RBSE Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 India Population Distribution, Density and Growth

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. In which of the following census decades, the highest decline was recorded in India's sex ratio?
(a) 1911 - 21
(b) 1921 - 31
(c) 1951 - 61
(d) 1961 - 71
Answer: (d) 1961 - 71
In simple words: The biggest drop in the number of females compared to males happened during the census period from 1961 to 1971.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific decades for major demographic changes like highest decline in sex ratio; these are often tested facts.

Question 2. In the last 10 census years, the minimum sex ratio was In the year:
(a) 1991
Answer: (a) 1991
In simple words: Over the past ten census counts, the lowest number of females per male was recorded in the year 1991.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to keywords like 'minimum' or 'maximum' when recalling census data for specific years.

Question 3. Distribution of population in India, is broadly similar with the distribution format of which crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Maize
(c) Wheat
(d) Cotton
Answer: (a) Rice
In simple words: How people are spread out across India is generally similar to how the rice crop is grown and distributed across the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link population distribution patterns to agricultural practices and favorable conditions in different regions of India.

Question 4. According to the census conducted in 2011, which state has the lowest population density?
(a) Kerala
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Nagaland
(d) Goa
Answer: (b) Arunachal Pradesh
In simple words: In the 2011 census, Arunachal Pradesh had the fewest people living per square kilometer compared to other states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the extremes (highest and lowest) for population density in Indian states as per the latest census data.

Question 5. In which year, was the first census conducted in India?
(a) 1945
(b) 1851
(c) 1872
(d) 1951
Answer: (c) 1872
In simple words: India's very first official population count, or census, happened in the year 1872.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of key historical milestones in India's demographic history, such as the year of the first census.

Question 6. In terms of population, which year was called "the year of the great mass division”, after which, a continuous and rapid increase in the Indian population has been recorded?
(a) 1911
Answer: (a) 1911
In simple words: The year 1911 is known as "the year of the great mass division" because after this year, India's population started growing quickly and continuously.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the significance of historical census years, particularly those marking major shifts in population trends.

Question 7. In which year was the census last conducted in India?
(a) 1981
(b) 1991
(c) 2011
(d) 2004
Answer: (c) 2011
In simple words: The most recent population count (census) in India was done in the year 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always refer to the most recent census data available for current demographic statistics.

Question 8. According to the 2011 census, the average population density (people per sq. km) in India is:
(a) 294
(b) 321
(c) 382
(d) 390
Answer: (c) 382
In simple words: Based on the 2011 census, there were about 382 people living in each square kilometer on average across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the national average population density for the latest census year, as it's a fundamental statistic.

Question 9. The state with the highest population density in India is:
(a) West Bengal
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Bihar
Answer: (d) Bihar
In simple words: Among all Indian states, Bihar has the most people living in each square kilometer, making it the most densely populated.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the states with the highest population densities and the reasons behind them (e.g., fertile plains, economic activities).

Question 10. The state with the highest percentage of population growth in India is:
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Meghalaya

Question 11. How much is total population of India according to the 2011 census?
Answer: In 2011, India's total population was 121.02 crore people.
In simple words: In 2011, India's total population was 121.02 crore people.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the population figure clearly, remembering to include the unit (crore) for accuracy.

Question 12. Which state of India has the minimum population density according to the 2011 census?
Answer: In 2011, Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest population density in India, with only 17 people living per square kilometer.
In simple words: In 2011, Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest population density in India, with only 17 people living per square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always mention both the state and the specific density figure for a complete answer.

Question 13. Which state of India has the highest population according to the 2011 census?
Answer: The state of Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of people living in it according to the 2011 census.
In simple words: The state of Uttar Pradesh had the highest number of people living in it according to the 2011 census.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identify the state with the largest population as per the given census year.

Question 14. Which state has the highest population-growth in India during 2001-2011?
Answer: Between 2001 and 2011, Meghalaya showed the highest population increase in India, growing by 27%.
In simple words: From 2001 to 2011, Meghalaya showed the biggest increase in its population in India, with 27% growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing growth rates, specify both the state and the percentage for a precise answer.

Question 15. What was the average population density of India in 2011?
Answer: India's average population density in 2011 was 382 people for every square kilometer.
In simple words: India's average population density in 2011 was 382 people for every square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the exact numerical value and units (people per sq. km) when stating population density.

Question 16. Which place does India hold in the world in terms of population according to the 2011 census?
Answer: In 2011, India was the second most populated country globally, right after China.
In simple words: In 2011, India was the second most populated country globally, right after China.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know India's position in global population rankings, and which country ranks higher.

Question 17. The geographical factors that affect the population distribution and density in india include the following:
Answer:
1. Climate.
2. Geographical terrain.
3. Availability of water.
4. Condition of soil.
In simple words: The spread and density of people in India are influenced by factors like the weather, the shape of the land, how much water is available, and the type of soil.

🎯 Exam Tip: List key geographical factors clearly and concisely, as they are fundamental to understanding population patterns.

Question 18. Explain the difference between population distribution and population density.
Answer: Population distribution shows how people are spread out in an area. Population density tells us how many people live in each square kilometer of that area.
In simple words: Population distribution shows where people live in an area, while population density shows how crowded an area is by measuring people per square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define each term separately before explaining the difference, using simple and clear language.

Question 19. What is Population growth?
Answer: Population growth is the change in the number of people in an area over time. This change can be an increase or a decrease.
In simple words: Population growth means how much the number of people in a place changes over a specific period, either increasing or decreasing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include both positive and negative aspects (increase or decrease) in your definition of population growth.

Question 20. What was the average population growth rate of India in the decade 2001-2011?
Answer: From 2001 to 2011, India's population grew by an average of 17.64%.
In simple words: India's population growth rate between 2001 and 2011 was 17.64%.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the exact percentage for growth rates and specify the decade for accuracy.

Question 21. Which state of India has the highest population density according to the 2011 census?
Answer: In 2011, Bihar had the highest population density in India, with 1102 people per square kilometer.
In simple words: According to the 2011 census, Bihar had the highest population density in India, with 1102 people living in each square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying the state with the highest density, also cite the density figure to strengthen your answer.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. factors in India. The important factors are the following:
Answer:
1. Climate: Climate is the most important factor affecting population distribution in India. Areas with favorable climate have a high distribution and density of population. In contrast, areas with harsh climates, like the high Himalayas and desert parts of Rajasthan, have sparse population.
2. Geographical terrain: Regions with rough and uneven land, or agriculturally infertile areas, have fewer people. This is because agricultural operations are difficult, transport is problematic, and there is isolation. Plains, with their agricultural land and good transport, have large populations.
3. Water - availability: Water is vital for human life. In northern India, population density decreases from east to west as rainfall lessens. However, areas like northwestern Rajasthan, with water from the Indira Gandhi Canal, show high population density.
4. Mineral Resources: Areas rich in minerals attract people due to their potential for industrial and economic growth. For example, dense populations are found in the Damodar Valley, Chota Nagpur Plateau, and Kolar fields.
5. Transport Facilities: Plains generally have better transport facilities than mountains and plateaus. Good transport makes plains attractive for denser populations.
6. Social - Psychological Factors: Social, psychological, religious, and cultural factors also play a big role in population density. These include social organization, rituals, traditions, and values, which affect how people are spread out.
In simple words: The main things that affect where people live in India are the weather, how flat or hilly the land is, how much water is available, where minerals are found, how good the transport is, and social and cultural beliefs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Organize your answer by listing each factor with a brief explanation of how it influences population distribution and density in India.

Question 23. Explain the types of population density.
Answer: Population density shows how many people live in an area and how this relates to different conditions. The types of population density are as follows:
1. Arithmetical Density: This is the number of people living in each square kilometer. It is calculated as the ratio of the state's total population to its total area.
\[ \text{Arithmetical Density} = \frac{\text{Total population of the state}}{\text{Total area of the state}} \]
2. Functional Density: This shows the ratio of the population in an area to its agricultural land. It is also known as the ratio of people to farmed land.
\[ \text{Functional Density} = \frac{\text{Total population of the area}}{\text{Total agricultural land of area}} \]
3. Agricultural Density: This represents the ratio of the total farming population (farmers, workers, and their families) of a state to its total agricultural land.
\[ \text{Agricultural Density} = \frac{\text{Total population involved in agriculture}}{\text{Total agricultural land}} \]
4. Economic or Numerical Density: To find this, the weighted index of the population is divided by the production capacity index of all economic resources in a state, expressed as a percentage.
\[ \text{Economic Density} = \frac{\text{Index of Population}}{\text{Index of Productivity}} \times 100 \]
5. Nutritional Density: This represents the ratio of the total population of a state to the area of land used for growing food crops.
In simple words: Population density shows how many people live in an area. Different types measure this based on total land, farming land, or economic resources to give a clearer picture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each type of density and provide its formula. Explain what each formula signifies for full marks.

Question 24. Explain population growth in India from 1901 to 2011, along with its trends and categories.
Answer: Population growth describes the change in the number of people in a region over a given time. Population growth in India has varied over the years. The data on India's population growth and growth rate from 1901 to 2011 is shown in the table below:

According to this data, India's population growth from 1901-2011 can be divided into four categories:
1. Slow population growth period (1901 - 21): During these 20 years, India's population grew from 23.85 crore to 25.13 crore (a total increase of 1.27 crore). From 1911 to 1921, there was a high death rate due to severe famine, epidemics, and lack of food. This led to negative population growth in that decade.
2. Stable population growth period (1921 - 51): After 1921, India's population grew continuously. The year 1921 is known as the Great Demographic Separator Year. From 1921-51, the population increased from 25.13 crore to 36.11 crore, an increase of 11 crore in three decades. Population growth was slow due to a decrease in the death rate and a stable birth rate.
3. Rapid population growth period (1951 - 81): India's population began to grow rapidly after 1951, which is why 1951 is called the Second Demographic Separator Year. From 1951 to 1981, the population increased from 36.1 crore to 68.3 crore. During this period, India's population growth rate was the highest, reaching 24.8% in the 1961-71 decade. This rapid growth was mainly due to a quick drop in the death rate and a slow decline in the birth rate.
In simple words: Population growth means a change in the number of people in a region over time. In India, from 1901 to 2011, population growth changed a lot. It can be divided into periods of slow, stable, and rapid growth based on census data and events like famines.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define population growth, use the provided table to support your explanation, and categorize the growth periods with key characteristics for each.

Question 25. Demonstrate population distribution (2011) by proper method on the map of India.
Answer: The distribution of population on the map of India by the shadow method can be shown through a choropleth map that uses different shades to represent varying population densities.
In simple words: The way people are spread out across India in 2011 can be shown on a map using a shading method.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to 'demonstrate on a map,' specify the type of map (e.g., choropleth, dot) and the method used (e.g., shadow method, shading) to indicate population distribution.

Question 26. Demonstrate distribution of population density in India.
Answer: The distribution of population density in India can be shown using a choropleth map, where different shades of color represent different density ranges (e.g., less than 100, 100-300, etc., people per sq. km).
In simple words: You can show how densely populated different parts of India are by using a map with colors or shades to represent different population density levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the use of a choropleth map and give examples of density ranges for a detailed answer.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. What percentage of the total population of the world was residing in India in 2011?
(a) 14%
(b) 16%
(c) 17.5%
(d) 20.5%
Answer: (c) 17.5%
In simple words: In 2011, India was home to 17.5% of the entire world's population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember India's significant share of the global population, especially the exact percentage from the latest census.

Question 2. Name the union territory of India that has the highest population density?
(a) Delhi
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Andaman - Nicobar
(d) Puducherry
Answer: (a) Delhi
In simple words: Among all the union territories in India, Delhi has the most people living per square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Delhi as the Union Territory with the highest population density due to its urban nature and limited area.

Question 3. In terms of population density, the states of India in descending order are :
(a) West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala
(b) Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
(c) Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh
(d) Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala
Answer: (c) Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh
In simple words: The states in India, from most to least crowded by population density, are Bihar, then West Bengal, then Kerala, and then Uttar Pradesh.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice ranking states by population density to easily recall the correct order in exams.

Question 4. Which union territory of India has the lowest population density?
(a) Delhi
(b) Andaman - Nicobar
(c) Lakshadweep
(d) Daman - Diu
Answer: (b) Andaman - Nicobar
In simple words: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the fewest people living per square kilometer among all of India's union territories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the geographical features of union territories that lead to very low or very high population densities.

Question 5. In which of the following decades, India had the highest population growth rate?
(a) 1961 - 71
(b) 1971 - 81
(c) 1981 - 91
(d) 1991 - 2001
Answer: (a) 1961 - 71
In simple words: India's population grew fastest during the ten-year period from 1961 to 1971.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the decade of highest population growth and understand the underlying reasons, such as declining mortality rates.

Question 7. Which census shows the highest population growth rate in India?
(a) 1911
(b) 1961
(c) 1981
(d) 2001
Answer: (c) 1981
In simple words: The census from 1981 recorded the highest population growth rate in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the highest *growth rate* shown by a census year and the *decade* of highest growth, as questions may target either.

Question 8. Which period is the rapid population growth in India?
(a) 1901 - 21
(b) 1921 - 51
(c) 1951 - 81
(d) 1981 - 2011
Answer: (c) 1951 - 81
In simple words: India saw a very quick increase in its population during the period from 1951 to 1981.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the different phases of India's population growth, especially the periods of rapid increase.

Question 9. Which of the following options is responsible for the the current population growth in India?
(a) Increasing birth rate and stable mortality rate
(b) Increasing birth rate and declining mortality rate
(c) Slowly declining birth rate and rapidly declining mortality rate
(d) Slowly declining birth rate and slowly declining mortality rate
Answer: (d) Slowly declining birth rate and slowly declining mortality rate
In simple words: India's current population growth happens because the birth rate is slowly going down, and the death rate is also slowly going down.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on both birth and mortality rates when explaining current population trends in India.

Match the Following

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What problems have arisen due to population explosion in India?
Answer: Various factors like natural, social, economic, demographic, political, and historical reasons contribute to the uneven distribution of population in India. All these factors together influence how the population is spread out.
In simple words: Many different reasons, from nature and society to politics and history, cause people to be spread unevenly across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing complex issues like population distribution, remember to mention a variety of contributing factors to show a comprehensive understanding.

Question 2. Match the options given in column A with right options given in column B:

Answer: (i) c, (ii) d, (iii) b, (iv) a.
In simple words: This matches the different periods of population growth in India to their correct timeframes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the key periods of India's population growth and the demographic events associated with each decade for such matching questions.

Question 3. Name the three most populated states of India along with their population.
Answer: As per the 2011 census, the three states with the highest population in India are:
1. Uttar Pradesh (Population – 19.96 crore).
2. Maharashtra (Population – 11.24 crore).
3. Bihar (Population – 10.38 crore).
In simple words: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar had the largest populations in India according to the 2011 census.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify the census year when quoting population figures to ensure accuracy and context.

Question 4. Name the three most populated union territories of India along with their population, as per 2011 census.
Answer: According to the 2011 census, the three union territories with the highest population in India are:
1. Delhi (Population – 1.68 crore).
2. Puducherry (Population – 12.44 lakh).
3. Chandigarh (Population – 10.55 lakh).
In simple words: Delhi, Puducherry, and Chandigarh were the most populated union territories in India in 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish clearly between states and union territories when listing population data, as they are separate administrative categories.

Question 5. Name the three states of India with the highest population density in 2011.
Answer: The three states of India with the highest population density in 2011 are:
1. Bihar (Population density – 1102 people per sq. km).
2. West Bengal (Population density – 1029 people per sq. km).
3. Kerala (Population density – 859 people per sq. km).
In simple words: In 2011, Bihar, West Bengal, and Kerala had the highest number of people living in each square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that population density refers to the number of people per unit area, usually per square kilometer, and always state the unit.

Question 6. Name two union territories of India with the highest population density in 2011.
Answer: The two union territories of India with the highest population density in 2011 are:
1. Delhi (Population density – 11,297 people per sq. km).
2. Chandigarh (Population density – 9,258 people per sq. km).
In simple words: In 2011, Delhi and Chandigarh had the most crowded areas among India's union territories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Union territories, especially urban ones like Delhi and Chandigarh, often have very high population densities compared to states.

Question 8. Which factor has played an important role in influencing population density in North - Eastern desert areas of Rajasthan?
Answer: The adequate water supply provided by the Indira Gandhi Canal has been the most important factor influencing population density in the North-Eastern desert areas of Rajasthan.
In simple words: The Indira Gandhi Canal bringing enough water has been key to people living in the desert parts of North-Eastern Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining factors influencing population density, always connect the geographical feature (like a canal) to how it impacts human settlement (water availability for life and agriculture).

Question 9. Which states of India have been driven to population-migration due to the political unrest and insecurity?
Answer: Jammu - Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam are the main states that have experienced population migration due to political unrest and insecurity.
In simple words: People moved out of Jammu - Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam because of political problems and safety concerns.

🎯 Exam Tip: Political instability and insecurity are significant push factors for migration, often leading to large-scale population movements.

Question 10. What is Population density? Or What is meant by Population density?
Answer: Population density refers to a specific ratio between the population and the earth's surface. It measures the quantity of population spread across a given area and is expressed as the number of people living per square unit area.
In simple words: Population density tells us how many people live in a certain amount of space, like how many people are in one square kilometer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define population density as a ratio and mention its standard unit of measurement (people per square unit area) for full marks.

Question 11. What is Arithmetical Density? Write the formula for finding it?
Answer: Arithmetical density of population is defined as the ratio of the total population to the total geographical area. It can be calculated using the following formula:
Arithmetical Density \( = \frac{\text{Total population of the state}}{\text{Total area of the state}} \)
In simple words: Arithmetical density is found by dividing the total number of people in an area by the total size of that area.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing a definition and a formula, ensure both are accurate and that the formula uses clear labels for its components.

Question 13. Name the states of India with the highest and the lowest population density.
Answer: In 2011, Bihar had the highest population density with 1102 people per sq. km, while Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest population density with 17 people per sq. km.
In simple words: Bihar had the most people per square kilometer, and Arunachal Pradesh had the fewest, in 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always state the census year when referring to population data, as these figures change over time.

Question 14. Name the union territories of India with the highest and the lowest population density.
Answer: In the union territories of India, Delhi had the highest population density with 11,297 people per sq. km, and Andaman-Nicobar had the lowest population density with 46 people per sq. km.
In simple words: Delhi was the most densely populated union territory, and Andaman-Nicobar was the least, in 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the extreme differences in population density, especially in highly urbanized union territories compared to island territories.

Question 15. Name the social factors that affect the population-density in India?
Answer: Social organization, social structure, rituals and traditions, casteism, religious structure, and religious values are among the social factors that influence population density in India.
In simple words: How society is organized, its customs, and beliefs all play a role in how many people live in different parts of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Beyond physical factors, social and cultural elements significantly shape human settlement patterns and population density.

Question 16. What is the relation of rainfall to population density in northern India?
Answer: In northern India, as the amount of rainfall decreases from east to west, the population density also tends to decrease.
In simple words: Less rain means fewer people living there, especially as you go from east to west in northern India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Rainfall directly impacts agriculture and water availability, making it a critical factor for population density in agrarian regions.

Question 17. Name the three states of India having highest decline in population growth rate in the decade 2001 – 11.
Answer: The three states of India that experienced the highest decline in population growth rate during the 2001-2011 decade are Nagaland (-0.65%), Sikkim (-20.7%), and Haryana (-8.5%).
In simple words: Nagaland, Sikkim, and Haryana saw the biggest drop in how fast their populations grew between 2001 and 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to negative growth rates, which indicate a decline in population during a specific period.

Question 19. Which state of India had a negative population growth in the decade 2001 – 11?
Answer: Nagaland recorded a negative population growth of -0.47% during the decade 2001-11.
In simple words: Nagaland's population actually decreased between 2001 and 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: A negative population growth rate means the population decreased, usually due to more deaths than births or significant out-migration.

Question 20. Name the three states of India with the lowest population-growth rate in the decade 2001 – 11.
Answer: The three states of India with the lowest population growth rates in the decade 2001-11 were:
1. Nagaland (-0.47%).
2. Kerala (4.87%).
3. Goa (8.17%).
In simple words: Nagaland had a population decrease, while Kerala and Goa had the slowest population growth among states from 2001 to 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lowest growth rates can be positive or negative, indicating either slow increase or actual decrease in population.

Question 21. What is the meaning of areas with moderate population growth?
Answer: Areas with moderate population growth are those states or territories where the decadal population growth rate was between 20% and 30%. This category includes Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Puducherry.
In simple words: Moderate population growth means the population increased by 20% to 30% over ten years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quantify terms like "moderate" with specific percentage ranges when explaining growth rates for clarity.

Question 22. What was the percentage of urban population in total population of India in 2011?
Answer: In 2011, the urban population made up 31.16% of the total population of India.
In simple words: Almost one-third of India's population lived in cities in 2011.

🎯 Exam Tip: Urbanization percentages are important indicators of a country's development and demographic trends.

Question 23. What is the minimum age of marriage of the boys and girls in India?
Answer: In India, the minimum legal age for marriage is 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls.
In simple words: Boys must be at least 21 and girls at least 18 to get married legally in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question relates to social factors influencing population, as age of marriage impacts fertility rates.

Question 25. Which is the smallest state of India in terms of population – size?
Answer: Sikkim is the smallest state in India by population size, with 6.08 lakh people in 2011.
In simple words: In 2011, Sikkim had the fewest people among all Indian states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between smallest by area and smallest by population when answering such questions.

Question 26. Which is the smallest union territory of India in terms of population-size?
Answer: Lakshadweep is the smallest union territory of India by population size, with 64,429 people.
In simple words: Lakshadweep has the smallest number of people among all Indian union territories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the smallest and largest administrative units by population helps understand the demographic extremes in India.

Question 27. Write the measures to control population growth.
Answer: Population growth can be controlled by increasing the age of marriage, boosting national production, promoting family welfare programs, and spreading education.
In simple words: We can control population by marrying later, making more goods, promoting small families, and educating more people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on a multi-pronged approach that includes social, economic, and educational measures when discussing population control.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)

Question 1. How many categories are there in India in terms of population distribution? Explain them in brief.
Answer: There are three main categories in India for population distribution, which are often related to population density:
1. North Plains: These are the most populated areas in India. In 2011, about 52 crore people (42.7% of the country's population) lived here. States like Uttar Pradesh (19.96 crore), Bihar (10.38 crore), West Bengal (9.13 crore), Rajasthan (6.86 crore), Punjab (2.77 crore), and Haryana (2.54 crore) are found in these plains.
2. Plateau Regions of South: This category includes states like Maharashtra (11.24 crore), Madhya Pradesh (7.26 crore), Karnataka (6.11 crore), and Andhra Pradesh (8.47 crore).
3. Regions with high population density: These areas have more than 500 people per square kilometer. They often have an agrarian economy with fertile flat fields, alluvial soil, good irrigation, and drinking water. Examples include Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab.
4. Regions with moderate population density: These areas have a population density between 300 and 500 people per square kilometer. In 2011, this included states like Assam (397), Maharashtra (365), Jharkhand (414), Gujarat (308), Andhra Pradesh (308), and Karnataka (319). Most parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat, the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand, Telangana, and the coastal parts of Andhra Pradesh have moderate density due to uneven ground and less water for irrigation, which limits agriculture.
5. Regions with low population density: These regions have less than 300 people per square kilometer. This is due to harsh climates in the western desert of Rajasthan and mountainous terrains in the north-eastern Himalayan regions. Plateau and tribal areas in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, eastern Karnataka, and central Andhra Pradesh also have sparse populations because surface obstacles prevent agricultural development.
In simple words: India's population is spread unevenly, grouped into high, moderate, and low density areas. High density is in fertile plains, moderate in some plateaus and coastal areas, and low density in deserts, mountains, and difficult terrains.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining categories of population distribution, describe the geographical features and economic activities associated with each type of region for a complete answer.

Question 2. Describe two physical factors that affect population distribution in India.
Answer: Two physical factors affecting population distribution in India are:
1. Climate: Climate is the most important factor. Areas with a favorable climate tend to have a high population density. Conversely, regions with harsh climates, such as the high Himalayas or the dry deserts of Rajasthan, have sparse populations.
2. Surface: The physical surface or terrain also plays a role. Areas with uneven surfaces, like hilly or rugged regions, usually have fewer people. Plains, on the other hand, support larger populations due to the availability of agricultural land, sufficient water, and better transport routes.
In simple words: Good weather brings more people, bad weather means fewer people. Flat land with water attracts people, while rough mountains or deserts keep people away.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always clearly link how each physical factor directly influences human settlement and population density.

Question 3. Name the factors affecting population – distribution in India.
Answer: The factors that influence population distribution in India include:
1. Climate
2. Terrain
3. Availability of water
4. Mineral resources
5. Transport facilities
6. Social - psychological factors
7. Political and economic factors.
In simple words: Population distribution is shaped by climate, land type, water, minerals, transport, social beliefs, and politics/economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: For a comprehensive answer, categorize the factors (e.g., physical, economic, socio-cultural) to demonstrate a structured understanding.

Question 4. Name the states having population density above average density. Also, write their respective population density.
Answer: In 2011, the average population density of India was 382 people per sq. km. States with population density above this average include:
- Bihar (1102 people per sq. km)
- West Bengal (1029 people per sq. km)
- Kerala (859 people per sq. km)
- Uttar Pradesh (828 people per sq. km)
- Haryana (573 people per sq. km)
- Tamil Nadu (555 people per sq. km)
- Punjab (550 people per sq. km)
- Jharkhand (414 people per sq. km)
- Assam (397 people per sq. km)
- Goa (394 people per sq. km)
In simple words: Many states in India have more people living per square kilometer than the national average of 382, including Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing states with above-average density, try to include a few key examples and their exact density figures if possible, along with the national average for comparison.

Question 5. Name the states having population density below the average density. Also, write their respective population density.
Answer: In 2011, the average population density of India was 382 people per sq. km. States with population density below this average include:
- Maharashtra (365 people per sq. km)
- Karnataka (319 people per sq. km)
- Andhra Pradesh (308 people per sq. km)
- Gujarat (308 people per sq. km)
- Jharkhand (319 people per sq. km)
- Odisha (269 people per sq. km)
- Madhya Pradesh (236 people per sq. km)
- Rajasthan (201 people per sq. km)
- Uttarakhand (189 people per sq. km)
- Chhattisgarh (189 people per sq. km)
- Nagaland (119 people per sq. km)
- Meghalaya (132 people per sq. km)
- Mizoram (52 people per sq. km)
- Manipur (122 people per sq. km)
- Jammu - Kashmir (124 people per sq. km)
- Himachal Pradesh (123 people per sq. km)
In simple words: Many Indian states, such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Rajasthan, have fewer people living per square kilometer compared to the national average of 382.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing states that fall below the national average demonstrates a thorough understanding of India's varied population distribution.

Question 6. List the areas of high density.
Answer: Areas with high population density are typically those with over 500 people per sq. km. These regions are often characterized by flat plains, fertile soil, and abundant irrigation facilities. Key examples include West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, the Malabar Coast, and certain high-altitude regions of Tamil Nadu.
In simple words: High-density areas are crowded places, usually flat and fertile with good water, like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying high-density areas, always mention the key geographical and resource-related reasons for such high concentration of people.

Question 7. Describe the natural growth rates of population in India from 1911 to 2011?
Answer: India's natural population growth rates showed fluctuations between 1911 and 2011. The lowest natural growth rate was 1% in 1921. In contrast, the highest natural growth rate reached 23% in 1981. Since 1981, there has been a continuous decline in the population growth rate.
In simple words: India's population growth went up and down, with the lowest in 1921 and highest in 1981, then started slowing down after that year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlighting both the lowest and highest growth rates, along with general trends (fluctuation, decline), provides a clear overview.

Question 8. Name the states of India in descending order, having a decline in growth rate percentage of population in the decade 2001 - 11.
Answer: In the decade 2001-11, the states of India that experienced a decline in population growth rate percentage are listed below in descending order of decline:

In simple words: This table shows which states had the largest drops in their population growth rates between 2001 and 2011, with Nagaland having the biggest decline.

🎯 Exam Tip: Tables are an effective way to present comparative data clearly. Ensure all columns are labeled and the data is accurate.

Question 9. Explain the period of steady growth in the context of India.
Answer: In India, the period from 1921 to 1951 is known as the era of stable population growth. The year 1921 is recognized as a Demographic Separator Year because it marked a shift. During this time, India's population grew from 25.13 crore to 36.11 crore, showing an average growth rate of 1.45%. A total increase of 11 crore people was recorded. This steady growth was mainly due to widespread famines and epidemics, which controlled population increase.
In simple words: From 1921 to 1951, India's population grew slowly and steadily because diseases and food shortages limited rapid increases. The year 1921 is important as it marks a change point in population trends.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing demographic periods, always identify the key years, the nature of growth (steady, rapid), and the primary factors influencing it.

Question 11. List the areas of less population growth.
Answer: Regions or states in India with a decadal population growth rate of less than 20% are considered areas of less population growth. This category includes Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, and Andaman-Nicobar.
In simple words: States and union territories with population growth less than 20% over ten years, like Kerala and Punjab, are areas of slower population increase.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing regions for specific demographic categories, ensure you mention both states and union territories if applicable.

Question 12. Evaluate the role of urbanisation in population growth of India.
Answer: In 2011, 68.8% of India's total population lived in rural areas, while 31.2% resided in urban areas. Urban areas generally exhibit lower birth rates, higher literacy rates, a higher average age of marriage, and a more progressive mindset. These factors collectively contribute to a slower population growth rate in urban areas compared to rural areas.
In simple words: Cities have lower birth rates because people are more educated, marry later, and have modern views, causing slower population growth than in villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly articulate the differences in demographic characteristics between urban and rural populations to explain the role of urbanization in population growth.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

Question 1. Explain the period of rapid population growth in India.
Answer: The period from 1951 to 1981 is considered a time of rapid population growth in India. The year 1951 is known as the Second Demographic Separator Year, marking the start of this fast growth. During these three decades (1951-1981), the population growth rate was 2.2%, with the population increasing significantly from 36.10 crore to 68.33 crore.
In simple words: India's population grew very quickly between 1951 and 1981, increasing from 36.10 crore to 68.33 crore, with 1951 marking the beginning of this rapid rise.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific time period, the term "Second Demographic Separator Year" for 1951, and the key statistics (growth rate, population increase) to describe this phase comprehensively.

Define Functional Density and Agricultural Density along with their utility.
Answer: Functional Density and Agricultural Density are used to better understand the relationship between human population and the total agricultural land. This is particularly useful for a country like India, which has a large population and prioritizes agriculture.
1. Functional Density: This represents the ratio of an area's total population to its agricultural land. It is also called the ratio of human population to agricultural land. The formula is:
Functional Density \( = \frac{\text{Total population of the area}}{\text{Total agricultural land of area}} \)
2. Agricultural Density: This represents the ratio of a state's total agricultural population (farmers, agricultural workers, and their families) to its total agricultural land. The formula is:
Agricultural Density \( = \frac{\text{Total population involved in agriculture}}{\text{Total agricultural land}} \)
In simple words: Functional density shows how many people live on agricultural land, while agricultural density shows how many people *who farm* live on agricultural land. Both help us understand population pressure on farming areas, especially in countries like India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the definition and the formula for each type of density, and explain their practical use or significance, especially in the Indian context.

Question 3. Why are extreme high population growth rates found on one hand in north-eastern states and on the other hand in some union territories (except Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar Islands)?
Answer: During 1991-2001, states in north-eastern India like Nagaland (64.53%), Meghalaya (30.65%), Mizoram (28.82%), and Manipur (24.86%) experienced extremely high decadal population growth rates. This was partly due to natural population growth but also significantly to illegal migration from Bangladesh. On the other hand, union territories like Daman and Diu (55.73%), Dadra – Nagar Haveli (59.22%), Delhi (47.02%), and Chandigarh (40.28%) also saw very high growth rates, largely due to international immigration on a significant scale.
In simple words: North-eastern states grew fast due to natural births and illegal migration from Bangladesh. Union territories like Delhi and Daman and Diu also saw high growth, mainly because many people moved there from other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining high population growth in specific regions, consider both natural increase (births minus deaths) and migration (in-migration vs. out-migration) as key factors.

Question 2. Explain the spatial distribution of population growth in India.
Answer: In the decade 2001-11, India's overall population growth rate was 17.64%. An analysis of population growth across various states and union territories during this period reveals three distinct types of regions:
1. States/union territories with moderate population growth: These showed a population growth rate between 20% and 30%. Examples include Meghalaya (27.82%), Puducherry (27.72%), Bihar (25.07%), Jammu – Kashmir (23.7%), Mizoram (22.78%), Chhattisgarh (22.59%), Jharkhand (22.34%), Rajasthan (21.44%), Delhi (20.96%), Madhya Pradesh (20.3%), and Uttar Pradesh (20.09%).
2. States/union territories with low population growth: These recorded less than 20% population growth. This category includes Haryana (19.9%), Uttarakhand (19.17%), Gujarat (19.17%), Manipur (18.65%), Chandigarh (17.1%), Assam (16.93%), Maharashtra (15.99%), Karnataka (15.67%), Tamil Nadu (15.06%), Tripura (14.75%), Odisha (13.97%), West Bengal (13.93%), Punjab (13.73%), Himachal Pradesh (12.81%), Sikkim (12.36%), and Andhra Pradesh (11.1%). Additionally, some regions with growth rates below 10% are also in this category.

Nagaland is notable as the only state in India that experienced negative population growth during the 2001-11 decade.
In simple words: From 2001 to 2011, India's population growth varied. Some states and union territories had moderate growth (20-30%), while many others had low growth (less than 20%). Nagaland actually saw its population decrease.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing spatial distribution, it's crucial to classify regions into categories based on growth rates and provide specific examples for each.

Question 3. Analyse the reasons of rapid population growth in India.
Answer: India has seen rapid population growth since 1951, with the population soaring from 36.1 crore to 121.02 crore by 2011. Currently, about eight crore people are added to the population annually. Key reasons for this rapid growth include:
1. Lack of modern birth control: Many people still follow old customs and traditions, avoiding modern birth control methods, which keeps birth rates high.
2. Joint Family System: In many areas, the joint family system is common. The responsibility of raising children is shared by the entire family, not just the parents. This reduces the burden on parents, indirectly promoting more children. The joint family also encourages earlier marriages.
3. Preference for Sons: In many families, particularly in Hinduism, sons are highly valued for continuing the family line and for financial security. This often leads families to continue having children until a son is born, increasing family size.
4. Neglected Status of Women: Women often have a lower status in society compared to men. They are sometimes seen primarily as childbearers, and their role in society may not emphasize education or autonomy, which affects family planning decisions.
5. Moderate Urbanization: In 2011, about 31.16% of India's population lived in cities, while 68.84% lived in villages. In rural areas, people are often less educated and more traditional, leading to higher birth rates compared to urban areas where literacy is higher, marriages are later, and views are more progressive.
In simple words: India's population grew fast due to traditional beliefs against birth control, the joint family system, a preference for sons, the lower status of women, and slower urbanization compared to rural areas, where birth rates remain high.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing reasons for population growth, ensure you cover social, cultural, economic, and educational factors to provide a comprehensive analysis.

Question 3. Analyse the reasons of rapid population growth in India.
Answer: Rapid population growth in India has been observed since 1951. In that year, the population was 36.1 crore, which increased significantly to 121.02 crore by 2011. Currently, the country's population grows by about eight crore people each year. The main reasons for this fast growth are:

A significant portion of India's population still holds onto old customs and traditions, which prevents them from adopting modern birth control methods, leading to high birth rates.

3. Joint Family: In many parts of India, the joint family system is still common. The responsibility of raising children in a joint family is shared by the whole family, not just the parents. This means there is no pressure to limit the number of children. The joint family system also encourages earlier marriages.

4. Priority to Son's Birth: In most Indian families, especially in Hinduism, sons are considered very important for continuing the family line and for financial support. Because of this belief, families often continue to have children until a son is born, even if they already have many daughters, which makes families larger.

5. Neglected Status of Women in Society: Women often receive less respect compared to men in society. They are sometimes seen mainly for their role in having children, which increases family size.

6. Moderate Urbanisation: Around 31.16% of India's total population lives in cities, while 68.84% lives in villages. In rural areas, people often do not understand the benefits of a small family due to conservative or traditional views. This leads to a higher birth rate in villages compared to cities, making it a major reason for population growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing reasons for population growth, remember to include social, cultural, and economic factors like family structure, gender preferences, and urbanization levels.

Question 4. Analyse the socio – economic impact of population growth in India.
Answer: In a developing country like India, uncontrolled population growth negatively affects its socio-economic status. The following social and economic impacts are notable:

1. Humans are excessively using natural resources to meet their needs, which is creating imbalances in nature.

2. The overuse of natural resources has put the existence of many animals, birds, and wildlife at risk. These species are vital for maintaining environmental balance.

3. The underground water level is constantly decreasing, which could lead to severe water crises in the future.

4. Due to the rapidly growing population, about 70% of available drinking water has become unusable by humans. The remaining 30% of water is heavily polluted, causing infectious diseases. Around 15 lakh children die every year from water-borne infectious diseases in India.

5. Many medicinal plants are nearing extinction due to unnecessary human interference with nature.

6. High carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere are increasing the global temperature (global warming). Also, an increase in the rate of glacier melting is causing sea levels to rise. Unnecessary interference with nature by humans results in climate change, which has adverse effects on sea creatures.

7. Incidents of drought, floods, and soil erosion have increased.

8. Levels of air and noise pollution have risen due to vehicles, negatively affecting human health.

9. Malnutrition and the number of hungry people have increased.

10. Economic development has slowed down, and unemployment has risen.

11. Regionalism, caste-based discrimination, and religious discrimination have increased, leading to a decline in law and order.

12. The risk of infectious diseases like AIDS, measles, chickenpox, dengue, and malaria has increased.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the impacts of population growth, categorize your points into social, economic, and environmental effects to ensure a comprehensive answer.

Question 27. Write the measures to control population growth.
Answer: Population growth can be controlled by several measures, including increasing the legal age of marriage, boosting national production, promoting family welfare programs, and spreading education. These steps help manage the birth rate effectively.

1. Increase in the Age of Marriage: The Indian Government's law sets the minimum age for marriage at 21 for boys and 18 for girls. However, this law is often not strictly followed. If this legal age were increased across India, it would lead to higher literacy rates and better control over the reproductive period, thereby reducing population growth.

2. Increase in Production: Increasing production in agriculture and industry boosts the income of the common person and improves their standard of living. This encourages individuals to plan for the future and prefer smaller families.

3. Expansion of Family Welfare Programmes: To control population growth, it is essential to educate every family about the importance of a small family. This can be achieved through public awareness campaigns organized by both government and non-government organizations at the national level. These programs provide adequate support for population control efforts.

4. Spread of Education: For effective control of population growth, it is crucial to make the population literate. Efforts should also be made to improve academic levels. Educated people tend to improve their living standards and understand the importance of having a small family. Spreading education is an effective way to control population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on a balanced approach when listing population control measures, including social, economic, and educational strategies for a complete answer.

Population Statistics Category of States according to Population Size in India (in descending order)

Table 1: State – Wise Population Size in India (in descending order) Year 2011:

Table 2: Population Size of Union Territories in India (in descending order) Year 2011:

Table 3: Population Density in States/Union Territories of India (in descending order):

Table 4: Decadal Population Growth Percentage in States and Union Territories of India in 2001-11 (in descending order):

Important Facts Related to Population:

• State with highest literacy – Kerala (93.91%)
• State with lowest literacy – Bihar (63.82%)
• State with highest male literacy – Kerala (96.02%)
• State with lowest male literacy – Bihar (73.39%)
• State with highest female literacy – Kerala (91.98%)
• State with lowest female literacy - Rajasthan (52.66%)
• Union Territory with highest literacy – Lakshadweep (92.28%)
• Union Territory with lowest literacy – Dadra and Nagar Haveli (77.65%)
• Union Territory with highest male literacy – Lakshadweep (96.11%)