RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Scope of the State

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Name the school of thought having belief in police state.
Answer: The doctrine that believes in a police state is one of non-interference. This idea suggests that the state should only have a very limited role in people's lives.
In simple words: The idea that the state should be like a police force, only stepping in to stop trouble and not getting involved in people's daily lives, is called the doctrine of non-interference.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about a specific school of thought, clearly state its main principle. Here, 'non-interference' is key.

 

Question 2. Write one function of Laissezist state (a state of non-interference).
Answer: A key function of a Laissezist state is to establish and maintain peace and order within society. This approach emphasizes that the state's role is minimal, primarily focusing on security.
In simple words: A Laissezist state mostly works to keep peace and order. It tries not to get involved in other things.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'Laissezist' implies 'hands-off' or 'non-interference' by the state in many areas, especially economic ones.

 

Question 4. Mention the names of two thinkers who regard the state as a means.
Answer: Two thinkers who saw the state as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself, were J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer. They believed the state should serve individuals, not control them.
(i) J.S. Mill
(ii) Herbert Spencer
In simple words: J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer thought the state was just a tool to help people, not the most important thing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to recall at least two distinct names when the question asks for multiple thinkers to ensure full marks.

 

Question 5. Mention two supportive thinkers of public welfare state.
Answer: Two prominent thinkers who supported the concept of a public welfare state are Prof. Harold Laski and J.S. Mill. They believed the state should actively work for the well-being of its citizens.
(i) Prof. Harold Laski
(ii) J.S. Mill
In simple words: Prof. Harold Laski and J.S. Mill were two big supporters of the idea that the government should help make life better for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between thinkers who see the state as a 'means' versus those who support an active 'welfare state'; some thinkers like J.S. Mill can fit into both contexts with different aspects of their philosophy.

 

Question 6. Mention two hurdles in the way of public welfare state.
Answer: Two common challenges that can hinder a public welfare state from working well are bureaucracy and a lack of motivation among people. Bureaucracy can make things slow and complicated, while a lack of motivation might reduce civic participation.
(i) Bureaucracy
(ii) Lack of motivation
In simple words: Two problems for a public welfare state are too much bureaucracy (slow government rules) and people not feeling motivated to help.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing hurdles, provide specific, distinct challenges, like structural issues (bureaucracy) and human factors (motivation).

 

Question 7. In the 19th century, which thought was most prevalent?
Answer: During the 19th century, the most widespread idea was non-interference, also known as the Laissezist concept. This thought promoted minimal government intervention, especially in economic affairs, and greatly influenced policies of the time.
In simple words: The main idea in the 1800s was non-interference, where the government didn't get involved much in people's lives or business.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect historical periods with the dominant political philosophies to show a good understanding of context.

 

Question 8. In which part of the Indian constitution has the provision of public welfare been mentioned?
Answer: The provision for public welfare in the Indian constitution is mentioned in the Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles guide the state in making laws and policies for the good of all citizens.
In simple words: The Indian constitution talks about public welfare in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately identifying the specific part of the constitution (e.g., Directive Principles) is crucial for questions on constitutional provisions.

 

Question 10. Mention the thoughts (schools of views) related to the functional scope of a state.
Answer: Different schools of thought discuss how much a state should do. These include the doctrine of non-interference, the concept of a public welfare state, and the Gandhian thought of a state. Each offers a unique perspective on the state's responsibilities.
(i) Doctrine of non-interference
(ii) Concept of public welfare state
(iii) Gandhian thought of a state
In simple words: Ideas about what a state should do include non-interference (state does little), public welfare (state helps a lot), and Gandhian thought (state focuses on decentralization and non-violence).

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing different schools of thought, provide enough detail for each to show distinct understanding.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Write two basic principles of non - interfering state.
Answer: The non-interfering (Laissezist) state is based on two main principles. These ideas guide how the state should interact with its citizens.
1. State is a necessary evil: Supporters of non-interference believe that a state is needed for security and to keep things in order. However, they also think that the state's involvement limits individual freedom, which stops people from growing fully. So, they view the state as something necessary but bad.
2. Complete freedom to an individual: Those who support non-interference strongly believe in giving individuals the most freedom possible. They follow the 'laissez-faire' idea, which means "let people do as they choose" without the state stepping in. They think the state should not interfere with personal liberty.
In simple words: A state that doesn't interfere much believes two main things: first, that the state is needed but also bad because it limits freedom; and second, that people should have complete freedom without the state getting in the way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each principle and explain its underlying rationale to demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of the non-interfering state concept.

 

Question 3. Mention two objectives of public welfare state.
Answer: A public welfare state has two main goals. These goals focus on improving the lives and freedoms of its citizens.
1. To make use of individual liberties possible: The main aim of a public welfare state is to allow citizens to enjoy true freedom. It also works to ensure that individuals have freedom within the defined boundaries of the state's role.
2. To prepare welfare planning and to provide basic amenities to its citizens: Another important goal of the state is to create plans that help everyone in society. This includes providing essential services and facilities to all citizens.
In simple words: The two main goals of a public welfare state are to help people use their freedom fully and to plan for everyone's well-being by giving them basic services.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing objectives, ensure each point is distinct and clearly explains a specific aim of the public welfare state.

 

Question 4. Mention two functions of a public welfare state.
Answer: The functions of a public welfare state can be grouped into two categories to explain its broad responsibilities. These categories show how a welfare state supports its people.
1. Necessary functions: These are the security-related tasks that a state must perform. For example, maintaining peace inside the country.
2. Optional functions: These functions involve activities that promote social reforms and help regulate key sectors. This could include banning harmful social practices.
In simple words: A public welfare state has two types of jobs: necessary jobs like keeping the country safe, and optional jobs like making social changes and managing businesses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate clearly between 'necessary' (core) and 'optional' (developmental) functions of a state to show a structured understanding.

 

Question 5. Mention two objectives of Gandhian state.
Answer: While Mahatma Gandhi dreamed of a stateless society, he also proposed practical objectives for a state, focused on decentralization and non-violence. These objectives reflect his vision for an ideal political system.
1. Decentralised village self – governance: Gandhiji believed in a system where villages govern themselves. He saw this decentralized self-governance as a step towards a better political setup, which required a specific approach for its time.
2. Non - violent democracy: Gandhiji also envisioned a non-violent democracy. In this system, the state would promote non-violence among its people, with minimal use of force. The police and army would serve the community, focusing on constructive tasks during peacetime.
In simple words: Gandhiji wanted a state with two main goals: villages ruling themselves without much central control, and a democracy where people live peacefully without much force.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing Gandhian concepts, highlight both the ideal (stateless society) and the practical steps (decentralized governance, non-violence) for a complete answer.

 

Question 6. Define Ramrajya (Utopia).
Answer: Gandhiji's idea of Ramrajya is not about the historical rule of Lord Ram, but rather a vision of a stateless society where every individual has complete self-control. This concept means a perfect social system where individuals are guided by their own moral compass, making external control unnecessary.
Gandhiji believed that if people fully embrace non-violence and truth, their inner logic and soul would guide their actions, removing the need for outside authority. He called this ideal stateless society 'enlightened anarchy,' where each person is their own ruler.
In simple words: Ramrajya, for Gandhiji, meant a perfect society with no state, where everyone is good and controls themselves. It's like 'enlightened anarchy' where people guide their own actions with truth and non-violence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clarify that Ramrajya in this context is a philosophical ideal (stateless society) rather than a historical or religious reference, focusing on its core principles of self-governance and moral conduct.

 

Question 8. "A state is an accomplishment”. Clarify this statement.
Answer: Many scholars, including Plato, Aristotle, Bosanke, and Hegel, view the state as the highest achievement of human life and an accomplishment in itself. They believe the state plays a vital role in human development.
According to Plato and Aristotle, society and the state are important moral institutions that help individuals grow morally. Plato famously said, "State does not get out of trees or rocks. It is born out of the character of those people, who reside in it." Aristotle added that "The advent of a state is for the fulfilment of necessities of life and it exists for a good life." These quotes highlight the belief that the state is essential for a good and complete human existence.
In simple words: Many thinkers like Plato and Aristotle believed that having a state is a great achievement for people. They thought the state helps people grow morally and live a good life, showing it's a very important part of human society.

🎯 Exam Tip: When clarifying statements about political philosophy, include quotes or paraphrases from key thinkers to support your explanation and demonstrate depth of knowledge.

 

Question 9. "State is a means". Clarify this statement.
Answer: The statement "State is a means" refers to the belief that the state is merely a tool or an instrument to achieve the interests and welfare of individuals, rather than being an end in itself. Thinkers who hold this view believe that all institutions, including the state, exist to serve the prosperity and well-being of individuals.
Individualist, anarchist, and pluralist thinkers generally regard the state as a means. Individualists, like J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer, accept the state's existence but see it as a "necessary evil" primarily for police work. Anarchists believe the state is entirely unnecessary and unnatural, while pluralists view it as just one community among many. They all agree that the state's main purpose is to benefit its people, not to be served by them.
In simple words: "State is a means" means the state is just a tool to help people, not the most important thing. People like individualists and anarchists believe the state should work for individuals' welfare and not be the ultimate goal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the state as a 'means' and as an 'accomplishment,' and support your explanation with examples of relevant schools of thought.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Essay Type Questions

 

Question 1. While clarifying the concept of non – interfering state, highlight its features.
Answer: The concept of a non-interfering state strongly focuses on individual liberty, viewing individuals as the best judges of their own interests. This philosophy aims to limit the state's powers. Its central idea is that "an individual is not for a state, in fact, a state is for an individual." The main goal of any state or institution should be the development of individuals, not to make individuals serve the state. Therefore, a state should grant maximum freedom and avoid interfering in personal activities.
Development of the concept of non – interfering state: This idea grew after the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, along with individualism. Economists like Adam Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, and Thomas Paine argued that the state should not interfere in economic matters. This outlook from the 19th century was first championed by Bentham and James Mill, and later fully expressed in the works of John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. Ancient Greek sophist thinkers also had similar ideas, prioritizing the individual over the state. Modern individualism is a direct result of the industrial revolution.
Features of non-interfering state: The main characteristics of a non-interfering state are:
1. State is a necessary evil: It is essential for a state to provide security and maintain peace. However, it is also seen as hindering the overall development of an individual by restricting their freedom. Thus, liberal thinkers consider the state a necessary evil.
2. An individual is an accomplishment and state a means: According to this concept, the state's duty is to serve the individual. The state exists for individuals, not the other way around. The state is just a collection of people and can only progress if its people develop.
3. Full liberty to an individual: This principle supports giving maximum freedom to individuals. The non-interfering state follows the "Laissez-faire" principle, which means "leave people to their own devices," and emphasizes that the state should not intervene in individual liberties.
4. Government, which has minimum administration, is the best: Non-interfering thinkers believe that the less a state does, the better it is. The state should only perform limited tasks and avoid welfare activities like education or public health. As Freeman stated, "The government, which performs minimum administration, is the best."
5. Limited scope of a state: These thinkers (Laissezists) believe that a state should only handle security-related duties, thus having a very restricted scope.
In simple words: A non-interfering state believes people should have the most freedom, and the state should do very little. It grew from the Industrial Revolution. Its features include seeing the state as a necessary evil that restricts freedom, believing individuals are more important than the state, giving full freedom to people, having minimal government, and limiting the state's job mainly to security.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to clarify a concept and its features, ensure you first provide a clear definition and then enumerate and briefly explain each feature with distinct points.

Important Conditions Required For Success Of A Public Welfare State:

 

1. Necessary functions: The first condition for a public welfare state to succeed is that it must perform the following essential functions for its citizens:
(1) Social reforms: A welfare state must remove social problems like banning alcohol, preventing child marriage, and fighting the caste system.
(2) Regulation of agriculture, industry and business: A public welfare state should manage farming, industries, and businesses carefully so no one is taken advantage of. It should also help develop agriculture by providing improved seeds and irrigation.
(3) Regulation of labour: The state should work to improve conditions for workers. This includes arranging fair wages, pensions, health care, and insurance, especially for those in need.
(4) Arrangement of education: It is the responsibility of a public welfare state to educate its citizens. This means providing primary education, special education for women and the elderly, and setting up reading rooms and libraries.
(5) Aid to the helpless and victims: A welfare state must provide support to the elderly with pensions, offer free healthcare, and build shelters for people who have no homes.
(6) Healthcare: For public health, the state should strive to keep things clean and control diseases. It should open clinics and research centers, and provide free medical care to workers, women, and children.
(9) Economic security: The state should arrange jobs for everyone to ensure their financial safety. If jobs are not available, the state should provide a 'stipend' (payment) to help people live.
In simple words: For a public welfare state to work well, it must do many things. These include fixing social problems, managing businesses fairly, helping workers, educating everyone, providing aid to those in need, offering good healthcare, and making sure everyone has economic security.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing conditions or functions, use clear headings or bullet points for easy readability and ensure each point describes a distinct function or reform.

 

Question 3. Write an essay on Gandhian form of state.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi had strong views on the state, which are central to his political philosophy. While he ideally envisioned a stateless society, he also proposed practical models for a state.
1. A state is a symbol of organised violence: Gandhiji criticized the concept of the state because he believed it represented organized violence. He felt that the state's oppressive powers restricted individual freedom and stifled the human spirit. For Gandhiji, the state was not merely an evil but also unnecessary.
2. State's sovereignty is another name of violence: Gandhiji strongly opposed the state's oppressive power structure. He viewed state sovereignty as another form of violence, arguing that it takes away an individual's moral right to make choices, thus diminishing moral awareness. Therefore, he did not consider state governance acceptable and even equated obedience to the state with sin. He believed that state orders based on organized violence, if called laws, devalue the power of love and non-violence.
3. Three - tier arrangement: Despite his ideal of a stateless society being hard to achieve, Gandhiji proposed a sub-ideal model for a political system: a "decentralized village and state." He saw this as a time-specific program, envisioning a 'non-violent democracy' as a temporary reformist ideal. This means Gandhiji proposed three models for his ideal political system to gradually move towards his ultimate vision.
4. Sub - ideal decentralised village self – governance: Gandhiji equated the centralization of political power with violence. He believed that only a decentralized political system could align with the ideal of non-violence. He stressed making the village the basic political unit. These self-governed and self-reliant villages would help each other with needs beyond their own management.
5. Concept of non - violent democracy, Provisional reformist model: Gandhiji’s non-violent democracy allows for significant changes in the state's form and purpose while keeping its basic structure. This democracy would rely on decentralization, truth, and non-violence as its guiding principles. Gandhiji believed that a truly non-violent democracy would minimize force, with police and army serving the people and engaging in constructive activities during peacetime. It means a state should not restrict people's freedom of thought or expression unnecessarily.
In conclusion, Gandhiji believed that a complete 'Ramrajya' (stateless, self-ruled villages) was difficult to achieve immediately. So, he proposed a model of non-violent democracy through gradual reforms. This approach highlights his realistic perspective on societal change.
In simple words: Gandhiji saw the state as a symbol of violence, believing it restricts freedom and moral choice. He also thought state power was another form of violence. Since a stateless society was hard, he proposed a three-part system: decentralized village self-governance and a non-violent democracy. In this system, villages would rule themselves, and the state would work with minimal force, guided by truth and non-violence, as a step towards his ideal.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing an essay on a thinker's philosophy, ensure you cover their criticisms, ideals, and practical models, providing a comprehensive overview.

 

Question 4. What is the difference between compulsary and optional functions of a state?
Answer: The functions of a state can be divided into two main categories: compulsory functions and optional functions, which differ in their necessity and scope.
Compulsory functions: These are tasks that a state must perform without fail, as its very existence could be threatened if they are not carried out.
1. The compulsory works of state refer to those functions which ought to be done by the state without fail, or else the very existence of the state may fall in danger.
2. Compulsory functions of a state are:
• Security of the country from foreign invasion.
• Establishment of internal peace and order.
• To collect revenue.
• Formation of rules by state in respect of crime and punishment.
• Proper management and arrangement of judicial system.
• Formation of Laws. Through law only, a state can give a concrete form to its sovereignty.
• Establishment of relations with other states along with international alliances.
Optional functions of a state: These functions are performed by the state for the welfare and growth of its people, but are not essential for its survival.
1. Arrangement for education: In a good state, the public should have proper access to education and political awareness. Therefore, it is the duty of a state that it should make proper management for education of the general public.
2. Cleanliness and public health: A state should make arrangements for preventing diseases and for dispensaries. In the context of good health, the state should monitor the purity of eatables.
3. Control on business and industries: A state should have sufficient control on business and industries so that businessmen get maximum benefit and the country can progress. While formulating policies as regards to industry, a state should take care that there is no injustice done towards the workers.
4. To provide facilities for entertainment: A state should make arrangements for the entertainment of the people by way of opening parks, television centers, cinema halls, and reading rooms.
In simple words: Compulsory functions are things a state *must* do to survive, like protecting the country and keeping peace. Optional functions are things a state *can* do to make people's lives better, like providing education, healthcare, and entertainment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly categorize and explain each type of function, giving specific examples to illustrate the state's core responsibilities versus its welfare-oriented activities.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Multiple – Choice Questions

 

Question 1. 'State is a necessary evil'. This statement is related to which thought?
(a) Individualism
(b) Capitalism
(c) Socialism
(d) Public welfare
Answer: (a) Individualism
In simple words: The idea that a state is needed but also causes problems comes from individualism. It highlights the tension between order and personal freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key philosophical statements with their originating schools of thought to correctly identify the correct option.

 

Question 2. Gandhiji named “ideal state arrangement” to:
(a) Decenetralised village self-governance
(b) Non - violent democracy
(c) Ramrajya
(d) Democracy
Answer: (c) Ramrajya
In simple words: Gandhiji called his perfect state setup "Ramrajya." It was his vision for an ideal society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific terminology and concepts used by key historical figures like Gandhiji to answer questions accurately.

 

Question 4. Which one of the following is not the objective of a public welfare state?
(a) Economic security
(b) Social security
(c) Political justice
(d) Defiance of public opinion
Answer: (d) Defiance of public opinion
In simple words: A public welfare state wants to help people with money, safety, and fairness. It does not try to go against what the public wants.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read 'not' in the question to identify the option that stands out as inconsistent with the core objectives of a welfare state.

 

Question 5. Which one of the following features is not related to welfare state?
(a) Democratic governance
(b) Social justice
(c) Social security
(d) State-less arrangement
Answer: (d) State – less arrangement
In simple words: A welfare state is democratic, works for fairness, and provides safety. It is not a state-less setup; it is very much a form of government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify the core characteristics of a welfare state and differentiate them from other political ideologies, especially those advocating for no state.

 

Question 6. Which one of the following is a compulsary function of a state?
(a) Safety from foreign attacks
(b) to provide health care
(c) Expansion of education
(d) agricultural growth
Answer: (a) Safety from foreign attacks
In simple words: Keeping the country safe from other countries is a must for any state. Other things like healthcare and education are also important but usually come after basic safety.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that fundamental functions like national defense are universally compulsory for any state, regardless of its ideology.

 

Question 7. Which one of the following is an optional function of a state?
(a) To maintain peace and order
Answer: (a) To maintain peace and order
In simple words: Maintaining peace and order is a key task that helps the state function smoothly, though its exact execution might vary. This makes it an optional function, as opposed to core survival tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between core, indispensable functions and those that, while important, are considered discretionary or 'optional' depending on the state's specific political framework and resources.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Other Important Questions and Answers

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Multiple-Choice Questions:

 

Question 1. The purpose of a state, according to Adam Smith, is:
(a) Protection from foreign attacks and internal violence.
(b) Protection from injustice to an individual and his torture from other people.
(c) Construction of public institutions.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: A state's job, according to Adam Smith, is to keep the country safe from enemies, stop bad things from happening to people, and build useful things for everyone. All these roles are crucial.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about classical thinkers' views on the state, remember their focus often includes security, justice, and public works as fundamental roles.

 

Question 2. Which is / are the thinkers who regard a state as an accomplishment?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Hegel
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Plato, Aristotle, and Hegel all thought the state was a great achievement. They believed it was important for people to live well and grow morally, which the state helped achieve.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note how idealist philosophers often see the state as embodying a higher moral purpose or collective good, rather than just a practical arrangement.

 

Question 3. "States are not born of trees and rocks. These are born out of character of those people who reside in it." Whose statement is this?
(a)Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Hegel
(d) Bosanke
Answer: (a)Plato
In simple words: Plato said states are built by the kind of people living in them, not just by physical things like land. The people's character makes the state what it is.

🎯 Exam Tip: This quote highlights the idea that the nature of a state is a reflection of its citizens' virtues and values, a core concept in classical political philosophy.

 

Question 5. "State is a symbol of real wish of people". This statement is attributed to:
(a) Idealists
(b) Anarchists
(c) Individualist
(d) Interventionists
Answer: (a) Idealists
In simple words: Idealists think the state shows what people truly want and believe in together. They see it as working for everyone's best interests and collective aspirations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Idealism emphasizes the state's moral and collective purpose, seeing it as more than just a functional entity but a representation of shared will.

 

Question 6. "Everything is for a state, nothing is against the state”. This is conceptualised by:
(a) Individualists
(b) Pluralists
(c) Fascists
(d) Anarchists
Answer: (c) Fascists
In simple words: Fascists believe that the state is the most important thing, and everything a person does should be for the state. Nothing should go against the state's authority.

🎯 Exam Tip: Fascist ideology often glorifies the state as supreme, demanding total loyalty and obedience from its citizens.

 

Question 7. According to Laissezist principle, a state:
(a) is a means, an individual an accomplishment.
(b) is both an accomplishment and a means.
(c) is an accomplishment, and individual a means.
(d) is neither an accomplishment, nor a means
Answer: (a) is a means, an individual an accomplishment.
In simple words: Laissezist ideas say the state is just a tool to help people. People are the main goal and achievement, and the state should not interfere too much in their lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Laissez-faire emphasizes individual liberty and limited government, viewing the state as a facilitator, not a controller, of personal development.

 

Question 9. "The government with minimum administration is the best.” Which thought propogated this with regards to 'Scope' of a state:
(a) Gandhism view
(b) Public welfare view
(c) Laissezist view
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) Laissezist view
In simple words: The idea that less government is better comes from the Laissezist way of thinking. They believe the state should not get too involved in people's affairs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Laissez-faire theory, particularly in economics, argues that minimal government intervention allows for greater freedom and efficiency.

 

Question 10. Supportive principle which grants maximum liberty to individual:
(a) Gandhism
(b) The principle of public welfare
(c) Policy of non - interference
(d) Communism
Answer: (c) Policy of non - interference
In simple words: The idea of 'non-interference' means the government should not get in the way of people's choices, giving them the most freedom possible. This is also called Laissez-faire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Non-interference principles prioritize individual autonomy, suggesting that people thrive best when governmental constraints are minimized.

 

Question 11. Which scholar supported the policy of non-interference by way of taking concepts from zoology?
(a) Herbert Spencer
(b) Adam Smith
(c) Ricardo
(d) Malthus
Answer: (a) Herbert Spencer
In simple words: Herbert Spencer used ideas from how animals live and survive in nature to argue that the government should not interfere in society. He believed people should be left to compete freely.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Spencer's connection to "survival of the fittest" and social Darwinism, which he applied to justify non-interventionist policies.

 

Question 13. In which year did Karl Marx and Engel publish the 'Communist Mainfesto'?
(a) 1856
(b) 1947
(c) 1948
(d) 1917
Answer: (c) 1948
In simple words: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote and published 'The Communist Manifesto' in 1848. This important book shared their main ideas about communism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key dates for influential political texts like 'The Communist Manifesto' helps in understanding historical political thought movements.

 

Question 14. A characteristic of welfare state is:
(a) Democratic administration
(b) to ensure economic justice
(c) Social security
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: A welfare state has a democratic government, tries to make sure everyone is treated fairly with money, and provides safety nets like social security. All these are its main features.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a welfare state, remember its commitment to democratic values, economic fairness, and social protection for all citizens.

 

Question 15. This is not a duty of citizens of a public welfare state:
(a) devotion towards the state
(b) To obey the orders of the state
(c) To pay taxes to the state
(d) To stay away from social service
Answer: (d) To stay away from social service
In simple words: Citizens in a welfare state are expected to be loyal, follow laws, and pay taxes. It is generally not their duty to avoid helping the community; in fact, active participation is often encouraged.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that citizenship in a welfare state involves both rights and responsibilities, with active civic participation typically being a positive expectation.

 

Question 16. Who among the following was a hardcore opposer of the oppressive power structure of modm state:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Garner
(c) [Option text not available in source]
(d) [Option text not available in source]
Answer: (a) Mahatma Gandhi
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi was strongly against the state having too much power that could oppress people. He wanted a non-violent system where individuals had more freedom and moral authority.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's philosophy often challenged centralized state power, advocating for decentralization and non-violence as core principles of governance.

 

Question 17. Which of the following political thinkers envisaged a 'non-violent democracy?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Lenin
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Karl Marx
Answer: (c) Mahatma Gandhi
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi imagined a democracy where there was no violence. He believed in peaceful self-rule and truth as the foundation for society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's vision of non-violent democracy highlights his commitment to ethical governance and the empowerment of local communities.

 

Question 18. What name did Gandhiji give to a 'stateless society*?
(a) Ramrajya
(b) Liberal state
(c) Democracy
(d) Marxism
Answer: (a) Ramrajya
In simple words: Gandhiji called his idea of a society without a state 'Ramrajya'. It meant a perfect place where people ruled themselves by good morals, without needing external authority.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Ramrajya' symbolizes Gandhi's ideal of a perfectly just and self-governing society based on ethical principles and minimal coercion.

 

Question 19. Which of the followings Indian freedom fighters equated centralisation of political power with violence?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(d) Bhagat Singh
Answer: (b) Mahatma Gandhi
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi strongly believed that when power was all in one place (centralized), it would naturally lead to violence. He advocated for power to be spread out among local communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's emphasis on decentralization was a direct response to his belief that concentrated power often results in oppression and violence.

 

Question 20. A limitation of the state is -
(a) Public opinion
(b) Religion
(c) Morality
(d) [Option text not available in source]
Answer: [Answer option not provided in source]
In simple words: The source material does not specify which of the provided options is considered a limitation of the state. Therefore, a definitive answer cannot be given from the text.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify if the question asks for limitations or positive aspects. If the answer is missing, state it clearly rather than guessing.

 

Question 1. Define a state according to Aristotle.
Answer: Aristotle defined the state as a community formed by families and villages. Its main goal is to help all its citizens live a complete, self-sufficient, and good life. He saw the state as essential for human flourishing and happiness. A well-ordered state provides the framework for moral and intellectual development.
In simple words: Aristotle said a state is a group of families and villages. Its main goal is to help people live a full, happy, and independent life.

🎯 Exam Tip: For definitions by historical figures, remember to include their core idea about the state's purpose and its relationship to human well-being.

 

Question 2. Mention three objectives of a state according to Adam Smith.
Answer: According to Adam Smith, the state has three primary objectives: 1. To protect the society from invasion by foreign countries and from internal violence or disorder. 2. To provide justice and protect each individual from injustice and harm caused by other members of society. 3. To build and maintain public institutions and works that individuals cannot effectively create or manage on their own, such as roads, bridges, and education. These public goods are crucial for societal progress.In simple words: Adam Smith said a state's goals are to protect the country from outside attacks and inside crime, keep people safe from unfair treatment, and build public things like roads for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing objectives, ensure each point is distinct and clearly explains a different role of the state as viewed by the thinker.

 

Question 3. Define the purpose of a state according to Girdis.
Answer: Girdis stated that the fundamental purpose of a state is to create and maintain an environment where all its citizens can live a dignified, self-sufficient, and fulfilling life. The state should foster conditions that allow for individual growth, independence, and the realization of one's highest potential. This includes providing opportunities for personal development.
In simple words: Girdis believed a state's job is to make sure everyone can live a high-quality, independent life by creating the right conditions for their growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on keywords like "atmosphere," "supreme," and "self-reliant life" when defining the state's purpose according to Girdis.

 

Question 4. Write the objective of a state, according to Gamer.
Answer: According to Garner, the objective of the state is multifaceted: 1. To promote the well-being and welfare of individual citizens. 2. To advance the overall welfare and prosperity of the nation. 3. To contribute to the development and progress of human civilization as a whole. Garner emphasized that these objectives are interconnected, with individual welfare contributing to national and global advancement.In simple words: Garner said a state's aim is to help individuals, benefit the whole country, and advance human civilization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Garner's three-tiered objective: individual, national, and human civilization, showing a comprehensive view of the state's role.

 

Question 5. What are the views of fascists regarding a state?
Answer: Fascists hold a view that the state is supreme and absolute, famously encapsulated in the belief that "every thing is for a state, and nothing is against the state." In this ideology, individuals and all institutions exist solely to serve the interests and goals of the state. Personal liberties are secondary to state power, and dissent is not tolerated. The state is seen as an organic entity with a will of its own.
In simple words: Fascists believe that the state is everything. They think that nothing should go against the state, and everyone must serve its goals completely.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing fascism, highlight the state's absolute supremacy and the subordination of individual identity and will to the collective state.

 

Question 6. What is the concept of individualist thinkers in context to a state?
Answer: Individualist thinkers, such as J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer, view the state primarily as a means to protect individual liberty and facilitate individual development, rather than an end in itself. They advocate for minimal state intervention, believing that individuals are best equipped to manage their own affairs and pursue their own interests. The state's role is therefore limited to maintaining order and ensuring contracts are upheld.In simple words: Thinkers like J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer believed the state should mostly protect people's freedom and not interfere too much. They felt people should run their own lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: For individualist concepts, focus on the idea of the state as a "means" to serve the individual, who is the "end" or ultimate purpose.

 

Question 8. A person's welfare is embedded in the end of state's governance. This symbolises which line of thoughts ?
Answer: This thought aligns with Anarchism. Anarchists propose that true individual welfare can only be achieved by eliminating state governance entirely. They believe that the state is an oppressive and harmful institution, and its absence would naturally lead to greater freedom, self-organization, and overall well-being for individuals and communities. This belief emphasizes radical decentralization and voluntary cooperation.In simple words: This idea means people are better off without a state governing them. It shows the thinking of Anarchists, who believe states are bad for people's welfare.

🎯 Exam Tip: Anarchist thought fundamentally rejects state authority, asserting that human societies can function effectively without a centralized government.

 

Question 9. State is an unnecessary, unwanted and unnatural institution. This is related to which political thought ?
Answer: This belief is a fundamental principle of Anarchism. Anarchists argue that the state is an unnecessary, unwanted, and unnatural institution because they believe human beings are capable of self-governance and can organize themselves peacefully without the need for a hierarchical governing authority. They see the state as inherently coercive.In simple words: The idea that a state is not needed and is unnatural belongs to Anarchist thinking. They believe people can manage without government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate Anarchism from other political thoughts by its complete rejection of state legitimacy and its emphasis on voluntary association.

 

Question 10. Which scholar said, "State is a means and also an accomplishment"?
Answer: Bluntschli, a political theorist, held the view that the state is both a practical means for achieving societal goals and an ultimate accomplishment, embodying the collective spirit and highest aspirations of its people. This balanced perspective recognizes the state's functional utility and its inherent value as an expression of community. He emphasized the state's organic nature.In simple words: Bluntschli said the state is both a tool to get things done and a great achievement on its own. It helps people and represents their best goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing Bluntschli's view, remember his dual emphasis on the state's practical utility (means) and its intrinsic value (accomplishment).

 

Question 11. Mention two compulsory functions of a modem state.
Answer: Two essential functions of a modern state include: • Ensuring the security of the country by protecting it from foreign invasions and external threats. • Fostering friendly and cooperative relationships with foreign countries through diplomacy and international agreements. Both functions are crucial for maintaining national sovereignty and global stability.In simple words: Two key jobs of a modern state are to keep the country safe from other nations and to make good friends with countries around the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Compulsory functions are fundamental for a state's survival and international standing, encompassing both internal and external security.

 

Question 12. Mention any two functions of a modem state.
Answer: Two key functions of a modern state are: • Maintenance of internal peace and order, ensuring law and stability within its borders. • Protection of the country from foreign attacks, safeguarding national sovereignty and territory. These are often considered foundational responsibilities without which other functions would be difficult to perform.In simple words: A modern state's jobs are to keep peace inside the country and protect it from attacks from other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on core responsibilities like internal security and national defense as primary functions of any modern state.

 

Question 14. What is the meaning of doctrine of non - interference ?
Answer: The doctrine of non-interference asserts that individuals should be allowed to act according to their own will because each person is considered the primary guardian of their personal interests. This principle advocates for minimal state intervention, upholding individual autonomy and maximizing personal liberty in all spheres of life. It implies that government should not meddle in personal or economic choices.In simple words: The idea of non-interference means people should be free to do what they want because they know what's best for themselves. The state should not interfere much.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain non-interference as a commitment to individual autonomy and limited government, emphasizing personal choice over state control.

 

Question 15. What is the basic rule of Laissez - faire principle?
Answer: The fundamental rule of the Laissez-faire principle is that the state exists to serve the individual, not the other way around. It emphasizes that individual liberty and prosperity are paramount, and the government's role should be limited to avoid hindering these. This philosophy suggests that economic and social affairs should largely be left to natural processes.In simple words: The main rule of Laissez-faire is that the state should help individuals, not that individuals exist to serve the state. People's freedom and well-being come first.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect Laissez-faire directly to minimal state intervention, especially in economic matters, and the prioritization of individual initiative.

 

Question 16. Who are the main proponents of the principle of non-interference?
Answer: Key proponents of the principle of non-interference include Jeremy Bentham and James Mill. They advocated for policies that limit state intervention, believing in individual liberty and the idea that people should be largely free to pursue their own interests without government interference. Their utilitarian philosophies often supported policies that maximized individual freedom.In simple words: Bentham and James Mill were big supporters of the idea that the government should not interfere much in people's lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying proponents of non-interference, remember classical liberals and utilitarians who prioritized individual freedom and limited government.

 

Question 17. What was the initial objective of individualism?
Answer: The initial objective of individualism was to resist state intervention, particularly in the economic field. It emerged from a belief that individuals, rather than the state, were best equipped to make decisions regarding their economic lives, which would ultimately lead to greater efficiency and prosperity. This emphasized personal economic autonomy.In simple words: At first, individualism aimed to stop the state from getting involved in money matters. It believed people should control their own economic choices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link early individualism to its economic roots and the call for market freedom against state control.

 

Question 18. Who are the founders of individualism in the form of political thought?
Answer: Jeremy Bentham and James Mill are considered foundational figures in the development of individualism as a political thought. Their philosophies emphasized individual rights, personal liberty, and limited government intervention. They laid the groundwork for many individualistic political theories that prioritize the autonomous individual.In simple words: Bentham and James Mill are seen as the first to develop the idea of individualism in politics. They focused on individual rights and freedom from too much government.

🎯 Exam Tip: For political thought founders, remember thinkers like Bentham and Mill who championed individual rights and limited state power in political theory.

 

Question 20. Mention any two basic principles of a non - interfering state.
Answer: Two core principles of a non-interfering state are: • The belief that the "state is a necessary evil," meaning it is needed for basic order but its intervention should be minimized. • Advocating for "full liberty to an individual," which emphasizes granting maximum freedom from government control over personal and economic life. These principles highlight the preference for individual autonomy over state authority.In simple words: A non-interfering state believes the state is only needed a little bit and that people should have complete freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing non-interference, always link it to limited government and the protection of extensive individual freedoms.

 

Question 21. 'Minimum administration and maximum freedom' - This is a symbol of which thought ?
Answer: The phrase "minimum administration and maximum freedom" represents the core tenet of the principle of non-interference, also known as Laissez-faire. This philosophy advocates for limited government involvement to allow individuals the greatest possible autonomy and liberty in their economic and personal lives. It's a hallmark of classical liberal thought.In simple words: The idea of having very little government and a lot of freedom comes from the principle of non-interference.

🎯 Exam Tip: This phrase is a concise way to describe the ideal of limited government advocated by non-interventionist and Laissez-faire theories.

 

Question 22. Why do non - interventionists regard a state as a necessary evil?
Answer: Non-interventionists consider the state a "necessary evil" because they believe that state interference, even when well-intentioned, ultimately restricts individual freedoms and hinders a person's complete development. They argue that excessive state power can stifle personal growth, creativity, and self-reliance, thereby impeding overall societal progress.In simple words: Non-interventionists see the state as a "necessary evil" because they think it stops people from fully growing and having freedom when it interferes too much in their lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: The "necessary evil" concept reflects the tension between the need for order and the desire for individual liberty, a central theme in non-interventionist thought.

 

Question 23. The government with minimum administration is the best. Who said this?
Answer: This statement is attributed to Freeman. He was a political commentator who believed that the most effective government is one that governs least, thereby allowing individuals and the market to operate with maximum freedom. This view aligns with classical liberal principles of limited state power.In simple words: Freeman said that the best government is one that does the least amount of managing, believing it allows people more freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: For quotes, ensure accurate attribution and briefly explain the underlying philosophy, such as limited government in this case.

 

Question 24. Write the names of two scholars who have come out with economic arguments in support of a non-interfering state.
Answer: Two scholars who provided strong economic arguments in favor of a non-interfering state are Adam Smith and David Ricardo. They argued that free markets, guided by an "invisible hand" and with minimal government intervention, lead to greater economic efficiency, innovation, and overall prosperity through natural self-regulation. Their theories formed the bedrock of classical economics.In simple words: Adam Smith and David Ricardo used economic reasons to say that the state should not interfere. They believed markets work best when left alone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Adam Smith's "invisible hand" and classical economic theory as primary justifications for limited state intervention in the economy.

 

Question 26. What is the moral argument of non-interventionists in support of individualism?
Answer: Non-interventionists morally support individualism by arguing that every person possesses a distinct and unique personality and selfhood. Therefore, they believe it is the state's ethical duty to allow each individual the freedom to develop their 'being' and potential according to their own choices, without external constraints or forced uniformity. This respects the inherent dignity of each person.In simple words: Non-interventionists believe it's morally right for each person to develop their own unique self. So, the state should let people grow and choose their path freely.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the concept of unique personality and the moral imperative of self-development as central to the non-interventionist argument for individualism.

 

Question 27. Mention any two arguments in opposition to non-interventionist state.
Answer: Two significant arguments against a non-interventionist state are: • Individuals may not always accurately judge their own best interests, potentially leading to harmful choices or exploitation. • The state inherently serves as a welfare institution, responsible for actively promoting the overall well-being and social justice for all its citizens, which often requires intervention. These points highlight the potential downsides of excessive individualism and the perceived need for state action.In simple words: People sometimes don't know what's best for them, and a state is supposed to help everyone. These are two reasons why some people disagree with a non-interventionist state.

🎯 Exam Tip: When criticizing non-interventionism, emphasize the state's role in protecting vulnerable individuals and ensuring collective welfare beyond what markets provide.

 

Question 28. Which doctrines of present period are a sophisticated form of non - interventionist state?
Answer: Modern doctrines that represent a more sophisticated form of a non-interventionist state include: • Liberalism, which emphasizes individual rights, minimal government, and free markets. • Privatisation, involving the transfer of state-owned enterprises and services to the private sector. • Globalisation, promoting free trade, open markets, and reduced national barriers, thereby limiting state economic control. These approaches continue the spirit of limited government in contemporary contexts.In simple words: Modern ideas like Liberalism, giving public things to private companies (Privatisation), and connecting countries through trade (Globalisation) are all newer ways of having a non-interventionist state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect modern non-interventionist forms to current economic and political trends like market liberalization and global economic integration.

 

Question 29. Mention a definition of public welfare state.
Answer: According to Dr. Abrahim, a "Welfare state" is defined as one where "the operation of its economic system is done with the objective of optimum distribution of goods beyond its income." This means the state actively works to reduce economic inequality and ensure that essential goods and services are available to all citizens, even if they cannot fully afford them through their own income. It's about providing a safety net and promoting social equity.In simple words: Dr. Abrahim says a welfare state makes sure everyone gets a fair share of goods and services, even if they can't afford them, by using its economic system.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining the welfare state, emphasize its role in economic distribution and ensuring basic provisions for all, beyond market forces.

 

Question 32. Mention one objective of public welfare state.
Answer: One key objective of a public welfare state is to ensure the freedom of an individual by expanding the scope of state activities. This means that by providing social support, education, healthcare, and economic security, the state actually enhances citizens' ability to exercise meaningful liberties and pursue their life goals. It removes barriers to genuine freedom.In simple words: A welfare state aims to give people more freedom by doing more things to help them, like providing services and opportunities, so they can live better lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that the welfare state, unlike minimalist states, sees state intervention as a means to *enhance* rather than restrict individual freedom.

 

Question 33. Which country has contributed mainly in the development of the concept of public welfare state?
Answer: England has significantly contributed to the evolution and development of the concept of the public welfare state. Many foundational social policies, such as poor laws and early social insurance schemes, originated or were pioneered in England. These reforms influenced the development of welfare states globally, setting precedents for state responsibility in social well-being.In simple words: England played a big role in creating and developing the idea of a public welfare state, setting an example for other nations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize England's historical role in pioneering social welfare legislation, which laid the groundwork for modern welfare states.

 

Question 34. The philosophy of welfare state has been included in the utilitarian philosophy of which scholars ?
Answer: The philosophy of the welfare state has been integrated into the utilitarian philosophy, particularly by scholars like Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mill. Utilitarianism, which seeks the greatest good for the greatest number, aligns with the welfare state's goal of maximizing overall societal well-being and happiness through state action. Their ideas provided a strong intellectual basis for social reforms.In simple words: Thinkers like Bentham and J.S. Mill included the welfare state idea in their utilitarian philosophy, which aims to do the most good for the most people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that utilitarianism provides a philosophical justification for welfare policies by arguing that they produce the greatest aggregate happiness and utility.

 

Question 35. In the development of the concept of welfare state, fabian social philosophers of which country explicitly contributed?
Answer: Fabian social philosophers from England made explicit and significant contributions to the development of the welfare state concept. The Fabian Society advocated for gradual social reforms and state intervention to achieve greater equality and public well-being, believing in a democratic transition to socialism. Their ideas influenced the British Labour Party's policies.In simple words: Fabian thinkers from England greatly helped shape the idea of the welfare state, pushing for slow, democratic changes to improve society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Fabian Society's influence on the welfare state, particularly their focus on gradualism and democratic means to achieve socialist goals.

 

Question 36. Who is the main proponent of public welfare state ?
Answer: Harold Laski is considered a primary proponent of the public welfare state. He argued for extensive state intervention to secure economic equality, social justice, and individual rights. Laski believed that a robust state was necessary for human flourishing and for addressing the inequalities inherent in capitalism, making him a key figure in the development of modern welfare theory.In simple words: Harold Laski was a main supporter of the public welfare state, believing the government should do a lot to help people and ensure fairness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Laski is associated with advocating for a powerful state that actively promotes social and economic justice, essential characteristics of a welfare state.

 

Question 38. According to Gamer, what is the purpose of a public welfare state?
Answer: According to Garner, the purpose of a public welfare state is multifaceted: "to develop national life, nationality and immaterial and moral factors of a person's life.” This means it aims to nurture and enhance a country's collective identity, strengthen its sense of shared belonging, and cultivate the intangible moral and ethical qualities in people's lives. It seeks holistic societal and individual development.In simple words: Garner said a welfare state helps improve a nation's life, builds national identity, and strengthens people's good values and morals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When citing Garner, emphasize his comprehensive view that extends beyond material welfare to include national identity and moral development.

 

Question 39. Which type of state creates such circumstances wherein all-round development of an individual is possible in a healthy way?
Answer: A public welfare state is designed to create an environment and provide the necessary conditions where every individual can achieve comprehensive and healthy development. It focuses on well-being across social, economic, and personal dimensions, offering support in areas like education, healthcare, and employment to enable people to flourish.In simple words: A public welfare state creates good conditions so that everyone can grow and develop fully in a healthy way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the public welfare state to the concept of holistic development, ensuring that its policies support all aspects of human growth.

 

Question 40. Mention two features (characteristics) of a public welfare state.
Answer: Two key features of a public welfare state are: • Arrangement of a democratic system of governance, ensuring citizen participation and accountability. • A spirit of international cooperation, working with other nations for global well-being, peace, and shared goals. These characteristics distinguish it from totalitarian or purely nationalist states.In simple words: A welfare state has a democratic government and works well with other countries to help everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing features, focus on core elements like democracy for internal legitimacy and internationalism for global relevance.

 

Question 41. How does a public welfare state ensure economic justice?
Answer: A public welfare state ensures economic justice by actively working to eliminate prevalent social and economic disparities. It often does this by implementing progressive tax policies, where wealthier individuals pay higher taxes. These collected funds are then used to finance public services and support for less privileged sections of society, thus redistributing wealth and opportunity.In simple words: A welfare state creates economic fairness by taxing rich people more. This money helps reduce the gap between rich and poor by funding public services.

🎯 Exam Tip: Economic justice in a welfare state often involves redistribution through taxation, social programs, and regulation to reduce inequality.

 

Question 42. Which state does the work of forming coordination between individualism and socialism?
Answer: The public welfare state plays a crucial role in balancing and coordinating the principles of individualism and socialism. It strives to protect individual liberties and market freedoms while also promoting collective well-being and social equity through state intervention. This approach aims to combine the benefits of both ideologies, like a middle path.In simple words: The public welfare state brings together ideas from individualism (people's freedom) and socialism (helping everyone equally) to find a balance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the welfare state as a hybrid system that attempts to reconcile individual freedoms with collective social responsibilities.

 

Question 44. Mention any two optional functions of a public welfare state.
Answer: Two optional functions of a public welfare state include: • Initiating social reforms to address societal issues like discrimination, child marriage prevention, or promoting cleanliness. • Providing comprehensive healthcare services, including opening hospitals, dispensaries, and supporting medical research, to ensure the well-being of its citizens. These functions go beyond basic security to actively improve the quality of life.In simple words: Two extra jobs a welfare state might do are to fix social problems like unfair practices and to provide health services for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Optional functions indicate areas where the state chooses to intervene to improve quality of life, moving beyond merely essential duties.

 

Question 45. What is the duty of a state?
Answer: The fundamental duty of a state is to ensure the welfare and comprehensive growth of its people by providing all necessary facilities. This includes creating an environment where people can thrive, have opportunities for education and employment, and live a good life free from fear and want. A state exists to serve its citizens.In simple words: A state's job is to give its people everything they need to be well and grow, providing facilities for their welfare.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that the state's duty extends beyond protection to actively promoting the overall well-being and development of its citizens.

 

Question 46. Mention any two points of criticism of a public welfare state.
Answer: Two common criticisms of a public welfare state are: • It can lead to restrictions on the liberty of an individual, as increased state intervention may limit personal choices and autonomy. • It often relies on the compulsive power of the state, through high taxation and extensive regulations, which critics argue can infringe upon individual freedom. These points highlight concerns about overreach and potential loss of individual agency.In simple words: Some people criticize a welfare state by saying it takes away people's freedom and uses too much force. These are two common criticisms.

🎯 Exam Tip: When presenting criticisms, focus on the tension between state power and individual freedom, and the potential for inefficiency or over-regulation.

 

Question 47. Which Indian thinker criticized the state?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi, a prominent Indian thinker, was a strong critic of the state, especially its centralized and coercive nature. He believed that the state, by its very essence, represented organized violence and could stifle individual freedom and moral development. He advocated for decentralized self-governance instead.In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian thinker, criticized the state. He felt it was too powerful and could be violent, limiting people's freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's critique of the state stems from his philosophy of non-violence and his emphasis on individual moral autonomy and self-rule.

 

Question 48. Why did Gandhiji criticise the state?
Answer: Gandhiji criticized the state because he believed it fundamentally lacked a moral objective and was, in essence, a symbol of organized violence. He argued that the state's reliance on force and its tendency to centralize power undermined individual ethics, personal liberty, and true societal well-being. He envisioned a society that would ideally be stateless.In simple words: Gandhiji criticized the state because he thought it wasn't moral and represented organized violence, rather than peace and individual goodness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that Gandhi's criticism was rooted in his moral and ethical framework, viewing state power as inherently corrupting and violent.

 

Question 50. Which thought envisages the existence of self-reliant villages?
Answer: Gandhian thought envisions a society built upon self-reliant villages. Mahatma Gandhi advocated for a decentralized system where each village would be a self-sufficient unit, capable of meeting its own needs and governing itself through non-violent means. This vision emphasized local autonomy and community empowerment.In simple words: Gandhian thought imagined villages that could support themselves and manage their own affairs, without needing much help from outside.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect self-reliant villages directly to Gandhian philosophy, highlighting decentralization and local governance as key components.

 

Question 51. What did Gandhiji envisage in the form of provisional political ideal?
Answer: As a provisional political ideal, Gandhiji envisaged a non-violent democracy. He understood that a completely stateless society (Ramrajya) was difficult to achieve immediately, so he proposed a transitional phase where a democratic system would operate with minimal force and a strong emphasis on peace and ethical governance. This was a practical step towards his ultimate vision.In simple words: Gandhiji thought of a non-violent democracy as a temporary, practical goal. It was a step towards his ideal society, where people would govern themselves peacefully.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate Gandhi's ultimate ideal (stateless Ramrajya) from his provisional ideal (non-violent democracy) as a practical step.

 

Question 52. What is the motto of political philosophy of Gandhiji?
Answer: The core motto of Gandhiji's political philosophy was to ensure the complete and holistic development of human life. He aimed for a society where individuals could realize their full potential – morally, spiritually, and socially – in an environment free from exploitation, violence, and state coercion. This focus on human flourishing was central to all his teachings.In simple words: Gandhiji's main goal in his political ideas was to help people live a full and complete life, growing in every way possible.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gandhi's philosophy prioritizes human development in all aspects (moral, spiritual, social) as the ultimate purpose of political and social organization.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Explain the compulsory functions of a state.
Answer: Compulsory functions are essential duties that a state must perform to ensure its very survival and stability. Without these, the state's existence would be at risk. These vital functions include: 1. Protection of the country from foreign attacks, safeguarding national sovereignty and territory. 2. Maintaining internal peace and order, ensuring law enforcement and stability within the nation's borders. 3. Forming rules related to crime and punishment, and establishing a proper system for the delivery of justice through courts. 4. Making laws, as this is how a state expresses its sovereignty and authority in a real and enforceable way. 5. Collection of revenue through taxes and other means, which is necessary to fund all state activities and services. These foundational tasks are indispensable for any functioning state.In simple words: Compulsory state functions are the basic jobs a state must do, like protecting the country, keeping peace inside, making laws, running courts, and collecting money. If it doesn't do these, it might cease to exist.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining compulsory functions, emphasize that these are non-negotiable duties vital for the state's existence and security, both internally and externally.

 

Question 3. Mention in brief the non-interventionist thought relating to scope of a state.
Answer: Non-interventionist thought focuses heavily on the freedom of each person. It sees individuals as the best protectors of their own interests. This idea suggests that the state's power should be limited. The main principle is, "An individual exists for the state, not the state for an individual." The main purpose of a state or any other organization should be to help individuals grow, not to make individuals serve the state. A state should give people as much freedom as possible and should not interfere with their activities. This approach helps people make their own choices and lead their lives without too much control.
Development of the concept of non-interfering state: After the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the idea of non-interference in the economy grew, along with individualism. Economists like Adam Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, and Thomas Paine said that the state should not get involved in economic matters. The core idea is that people should be left to manage their own affairs.
The fundamental idea of this principle is "an individual is not for a state, instead, a state is for an individual." The mission of a state or other institutions is the development of an individual, and it is not the duty of an individual to serve the state. A state should provide maximum freedom to an individual and should not interfere with their activities.
In simple words: This idea says the government should not interfere much in people's lives and their work. People should be free to make their own choices, and the state's main job is to help individuals thrive, not control them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing non-interventionist thought, remember keywords like "individual liberty," "limited state," and "laissez-faire" to show a clear understanding.

 

Question 5. Mention any two arguments in support of a non-interventionist state.
Answer: Arguments in support of a non-interventionist state are:
1. Scientific argument: Thinkers like Herbert Spencer used ideas from life sciences to support non-interventionism. He believed that in the struggle of life, strong and capable people move forward, while weaker ones are naturally eliminated. He argued this natural rule should apply to society, and it works best when individuals are independent. So, a state should help every individual develop as they choose. This perspective emphasizes that society functions like a natural system, where competition leads to progress.
2. Economic argument: Economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Ricardo, and Mill believed that every person perfectly understands what is good and bad for them financially. For the economy to grow, the state should not control economic activities. They argued that if the state interferes, people lose their drive and motivation, so the government should adopt a policy of non-intervention in business and industry.
In simple words: Two main reasons for a non-interventionist state are: first, that in life, strong people move ahead, and the state should let this happen; and second, that people know best about their own money matters, so the state should not interfere in business.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing arguments, always use clear headings or bullet points. Mentioning the names of key thinkers associated with each argument adds weight to your answer.

 

Question 7. Mention the concept of public welfare state.
Answer: The concept of a public welfare state: A public welfare state is a modern idea that focuses on the state's role. This type of state provides justice, security, and internal systems for its citizens. It also works hard to improve all aspects of life for their well-being. A welfare state combines ideas from individualism and socialism. It does not take away individual freedom, like socialism can, and it helps resolve many state activities, like individualism does. The main goal of a public welfare state is to improve the happiness and prosperity of individuals. To achieve this, the state performs necessary services. The idea of a public welfare state aims to create a balanced society where both individual freedom and collective well-being are prioritized.
In the development of the concept of a public welfare state, England played a big role. Political thinkers like J.S. Mill and Bentham included the idea of a welfare state in their utilitarian philosophy. In Queen Elizabeth I's time in England, the 'Rule of poor' was made to help poor and physically weak people, showing an early spirit of public welfare.
In simple words: A public welfare state is one that cares for all its people, providing security, justice, and working to improve everyone's life. It mixes ideas of individual freedom with community well-being.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define a welfare state clearly, emphasizing its dual focus on individual welfare and state responsibility, and mention its historical roots.

 

Question 8. Mention any two reasons for the advent of concept of public welfare state.
Answer: The concept of the public welfare state came about for several reasons:
1. Reaction against Individualism: Individualism limited the state's role, and this led to very poor conditions for the working class during the industrial revolution. Workers were heavily exploited. The public welfare state arose as a way to oppose these negative effects of extreme individualism, aiming to protect vulnerable populations. It sought to correct the imbalance created by unrestricted economic freedom.
2. Fear of the influence of Marxist communism: After the "Communist Manifesto" was published in 1848, and the communist revolution happened in Russia in 1917, Karl Marx's ideas grew strong. To stop communism from spreading, Western countries changed their capitalist democratic systems. This led to the development of the public welfare concept.
In simple words: Two reasons the welfare state started are: it was a response to how individualism led to worker exploitation, and it was a way to prevent the spread of communism after the Russian Revolution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing reasons for a political concept's advent, linking it to reactions against existing ideologies and historical events provides a strong answer.

 

Question 9. Explain the main purpose of public welfare state.
Answer: The main objectives of a public welfare state are:
1. To ensure the use of real liberty by its citizens.
2. To ensure individual liberties by widening the state's scope.
3. To provide all basic amenities to its citizens.
4. To plan for the welfare of all classes of its people.
5. To accomplish social obligations, etc.
Important Conditions required for Success of a Public Welfare State:
1. Necessary functions: The first condition for a public welfare state to succeed is that it must perform essential tasks.
2. Optional functions: It is also important for a public welfare state to perform the following duties for its citizens:
(1) Social reforms: For a welfare state to succeed, it must remove social problems like banning alcohol, preventing child marriage, untouchability, and the caste system.
(2) Regulation of agriculture, industry, and business: A public welfare state should manage agriculture, industry, and business so that no one is exploited. The state should also arrange for good quality seeds and irrigation for agricultural development.
(3) Regulation of labour: A welfare state should work to improve workers' conditions. It should arrange for fair wages, pensions, health care, insurance, and help for workers in need.
(4) Arrangement of education: It is the responsibility of a public welfare state to provide education for its citizens. This includes arranging for primary education, education for women, and elderly persons. The state should also set up reading rooms and libraries.
(5) Aid to the helpless and victims: A welfare state should provide pensions for older people, free health care, and shelters for the homeless.
(6) Healthcare: For cleanliness and disease control, a state should try its best. It should open dispensaries and medical research centers, and provide free medical care to workers, women, and children.
(7) Facility of entertainment: The state should make arrangements for parks, TV, radio stations, cinema halls, and reading rooms for citizens' entertainment.
(9) Economic security: A state should arrange jobs for all people to ensure their economic safety. If this is not possible, the state should provide a 'stipend' for their living expenses.
In simple words: The public welfare state aims to give everyone freedom, basic needs, and security. It also works to correct social problems, manage the economy fairly, and provide services like education and healthcare to improve everyone's life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Break down the purpose into core objectives, necessary conditions, and specific optional functions. This detailed structure helps cover all aspects of the concept.

 

Question 11. Mention any four optional functions of a public welfare state.
Answer: Optional functions of a public welfare state: Optional functions are those which are performed by the state for the welfare of its people. Four optional functions of a public welfare state are as follows:
1. Optional functions of a public welfare state: It is the responsibility of a public welfare state to provide education to its citizens. For this, it should arrange for primary education, women's education, and adult education. The state should also arrange for libraries and reading rooms. Education empowers citizens and improves societal capabilities.
2. Social reforms: A public welfare state should try to eliminate social evils such as alcohol consumption, child marriage, untouchability, and the caste system.
3. Regulation of labour: A public welfare state is involved in improving the condition of the labor class and helping them by arranging for proper wages, pensions, healthcare, insurance, and assistance in times of distress.
4. Work related to family planning: A welfare state should try to control population so that the standard of living of the current population can be maintained or improved.
In simple words: A welfare state's optional functions include providing education for all, working to remove social evils, taking care of workers, and managing family planning to improve life quality.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for specific examples like "four optional functions," list them clearly. Briefly explaining each point shows a complete understanding.

 

Question 12. Mention two bases of criticism of public welfare state.
Answer: Bases of criticism of public welfare state: There are two main criticisms of a public welfare state:
1. Murder of personal freedom: In a public welfare state, individual liberty can be compromised. The state performs many tasks under its control and guidance, which increases state power and restricts individual freedom. This can lead to a feeling that the state is overstepping its boundaries and reducing personal choices.
2. Strength of the bureaucracy: In a public welfare state, most work is done by government officials (bureaucracy). As the government's tasks and responsibilities grow, the administration becomes larger and more centralized. This can lead to bureaucracy becoming autocratic, where public welfare plans become ineffective due to the selfish interests of officials.
In simple words: A public welfare state is criticized because it can reduce personal freedom by having too much control, and because powerful government officials might become corrupt or inefficient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on clear, distinct points of criticism. For political science, discussing the balance between state power and individual liberty is often a key theme.

 

Question 13. Clarify the state-related concept of Gandhism.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was a great Indian freedom fighter and political thinker. His ideas about the state are known as Gandhism. According to Gandhiji, a state does not serve any moral purpose; instead, it is a symbol of organized violence. He believed it suppresses the individual's soul through oppressive powers. Therefore, he considered the state not just evil but also unnecessary. He also thought that state power restricts individual freedom through control. Gandhiji believed state sovereignty was another form of violence and opposed all types of violence. For him, calling state orders based on organized violence "laws" reduces the importance of love and non-violence. Even though Gandhiji was against the state, he accepted that ending the state immediately was not possible. He proposed a reformist idea of decentralized village self-governance and non-violent democracy.
It was Gandhiji's belief that when an individual fully adopts non-violence in life and dedicates themselves to the supreme truth, their awakened soul and proper reasoning will guide all their actions with moral impact. This way, there would be no need for external control over their being. In this situation, an individual becomes their own ruler. Gandhiji also thought it would be very hard to achieve this ideal political state, because after living in a human body, individuals cannot fully live up to the ideal of non-violence.
In simple words: Gandhism viewed the state as a symbol of violence that crushes individual freedom and moral purpose. Gandhi believed a truly free person would rule themselves through non-violence, but he knew achieving a stateless society immediately was difficult.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Gandhi's core belief about the state (organized violence) and contrast it with his ideal of self-governance and non-violent democracy. Mentioning his practical acceptance of a transitional phase adds depth.

 

Question 15. Clarify Gandhiji's decentralised village self-governance model.
Answer: While explaining his concept of decentralized village self-rule, Gandhiji stated that centralizing political power is the same as violence. He believed that a decentralized political system aligns with the ideal of non-violence. Gandhiji emphasized that villages should be political units. This arrangement does not mean that such a village would have no connection with other villages. These independent, self-governed, and self-reliant villages would seek help from other villages for needs that cannot be managed locally. They would do this cooperatively and would also be ready to help other villages in need. This means that complex issues would be resolved through mutual help and cooperation.
In a national state, the country would be a union of free republics. Each village would be organized according to the wishes of its residents. Villages would hold elections for representatives of the district administration. In these elections, every village would have one vote. The district representative would elect the provincial administration, and provincial representatives would elect the president, who would be the main executive of the nation. Gandhiji felt that implementing decentralized village self-governance was a provisional political ideal, which he envisioned as a non-violent democracy.
In simple words: Gandhiji's model focused on self-governing villages as the basic political unit, where decisions are made locally and cooperation solves bigger problems. He saw this decentralized system as a non-violent way to govern.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the village as the primary unit and the role of cooperation. Explain how decentralization relates to non-violence in his philosophy.

 

Question 1. Describe different political outlooks relating the scope of a state.
Answer: There are many political viewpoints regarding the scope of a state. Some views give the state absolute power, seeing individuals as completely under its control. Other views limit the state's power and advocate for maximum individual freedom. The different outlooks related to the scope of a state are:
1. A state, in itself, is an accomplishment, and the individual is a means: Some scholars see the state as an achievement. Thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, and Bosanke believe the state is the highest goal of human life and an accomplishment. According to Plato and Aristotle, society and the state are moral institutions whose goal is the moral development of individuals. Plato said, "States are not born of trees or rocks. They are born out of the character of those people who live in them." Aristotle believed the state is a person, and it is our duty to worship it respectfully. Hegel also saw the state as an accomplishment and a divine incarnation on Earth. These thinkers merge the state's will with the individual's will. This belief led to fascism, where fascists believe "everything is for a state, and nothing is against the state." Idealist and totalitarian thinkers also see the state as an accomplishment.
Individualist thinkers, however, accept that a state exists but do not see it as an accomplishment. J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer consider the state a necessary evil. They want the state's role limited to police duties. Anarchists believe individual welfare lies in ending state governance, viewing the state as unnecessary, irrational, and unnatural. Pluralist thinkers see the state as one community among many.
3. State is both an accomplishment and a means: According to Bluntschli, a state is both a means and an accomplishment. On one hand, it serves the interests of the people, and on the other, it is an accomplishment because individual happiness depends on the state's existence for their own good.
Arguments against non-interventionist state:
1. State is a welfare institution: All countries have progressed with the help of a state. Today, states engage in various activities for the welfare of their people, making the state seem like a welfare institution rather than an evil.
2. State and freedom are not mutually opposite: Those who believe in non-interventionism think that the state and freedom are opposites.
3. An individual is not always the best judge of his interests: An individual cannot always fully understand their own interests or what is right or wrong. So, the state should look after their well-being.
4. Reform of a state is possible: Even though an expanding state might develop evils like an imperfect, corrupt bureaucracy, these problems can be fixed through necessary reforms. States often provide welfare even if they suffer losses.
5. Defective concept of living science: The idea of applying individualistic life science concepts to people is flawed. Unlike animals, humans are living beings who understand their responsibilities and moral duties. It is their duty to serve and help the weak and helpless.
In simple words: Different groups have different views on what a state should do. Some believe the state is supreme and individuals should serve it (like fascists). Others believe the state should be very limited and serve individuals (like individualists). Some see it as both important for itself and as a tool for people. Critics also argue that the state is actually a welfare helper, that freedom and state aren't always against each other, and that sometimes people need the state's help to know what's best.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing political outlooks, group similar ideas together (e.g., state as end vs. state as means). Use keywords to quickly identify each school of thought and its main proponents.

 

Question 2. Describe in detail the functions of a modern state.
Answer: The functions of a modern state: There are no fixed rules for the functions of states. The range of state functions changes with time, circumstances, ideas, and needs. State functions depend on economic resources, public awareness, and political understanding. The functions of a modern state can be divided into two parts:
(1) Compulsory functions.
(2) Optional functions.
1. Compulsory functions: Compulsory functions are those that the government must perform. If these functions are not carried out, the very existence of the state could be at risk. The following are the compulsory functions of a state:
• Security of the country from foreign attacks.
• Maintenance of internal peace and order.
• Formation of crime and punishment-related rules, and a system for delivering justice.
• Formation of laws, because only through laws can a state truly express its sovereignty.
• To collect revenue.
• Arrangement for education: In a good state, the public should have proper access to education and political awareness. Therefore, it is the duty of a state to manage education for the general public.
• Cleanliness and public health: To prevent diseases, a state should open hospitals. It should also check the purity of food to ensure people's good health.
• Control on business and industries: A state should have enough control over businesses and industries to ensure the well-being of businesspeople and the country's progress. While making industry-related rules, the state should ensure there is no injustice to workers.
• To provide facilities for entertainment: A state should arrange for entertainment facilities for the people, such as opening parks, television centers, cinema halls, and reading rooms.
2. Optional functions: It is also important for the success of a public welfare state that it performs the following obligations for its citizens:
(1) Education system: General public should be provided education and political awareness in a good state. Therefore, it is the duty of a state that a proper system is made to educate its people.
(2) Cleanliness and public health: For the remedy from diseases, a state should open hospitals. It should also check the purity of eatables in the light of ensuring good health of its people.
(3) Control on business and industry: A state should have appropriate control on business and industries, so that there is well-being of businessmen and progress of the country. While formulating industry-related rules, the state should ensure that there is no injustice done towards the workers.
(4) Operation of industries of public interest: A state should operate large-scale industries and business houses of public importance for social benefit.
(5) Social reforms: It is the duty of a state to ensure all its people achieve all-round development by eliminating social evils. It is also the state's duty to provide proper security and treatment to the handicapped, blind, deaf, and mentally disabled.
(6) Management of public transport: Arranging public transport, such as roads, trains, buses, and air travel, is also a state's duty because civilization and culture develop through transportation.
(7) Facility of entertainment: The state should arrange for parks, TV centers, cinema halls, and reading rooms for citizens' entertainment.
In simple words: Modern states have two main types of functions: compulsory and optional. Compulsory functions include protecting the country, maintaining peace, making laws, collecting taxes, and providing basic education and health. Optional functions include social reforms, regulating industries fairly, managing public transport, and providing entertainment, all to improve citizens' lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between compulsory and optional functions. For each category, provide specific examples to illustrate the state's role in a comprehensive manner.

 

Question 4. What is a welfare state? Mention the main causes for the advent of the concept of a public welfare state.
Answer: Meaning of public welfare state: A public welfare state is a state that, besides performing general duties, also undertakes additional welfare activities. These include eliminating unemployment, creating insurance schemes, providing pensions to the elderly, and offering other security-related provisions. According to Garner, "The sole purpose of a public welfare state is to develop national life, nationality, and physical, immateriality, and moral attributes of life." Jawaharlal Nehru defined it as creating equal opportunity, removing disparities between rich and poor, and raising living standards. A welfare state acts as a mediator, ensuring basic needs and security for all citizens, and helping to reduce inequalities.
Main causes for the advent of the concept of public welfare state: The following are the main causes for the emergence of the concept of a public welfare state:
1. Reaction against individualism: The public welfare state emerged as a response to extreme individualism. Individualism limited the state's role to non-intervention, which led to very poor conditions and exploitation for the working class during the industrial revolution. The public welfare state sought to correct these social injustices.
2. Fear of the influence of Marxist communism: After the "Communist Manifesto" was published in 1848, and the communist revolution in Russia in 1917, Karl Marx's ideas gained strong support. To prevent communism from spreading, Western countries introduced significant changes to their capitalist democratic systems, leading to the development of the public welfare concept.
3. Emergence and development of the concept of democratic socialism: Supporters of Marxist communism tried to bring about societal changes through violence and revolution. However, the concept of democratic socialism emerged from efforts to achieve changes through peaceful and legal means. This viewpoint saw the state as a public welfare institution, aiming to establish socialism with the help of a welfare state.
In simple words: A welfare state provides security and welfare services beyond just basic duties. It emerged because individualism caused worker exploitation, countries feared the spread of communism, and democratic socialism promoted peaceful welfare changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining a welfare state, include definitions from prominent thinkers if possible. For causes, explain how historical and ideological factors influenced its rise, like the reaction to harsh industrial conditions and the desire to counter communism.

 

Question 5. Perform a critical evaluation of the public welfare state.
Answer: Public welfare state: The concept of a public welfare state is a modern principle regarding the scope of a state. It blends individualism and socialism. The main goal of a public welfare state is to make people's lives happy and prosperous. To achieve this, the state plans and performs various public services. England has contributed significantly to the development of the public welfare state. This approach seeks to find a middle ground where individual freedom and collective well-being are both valued and promoted.
Criticism of public welfare state: The public welfare state can be criticized on the following grounds:
1. Restriction on liberty of an individual: In a public welfare state, individual liberty is often restricted. The state controls many activities, leading to an increase in state power and a decrease in individual freedom. The state's expanding influence can make individuals feel less autonomous.
3. Excessive intervention of bureaucracy: In a public welfare state, government officials (bureaucracy) handle most of the work. This bureaucracy is a structured organization of experts and dutiful officials with a clear hierarchy. As state functions grow, the government structure becomes vast. Administrative powers become centralized, which increases the risk of bureaucracy becoming autocratic. Many public welfare schemes become ineffective due to officials' selfish interests, leading to inefficiency and corruption.
4. Extravagant administration: A public welfare state is expensive. All work is done by the government, leading to increased administrative costs and inflation. Funding extensive welfare programs often requires high taxes, which can burden the economy.
5. Lack of motivation: Services provided by the public welfare state reach everyone, including those who can solve their own problems. Some people may not feel the need for self-reliance and become dependent on the state, reducing their motivation to work hard or innovate.
6. Decline in production: In a public welfare state, many services for the public good are funded by the government through taxes on the rich. This can discourage wealthy individuals from production and growth.
7. Emergence of holistic nature: In a public welfare state, some totalitarian powers can emerge despite democracy. Such a state encourages state-ism and establishes autocratic administration. This can potentially lead to an overreaching government that stifles individual initiative and dissent.
In simple words: The public welfare state is a mix of individual and group welfare ideas. But it is criticized for limiting personal freedom, having too much bureaucracy, being expensive, reducing people's motivation, slowing down production, and sometimes leading to too much state control.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating, present both the core concept and its criticisms. Structure your criticisms with clear points, explaining how each aspect (e.g., bureaucracy, cost) poses a challenge to the welfare state model.

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