrowheads. They also make strong ropes from tree bark. For daily life, they use ostrich eggshells to store water and create ornaments, deer skin to make bags, and wood for cups. Their resourcefulness in utilizing every part of animals and plants from their environment is key to their survival.
In simple words: Bushmen use bows, arrows, spears, and pointed sticks for hunting. They use ostrich eggshells for water, deer skin for bags, and wood for cups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize tools by function (hunting, daily use) and mention notable materials they are made from.

 

Question 8. What was the impact on Bushman as they came in contact with modern culture?
Answer: When the Bushman tribe started interacting with modern cultures, their way of life changed a lot. They now trade goods with local merchants and their clothing styles have changed. Sadly, because of people like the Bantu, Hottentot, and European settlers moving into their lands, the number of Bushman people is getting smaller, and the areas where they live are shrinking. The arrival of outside cultures often brings both new opportunities and significant challenges for indigenous communities.
In simple words: Contact with modern culture changed Bushman life. They trade more, dress differently, but their population is decreasing, and their land is shrinking.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing cultural contact, present both the positive (if any) and negative impacts on the tribe's lifestyle and population.

 

Question 9. Describe the traditions of Bhil tribe.
Answer: The Bhil tribe has many strong social traditions. They respect and worship nature, as well as the farming tools and equipment they use. They pray to various gods and goddesses, including Naga Devata, and also believe in ghosts. When someone dies, they cremate the body. They celebrate important festivals like Holi and Deepawali. Their main dance styles are Ghoomar and Gair. The Beneshwar Dham fair is their biggest festival, and they worship Lord Shankar, often performing a fire dance during rituals. Their traditions show a deep connection to nature, agriculture, and spiritual beliefs, along with vibrant cultural expressions.
In simple words: The Bhil tribe worships nature, tools, and gods. They believe in ghosts, cremate the dead, celebrate Holi and Deepawali, and dance Ghoomar and Gair. The Beneshwar Dham fair is important to them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cover key aspects of culture: religious beliefs, rituals, festivals, and art forms like dances.

 

Question 10. How is the life of the Bhils and their conditions of livelihood changing?
Answer: The life and living conditions of the Bhil tribal people are continuously changing due to modernization. As they come into contact with modern society, their traditional ways of life are adapting. This often involves changes in their economic activities, social customs, and access to new technologies and services. They are slowly integrating into the larger societal framework while trying to preserve their cultural identity. Modernization brings both opportunities like better education and healthcare, and challenges like the loss of traditional practices and land.
In simple words: The Bhil tribe's life is changing with modernization. They are adapting their way of living as they connect with modern society, altering their jobs and customs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Discuss changes in livelihood by addressing both external factors (modernization, contact) and internal adjustments (economy, customs).

 

Question 11. Describe the efforts made by the government for the upliftment of the Bhils.
Answer: The government in India is running many programs to improve the social and economic conditions of the Bhil tribe. They are providing essential facilities like schools, hospitals, transport, communication, and banking to help develop their regions. The government also supports small-scale cottage industries and farming-related businesses. With more contact with modern culture, the Bhils' lives are changing a lot. The government has schemes to meet their needs for housing, education, and food. These government initiatives aim to integrate the Bhil community into mainstream society while respecting their unique cultural identity.
In simple words: The government is helping the Bhil tribe by providing schools, hospitals, transport, and banks. They also support farming and small industries to improve their lives and meet their needs.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific government initiatives (e.g., infrastructure, services, economic support) to show a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 12. Describe the aspect of dress and ornaments of Gond tribe.
Answer: The Gond tribal people typically wear cotton clothes. Men often wear a dhoti, while women wear a sari and choli. Both men and women decorate themselves with ornaments made from silver and aluminum. Gond women wear colorful glass bangles and necklaces made of black beads and cowrie shells around their necks. They also get tattoos on their bodies, and young girls often put several combs made of white bamboo into their hair. Their traditional attire and adornments reflect their cultural identity and the resources available in their environment.
In simple words: Gond men wear dhoti, and women wear sari-choli. Both wear silver and aluminum ornaments. Women also have glass bangles, bead necklaces, tattoos, and bamboo combs in their hair.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide details on both clothing items and types of ornaments, distinguishing between male and female attire if applicable.

 

Question 13. Describe the housing structure of the Gonds.
Answer: Gond tribal people live in small settlements known as Nangale or Palli. Before building a house, they perform a ritual called 'Shagun' at the chosen site, often sacrificing a duck or a rooster to seek blessings. Their houses are constructed using grass, weeds, and mud. These homes are typically divided into several sections, including a living room, kitchen, a verandah, and a dedicated temple space. When they first move into a new house, they hold a collective celebration. This process shows the deep cultural and spiritual significance Gonds attach to their homes and new beginnings.
In simple words: Gonds live in small villages called Nangale or Palli. They build houses with grass and mud, including a living room, kitchen, verandah, and temple. They do a special 'Shagun' ritual before building and moving in.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the building materials, internal structure, and any associated rituals or customs related to housing.

 

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

 

Question 1. Describe hunting by Eskimos during winter season and its methods.
Answer: During winter, Eskimos use specific methods for hunting. One such method is "Iturpak." In Iturpak, hunters create two holes in the ice. One hunter lures a seal by placing food at one hole. As the seal comes to eat, another hunter, who is waiting at the second hole, harpoons the seal when signaled. Seals are vital as they provide not only food but also fat, which is used as fuel for cooking and lamps. Seal fat burns efficiently and for longer periods than other animal fats. These methods demonstrate the deep understanding Eskimos have of their prey's behavior and the environment.
In simple words: In winter, Eskimos use "Iturpak" to hunt seals. They make two holes in the ice; one to attract the seal with food, and another to catch it with a harpoon for food and fuel.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing hunting methods, include specific steps and the purpose behind them, along with the resources gained.

 

Question 2. Describe the hunting, method of the Eskimos during the spring season.
Answer: During the spring season, Eskimos practice a hunting method called "Utok." In this season, seals come out to sunbathe and breathe, making them easier to spot. Eskimos hunt these seals with the help of their hunting dogs. For transportation during hunts, they use a "Kayak," which is a special boat made of leather. In summer, they shift to hunting caribou with bows and arrows. Smaller animals like hares, ducks, and sparrows are hunted using light spears. The reindeer is also important, representing wealth and social standing. Overall, the seal continues to hold great importance in the lives of the Eskimo people. The change in hunting methods across seasons highlights the Eskimo's adaptability and reliance on different animals based on availability.
In simple words: In spring, Eskimos use "Utok" to hunt seals with dogs and kayaks. In summer, they hunt caribou, hares, and birds with bows and spears. Seals are always very important to them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail how hunting methods change with seasons, mentioning different tools and animals hunted in each period.

 

Question 3. How have Eskimos changed after coming in contact with the Europeans and the Americans? Or What has been the impact of modern culture on the Eskimos?
Answer: After 1960, the Eskimo tribe, who once lived in isolated Arctic areas, began to have more contact with European and American cultures. This led to many changes: they started using firearms like guns instead of traditional weapons. Motor-driven boats replaced kayaks, and snow scooters took the place of sledges. Their traditional way of life changed quickly. They now trade furs for money, which has also changed their clothing and living styles. Thanks to better healthcare from the American government and simpler ways to earn a living, the Eskimo population in Canada and Alaska is growing. However, this increase in population might harm the environment of the Tundra Coastal Region. This shift illustrates the dual impact of modernization, bringing both benefits like health improvements and challenges like environmental strain.
In simple words: After 1960, Eskimos started using modern tools like guns, motor boats, and snow scooters. Their lifestyle changed, and their population grew, but this might harm the Tundra environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing impacts of modernization, cover technological, economic, social, and environmental changes comprehensively.

 

Question 5. Describe the economic activities performed by Gond tribe.
Answer: The main ways the Gond tribal people earn a living are through agriculture (farming) and hunting. Some Gonds also gather forest products, raise animals, and catch fish. "Dippa agriculture" is a form of shifting cultivation they use. In this method, after farming a piece of land for three years, they leave it to rest so it can regain its fertility naturally. This involves clearing land by cutting and burning plants. These diverse activities show their close relationship with the forest and their sustainable use of natural resources.
In simple words: Gonds mostly farm and hunt. They also collect forest items, raise animals, and fish. Dippa agriculture is their way of shifting farming, where land rests after three years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail all primary and secondary economic activities, including specific farming methods if applicable.

 

Question 6. How is the structure of Gond tribe changing? Or How is the condition and exposure of Gond tribe changing after coming in contact with modern culture?
Answer: Over the last 30 years, the Gond tribe's way of life has been changing due to modern culture and industrial growth near their homes. More Gonds are now working as laborers in mines and factories. New, permanent settlements with facilities like hospitals, schools, markets, banks, and local councils (panchayats) have been built near these industrial areas. With better roads and railways, Gonds have more contact with towns, leading to faster changes in their lifestyle. Old customs and traditions are weakening, and the government has banned harmful practices like 'Kabadi' (debt slavery), which previously forced many generations to work for creditors. These changes reflect a significant shift from traditional tribal life towards integration into the broader economic and social systems.
In simple words: Gond tribal life is changing with industries and modern contact. More Gonds work in mines, live in new towns with schools and hospitals. Their old customs are weakening, and harmful practices are banned.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing societal changes, address economic shifts (new jobs), social development (facilities), and cultural impacts (traditions, legal changes).

 

Question. Describe habitat areas and economic and social conditions of Bushman tribe.
Answer: Bushman are the inhabitants of Kalahari Desert. They are also known as Saun, Rawi and Basarawa. Bushman are related to the Negrito race. Here are various aspects of this tribe:
1. Residence Area: Bushmen live in Bechuanaland, between 18° and 24° South latitude in Africa. Currently, they primarily reside in the Kalahari Desert and the southwestern grasslands of Africa, including South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, and Angola.
2. Economic Condition:
(a) Hunting: Hunting is the main activity of the Bushman tribe. They use bows and arrows and many other methods to catch large animals. They kill animals by trapping them in mud, snaring them, making them fall into pits, or poisoning their drinking water. Each family hunts its own food.
(b) Weapons: Bows, arrows, pointed rods, spears, burcha, and agnidand are their main weapons. They use poisonous arrows. They sharpen the bones from ostrich and giraffe legs to make very sharp arrow tips.
3. Social Condition:
(a) Food: Bushmen eat everything (omnivorous). A bushman can eat more than half a sheep at once. Their favorite foods include meal, fish, plant roots, jungle fruits, honey, termites, ants, and their eggs. They easily eat stale food.
(b) Clothes: They wear very few clothes. Men wear a triangular loincloth. Women use an apron, and the 'chonga' is their main attire. It is also called 'cross' in their local language and serves as both clothing and a bedroll.
(c) Houses: They live in rocky caves. They build huts using grass, tree branches, and animal skins. These small groups of 8-10 huts are called 'verf'.
4. Environmental Adjustment: They have a strong desire to stay alive. They live a free, nomadic life, with fewer possessions, fewer children, and a division of assets. During times of famine, Bushman women stop getting pregnant. While hunting, they make sure not to harm female animals or young ones. They use minimal fuel for fire.
In simple words: The Bushman tribe lives in the Kalahari Desert in Africa. They hunt using bows and poisoned arrows. They eat various foods including insects and eggs. They wear minimal clothes, live in caves or grass huts, and have unique ways of adapting to their desert environment, showing a strong will to survive.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a tribe, always cover key aspects like their habitat, economy (hunting, farming), social customs, clothing, housing, and adaptations to their environment for a complete answer.

 

Question 2. Write a geographical note on Gond tribes. Or Describe the habitat areas, social condition and culture of Gond tribe.
Answer: The Gond tribe is the largest tribal group globally, mainly found in the Indian peninsula. Their primary living areas include the Satpura hills, Maikal range, the Son-Deogarh high land, the Bastar plateau, and the Garhjat hills. Their widespread distribution across central India highlights their historical resilience and deep connection to the land.
2. Clothes and Ornaments: Gonds typically wear cotton clothes. Both men and women adorn themselves with silver and aluminum jewelry. Women wear bright glass bangles and necklaces made of black beads and cowrie shells. They also get tattoos on their bodies, and young girls often decorate their hair with several combs made from white bamboo.
3. House/Residence: Gonds live in small villages called 'Nangale' or 'Palli'. When building a house, they perform a 'shagun' ceremony at the site, which includes sacrificing a duck or chicken. Their homes are constructed from grass and mud, and always include a living room, kitchen, verandah, and a small temple. They celebrate together when moving into a new home.
4. Society and Culture: Gonds have a male-dominated (patriarchal) social structure. After a father's death, his property is divided among his sons, with the eldest son becoming the family head. Different types of marriages exist, like service marriage, exchange marriage, kidnapping marriage, and widow remarriage. Weddings are often held outdoors near water or under a mango tree. They organize 'Ramdhuni' ceremonies to prevent bad events. The village head is called 'Patel' or 'Mukhadam', and the watchman is 'Kotwar'. Gonds speak Hindi, Marathi, and Telugu. Village disputes are settled by the Panchayat, and the village priest is known as 'Devari'.
In simple words: Gonds are the world's largest tribe, living in central India's hills. Men wear dhoti, women wear sari-choli, both using silver and aluminum jewelry. Their mud and grass houses have separate rooms and a temple. They have a male-led society with various marriage customs and specific roles like Patel (village head) and Devari (priest). Their language includes Hindi, Marathi, and Telugu.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for a geographical note or description of a tribe, always cover key aspects: habitat, physical features, economic activities, social structure, culture, and any special customs for a comprehensive answer.

 

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Geography

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