RBSE Solutions Class 11 Sanskrit व्याकरणम् धातुरूप प्रकरणम्

पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तराणि

अभ्यास 1

अधोलिखितेषु रिक्तस्थानेषु कोष्ठांकित निर्देशानुसार पूर्तिं कुरुत (निम्नलिखित रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कोष्ठक में अंकित निर्देशों के अनुसार कीजिए-)

Question 1. सुरेशः श्वं ग्रामे ......................... । (आ+गम्-लृट् लकार, प्रथम पुरुष एकवचनम्)
Answer: सुरेशः श्वं ग्रामे गमिष्यति।
In simple words: The verb form 'गमिष्यति' (will go) is used here because the sentence talks about future action (श्वं - tomorrow) and the subject 'सुरेशः' is singular in the third person.

🎯 Exam Tip: When filling blanks, always match the verb form with the correct लकार (tense), पुरुष (person), and वचन (number) specified in the instructions.

Question 2. सर्वे छात्राः युगपत् ......................... । (चल् लट लकार प्रथम पुरुष बहुवचनम्)
Answer: सर्वे छात्राः युगपत् चलन्ति।
In simple words: 'चलन्ति' (go/walk) is the correct verb form for 'चल' धातु in लट् लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, बहुवचन, matching the plural subject 'सर्वे छात्राः' (all students).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'लट् लकार' indicates present tense actions, and the verb must agree with the subject's number and person.

Question 3. एकस्मिन् नगरे एकः भिक्षुकः ......................... । (वस लङ् प्रथम पुरुष एकवचनम्)
Answer: एकस्मिन् नगरे एकः भिक्षुकः अवसत्।
In simple words: 'अवसत्' (lived) is used as it is the past tense (लङ् लकार) form for 'वस' धातु, third person singular, fitting 'एकः भिक्षुकः' (one beggar).

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लङ् लकार' is used for past actions that are complete. Pay attention to the prefix 'अ' and the ending to identify past tense forms.

Question 4. सत्यं ......................... । धर्मं चर।। (वद् लोट् मध्यम पुरुष एकवचनम्)
Answer: सत्यं वद। धर्मं चर।।
In simple words: The word 'वद' (speak) is the imperative (लोट् लकार) form for 'वद्' धातु, middle person singular, suitable for a command or instruction to one person. Speaking the truth is a virtue.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लोट् लकार' indicates commands, requests, or blessings. The form changes based on who is being addressed.

Question 5. अहं प्रतिदिनं विद्यालयं ......................... । (गम्-लट्-उत्तमपुरुष-एकवचनम्)
Answer: अहं प्रतिदिनं विद्यालयं गच्छामि।
In simple words: 'गच्छामि' (I go) is the correct form for 'गम्' धातु in present tense (लट् लकार), first person singular, matching the subject 'अहं' (I).

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'उत्तमपुरुष' (first person) forms always use 'अहं' (I) as the subject. Remember the endings for these forms like -मि, -वः, -मः.

Question 6. ते उद्याने ......................... । (क्रीड्-लट्-प्रथम-पुरुष-बहुवचनम्)
Answer: ते उद्याने क्रीडन्ति।
In simple words: 'क्रीडन्ति' (they play) is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'क्रीड्' धातु, third person plural, correctly paired with 'ते' (they). Playing is good for health.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'प्रथम पुरुष' (third person) verbs change based on whether the subject is singular (सः/सा), dual (तौ/ते), or plural (ते/ताः).

Question 7. छात्राः समये गृहकार्य ......................... । (कृ-धातुः, विधिलिङ्-प्रथमपुरुष-बहुवचनम्)
Answer: छात्राः समये गृहकार्यं कुर्युः।
In simple words: 'कुर्युः' (should do) is the correct verb form for 'कृ' धातु in 'विधिलिङ् लकार', third person plural, implying that students should complete their homework on time.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'विधिलिङ् लकार' is used to express 'should', 'would', 'might', or 'ought to'. It often suggests a duty or a possibility.

Question 8. वृक्षात् पत्राणि ......................... । (पत्-धातु-लटलकार-प्रथमपुरुष-बहुवचनम्)
Answer: वृक्षात् पत्राणि पतन्ति।
In simple words: 'पतन्ति' (fall) is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'पत्' धातु, third person plural, as 'पत्राणि' (leaves) is a plural subject.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the subject in the sentence first to determine its number and person, then choose the appropriate verb form.

Question 9. मम पार्वे दश रूप्यकाणि ......................... । (अस-लट्-लकार-प्रथमपुरुष-एकवचनम्।)
Answer: मम पार्वे दश रूप्यकाणि सन्ति।
In simple words: 'सन्ति' (are) is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'अस' धातु, third person plural, as 'दश रूप्यकाणि' (ten rupees) is plural. This means "I have ten rupees".

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'अस' (to be) is frequently used to express existence or possession. Ensure its form agrees with the subject, even if the subject is implied.

अन्य महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तराणि

अभ्यास 2

प्रश्नः अधोलिखितानि धातुरूपाणि वाक्येषु प्रयुज्जत– (निम्नलिखित धातु-रूपों को वाक्यों में प्रयोग करो-)। पठिष्यामि, अपिबत्, आसीत्, पठति, करिष्यामि, सन्ति, करिष्यसि, कुर्मः, असि, पठति, अस्ति, याचते, पचति, याचति, भवति, पिबति, आसन्, हन्ति, नृत्यति, हसति।

Question 1. अहं गृहे संस्कृतं पठिष्यामि।
Answer: अहं गृहे संस्कृतं पठिष्यामि।
In simple words: This sentence means "I will read Sanskrit at home." The verb 'पठिष्यामि' is from the 'पठ्' धातु and means 'I will read'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) forms often contain 'ष्य' or 'इष्य' before the ending. This helps identify them.

Question 2. रामः शीतलं जलम् अपिबत्।
Answer: रामः शीतलं जलम् अपिबत्।
In simple words: This sentence translates to "Rama drank cold water." The verb 'अपिबत्' is the past tense form (लङ् लकार) of 'पा' धातु, meaning 'drank'. Drinking cold water can be refreshing.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लङ् लकार' (past tense) verbs typically start with 'अ-' and indicate a completed action in the past.

Question 3. सीता जनकस्य दुहिता आसीत्।
Answer: सीता जनकस्य दुहिता आसीत्।
In simple words: This means "Sita was Janaka's daughter." 'आसीत्' is the past tense form (लङ् लकार) of 'अस' धातु, meaning 'was'.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'अस' (to be) is irregular in many tenses. Learn its forms for different Lakars and persons to avoid mistakes.

Question 4. राकेशः गणितविषयस्य पुस्तकं पठति।
Answer: राकेशः गणितविषयस्य पुस्तकं पठति।
In simple words: This sentence means "Rakesh reads a mathematics book." 'पठति' is the present tense form (लट् लकार) of 'पठ्' धातु, meaning 'reads'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लट् लकार' (present tense) verbs describe actions happening now or habitual actions. Look for the common endings like -ति, -तः, -न्ति.

Question 5. अहं गीतायाः पाठं करिष्यामि।
Answer: अहं गीतायाः पाठं करिष्यामि।
In simple words: This translates to "I will do the lesson of the Gita." 'करिष्यामि' is the future tense (लृट् लकार) form of 'कृ' धातु, meaning 'I will do'.

🎯 Exam Tip: The root 'कृ' (to do) has unique forms across different tenses. Practice conjugating it to become familiar with its variations.

Question 6. ग्रामम् अभितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
Answer: ग्रामम् अभितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
In simple words: This means "There are trees around the village." 'सन्ति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'अस' धातु, meaning 'are'. Trees are vital for the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: When expressing existence ('there is/are'), the verb 'अस' (to be) is frequently used. Ensure the verb form matches the number of the noun existing.

Question 7. त्वं कदा कार्यं करिष्यसि ?
Answer: त्वं कदा कार्यं करिष्यसि ?
In simple words: This question asks, "When will you do the work?" 'करिष्यसि' is the future tense (लृट् लकार) form of 'कृ' धातु, meaning 'you will do'.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'मध्यम पुरुष' (second person) forms, the subject is typically 'त्वं' (you singular) or 'युवाम्' (you dual) or 'यूयम्' (you plural).

Question 8. वयं नद्यां स्नानं कुर्मः।
Answer: वयं नद्यां स्नानं कुर्मः।
In simple words: This sentence means "We bathe in the river." 'कुर्मः' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'कृ' धातु, meaning 'we do/bathe'. Bathing in clean rivers is a traditional practice.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'उत्तम पुरुष' (first person plural) forms always pair with 'वयं' (we). Practice the endings for these forms.

Question 9. भो राम ! त्वं कुत्र असि?
Answer: भो राम ! त्वं कुत्र असि?
In simple words: This translates to "O Rama! Where are you?" 'असि' is the present tense form (लट् लकार) of 'अस' धातु, meaning 'you are'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'असि' is a key 'मध्यम पुरुष' singular form of 'अस' धातु. It is used when addressing one person directly.

Question 10. रमेशः विद्यालये पठति।
Answer: रमेशः विद्यालये पठति।
In simple words: This means "Ramesh studies in school." 'पठति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'पठ्' धातु, meaning 'studies'. Education is very important.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that proper nouns like 'रमेशः' are treated as 'प्रथम पुरुष' (third person) when determining verb forms.

Question 11. विद्यालयं निकषा नदी अस्ति।
Answer: विद्यालयं निकषा नदी अस्ति।
In simple words: This translates to "There is a river near the school." 'अस्ति' is the present tense form (लट् लकार) of 'अस' धातु, meaning 'is'.

🎯 Exam Tip: The word 'अस्ति' is the singular form for 'अस' धातु in 'प्रथम पुरुष' and indicates the presence or existence of a single entity.

Question 12. बालकः जनकं मोदकं याचते।
Answer: बालकः जनकं मोदकं याचते।
In simple words: This means "The boy asks his father for sweets." 'याचते' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'याच्' धातु, meaning 'asks' or 'begs'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'याच्' is an 'आत्मनेपद' धातु, so its forms differ from common 'परस्मैपद' verbs. Practice recognizing these special conjugations.

Question 13. रमा तन्दुलान् ओदनं पचति।
Answer: रमा तन्दुलान् ओदनं पचति।
In simple words: This sentence means "Rama cooks rice into food." 'पचति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'पच्' धातु, meaning 'cooks'. Cooking is an essential life skill.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'पच्' धातु (to cook) is a common verb. Master its basic conjugations across different tenses and persons.

Question 14. सः मातां मोदकं याचति।
Answer: सः मातां मोदकं याचति।
In simple words: This means "He asks his mother for sweets." 'याचति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'याच्' धातु, meaning 'asks'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note how 'याचते' (आत्मनेपद) and 'याचति' (परस्मैपद) can both come from the same root 'याच्' but belong to different 'पदों', showing flexibility in Sanskrit grammar.

Question 15. विद्यया यशः भवति।
Answer: विद्यया यशः भवति।
In simple words: This translates to "Fame comes from knowledge." 'भवति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'भू' धातु, meaning 'comes' or 'happens'. Knowledge brings respect.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'भू' धातु (to be/to happen) is another foundational verb. Its conjugations, like 'भवति', are crucial for sentence construction.

Question 16. गीता हस्ताभ्यां जलं पिबति।
Answer: गीता हस्ताभ्यां जलं पिबति।
In simple words: This means "Gita drinks water with both hands." 'पिबति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'पा' धातु, meaning 'drinks'. Water is essential for life.

🎯 Exam Tip: The root 'पा' (to drink) often changes to 'पिब्' in present tense forms. Be aware of such root changes in conjugations.

अभ्यास 3

प्रश्नः अधोलिखितानि धातुरूपाणि वाक्येषु प्रयुज्जत- (निम्नलिखित धातुरूपों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग करो-) सेवते, लभन्ते, लेखिष्यति, अचिन्तयत्, भजति, भवति, सन्ति, रोचते, पचति, नयति, अस्ति, पठति, पचते, सेवन्ताम्, वहति, सेवन्ते, याचते, कुर्वन्ति, पिबति, चिन्तयति।

Question 1. धनाशया सः कृपणमपि सेवते।
Answer: धनाशया सः कृपणमपि सेवते।
In simple words: This sentence means "Hoping for wealth, he serves even a miser." 'सेवते' is an 'आत्मनेपद' verb form, meaning 'serves'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'सेव्' धातु (to serve) is an 'आत्मनेपद' verb. Its forms end differently from 'परस्मैपद' verbs (e.g., -ते, -एते, -न्ते).

Question 2. शिष्याः विद्यालये ज्ञानं लभन्ते।
Answer: शिष्याः विद्यालये ज्ञानं लभन्ते।
In simple words: This translates to "Students gain knowledge in school." 'लभन्ते' means 'they gain' and is an 'आत्मनेपद' form of 'लभ्' धातु. Knowledge is power.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'लभ्' (to get/gain) is also an 'आत्मनेपद' verb. Its plural form 'लभन्ते' is important to remember.

Question 3. रामः श्वः पत्रं लेखिष्यति।
Answer: रामः श्वः पत्रं लेखिष्यति।
In simple words: This means "Rama will write a letter tomorrow." 'लेखिष्यति' is the future tense (लृट् लकार) form of 'लिख्' धातु, meaning 'will write'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लृट् लकार' is used for future actions. Note the 'इष्य' component in these future tense forms.

Question 4. तम् अवलोक्य शृगालः अचिन्तयत्।
Answer: तम् अवलोक्य शृगालः अचिन्तयत्।
In simple words: This translates to "Seeing him, the jackal thought." 'अचिन्तयत्' is the past tense (लङ् लकार) form of 'चिन्त्' धातु, meaning 'thought'.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लङ् लकार' forms often begin with 'अ-' and end with '-त्' for singular third person, indicating a completed past action.

Question 5. सा वृद्धा प्रतिदिनं ईश्वरं भजति।।
Answer: सा वृद्धा प्रतिदिनं ईश्वरं भजति।।
In simple words: This means "That old woman worships God every day." 'भजति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'भज्' धातु, meaning 'worships'. Worship brings peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'भज्' धातु (to worship/serve) is an 'उभयपदी' verb, meaning it can take both 'परस्मैपद' and 'आत्मनेपद' forms.

Question 6. वृक्षस्य अधः छाया भवति।
Answer: वृक्षस्य अधः छाया भवति।
In simple words: This translates to "There is shade under the tree." 'भवति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'भू' धातु, meaning 'is' or 'occurs'. Shade provides comfort.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'भू' (to be) is fundamental. Its forms like 'भवति' are used to express existence or a state of being.

Question 7. ग्रामं परितः क्षेत्राणि सन्ति।
Answer: ग्रामं परितः क्षेत्राणि सन्ति।
In simple words: This means "There are fields around the village." 'सन्ति' is the plural present tense form of 'अस' धातु, meaning 'are'. Fields are important for farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the subject is plural (like 'क्षेत्राणि'), ensure the verb 'अस' (to be) is also in its plural form, 'सन्ति'.

Question 8. हरये भक्तिः रोचते।।
Answer: हरये भक्तिः रोचते।।
In simple words: This means "Devotion is pleasing to Hari (God)." 'रोचते' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'रुच्' धातु, meaning 'is pleasing'. Devotion brings inner joy.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'रुच्' (to be pleasing) is an 'आत्मनेपद' verb. It is often used with a dative case object (e.g., 'हरये').

Question 9. माता भोजनं पचति।
Answer: माता भोजनं पचति।
In simple words: This translates to "Mother cooks food." 'पचति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'पच्' धातु, meaning 'cooks'. Home-cooked food is healthy.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'पच्' is an 'उभयपदी' धातु. Here it is used in its 'परस्मैपद' form. Pay attention to the context to choose the correct 'पद' for such verbs.

Question 10. कृषकः ग्रामम् अजां नयति।
Answer: कृषकः ग्रामम् अजां नयति।
In simple words: This means "The farmer leads the goat to the village." 'नयति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'नी' धातु, meaning 'leads'. Farmers work hard.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'नी' (to lead/carry) is an 'उभयपदी' verb. Its 'परस्मैपद' form 'नयति' is used here to describe the farmer's action.

Question 11. सः नेत्रेण काणः अस्ति।
Answer: सः नेत्रेण काणः अस्ति।
In simple words: This translates to "He is blind in one eye." 'अस्ति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'अस' धातु, meaning 'is'.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'अस' (to be) is crucial for describing states or conditions. Always ensure it matches the subject in number and person.

Question 12. छात्राः शिक्षकान् पठति।
Answer: छात्राः शिक्षकान् पठति।
In simple words: This sentence means "Students read/study teachers." However, grammatically, it should likely be 'छात्रः शिक्षकान् पठति' (A student reads teachers) or 'छात्राः शिक्षकान् पठन्ति' (Students read teachers). Here, 'पठति' is the singular present tense form of 'पठ्' धातु, meaning 'reads'. Students learn from teachers.

🎯 Exam Tip: In Sanskrit, the verb must always agree with the subject in number and person. A plural subject needs a plural verb, and a singular subject needs a singular verb.

Question 13. सा भोजनं पचते।
Answer: सा भोजनं पचते।
In simple words: This translates to "She cooks food for herself." 'पचते' is the 'आत्मनेपद' form of 'पच्' धातु, meaning 'cooks for oneself'. This form implies the benefit of the action returns to the doer.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'उभयपदी' verbs like 'पच्', the choice between 'परस्मैपद' and 'आत्मनेपद' often depends on whether the action's fruit is for oneself or another.

Question 14. ते गुरुजनान् सेवन्ताम्।
Answer: ते गुरुजनान् सेवन्ताम्।
In simple words: This means "Let them serve the elders/teachers." 'सेवन्ताम्' is the imperative (लोट् लकार) form of 'सेव्' धातु, 'आत्मनेपद', meaning 'let them serve'. Respecting elders is important.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) forms for 'आत्मनेपद' verbs end in '-ताम्', '-एताम्', '-न्ताम्' in the third person.

Question 15. गर्दभः भारं वहति।
Answer: गर्दभः भारं वहति।
In simple words: This translates to "The donkey carries the load." 'वहति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'वह्' धातु, meaning 'carries'. Donkeys are used as beasts of burden.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'वह्' धातु (to carry) is a common verb. Its 'लट् लकार' forms are important for describing present actions.

Question 16. शिष्याः आचार्यं सेवन्ते।
Answer: शिष्याः आचार्यं सेवन्ते।
In simple words: This means "Students serve the teacher." 'सेवन्ते' is the plural present tense form of 'सेव्' धातु, 'आत्मनेपद', meaning 'they serve'. Serving teachers is a respectful act.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'आत्मनेपद' plural form for 'सेव्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' is 'सेवन्ते', always matching a plural subject.

Question 17. याचकः राजानं वस्त्रं याचते।।
Answer: याचकः राजानं वस्त्रं याचते।।
In simple words: This translates to "The beggar asks the king for clothes." 'याचते' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'याच्' धातु, 'आत्मनेपद', meaning 'asks'. Giving to the needy is a good deed.

🎯 Exam Tip: The verb 'याच्' (to ask/beg) is 'आत्मनेपद'. Remember its specific endings, such as '-ते' for the singular third person.

Question 18. भवन्तः मे साहाय्यं कुर्वन्ति।।
Answer: भवन्तः मे साहाय्यं कुर्वन्ति।।
In simple words: This means "You all help me." 'कुर्वन्ति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'कृ' धातु, plural, meaning 'they do/help'. The word 'भवन्तः' (you all, respectful plural) takes a third-person plural verb. Helping others is a virtue.

🎯 Exam Tip: The respectful plural 'भवन्तः' takes a third-person plural verb form. Do not confuse it with 'मध्यम पुरुष' plural 'यूयम्'.

Question 19. बालकः मधुरं दुग्धं पिबति।
Answer: बालकः मधुरं दुग्धं पिबति।
In simple words: This translates to "The boy drinks sweet milk." 'पिबति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'पा' धातु, meaning 'drinks'. Milk is nutritious.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'पा' धातु (to drink), the 'पिब्' stem is used in certain tenses like 'लट् लकार'. Remember this stem change for accurate conjugation.

Question 20. माता पुत्रस्य विषये चिन्तयति।
Answer: माता पुत्रस्य विषये चिन्तयति।
In simple words: This means "Mother worries about her son." 'चिन्तयति' is the present tense (लट् लकार) form of 'चिन्त्' धातु, meaning 'worries' or 'thinks'. A mother's concern for her child is natural.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'चिन्त्' धातु (to think/worry) is often conjugated in the present tense. Understand how it changes for different subjects.

अभ्यास 4

प्रश्नः कोष्ठके प्रदत्तेन धातुरूपेण निर्देशानुसारेण रिक्तस्थानस्य पूर्तिः करणीया (कोष्ठक में दिये गये धातुरूप से निर्देशानुसार रिक्त-स्थान की पूर्ति कीजिये-)।

Question 6. शिष्याः आचार्यं ......................... । (सेव्-लट्)
Answer: शिष्याः आचार्यं सेवन्ते।
In simple words: For 'सेव्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a plural subject 'शिष्याः' (students), the 'आत्मनेपद' form 'सेवन्ते' (serve) is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'सेव्' धातु is 'आत्मनेपद', and its present tense plural form for the third person is 'सेवन्ते'.

Question 7. जननी भोजनं ......................... । (पच्-लट्)
Answer: जननी भोजनं पचति।
In simple words: For 'पच्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a singular subject 'जननी' (mother), the 'परस्मैपद' form 'पचति' (cooks) is generally used.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'पच्' can be 'परस्मैपद' or 'आत्मनेपद'. In simple statements, 'पचति' is common for 'mother cooks'.

Question 8. श्रद्धावन्तः जनाः ज्ञानं ......................... । (लभ्-लट्)
Answer: श्रद्धावन्तः जनाः ज्ञानं लभन्ते।
In simple words: For 'लभ्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a plural subject 'जनाः' (people), the 'आत्मनेपद' form 'लभन्ते' (gain) is used. Those who are faithful gain knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लभ्' धातु (to gain) is 'आत्मनेपद'. Its third-person plural 'लट् लकार' form is 'लभन्ते'.

Question 9. श्रीकृष्णस्य जन्म कारागारे ......................... । (भू+लङ्)
Answer: श्रीकृष्णस्य जन्म कारागारे अभवत्।
In simple words: For 'भू' धातु in 'लङ् लकार' (past tense) with a singular subject 'जन्म' (birth), the form 'अभवत्' (happened) is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लङ् लकार' forms for 'भू' धातु (to be/happen) begin with 'अ-' (अभवत्). This indicates a past event.

Question 10. त्वं यशस्वी ......................... । (भू-लोट्)
Answer: त्वं यशस्वी भव।
In simple words: For 'भू' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with the subject 'त्वं' (you singular), the form 'भव' (be) is used for a blessing or command.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लोट् लकार' expresses commands or blessings. The 'मध्यम पुरुष' singular form of 'भू' धातु is simply 'भव'.

Question 11. ते मां दृष्ट्वा ......................... । (हस्-लट्)
Answer: ते मां दृष्ट्वा हसन्ति।
In simple words: For 'हस्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a plural subject 'ते' (they), the form 'हसन्ति' (laugh) is used. Seeing me, they laugh.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'हस्' धातु (to laugh) is conjugated regularly. 'हसन्ति' is the standard third-person plural present tense form.

Question 12. धनाशया कृपणं न ......................... । (सेव-विधिलङ्)
Answer: धनाशया कृपणं न सेवेत।
In simple words: For 'सेव्' धातु in 'विधिलिङ् लकार' (optative mood) with a singular subject, the 'आत्मनेपद' form 'सेवेत' (should serve) is used, implying one should not serve a miser for wealth.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'विधिलिङ् लकार' is used for advice, duty, or potential. The 'आत्मनेपद' form 'सेवेत' conveys "should serve".

Question 13. बालकः पुस्तकं ......................... । (पढ्-लट्)
Answer: बालकः पुस्तकं पठति।
In simple words: For 'पठ्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a singular subject 'बालकः' (boy), the form 'पठति' (reads) is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'पठ्' धातु (to read) is one of the most basic verbs. Its 'लट् लकार' forms are essential for everyday Sanskrit sentences.

Question 14. रामः पाठं ......................... । (लिख्-लोट्)
Answer: रामः पाठं लिखतु।
In simple words: For 'लिख्' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with a singular subject 'रामः', the form 'लिखतु' (let him write) is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लोट् लकार' 'प्रथम पुरुष' singular forms often end in '-तु', indicating a command or request for a third person.

Question 15. गगने तारागणाः ......................... । (अस्-लट्)
Answer: गगने तारागणाः सन्ति।
In simple words: For 'अस' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a plural subject 'तारागणाः' (groups of stars), the form 'सन्ति' (are) is used. There are many stars in the sky.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the subject is plural, the 'अस' धातु (to be) takes the form 'सन्ति' in the present tense, indicating existence.

Question 16. सः चमरौं मृगं ......................... । (हन्-लृट्)
Answer: सः चमरौं मृगं हनिष्यति।
In simple words: For 'हन्' धातु in 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) with a singular subject 'सः' (he), the form 'हनिष्यति' (will kill) is used. He will kill the deer with a sword.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'हन्' धातु (to kill) is an important verb. Its future tense forms, like 'हनिष्यति', are often formed with 'इष्य'.

Question 17. उत्सवे बालिकाः ......................... । (नृत्-लट्)
Answer: उत्सवे बालिकाः नृत्यन्ति।
In simple words: For 'नृत्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a plural subject 'बालिकाः' (girls), the form 'नृत्यन्ति' (dance) is used. Girls dance at the festival.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'नृत्' धातु (to dance) forms are regular in 'लट् लकार'. Remember the '-न्ति' ending for plural third person.

Question 18. कृषकाः परिश्रमं ......................... । (कृ-लोट्)
Answer: कृषकाः परिश्रमं कुर्वन्तु।
In simple words: For 'कृ' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with a plural subject 'कृषकाः' (farmers), the form 'कुर्वन्तु' (let them do) is used, implying "let farmers work hard."

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'लोट् लकार' 'प्रथम पुरुष' plural form for 'कृ' धातु is 'कुर्वन्तु', used for commands or requests to multiple third persons.

Question 19. जनकः पुत्रस्य विषये ......................... । (चिन्त्-लट्)
Answer: जनकः पुत्रस्य विषये चिन्तयति।
In simple words: For 'चिन्त्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a singular subject 'जनकः' (father), the form 'चिन्तयति' (thinks/worries) is used. A father thinks about his son.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'चिन्त्' धातु is conjugated like 'पठ्' in the 'लट् लकार'. Its singular third person form is 'चिन्तयति'.

Question 20. अहं कार्यं कर्तुं न ......................... । (शक्-लोट्)
Answer: अहं कार्यं कर्तुं न शक्नोमि।
In simple words: For 'शक्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with the subject 'अहं' (I), the form 'शक्नोमि' (I am able) is used, meaning "I am not able to do the work."

🎯 Exam Tip: 'शक्' धातु (to be able) is often used with an infinitive ('कर्तुम्' - to do). Its 'उत्तम पुरुष' singular 'लट् लकार' form is 'शक्नोमि'.

अभ्यास 5

प्रश्नः कोष्ठके प्रदत्तेन धातुरूपेण निर्देशानुसारेण रिक्तस्थानस्य पूर्तिः करणीया (कोष्ठक में दिये गये धातु-रूप से निर्देशानुसार रिक्त-स्थान की पूर्ति कीजिये-)

Question 1. तौ गुरु ......................... । (सेव्-लट्)
Answer: तौ गुरु सेवेते।
In simple words: For 'सेव्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a dual subject 'तौ' (those two), the 'आत्मनेपद' form 'सेवेते' (serve) is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'आत्मनेपद' verbs, the 'प्रथम पुरुष' dual form in 'लट् लकार' ends in '-एते'.

Question 2. गीत श्वः विद्यालये ......................... । (नृत्-लृट्)
Answer: गीत श्वः विद्यालये नर्तिष्यति।
In simple words: For 'नृत्' धातु in 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) with a singular subject 'गीत', the form 'नर्तिष्यति' (will dance) is used. Gita will dance in school tomorrow.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लृट् लकार' indicates future action. The form 'नर्तिष्यति' for 'नृत्' धातु has the characteristic 'ष्य' or 'इष्य'.

Question 3. तौ बालकौ प्रतियोगितायां किं ......................... । (वद्-लृट्)
Answer: तौ बालकौ प्रतियोगितायां किं वदिष्यतः।
In simple words: For 'वद्' धातु in 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) with a dual subject 'तौ बालकौ' (those two boys), the form 'वदिष्यतः' (will speak/say) is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'प्रथम पुरुष' dual form for 'लृट् लकार' verbs usually ends in '-ष्यतः' or '-इष्यतः'.

Question 4. मोहनः अद्य पत्रं ......................... । (लिख्-लोट्)
Answer: मोहनः अद्य पत्रं लिखतु।
In simple words: For 'लिख्' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with a singular subject 'मोहनः', the form 'लिखतु' (let him write) is used. Let Mohan write a letter today.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) 'प्रथम पुरुष' singular forms often end in '-तु', giving a command or suggestion.

Question 5. रामः दशरथस्य पुत्रः ......................... । (अस्-लङ्)
Answer: रामः दशरथस्य पुत्रः आसीत्।
In simple words: For 'अस' धातु in 'लङ् लकार' (past tense) with a singular subject 'रामः', the form 'आसीत्' (was) is used. Rama was Dasharatha's son.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'अस' धातु is irregular in 'लङ् लकार'. 'आसीत्' is the singular past tense form for third person.

Question 6. त्वं विद्यालयस्य गृहकार्यं ......................... । (कृ-लोट्)
Answer: त्वं विद्यालयस्य गृहकार्यं कुरु।
In simple words: For 'कृ' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with the subject 'त्वं' (you singular), the form 'कुरु' (do) is used for a command. You do the school homework.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'कुरु' is the 'मध्यम पुरुष' singular imperative form for 'कृ' धातु, a direct command to 'you'.

Question 7. त्वम् एतत् कार्यं कर्तुं समर्थः ......................... । (अस्-लट्)
Answer: त्वम् एतत् कार्यं कर्तुं समर्थः असि।
In simple words: For 'अस' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with the subject 'त्वं' (you singular), the form 'असि' (are) is used. You are capable of doing this work.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'असि' is the 'मध्यम पुरुष' singular present tense form of 'अस' धातु. It pairs with 'त्वं'.

Question 8. अहम् एतत् पाठं पठितुं न ......................... । (शक्-लृट्)
Answer: अहम् एतत् पाठं पठितुं न शक्ष्यामि।
In simple words: For 'शक्' धातु in 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) with the subject 'अहं' (I), the form 'शक्ष्यामि' (I will be able) is used, meaning "I will not be able to read this lesson."

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'उत्तम पुरुष' singular future tense form for 'शक्' धातु is 'शक्ष्यामि'. It follows the pattern for 'I will' actions.

Question 9. रामः कथायाः रहस्यं ......................... । (ज्ञा-लोट्)
Answer: रामः कथायाः रहस्यं जानातु।
In simple words: For 'ज्ञा' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with a singular subject 'रामः', the form 'जानातु' (let him know) is used. Let Rama know the secret of the story.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'ज्ञा' धातु (to know) can be irregular. Its 'लोट् लकार' 'प्रथम पुरुष' singular form is 'जानातु'.

Question 15. मिष्टान्नं दृष्ट्वा बालकः ......................... । (मुद्-लृट्)
Answer: मिष्टान्नं दृष्ट्वा बालकः मोदिष्यते।
In simple words: For 'मुद्' धातु in 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) with a singular subject 'बालकः' (boy), the 'आत्मनेपद' form 'मोदिष्यते' (will rejoice) is used. Seeing the sweet, the boy will rejoice.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'मुद्' धातु (to rejoice) is 'आत्मनेपद'. Its future tense form 'मोदिष्यते' follows the typical 'ष्यते' ending for singular third person.

Question 16. भिक्षुकः सदैव भिक्षां ......................... । (याच्-लट्)
Answer: भिक्षुकः सदैव भिक्षां याचते।
In simple words: For 'याच्' धातु in 'लट् लकार' (present tense) with a singular subject 'भिक्षुकः' (beggar), the 'आत्मनेपद' form 'याचते' (begs) is used. The beggar always begs for alms.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'याच्' धातु is 'आत्मनेपद'. Its 'लट् लकार' 'प्रथम पुरुष' singular form is 'याचते'.

Question 17. बालकः ग्रामं अजां ......................... । (नी-लृट्)
Answer: बालकः ग्रामं अजां नेष्यति।
In simple words: For 'नी' धातु in 'लृट् लकार' (future tense) with a singular subject 'बालकः' (boy), the form 'नेष्यति' (will lead) is used. The boy will lead the goat to the village.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'नी' धातु (to lead) has future tense forms like 'नेष्यति'. Note the 'एष्य' component. This is an 'उभयपदी' verb, but here used in 'परस्मैपद'.

Question 18. ह्यः चौराः धनं ......................... । (हृ-लङ्)
Answer: ह्यः चौराः धनं अहरन्।
In simple words: For 'हृ' धातु in 'लङ् लकार' (past tense) with a plural subject 'चौराः' (thieves), the form 'अहरन्' (stole) is used. Yesterday, thieves stole money.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लङ् लकार' forms for 'हृ' धातु (to steal/carry) begin with 'अ-' and end in '-न्' for third-person plural, indicating a past action.

Question 19. मीरा कृष्णम् ......................... । (भज्-लङ्)
Answer: मीरा कृष्णम् अभजत्।
In simple words: For 'भज्' धातु in 'लङ् लकार' (past tense) with a singular subject 'मीरा', the form 'अभजत्' (worshipped) is used. Meera worshipped Krishna.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'भज्' धातु (to worship) in 'लङ् लकार' 'प्रथम पुरुष' singular form is 'अभजत्'. This signifies a completed action in the past.

Question 20. बालिकाः भोजनं ......................... । (पच्-लोट्)
Answer: बालिकाः भोजनं पचन्तु।
In simple words: For 'पच्' धातु in 'लोट् लकार' (imperative) with a plural subject 'बालिकाः' (girls), the form 'पचन्तु' (let them cook) is used. Let the girls cook food.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'लोट् लकार' 'प्रथम पुरुष' plural form for 'पच्' धातु is 'पचन्तु', used to give a command or permission to multiple third persons.

प्रस्तुत प्रकरण के अन्तर्गत पाठ्यक्रम में निर्धारित धातु (क्रिया) तीनों (परस्मैपद, आत्मनेपद तथा उभयपद) पदों में प्रयोग कराया जायेगा। सर्वप्रथम धातु तथा पदों का परिचय दिया जा रहा है।

धातु- क्रिया के मूल रूप को धातु कहते हैं। जैसे- पठ् (पढ़ना), गम् (जाना), हस् (हँसना), क्रीड् (खेलना) आदि।

धातु दो प्रकार की होती हैं

• सकर्मक-जिन धातुओं के साथ अपना कर्म रहता है वे सकर्मक धातुएँ होती हैं, जैसे- पठ्, गम् आदि।
• अकर्मक-जिन धातुओं के साथ अपना कर्म नहीं रहता, वे अकर्मक धातुएँ होती हैं, जैसे- वृद्धि, नर्तन्, निद्रा आदि।।

पद-संस्कृत भाषा में धातुओं के तीन पद होते हैं

• परस्मैपद – जिन क्रियाओं का फल कर्ता को प्राप्त न होकर किसी अन्य व्यक्ति को मिलता है वह परस्मैपद धातु कहलाती है।।
• आत्मनेपद – जिन क्रियाओं का फल कर्ता स्वयं प्राप्त करता है वे आत्मनेपदी धातु होती हैं।
• उभयपद – जो धातुएँ परस्मैपद तथा आत्मनेपद दोनों में प्रयोग की जाती हैं उन्हें उभयपदी धातु कहते हैं।

पाठ्यक्रम में निर्धारित धातु रूप इस प्रकार हैं

• परस्मैपद धातवः – भू, पठ्, हस्, वच्, लिख्, अस्, हन्, पा, नृत्, आप्, शक्, कृ, ज्ञा, चिन्त् तथा इनकी समानार्थक धातुएँ।
• आत्मनेपद धातवः- सेव्, लभ्, रुच्, मुद्, याच्।
• उभयपद धातवः- नी, हृ, भज्, पच्।।

निर्देश- इन सभी धातुओं के रूप प्राय: दस लकारों में चलते हैं। पाठ्यक्रम के अनुसार निम्नलिखित लकारों का अध्ययन ही अपेक्षित है :

1. लट् – वर्तमानकाल।।
2. लृट् – काल।
3. लङ् – भूतकाल।
4. लोट् – आज्ञार्थक।
5. विधिलिङ् – विधि (चाहिए अर्थ में)।

(1) लट् लकार-वर्तमान काल में लट् लकार का प्रयोग होता है। जिस काल में क्रिया का प्रारम्भ होना तथा चालू रहना सूचित होता हो और क्रिया की समाप्ति न पाई जाये, उसे वर्तमान काल कहते हैं ; जैसे 'रामः पुस्तकं पठति'-राम पुस्तक पढ़ता है, यहाँ पर पठन क्रिया प्रचलित है तथा उसकी समाप्ति का बोध नहीं होता। अतः वर्तमान काल है। इसी प्रकार 'सः लिखति' (वह लिखता है), 'ते गच्छन्ति' (वे जाते हैं), आदि वाक्यों में भी वर्तमान काल समझना चाहिए।

(2) लृट् लकार – लृट् लकार का प्रयोग भविष्यत् काल में होता है। अर्थात् क्रिया का वह काल जिसमें क्रिया का प्रारम्भ होना तो न पाया जाये किन्तु उसका आगे होना पाया जाये, उसे भविष्यत् काल कहते हैं; जैसे 'सः वाराणसीं गमिष्यति' (वह वाराणसी जायेगा)। इस वाक्य में गमन क्रिया का आगे होना पाया जाता है। अतः यह भविष्यत् काल है। इसके लिए लृट् लकार का प्रयोग किया जाता है।।

(3) लङ् लकार-अनद्यतन भूतकाल में लङ् लकार का प्रयोग होता है। अनद्यतन भूत वह काल है जो आज का न हो, अर्थात् आज बारह बजे रात से पूर्व का काल अथवा आज प्रातः से पूर्व का समय; जैसे देवदत्तः विद्यालयम् अगच्छत्। (देवदत्त विद्यालय गया।)

(4) लोट् लकार-लोट् लकार का प्रयोग आज्ञा देने के अर्थ में होता है। अतः सामान्य बोलचाल की भाषा में इसे 'आज्ञा काल' कहते हैं। यथा-'देवदत्तः गृहं गच्छतु। (देवदत्त घर जाये)। यहाँ देवदत्त को घर जाने की आज्ञा दी गई है। अतः लोट् लकार का प्रयोग हुआ है।

(1) भू (होना) लट् लकार (वर्तमान काल)

लङ् लकार (भूतकाल)

लृट् लकार (भविष्यत् काल)

लोट् लकार (आज्ञार्थक)

विधिलिङ् लकार (चाहिए अर्थ में)

लङ् लकार (भूतकाल)

लृट् लकार (भविष्यत् काल)

लोट् लकार (आज्ञार्थक)

विधिलिङ् लकार (चाहिए अर्थ में)

(3) हस् (हँसना) लट् लकार (वर्तमान काल)

लङ् लकार (भूतकाल)

लोट् लकार (आज्ञार्थक)

विधिलिङ् लकार (चाहिए अर्थ में)