RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 The Constituent Assembly Formation

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Textual Questions

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Very Short Answer type Questions

 

Question 1. 1. Match the following :
Answer:
1. (b) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
2. (c) Ballabh Bhai Patel
3. (a) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
4. (d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
In simple words: This question requires matching specific individuals with their roles or committees within the Constituent Assembly. Each number corresponds to a role or committee, and the letter indicates the correct person to match with it.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, quickly scan both columns to identify any obvious pairs first. This can help narrow down the options for more difficult matches. Ensure you understand what each role or committee signifies.

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Write the name of the only congress member in Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The only Congress member of the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly was Dr. K.M. Munshi. He played an important role in shaping the constitution.
In simple words: Dr. K.M. Munshi was the only Congress member on the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures and their specific roles or affiliations in historical bodies like the Constituent Assembly. This helps in understanding the political landscape of the time.

 

Question 2. Write down the results of the elections made for Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Elections for 296 members from British India were held in July-August 1946 through provincial legislatures. This election was mainly fought between different political parties. The Indian National Congress won 208 seats, the Muslim League won 73 seats, and other smaller parties got the remaining seats. Initially, princely states stayed away, leaving their reserved seats empty. Later, representatives from these states were also nominated and joined the Constituent Assembly.
In simple words: Elections for 296 seats in the Constituent Assembly happened in 1946. Congress won most seats, Muslim League won some, and princely states later joined by nominating members.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing election results, always mention the key parties, their seat counts, and any significant participation or non-participation of groups like princely states.

 

Question 3. Name the members of Cabinet Mission.
Answer: The Cabinet Mission, consisting of three members, arrived in India on March 23, 1946. The members were: Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander. They played a crucial role in negotiations for India's independence.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission had three members: Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the names and roles of missions or committees, like the Cabinet Mission, is important for questions about India's independence and constitution-making process.

 

Question. On what bases were seats determined in the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Seats in the Constituent Assembly were decided based on these points:

• Each province and princely state received seats according to their population. Roughly one seat was given for every one million people.
• Seats for British provinces were split among three main communities: General, Muslims, and Sikhs (only in Punjab).
• Representatives for each community were elected by members of that community in the provincial legislative assembly using proportional representation with a single transferable vote.
• Heads of princely states nominated their representatives.

In simple words: Seats were given out based on population. British provinces split seats by community, elected by voting. Princely states nominated their members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the different bases for seat determination, distinguishing between British provinces and princely states. Mentioning the population-to-seat ratio is a key detail.

 

Question 5. Who presented the objective resolution, and when?
Answer: Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru presented the Objective Resolution on December 13, 1946, in the Constituent Assembly. This resolution outlined the vision for India's future as a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was passed on January 22, 1947. The resolution's main points included creating a constitution, forming the Union of India, ensuring public governance, establishing social, economic, and political equality, providing protection for minorities and backward classes, and promoting global peace.
In simple words: Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru presented the Objective Resolution on December 13, 1946, outlining India's future as a Sovereign Democratic Republic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember both the person who presented the Objective Resolution and the exact date. Briefly mentioning its core purpose or key features can earn full marks.

 

Question 6. How many readings were there for the draft constitution?
Answer: The draft constitution went through three main readings:
1. The First Reading: This began on November 4, 1948, and ended on November 9, 1948. During this stage, the constitution's general principles were discussed, and initial suggestions for amendments were exchanged.
2. The Second Reading: This started on November 15, 1948, and lasted until October 17, 1949. This was the most detailed stage, where the draft was debated clause by clause. Out of 7653 proposed amendments, 2473 were accepted for discussion.
3. The Third Reading: This final reading took place from November 14, 1949, to November 26, 1949. On November 26, 1949, the constitution was officially passed and declared. At that time, 284 out of 299 members were present in the Central Hall of the Assembly.
In simple words: The draft constitution had three readings: a first for general discussion, a second for detailed clause-by-clause debate and amendments, and a third for final passing.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions asking "how many" or "describe the stages," always list the number of stages clearly and provide a brief description of what happened in each stage, including key dates if available.

 

Question 7. Describe the importance of the preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Answer: The preamble of the Indian Constitution is very important. It acts as a brief introduction that explains the guiding principles and purposes of the document. The preamble shows the basic philosophy and values of the constitution. It indicates that the people of India are the ultimate source of authority. The preamble outlines the hopes and goals of the nation, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It is often called the 'soul' of the constitution, providing directions to the government and influencing its actions.
In simple words: The preamble is the introduction to the Indian Constitution, showing its main ideas like justice and equality, and stating that the people of India hold the power. It is very important because it sets out the purpose of the entire constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of the Preamble, use keywords like 'guiding principles,' 'philosophy,' 'source of authority,' and 'soul of the constitution,' and mention its key objectives.

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Essay Type Questions

 

Question 1. Write the names of members of drafting committee and describe its works.
Answer: The Drafting Committee was responsible for preparing the draft of the constitution. It was set up on August 29, 1947, with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as its chairman. The Indian Constitution is unique and took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete. The main members of this committee were:
1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
2. Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
3. N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
4. K.M. Munshi
5. Saiyed Mohammad Sadullah
6. N. Madhava Rau (replaced B.L. Mitter)
7. T.T. Krishnamachari (replaced D.P. Khaitan)

Works of the Drafting Committee:
After a resolution was passed, the Drafting Committee was formed on August 19, 1947. Its job was to prepare the constitution's draft. The committee discussed many amendments, considering 2473 changes out of 7635 proposed. They presented the draft constitution to the Constituent Assembly on February 21, 1948. The draft went through three readings in the Assembly, where it was debated and refined, ensuring a thorough and democratic process. This committee played a vital role in giving India its constitution.
In simple words: The Drafting Committee, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, wrote the first version of India's constitution. It had seven members and took almost three years to finish the draft, which was then debated and approved by the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions asking for names and work, list all key members clearly and then describe their main contributions and the process they followed, including dates if relevant.

 

Question 2. Mention main characteristics of Indian Constitution.
Answer: The Indian Constitution has several important features:
1. Constitution Based on Popular Sovereignty: The Indian Constitution was created and adopted by the people of India, giving all final power to them. The preamble clearly states, "We the people of India... give to ourselves this Constitution."
2. The Largest Constitution in the World: It is the longest and most detailed written constitution globally. Originally, it had 395 articles and 8 schedules. After many amendments, it now has 448 articles, 25 parts, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices, making it much larger than other countries' constitutions.
3. Sovereign Democratic Republic: India is completely independent in both internal and external affairs. Its sovereignty lies with the Indian people, who govern themselves. It's a democratic republic because the President is elected by the public for a set period, not by heredity.
4. Written and Created Constitution: Like the constitutions of America and Switzerland, India's constitution is written and was formally created, not developed over time through customs.
5. Rigidity and Flexibility: The constitution is partly rigid and partly flexible. Some parts can be amended easily, while others require a special majority (two-thirds of members present and voting in both houses) and ratification by at least half of the states.
6. Parliamentary Governance System: India follows the British model, where the cabinet is accountable to the legislature. The President is the head of the country, but real executive power rests with the Prime Minister and their cabinet.
7. Fundamental Rights and Duties: Part 3 of the constitution guarantees fundamental rights essential for citizens' development. Originally there were seven rights, but the Right to Property is now a legal right, leaving six fundamental rights. The 42nd Amendment also added eleven fundamental duties.
8. A Mixture of Unitary and Federal Elements: The constitution combines features of both unitary (strong central government) and federal (power shared with states) systems, with provisions that give the union government more power.
9. Independent, Fair, and Supreme Judiciary: India has an independent and fair judiciary to uphold the constitution and protect citizens' rights. The Supreme Court is the highest court of justice.
10. Emergency Powers: The President has special emergency powers (Articles 352, 356, 360) to handle situations like armed rebellion, external aggression, or state constitutional failure. These powers are exercised based on the advice of the Prime Minister's cabinet.
11. Fundamental Right to Adult Voting: The Indian Constitution gives all adults the right to vote, ensuring supreme governance power to the Indian public without discrimination.
12. Provision of One National Language: Hindi, written in Devanagari script, is declared the national language. However, the constitution also recognizes 22 regional languages.
13. President as a Symbol of National Unity: All executive powers are theoretically with the President, who symbolizes national unity and is indirectly elected by the people.
14. Desire for Global Cooperation: The constitution also reflects a desire for international cooperation and peace, embodying the spirit of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (the world is one family).
In simple words: India's constitution is the world's longest, made by its people, and combines ideas from many systems. It guarantees rights, sets duties, has an elected president, and works for global peace. It's both strict and flexible, with a strong central government and independent courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing characteristics of the constitution, categorize them (e.g., source of power, size, nature of government, rights, amendments) and provide a concise explanation for each. Use clear headings for better presentation.

 

Question 3. Write the preamble of Indian Constitution.
Answer: The preamble is the introductory part of the Indian Constitution, stating its objectives and purposes. It serves as a preface, offering insight into the entire constitution. It was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950. The preamble is based on the Objective Resolution presented by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru on December 13, 1946.

The text of the Preamble is:
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
In simple words: The preamble is the introduction to India's constitution. It says "We, the people of India" and declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic, promising justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing the preamble, remember to use the exact wording provided in the constitution. Also, mention its origin from the Objective Resolution and the dates of adoption and effect.

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Type Questions

 

Question 1. According to the cabinet mission plan, the number of members in the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) 389
(b) 390
(c) 380
(d) 385
Answer: (a) 389
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission Plan set the total number of members for the Constituent Assembly at 389.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific numbers related to historical plans or bodies, such as the total membership strength of the Constituent Assembly under the Cabinet Mission Plan.

 

Question 3. The number of seats allotted for princely states in the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) 72
(b) 80
(c) 93
(d) 70
Answer: (c) 93
In simple words: Out of the total members, 93 seats in the Constituent Assembly were reserved for representatives from princely states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between seats allotted to British India and princely states. Knowing these specific numbers helps in understanding the composition of the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 4. When is Constitution Day celebrated?
(a) on 26 November
(b) on 26 January
(c) on 27 November
(d) on 15 August
Answer: (a) on 26 November
In simple words: Constitution Day is celebrated every year on November 26 because the Indian Constitution was adopted on this date in 1949.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the date of Constitution Day, November 26th, and its significance related to the adoption of the Indian Constitution.

 

Question 5. The chairperson of the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Sachchiddanand Sinha
(c) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(d) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
Answer: (b) Sachchiddanand Sinha
In simple words: Sachchiddanand Sinha was the temporary chairman of the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the temporary and permanent chairpersons of the Constituent Assembly. Sachchiddanand Sinha was the interim head, while Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the permanent one.

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Other Important Questions and Answers

 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Objective Type Questions

 

Question 1. The first glimpse of the Constituent Assembly is seen in the bill of which freedom fighter?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
In simple words: Bal Gangadhar Tilak's "Swarajya Bill" in 1895 first hinted at the idea of an Indian Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: For historical origins, knowing the earliest proponents and their proposals is crucial. Connect "Swarajya Bill" with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

 

Question 2. The election of the Constituent Assembly was based on the:
(a) Simon commission report
(b) Cripps proposal
(c) Cabinet mission plan
(d) Mountbatten plan
Answer: (c) Cabinet mission plan
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly was formed and its elections were held following the guidelines set by the Cabinet Mission Plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Cabinet Mission Plan was instrumental in setting up the Constituent Assembly, outlining its structure and election process.

 

Question 3. The formation of the Constituent Assembly was done according to the cabinet mission plan on:
(a) November 1946
(b) December 1945
(c) January 1947
(d) August 1947
Answer: (a) November 1946
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly was officially formed in November 1946, as per the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission Plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the month and year for the formation of the Constituent Assembly, as this is a key date in India's constitutional history.

 

Question 5. The members of the Constituent Assembly:
(a) Were nominated by Congress and Muslim league.
(b) Were elected by provincial legislature and nominated by princely states.
(c) Were elected by public directly
(d) All these
Answer: (b) Were elected by provincial legislature and nominated by princely states.
In simple words: Members of the Constituent Assembly were chosen in two ways: some were elected by state assemblies, and others were nominated by the rulers of princely states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the dual nature of the Constituent Assembly's formation – partly elected and partly nominated – as this is a fundamental aspect of its structure.

 

Question 6. Who headed the meetings of the Constituent Assembly
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) G.V. Mavalankar
(c) Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherji
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
In simple words: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the permanent president who led the meetings of the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly, a crucial role during the constitution-making process.

 

Question 7. Who headed the meetings of legislature?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Durgabai
(c) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
(d) G.V. Mavalankar
Answer: (d) G.V. Mavalankar
In simple words: G.V. Mavalankar was the person who led the meetings when the Constituent Assembly acted as the legislative body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the distinct roles: Dr. Rajendra Prasad chaired the Constituent Assembly when drafting the constitution, while G.V. Mavalankar chaired it when it functioned as the legislature.

 

Question 9. When was the objective resolution proposal of constitution passed?
(a) on December 22, 1946
(b) on January 22, 1948
(c) on January 22, 1947
(d) on December 13, 1946
Answer: (c) on January 22, 1947
In simple words: The Objective Resolution, presented by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, was officially passed by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the date the Objective Resolution was *presented* (December 13, 1946) and the date it was *passed* (January 22, 1947).

 

Question 10. The Constitution of India was adopted, enacted and self dedicated:
(a) on November 26, 1949
(b) on August 15, 1947
(c) on January 26, 1947
(d) on January 26, 1950
Answer: (a) on November 26, 1949
In simple words: The people of India adopted, enacted, and gave themselves their constitution on November 26, 1949.

🎯 Exam Tip: The date November 26, 1949, is crucial as it marks the adoption of the Constitution, which is celebrated as Constitution Day.

 

Question 11. The author of the book, "Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" is:
(a) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b) Granville Austin
(c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: (b) Granville Austin
In simple words: The well-known book about the Indian Constitution called "Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" was written by Granville Austin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing prominent authors and their works related to the Indian Constitution is important for questions on constitutional history and scholarship.

 

Question 13. The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held:
(a) on December 9, 1946
(b) on November 26, 1949
(c) on August 15, 1947
(d) on January 26, 1950
Answer: (a) on December 9, 1946
In simple words: The very first meeting of the Constituent Assembly, where India's constitution was planned, took place on December 9, 1946.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key dates like the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly and the adoption of the Constitution, as these are frequently tested.

 

Question 14. The permanent chairman who was elected for the Constituent Assembly on December 11,1946 was:
(a) H.C. Mukherji
(b) Sachchidanand Sinha
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Sir B.N. Rao
Answer: (c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
In simple words: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was chosen as the long-term leader for the Constituent Assembly on December 11, 1946.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the temporary and permanent chairpersons of the Constituent Assembly to avoid confusion.

 

Question 15. The number of members who participated in the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) 211
(b) 289
(c) 289
(d) 299
Answer: (a) 211
In simple words: At its first meeting, 211 members were present in the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the number of members present at the first meeting is a specific detail that helps demonstrate thorough knowledge.

 

Question 17. The legal advisor of the constituent Assembly was:
(a) Sir B.M. Rao
(b) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
(d) Govind Ballabh Pant
Answer: (a) Sir B.M. Rao
In simple words: Sir B.M. Rao was the legal expert who advised the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key roles and individuals in the Constituent Assembly, such as legal advisors, to show a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 18. The Head of the Union Power was:
(a) Govind Ballabh Pant
(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(c) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Answer: (b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
In simple words: Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru led the Union Power Committee.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate prominent leaders with the committees they chaired in the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 19. The chairperson of Procedure Rule Committee was:
(a) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
Answer: (c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
In simple words: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the head of the committee that set the rules for how the Constituent Assembly would work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing who chaired key committees, like the Procedure Rule Committee, is important for questions on the functioning of the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 20. The Head of the Drafting Committee of Constituent Assembly was:
(a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(c) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
In simple words: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the main leader of the committee that wrote the first draft of the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is famously known as the "Father of the Indian Constitution" for his crucial role as the head of the Drafting Committee.

 

Question 21. Who is called as the maker of the Indian Constitution:
(a) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
In simple words: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is often called the architect of the Indian Constitution because of his leading role in drafting it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's role in drafting the Constitution is a fundamental point to remember for any exam on Indian polity.

 

Question 22. The time spent in making the Indian Constitution was:
(a) 2 years
(b) 2 years 12 days
(c) 2 years 11 months 18 days
(d) 3 years 2 months 11 days
Answer: (c) 2 years 11 months 18 days
In simple words: It took a total of 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to create the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: This specific duration is a common factual question, so memorize it precisely.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. When was the concept of making of Constitution in Self – Governance Bill of Bal Gangadhar Tilak presented for the very first time?
Answer: The idea of creating a constitution was first put forward in Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Self-Governance Bill in 1895. This was an early call for Indians to frame their own governing document.
In simple words: The idea for a constitution first came from Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Self-Governance Bill in 1895.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the early origins of the demand for a constitution, tracing it back to key figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

 

Question 2. What did Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru say about the making of the Constituent Assembly in 1938?
Answer: In 1938, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru stated that the Constituent Assembly would be formed through elected representatives, without any outside interference. This emphasized India's right to self-determination.
In simple words: Pt. Nehru said in 1938 that India's Constituent Assembly would be made of elected Indians and no one else.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand Nehru's vision of an independent Constituent Assembly as a reflection of national sovereignty.

 

Question 4. When did the Cabinet Mission come to India ?
Answer: The Cabinet Mission arrived in India on March 24, 1946. This mission was crucial for planning the transfer of power.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission came to India on March 24, 1946.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember this specific date as the arrival of the Cabinet Mission was a significant event in India's independence process.

 

Question 5. Name the plan under which the Constituent Assembly was formed ?
Answer: The Constituent Assembly was formed under the Cabinet Mission Plan. This plan outlined how the Assembly would be structured and elected.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly was created based on the Cabinet Mission Plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always link the formation of the Constituent Assembly to the Cabinet Mission Plan in your answers.

 

Question 6. According to Cabinet Mission Plan, how many seats were allotted to Princely States and to British India ?
Answer: As per the Cabinet Mission Plan, 296 seats were given to British India, and 93 seats were allotted to the Princely States. These numbers determined the initial composition of the Assembly.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission Plan assigned 296 seats to British India and 93 to Princely States.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the distribution of seats between British India and Princely States as per the Cabinet Mission Plan.

 

Question 7. Name the two famous leaders who did not join the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah were two prominent leaders who did not become members of the Constituent Assembly. Gandhi chose not to participate, and Jinnah boycotted it, demanding a separate Pakistan.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah did not join the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key figures who *didn't* participate can be as important as knowing those who did, especially for understanding political dynamics.

 

Question 8. Name any four members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Four important members of the Constituent Assembly were:

• Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
• Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
• Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
• Acharya J.B. Kriplani.

These individuals played crucial roles in shaping the constitution.
In simple words: Four members of the Constituent Assembly were Pt. Nehru, Dr. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, and Acharya Kriplani.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be ready to name several key members of the Constituent Assembly, especially those who led important committees or movements.

 

Question 9. Name the chairman of Union Constitution Committee in the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: The chairman of the Union Constitution Committee in the Constituent Assembly was Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. He was responsible for guiding discussions on the structure of the Indian Union.
In simple words: Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru led the Union Constitution Committee.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep clear records of who chaired which major committee within the Constituent Assembly for quick recall.

 

Question 11. What do you understand by the term Socialism?
Answer: Socialism is a political and economic idea where the community as a whole owns or controls how goods are made, shared, and traded. It means common ownership of resources for everyone's benefit.
In simple words: Socialism means the community owns and controls production and distribution, not individuals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining key political terms, provide a concise explanation focusing on ownership and control in the economy.

 

Question 12. When was Objective Resolution Proposal presented ?
Answer: The Objective Resolution Proposal was presented on December 13, 1946. This resolution laid down the guiding principles and philosophy for the Constitution.
In simple words: The Objective Resolution was presented on December 13, 1946.

🎯 Exam Tip: This date is crucial as the Objective Resolution set the foundational vision for the Indian Constitution.

 

Question 13. When was Objective Resolution Proposal accepted ?
Answer: The Objective Resolution Proposal was accepted on January 22, 1947. Its acceptance marked a significant step towards drafting the Constitution.
In simple words: The Objective Resolution was accepted on January 22, 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the date of presentation and the date of acceptance for important resolutions.

 

Question 14. What do you understand by the term Sovereignty ?
Answer: Sovereignty refers to the supreme power of a state to govern itself without external or internal interference. It means the nation has full authority to make its own decisions.
In simple words: Sovereignty means a country has the power to make its own decisions without anyone else telling it what to do.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both internal (self-governance) and external (independence) aspects when defining sovereignty.

 

Question 15. Write any two goals mentioned in the preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Answer: Two important goals mentioned in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution are:

• To establish India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic.
• To enhance the unity, integrity, and fraternity among the people.

These goals guide the spirit and functioning of the nation.
In simple words: The Preamble aims for India to be a free, fair, and democratic republic, and for all its people to live with unity and brotherhood.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list and briefly explain the core ideals (Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) and nature of the state (Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic) mentioned in the Preamble.

 

Question 17. Name any two subjects which were accepted on the basis of adjustment by Indian Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Two subjects where the Indian Constituent Assembly used the principle of adjustment were:

• The Federal and Unitary System: This involved balancing strong central governance with powers for states.
• The questions related to Fundamental Rights: Resolving different views on the scope and implementation of basic rights.

The principle of adjustment helped to find common ground on complex issues.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly used adjustment to combine federal and unitary ideas, and to settle disagreements about fundamental rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing "adjustment," cite specific examples like federalism and fundamental rights to show its practical application in constitution-making.

 

Question 18. Through which principle was the question of joining Commonwealth solved in the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer: The question of joining the Commonwealth was resolved in the Constituent Assembly through the Principle of Adjustment. This allowed India to remain a republic while also being a part of the Commonwealth.
In simple words: The issue of India joining the Commonwealth was solved by using the Principle of Adjustment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the principle of adjustment as a key method for resolving contentious issues and achieving consensus in the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 19. What opinion was adopted to solve the question of Panchayat in the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: The Principle of Adjustment was adopted to resolve the question of Panchayats in the Constituent Assembly. This principle allowed for a balanced approach, considering different viewpoints on local self-governance.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly used the Principle of Adjustment to decide on the role of Panchayats.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that even seemingly local issues like Panchayats required a consensus-building approach in the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 20. Name the subject in the Constituent Assembly related to selection with an amendment.
Answer: The subject related to selection with an amendment in the Constituent Assembly was the Amendment System itself. The process of changing the constitution was a crucial point of discussion.
In simple words: The way the constitution could be changed (the amendment system) was a key topic that needed careful selection and adjustment in the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: The procedure for amending the constitution was a critical decision, reflecting the framers' foresight for future needs.

 

Question 21. Name any two ideals, established by the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Two important ideals established by the Constituent Assembly were:

• Sovereignty of the people and the independence of India.
• Emphasis on national security and cultural diversity (pluralism).

These ideals formed the bedrock of the new nation's principles.
In simple words: The Assembly wanted India to be independent with power coming from its people, and it wanted to protect national safety and many different cultures.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on core constitutional values like sovereignty and pluralism that guided the Constituent Assembly's work.

 

Question 22. Write any two characteristics of the system adopted by the Constituent Assembly to achieve the fixed objectives.
Answer: Two characteristics of the system adopted by the Constituent Assembly were:

• It sought to reach decisions through broad discussions and consensus, rather than simple majority votes.
• It carefully studied and incorporated useful aspects from the constitutions of many other countries.

This ensured a well-thought-out and comprehensive framework for India.
In simple words: The Assembly made decisions by talking things through until everyone agreed, and it learned from constitutions of many other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the deliberative and comparative approach of the Constituent Assembly in its constitution-making process.

 

Question 23. When and where did the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly take place?
Answer: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946, in the Central Hall of the Parliament House in Delhi. This was a historic event marking the beginning of independent constitution-making.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9, 1946, in the Central Hall of the Parliament House in Delhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately stating both the date and location of the first meeting is important for questions on the Constituent Assembly's timeline.

 

Question 24. Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly. What did they want?
Answer: The Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly because they wanted a separate Pakistan. Their demand for a separate nation led them to refuse participation in the assembly meant for a united India.
In simple words: The Muslim League did not join the Constituent Assembly because they demanded a separate country called Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Muslim League's boycott directly to their demand for a separate state of Pakistan.

 

Question 25. How many members were there in the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: There were 211 members present in the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly. This number represents the initial attendance before more members joined.
In simple words: 211 members attended the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a factual detail; ensure you recall the correct number of attendees for the first session.

 

Question 26. Who was made a temporary President of the Constituent Assembly. Or Who was the interim chairperson of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha was made the temporary President, or interim chairperson, of the Constituent Assembly. He presided over the first meeting before a permanent president was elected.
In simple words: Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha was chosen as the temporary head of the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the temporary and permanent presidents of the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 27. Who was the permanent head of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the permanent head of the Constituent Assembly. He was elected after the initial temporary arrangement and guided the assembly through its major work.
In simple words: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the permanent leader of the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the permanent head is essential; ensure you attribute this role correctly to Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

 

Question 28. How many committees were formed in the Constituent Assembly, to execute different functions?
Answer: To handle its various tasks, the Constituent Assembly formed 8 major committees and 15 minor committees. These committees helped organize and streamline the constitution-making process.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly made 8 big committees and 15 small ones to do its different jobs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the numbers of major and minor committees formed, as this illustrates the structured approach of the Assembly.

 

Question 30. Who was the Chairperson of the Union Constituent Committee ?
Answer: Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru was the Chairperson of the Union Constituent Committee. He played a key role in shaping the framework of the Indian Union.
In simple words: Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru was the leader of the Union Constituent Committee.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link prominent leaders like Nehru to their specific committee chairmanships to demonstrate detailed knowledge.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Describe the importance of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The Constituent Assembly was very important because it created the Constitution of India, establishing the world's largest republic on November 26, 1946. It made decisions through consensus, promoting unity and national cooperation. The Assembly resolved many disputes, such as those concerning princely states, minorities, and language, by prioritizing harmony and mutual understanding. Its members adopted progressive ideas and integrated beneficial elements from sixty different constitutions worldwide. The Assembly's unique amendment process and its adoption of federalism and British parliamentary democracy served as a global model for democratic constitution-making.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly was vital because it wrote India's constitution, making India the world's biggest republic. It solved problems peacefully, used ideas from many countries, and set up a fair, democratic system for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing importance, focus on its key achievements: creating the constitution, fostering unity, adopting best practices, and resolving disputes.

 

Question 2. What was the Cabinet Mission? Describe briefly.
Answer: The Cabinet Mission was sent to India on February 19, 1946, by the British Parliament, as declared by Prime Minister Clement Attlee. This mission of three British Cabinet ministers arrived in New Delhi on March 24, 1946, to propose a framework for India's independence and constitution-making. They presented their report on May 16, 1946, outlining provisions for a federal system, the formation of the Constituent Assembly, and the transfer of governance. The Cabinet Mission rejected the demand for Pakistan, and according to its proposals, the Constituent Assembly was formed in November 1946. This mission was a crucial step towards India's independence.
In simple words: The Cabinet Mission was a group of British ministers sent to India in 1946 to plan how India would become independent and create its constitution. It suggested how the Constituent Assembly would be formed and denied the idea of Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Briefly explain the purpose, key proposals, and impact of the Cabinet Mission on the formation of the Constituent Assembly.

 

Question 3. Name important members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: Important members of the Constituent Assembly included:

• Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
• Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
• Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
• Gopal Swami Ayangar
• K.M. Munshi
• Pattabhi Sitaramaiya
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Srimati Durgabai
• Thakurdas Bhargav
• Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherji
• P.K. Sen
• Purushottam Das Tandon
• Acharya J.B. Kriplani
• Srimati Sarojni Naidu
• Govind Ballabh Pant.

These individuals represented diverse backgrounds and contributed significantly to the drafting of the Constitution.
In simple words: Key members of the Constituent Assembly were Pt. Nehru, Sardar Patel, Dr. Ambedkar, K.M. Munshi, Maulana Azad, and Sarojni Naidu, among others.

🎯 Exam Tip: While listing many, make sure to highlight a few very prominent names who played foundational roles.

 

Question 4. What changes did Indian independence act, 1947 make in the status of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: The Indian Independence Act of 1947 brought several significant changes to the status of the Constituent Assembly:

1. Many princely states, which initially stayed away, gradually started joining the Constituent Assembly.
2. The members of the Muslim League from the territories that became Pakistan separated from the Assembly. This reduced the total membership from 389 to 299. Of these, 229 members were from British provinces and 70 from princely states.
3. The Constituent Assembly gained full sovereignty, meaning it could change any British Government laws and had the power to amend or reject them. This made the Assembly a fully independent body.
4. The Constituent Assembly also took on the powers of the Legislature. Dr. Rajendra Prasad chaired the Constituent Assembly, and G.V. Mavalankar chaired its legislative functions. The Assembly continued this dual role until November 26, 1949.

These changes transformed the Assembly into a fully sovereign body with legislative powers for the newly independent India.
In simple words: The Indian Independence Act of 1947 made the Constituent Assembly fully independent. Princely states joined, Muslim League members from Pakistan left, and the Assembly got the power to make and change laws for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the shift to full sovereignty and the dual role (constitution-making and legislative) of the Constituent Assembly after the Indian Independence Act.

 

Question 5. Write a short note on the Objective Resolution Proposal? Describe it briefly.
Answer: The Objective Resolution Proposal was presented by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru before the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946. This proposal outlined the basic aims and philosophy for the future independent India, envisioning it as a Sovereign Democratic Republic. The Resolution was passed on January 22, 1947. Its main provisions included:

1. Creating the Constitution of India.
2. Forming a Federal Indian Union of states.
3. Defining the limits of the constitution.
4. Declaring the people as the ultimate source of governance.
5. Establishing Social, Economic, and Political Equality.
6. Ensuring security, reservations, and protection for minorities, backward classes, and tribal communities.
7. Defending India's sovereignty.
8. Contributing to global peace and human welfare.

The Objective Resolution served as a guiding framework, projecting the future blueprint for India's governance and societal values.
In simple words: The Objective Resolution was a proposal by Pt. Nehru in 1946 that laid out the main goals for India's new constitution. It aimed for India to be a free, democratic republic, with equality and justice for all, and to contribute to world peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the Objective Resolution by stating its proposer, date of presentation, and its core principles for an independent India.

 

Question 6. Describe the importance of Objective Resolution Proposal?
Answer: The Objective Resolution Proposal was highly important as it defined the fundamental vision for India's future. Presented by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, it resolved that India would be an independent, democratic, and sovereign republic. It committed to ensuring political, economic, and social equality for all citizens, alongside freedoms like speech, religion, trade, and the right to form institutions. Furthermore, the Resolution guaranteed absolute protection and reservations for minorities, underprivileged classes, backward classes, and tribal communities. In essence, it projected the future shape and values of India, serving as a guiding light for the constitution-makers and ensuring a just and equitable society.
In simple words: The Objective Resolution was very important because it set the main goals for India's constitution. It promised India would be a free and democratic country with equal rights and protection for everyone, including minorities. It shaped what India would become.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how the Objective Resolution established the philosophical and political framework for the Indian Constitution, emphasizing its commitment to independence, democracy, and social justice.

 

Question 7. Mention the Introduction (Preamble) of Indian Constitution.
Answer: The Preamble is the introduction to the Indian Constitution, acting like a preface that outlines its objectives and purposes. It expresses the fundamental philosophy and legal importance of the constitution, declaring that "We, the people of India" solemnly resolve to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC. It aims to secure for all its citizens: JUSTICE (social, economic, and political), LIBERTY (of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship), and EQUALITY (of status and opportunity), and to promote FRATERNITY among them. It emphasizes the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. Adopted on November 26, 1949, and coming into effect on January 26, 1950, the Preamble is based on the Objective Resolution and can be considered the soul of the constitution, as it reflects the hopes and aspirations of the people.
In simple words: The Preamble is the start of the Indian Constitution. It says India is a free, fair, and democratic republic that gives its people justice, freedom, and equality, and promotes brotherhood. It's like the soul of the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Preamble, include its key terms (Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) and its significance as the guiding philosophy of the Constitution.

 

Question 8. What is meant by the term Democratic Republic, mentioned in the Introduction of the Indian Constitution?
Answer: The term "Democratic Republic" in the Indian Constitution's Preamble signifies two key aspects:

• Democratic: This implies that India has chosen a form of government where the people have a direct say in who holds power and how it is used. It's a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
• Republic: This refers to a state where the head of the country is directly or indirectly elected by the people for a fixed term, rather than inheriting the position. In India, the President, as the head of the country, exercises powers through ministers, not personally. It also means India is free to manage its internal and external affairs and aims to build a welfare society where people can follow any religion they choose.

Together, "Democratic Republic" means that India is a free country where citizens elect their leaders and enjoy political rights, ensuring governance by and for the people.
In simple words: "Democratic" means people choose their government, and "Republic" means the country's head is elected, not a king. So, a Democratic Republic means India is a free country where people elect their leaders and have a say in how they are governed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define "Democratic" (people's rule) and "Republic" (elected head of state) separately, then explain their combined meaning in the Indian context.

 

Question 9. According to Granville Austin, describe briefly any two principles adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: According to Granville Austin, the Constituent Assembly adopted three key principles, and two of them are:

1. Unanimity: Instead of relying solely on majority votes, the Assembly emphasized reaching decisions through long discussions and requests to achieve a common agreement or consensus. This aimed to ensure broader acceptance and resolve issues amicably.
2. Adjustment: This principle was used to reconcile contradictory issues or ideas. It involved finding a middle ground or compromise between opposing viewpoints. For example, it was applied to balance federal and unitary elements in the constitution.

These principles highlight the cooperative and inclusive nature of the constitution-making process.
In simple words: Granville Austin said the Assembly used "Unanimity" to make decisions by reaching full agreement after talks, not just by voting. It also used "Adjustment" to find common ground between different ideas and settle disputes peacefully.

🎯 Exam Tip: When citing scholars like Granville Austin, ensure you accurately mention the principles he identified (unanimity, adjustment, selection by amendment) and briefly explain each.

 

Question 10. Describe a decision which was taken unanimously by the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The Constituent Assembly unanimously adopted the provision of the Federal System. A Federal Power Committee, headed by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, was formed to discuss the Union Structure. Its first meeting in 1947 and subsequent discussions led to the completion of federal power discussions in 1949. Specific provisions for the federal system were designed to satisfy both the representatives of the Union and the provinces. Although the federal system faced challenges in effective implementation later, its adoption by the Assembly reflected a collective agreement on a balanced distribution of power between the center and states. Another unanimous decision was the acceptance of the Preamble of the Constitution after extensive discussion.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly agreed without any disagreement on setting up a Federal System for India. This meant sharing power between the central government and the states, making sure everyone's needs were met. They also unanimously approved the Preamble.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing unanimous decisions, the adoption of the federal system and the Preamble are good examples. Explain *why* these were significant decisions for nation-building.

 

Question 11. How was the problem of membership in the commonwealth resolved in the constituent assembly?
Answer: The problem of India's membership in the Commonwealth was resolved using the theory of adjustment by the constitution-makers. In 1946, the Constituent Assembly had declared India a sovereign democratic republic, meaning its head (the President) would be elected and would govern through a cabinet led by the Prime Minister. Later, in 1949, the Assembly decided that India would become a member of the Commonwealth, with the British crown as its symbolic head. This allowed India to maintain its republican status while participating in an international organization, effectively synthesizing federal and unitary principles. This decision showcased India's independent foreign policy while retaining historical ties.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly solved the problem of joining the Commonwealth by finding a middle ground. India decided to be a republic with an elected head, but also joined the Commonwealth, keeping friendly ties while remaining independent.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how the "theory of adjustment" allowed India to reconcile its republican status with Commonwealth membership, demonstrating a pragmatic approach.

 

Question 12. How was the question related to panchayat resolved in the Constituent Assembly?
Answer: The question regarding the Panchayat system was resolved in the Constituent Assembly through the principle of adjustment. There were two opposing groups: one supported the Panchayat system for local self-governance, while the other preferred a direct parliamentary system. To end this dispute, the Assembly adopted the principle of adjustment, finding a compromise that allowed for the Panchayat system to be applied at different levels below the state government. This was later enshrined in Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 40), emphasizing local self-governance.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly settled the debate over Panchayats using the principle of adjustment. This helped balance different views and allowed for local self-governance at various levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the resolution of the Panchayat issue to the principle of adjustment, illustrating how the Assembly balanced conflicting viewpoints.

 

Question 13. How was the theory of adjustment useful in the provision related to fundamental rights ?
Answer: The theory of adjustment was highly useful in shaping the provisions related to fundamental rights. There were differing opinions in the Constituent Assembly: one group advocated for a maximum number of fundamental rights directly enforceable by the judiciary, while another believed these rights should be limited to essential aspects. A long discussion took place to reconcile these viewpoints. Ultimately, the principle of adjustment was adopted to resolve the matter, creating a balance. This approach ensured that fundamental rights were comprehensive yet practical, making them a cornerstone of the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: The theory of adjustment helped solve disagreements about fundamental rights. Some wanted many rights, others wanted fewer. By using adjustment, the Assembly found a balance to include strong but practical rights for all.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how the principle of adjustment helped in balancing different perspectives to finalize the scope and nature of fundamental rights.

 

Question 14. How was the dispute related to the election of the President of Indian Republic resolved in the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The dispute regarding the election of the President of the Indian Republic was resolved using the principle of adjustment in the Constituent Assembly. There were two main opinions: some members wanted the President to be elected through direct adult voting, while others preferred an electoral college comprising members of both houses of Parliament. A compromise was reached through adjustment. According to this agreement, the President would be elected by an electoral college that included elected members of Parliament and members of provincial legislatures. This indirect election method ensured a broad representative base while maintaining the parliamentary system's structure.
In simple words: The argument about how to elect the President was solved by using the principle of adjustment. They decided that the President would be chosen by elected members of Parliament and state assemblies, not directly by all citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe how the principle of adjustment was applied to devise the electoral college system for the President, balancing direct and indirect representation.

 

Question 15. Mention important committees of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The Constituent Assembly formed several important committees to manage its functions, including:

• Order of business committee
• Adhoc Committee on the National Flag
• Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly
• States Committee
• Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribals
• Union Power Committee
• Union Constitution Committee
• Drafting Committee

These committees were crucial for the efficient and systematic drafting of the Constitution.
In simple words: Some main committees of the Constituent Assembly were the Drafting Committee, Union Power Committee, States Committee, and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing committees, make sure to include the most significant ones, like the Drafting Committee, and briefly state their purpose if asked.

 

Question 16. Write a short note on the Drafting Committee. Or Name the members of Drafting Committee.
Answer: The Drafting Committee was tasked with preparing the draft of the Constitution. It was established on August 29, 1947, under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who is often called the architect of the Indian Constitution. This committee was central to making India's Constitution, a process that took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days. The main members of this committee were:

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
2. N. Gopal Swami Ayangar
3. Alladi Krishna Swami Aayyar
4. Dr. K.M. Munshi
5. Saiyed Mohammad Sadullah
6. N. Madhavrao
7. T.T. Krishmachari

The committee's diligent work ensured a comprehensive and well-structured constitutional document.
In simple words: The Drafting Committee, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was set up in 1947 to write the first draft of the Constitution. Its members included N. Gopal Swami Ayangar, K.M. Munshi, and others, and they worked for almost three years to finish it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the establishment date, chairperson, and at least a few key members of the Drafting Committee, highlighting its central role in constitution-making.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Essay Type Questions

 

Question 1. Describe the evolution of the demand for framing the Constitution of India.
Answer: The demand for framing a Constitution of India evolved over several decades, reflecting a growing desire for self-governance:

1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1895): The concept first appeared in his 'Swarajya Bill', marking an early call for Indians to shape their own destiny.
2. Mahatma Gandhi (1922): He stated that 'Swaraj' would be a declaration of India's self-expression, not a gift from the British. He insisted that India's political future must be decided by Indians.
3. Annie Besant's Initiative (1922): A meeting decided to hold an all-party conference to plan the Constitution. The 'Commonwealth Indian Bill' was the first effort to lay down constitutional guidelines.
4. Moti Lal Nehru's Demand (1924): Pt. Moti Lal Nehru formally demanded a Constituent Assembly. Although the British initially dismissed it due to communal differences, the Indian National Congress accepted the challenge, leading to an all-party conference in 1928.
5. All Party Conference and Nehru Report (1928): A committee under Pt. Moti Lal Nehru drafted the "Nehru Report," which became the first Indian attempt at a perfect constitution, proposing a parliamentary system and fundamental rights.
6. Congress Conference (1936): The Congress declared that Indians would not accept any externally imposed constitution. This demand was repeated in 1937 and 1938.
7. August Proposal (1940): Due to World War II pressure, the British government theoretically accepted the demand for a Constituent Assembly, stating that constitution-making was primarily India's responsibility, though it would start after the war.
8. Cripps Plan (1942): The British government accepted the demand for forming a Constituent Assembly, which would prepare the Indian Constitution. However, the plan was rejected by Indians.
9. Cabinet Mission Proposal (1946): A Cabinet Mission was sent to India, making several proposals for the Constituent Assembly's formation in November 1946, ultimately leading to its establishment.

This long evolution shows a persistent national aspiration for a self-made constitution.
In simple words: The demand for India's constitution grew step-by-step. It started with Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1895, then Mahatma Gandhi in 1922, and was formally asked for by Moti Lal Nehru in 1924. Later, the Nehru Report drafted a plan. The British slowly agreed through the August Proposal and Cripps Plan, finally leading to the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946, which set up the Constituent Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Chronologically trace the key milestones and individuals involved in the demand for a Constituent Assembly, highlighting how each step contributed to the eventual formation of the Constitution.

 

Question 1. Describe the evolution of the demand for framing the Constitution of India.
Answer: The demand for forming India's Constitution developed over several stages:
1. **Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Idea (1895):** The concept of having a constitution was first suggested by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in his 'Swarajya Bill' in 1895. This was an early call for self-governance and a constitutional framework.
2. **Mahatma Gandhi's Vision (1922):** Mahatma Gandhi stated on February 5, 1922, that 'swaraj' (self-rule) would not be a gift from the British Parliament. Instead, it would be a declaration of India's self-expression, decided by elected Indian representatives, not by the bureaucracy. This demand inspired other leaders.
3. **Annie Besant's Initiative (1922):** A meeting of both houses of the central legislature was held in Shimla at Annie Besant's suggestion. They decided to call an all-party conference to plan India's constitution. This conference took place in January 1915, and the Commonwealth Indian Bill was proposed, offering the first guidelines for a constitutional system.
4. **Moti Lal Nehru's Demand (1924):** In 1924, Pt. Moti Lal Nehru put forward the demand for forming a Constituent Assembly to the British Government. The British initially believed this was not possible due to religious differences. However, the Indian National Congress accepted this challenge. An all-party conference was held on January 28, 1928, chaired by M.A. Ansari, where 29 organizations declared that only representative governance could solve India's constitutional problems.
5. **All-Party Conference and Nehru Report (1928):** An All-Party Conference in Bombay on May 29, 1928, appointed a committee under Pt. Moti Lal Nehru to define the principles of the Indian Constitution. The committee submitted its report on August 10, 1928, known as the Nehru Report. This was the first time Indians drafted a constitution for their country. It proposed a parliamentary system, with the government responsible to Parliament, fundamental rights monitored by courts, and protections for minorities. The ideas from the Nehru Report were later adopted into the Indian Constitution.
8. **Congress Conference Demand (1936):** On December 18, 1936, at the Lucknow session of Congress, a resolution was passed stating that Indians would not accept any constitution imposed by an external government. This demand for a Constituent Assembly was repeated in conferences in 1937 and 1938, and again in the Congress Executive committee meeting on September 17, 1939, after World War II began.
9. **August Proposal Acceptance (1940):** The British Government initially ignored the demand for a Constituent Assembly. However, due to pressure from World War II and international influence, they theoretically accepted the demand in the August Proposal. On August 6, 1940, the British Government officially declared that making India's Constitution was the main responsibility of Indians, to begin after the war, with more Indians included in the Governor General's Executive Council.
10. **Cripps Plan (1942):** In 1942, the British Government accepted the demand for forming a Constituent Assembly through the Cripps Plan. This plan stated that an elected Constituent Assembly would be formed in India to prepare the Indian constitution. However, Indians rejected several other provisions of the Cripps Plan, so it was not implemented.
11. **Cabinet Mission Proposal:** In February 1946, the British Parliament announced that a Cabinet Mission would be sent to India to propose a plan for forming the Constituent Assembly and for the transfer of governance. The Cabinet Mission presented several proposals for this.
In simple words: The idea of creating an Indian Constitution grew over many years, starting with Tilak, then Gandhi and Besant. Key moments included the Nehru Report, Congress demands, and finally, proposals from the British like the August Proposal and the Cabinet Mission Plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the evolution of a historical event, ensure you list key dates, names, and the specific contributions of each person or event in chronological order.

 

Question 2. Explain the composition of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The Cabinet Mission, comprising three members, arrived in New Delhi on March 24, 1946. They presented their report on May 16, 1946, to the New British Government. The report stated that given the circumstances, forming the Constituent Assembly through direct adult voting was not feasible. Therefore, the provincial legislatures formed under the Indian Government Act of 1935 were used for the electoral process. The Constituent Assembly was formed in November 1946 based on the Cabinet Mission's proposals.
The main characteristics of the Constituent Assembly were:
1. **Membership:** According to the Cabinet Plan, the total membership was 389. Out of these, 296 members were elected from British Provinces, 93 from Princely States, and 4 from Chief Commissioners' provinces. The Provincial Legislature's representation was divided into three sections: Section A (Madras, UP, Central Provinces, Bombay, Bihar, and Orissa), Section B (Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Provinces, and Baluchistan), and Section C (Assam and Bengal).
2. **Elections:** Elections for 296 seats from these provinces and 4 from Chief Commissioners' provinces (Delhi, Ajmer-Marwara, and Coorg) were held in July-August 1946. The Indian National Congress won 208 seats, the Muslim League won 73 seats, and other smaller groups won 15 seats. The Princely States initially stayed away, leaving their 93 allotted seats vacant. Later, the heads of these states nominated their representatives to join the Assembly.
3. **Seat Allocation:** Each province received seats proportional to its population. Generally, one seat was allotted for approximately every one million people.
4. **Community Representation:** Seats in British provinces were allocated to Muslims, Sikhs (only in Punjab), and other specific communities, again in proportion to their population.
5. **Election Method:** Representatives of each community were elected only by members of that specific community using a proportional representation system.
6. **Division of Seats:** The allocation of seats was based on population, with roughly one member chosen for every 10 lakh (1 million) people.
7. **Separate Provincial Arrangements:** There were distinct arrangements for provincial constitutions.
The process of forming the Constituent Assembly was completed in two steps:
**First Step:** In July 1946, elections were held for the 296 seats allocated to the provinces. Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League won 73 seats. On November 20, 1946, the Viceroy invited the elected representatives to attend the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly on December 9, 1946. Initially, the Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan.
However, the British Government's statement on December 6, 1946, had negative consequences. The Muslim League soon demanded a separate Constituent Assembly for Pakistan and boycotted the existing one. In June 1947, following the Mountbatten Plan, Indians lost the ability to avoid partition. The Assembly's strength decreased to 324 members, with 235 seats for provinces and 89 for Indian princely states. Punjab and Bengal were divided. Elected representatives took their oath on July 14, 1947, and then took their seats.
Regarding the election of representatives from Indian princely states, it was decided that their percentage of members should not exceed 50% of the total seats. The number of seats for princely states was determined multiple times before and after India gained independence.
On November 26, 1949, the major task of framing India's constitution was completed. Representatives from Hyderabad state did not join. Apart from the 235 representatives from provinces, only 73 from Indian princely states attended. Only these 308 members signed the final original draft of the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly was formed under the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946 to draft India's constitution. It had 389 members, elected from British provinces and nominated from princely states, with seats based on population. The assembly worked through elections and nominations to create the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the composition of the Constituent Assembly, remember to mention the Cabinet Mission Plan, the total number of members, the breakdown between British provinces and princely states, and how seats were allocated based on population and community.

 

Question 4. Describe the important decisions taken unanimously by the Constituent Assembly during the making of Indian Constitution.
Answer: The Constituent Assembly made several important decisions unanimously while drafting the Indian Constitution:
1. **Provision Related to Union (Federal System):** A Federal Power Committee was formed in the Constituent Assembly to discuss the Union's structure. Chaired by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, its first meeting in 1947 started a long discussion on the federal structure, which continued until November 1949. The federal structure's provisions were carefully designed to satisfy both union and provincial representatives. This issue was resolved using the principle of unanimity, recognizing that pressure alone is not effective.
3. **Provisions Related to Parliament:** Many opinions and proposals about establishing Parliament were presented. After sympathetic consideration of all viewpoints, the assembly unanimously decided on matters like naming the houses, the bicameral system, and the term of the house, adopting the theory of unanimity.
4. **Provision of Introduction (Preamble):** Various points were discussed regarding the Constitution's introduction. Although there were initial differences, the Drafting Committee's Preamble was accepted unanimously after extensive debate.
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly made key decisions by everyone agreeing, not just a majority. This included setting up a federal system, defining how Parliament would work, and finalizing the Preamble for the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the concept of 'unanimity' and how it was applied to critical structural decisions like federalism, parliamentary setup, and the Preamble, highlighting the collaborative spirit of the assembly.

 

Question 5. For which subjects and issues during making of the constitution, was the theory of Adjustment adopted?
Answer: The theory of adjustment was used to resolve conflicting issues or ideas during the making of the constitution. Some key subjects where this principle was applied include:
1. **Federal and Unitary System:** To combine both federal and unitary systems in India's governance, the theory of adjustment helped bring together these different ideas. This led to India's constitution having a federal structure but a strong central, unitary spirit.
2. **Accepting Commonwealth Membership:** The question of India's membership in the Commonwealth was also settled using the theory of adjustment. In 1946, the Constituent Assembly decided India would be an independent republic. In 1949, it was agreed that India would be a Commonwealth member, with the British Crown as its head. This was a unique blend of two different principles.
4. **Provisions Related to Fundamental Rights:** There were different opinions in the Constituent Assembly about fundamental rights. One group wanted many rights to be directly enforceable by the judiciary, while another wanted them to be limited. After a long debate, the principle of adjustment was adopted to resolve this disagreement.
5. **Election of the President:** A significant debate arose over how to elect the President of India. Some members favored direct adult voting, while others preferred election by an electoral college made up of members from both houses of Parliament. The principle of adjustment was applied, leading to a compromise: the President is elected by an electoral college that includes elected members of Parliament and provincial legislatures.
In simple words: The "theory of adjustment" was a way to find solutions for tricky problems during constitution-making by blending different ideas. This helped settle disagreements on topics like how power should be shared, joining the Commonwealth, what fundamental rights people should have, and how the President should be elected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to explain what the 'theory of adjustment' means (reconciling contradictory ideas) and provide specific examples like federal structure, Commonwealth membership, fundamental rights, and presidential election.

 

Question 13. How was the theory of adjustment useful in the provision related to fundamental rights?
Answer: There were different opinions in the Constituent Assembly regarding fundamental rights. The problem was resolved with the principle of adjustment. According to Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, there were different viewpoints:
One group believed that the constitution should include the maximum number of fundamental rights, enforceable directly through the judiciary. The other group felt that fundamental rights should be limited to only essential matters. After long discussions and debates between these two groups, the assembly finally adopted the principle of adjustment to resolve the matter.
In simple words: The "theory of adjustment" helped solve disagreements over fundamental rights. Some wanted many rights, others wanted fewer, but this theory allowed a compromise to be reached.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the two opposing views on fundamental rights (maximal vs. limited) and how the principle of adjustment served as a crucial tool for achieving consensus.

 

Question 14. How was the dispute related to the election of the President of Indian Republic resolved in the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: There was a significant debate in the Constituent Assembly regarding the election of the President of India, with two main opinions:
Some members believed the President should be elected through direct adult voting. Others argued the President should be elected by an electoral college formed by the two houses of Parliament.
Ultimately, the principle of adjustment was adopted to resolve this problem. According to this compromise, the electoral college for electing the President includes members of Parliament and members of provincial legislatures.
In simple words: There was a debate on whether the President should be elected directly by people or by lawmakers. The "theory of adjustment" found a middle ground, so the President is now elected by an electoral college made up of both national and state elected representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about resolving disputes, always mention the differing viewpoints and how the final resolution balanced these ideas, often through a compromise. In this case, specifying direct adult voting vs. electoral college is key.

 

Question 15. Mention important committees of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer: The important committees of the Constituent Assembly included:
• Union Power Committee
• Union Constitution Committee
• States Committee
• Drafting Committee
• Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribals
• Procedure Rule Committee
• Steering Committee
• Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly
• Adhoc Committee on the National Flag
• Order of Business Committee
In simple words: The Constituent Assembly had many groups to help create the constitution. Key groups included those for Union powers, the Constitution itself, states, drafting the text, and advice on rights and minorities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific names of committees is important. Try to remember at least five key committees and their main roles for full marks.