RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Traditional and Modern Approach of Political Science

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Very Short Answer type Questions

Question 1. Write any four features of behaviouralism.
Answer:
(i) Regulation: Behaviouralism believes that political science can have rules and methods, as human political behavior shows patterns.
(ii) Verification: Facts about human behavior can be checked and proven through experience.
(iii) Technique: It uses special methods, similar to those in natural sciences, to get correct and reliable information.
(iv) Systematization: Research should be well-organized and systematic, connecting research findings to general principles.
In simple words: Behaviouralism looks for patterns in political behavior, checks facts carefully, uses specific study methods, and organizes research in a clear way.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing features, choose clear, distinct points and explain each briefly to show understanding.

Question 3. Mention any two achievements of behaviouralism.
Answer:
(i) It helped establish a new way of thinking about political science.
(ii) It created a new approach that combined ideas from different subjects, making study broader.
In simple words: Behaviouralism helped create a fresh start for political science and encouraged studying it together with other subjects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the positive impacts or new developments behaviouralism brought to the field of political science.

Question 4. Name any two propounders of behaviouralism.
Answer:
(i) David Easton
(ii) Charles Merriam
In simple words: David Easton and Charles Merriam were important people who helped start and develop behaviouralism.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for key figures, remember the most prominent names associated with the concept.

Question 5. What is post behaviouralism?
Answer: Post-behaviouralism is a new idea that came from behaviouralism. It is a reform movement that focuses on taking action and making studies relevant to real-world problems.
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism is a movement that changed how political science is studied, focusing on practical actions and real-world importance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that post-behaviouralism is a "reform movement" and its core ideas are "action" and "relevance."

Question 6. Mention two main reasons of post - behaviouralism revolution.
Answer:
(i) It was a reaction against some of the limitations of behaviouralism.
(ii) There was a feeling that traditional and behavioural approaches didn't pay enough attention to human well-being in the world.
In simple words: It started because people were unhappy with behaviouralism and felt it didn't focus enough on helping humanity with real problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the core criticisms or gaps in previous approaches that led to the development of post-behaviouralism.

Question 8. Between fact and value, upon what does post - behaviouralism give more emphasis?
Answer: Post-behaviouralism gives more emphasis on values.
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism thinks values are more important than just facts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the primary focus of post-behaviouralism when comparing facts and values.

Question 9. What is the role of value in post - behaviouralism?
Answer: According to post-behaviouralism, knowledge is truly useful for human society only when it is based on good values.
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism believes that only knowledge connected to good values can truly help people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that for post-behaviouralists, values are essential for knowledge to be meaningful and beneficial to society.

Question 10. Write two basic features of post - behaviouralism.
Answer:
(i) It stresses the importance of social change.
(ii) It highlights the significant role of values.
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism focuses on bringing about social change and giving importance to values.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for basic features, provide concise points that capture the essence of the concept.

Question 11. Write any two differences between Behavioralism and Post - Behaviouralism.
Answer:
(i) Behaviouralism focuses mainly on facts, while post-behaviouralism emphasizes the central importance of values.
(ii) Behaviouralism often overlooks the principle of relevance, whereas post-behaviouralism strongly believes in its importance.
In simple words: Behaviouralism looks at facts, but post-behaviouralism looks at values. Also, post-behaviouralism thinks research should be useful, which behaviouralism sometimes ignores.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly contrast the two approaches on key aspects like their focus (facts vs. values) and their view on relevance.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is behaviouralism?
Answer: Behaviouralism is a specific way of organizing and studying political facts. It was developed by American political thinkers after World War II. This approach focuses on political behaviors and believes that political science can be studied scientifically by observing how people act.
In simple words: Behaviouralism is a method used by scholars to study political science by focusing on how people behave politically, aiming for a scientific approach.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define behaviouralism by mentioning its origin (post-WWII), its focus (human behavior), and its goal (scientific study of politics).

Question 2. Explain the reasons of rise of Behaviouralism?
Answer: The rise of Behaviouralism happened for several reasons:
1. Dissatisfaction with traditional study methods: Political thinkers were not happy with the old ways of studying politics. They felt these traditional methods did not show the true picture of political life. They also failed to explain new political events like the rise of Fascism and Nazism.
2. Effect of Second World War: The events of World War II made political thinkers want new ways to understand politics. They believed it was important to study how people behave in political organizations, not just the organizations themselves, to understand political complexities.
3. Inspiration from various social sciences: Other social sciences had already started using scientific and realistic study methods. This inspired political science to adopt similar new, scientific approaches.
4. Use of New Study Methods: New methods, tools, research techniques, and statistical approaches became more common. Using these helped make the study of Political Science more real and practical, helping behaviouralism grow.
In simple words: Behaviouralism grew because old study methods weren't working, World War II showed new ways were needed, other sciences inspired new techniques, and new research tools became available.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key historical and academic factors that contributed to the emergence of behaviouralism, providing a brief explanation for each.

Achievements of Behaviouralism

Achievements of Behaviouralism are as under:

1. Establishment of new Political Science: Behaviouralism helped create a fresh and modern way of looking at political science.

2. Scientific approach to Political Science: It brought a scientific way of studying political topics, making it more systematic.

3. Great changes in aim, subject matter, nature and study methods of Political Science: It changed what political science aimed to do, what it studied, how it was seen, and the methods used to learn about it.

4. Establishment of Inter- disciplinary approach: It encouraged studying political science by connecting it with other social sciences.

5. Realistic approach to study of Political Science: Behaviouralism made the study of political science more focused on real-world situations.

6. Central role of human behaviour: It placed human behavior at the core of political studies.

7. Provision of alternative concepts: It introduced new ways of thinking and understanding political ideas.

Question 4. How do post - behaviorists consider Political Science a science?
Answer: Post-behaviouralists believe that Political Science is both a human science and an action-based science. They feel that both these aspects need a proper balance. David Easton, a key supporter of post-behaviouralism, said that Political Science should be an action-based science. Post-behaviouralists emphasize that scholars should be involved in rebuilding society through their knowledge.
In simple words: Post-behaviouralists see political science as a human science that involves action, meaning it should help solve real-world problems and contribute to society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that post-behaviouralists view political science as practical and human-centered, not just theoretical, with a focus on societal improvement.

Question 6. Differentiate between Behaviouralism & Post - Behaviouralism.
Answer: The main differences between Behaviouralism and Post-Behaviouralism are:
1. Difference between phases of development: Behaviouralism was a reaction against older, traditional ways of thinking in political science. Post-behaviouralism, on the other hand, was an important step forward and an improvement on behaviouralism itself.
2. Difference in Nature: Behaviouralism is seen as less creative, while post-behaviouralism is considered creative. Post-behaviouralism did not oppose behaviouralism but instead improved upon it with new experiments.
3. Difference in Approach: When studying politics, behaviouralism focuses only on facts. In contrast, post-behaviouralism acknowledges that both values and facts are important in the study of political science. It understands that political science is a social science, not a natural science.
In simple words: Behaviouralism reacted to old ideas, while post-behaviouralism improved behaviouralism. Behaviouralism is less creative and focuses on facts, but post-behaviouralism is more creative and looks at both facts and values.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the key contrasting points for each difference, such as their developmental stage, core nature, and what they emphasize in their study approach.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Long Answer (Essay Type) Questions

Question 1. Mention the main features of Behaviouralism.
Answer: The main features of Behaviouralism are:
1. Regulation: It believes that political science can have clear rules and methods for study. Even though human behavior changes, patterns can be found in political behavior through scientific analysis, allowing principles to be made.
2. Verification: This is the basis of its scientific nature. Behaviouralism says that facts about human behavior can be checked and confirmed through real-world experiences. This process makes rules more reliable.
3. Technique: Behaviouralism stresses the use of advanced techniques in political science, just like in natural sciences. This ensures that the collected facts are relevant, trustworthy, and accurately analyzed.
5. Systematization: Behaviouralism believes that all research work should be well-organized and systematic. There should be a strong link between research and creating general principles, ensuring that these principles are reliable and scientific.
6. Values: Behaviouralists keep facts and values separate. They believe that moral values and ethics cannot be measured scientifically. Researchers should ignore values to ensure their study is scientific and objective, following a value-free approach.
7. Integration: This refers to combining knowledge. Since human political behavior is influenced by many social, economic, and cultural factors, it should be studied as a whole. Knowledge from different social sciences should be integrated to understand political events.
8. Pure Science: Behaviouralism aims to make political science a pure science. It believes that a refined science of politics can effectively solve political problems. It emphasizes using advanced methods, like those in natural sciences, to achieve this.
In simple words: Behaviouralism focuses on finding patterns, checking facts, using advanced methods, organizing research, keeping values separate from facts, connecting different fields of study, and making political science a pure science.

🎯 Exam Tip: For essay-type questions, provide a clear explanation for each feature. Use topic sentences to introduce each point and simple examples or elaboration.

Question 2. What do you understand by Behaviouralism ? Explain the reasons of rise of Behaviouralism?
Answer:
Meaning of Behaviouralism:
Behaviouralism is a special method of organizing and analyzing political facts, developed by American political thinkers after World War II. It is an intellectual movement that aims to make Political Science a pure science by studying human behavior through real-world experiments and a realistic approach.

Reasons of Rise of Behaviouralism:
Following are the reasons for the rise of behaviouralism:
1. Dissatisfaction with Traditional Study Methods: Political thinkers were unhappy with the old ways of studying politics because they didn't show the real picture of political life. These methods also failed to explain new political events like the rise of Fascism, Nazism, and totalitarian approaches.
2. Effect of Second World War: The events of World War II inspired political thinkers to look for new research methods. They realized it was essential to focus on how people behave in political organizations to fully understand complex political life.
3. Inspiration from various social sciences: Scientific study methods and realistic approaches were already being used in other social sciences. This inspired Political Science to adopt similar scientific and new methods of study.
4. Use of New Study Methods: The increasing use of new methods, techniques, tools, research methods, and statistical approaches made the study of Political Science more realistic. This helped behaviouralism grow and develop.
5. Rise of New States and Problems of Under - Developed Countries: After World War II, many countries gained independence. Traditional approaches couldn't explain the problems and situations in these newly developing nations, which highlighted the need for new methods.
In simple words: Behaviouralism is a study method that focuses on real human political actions, developed after WWII to make political science more scientific. It rose because old study methods failed, WWII showed new needs, other sciences offered inspiration, new tools became available, and problems in new countries required fresh analysis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define behaviouralism first, then systematically list and explain each reason for its rise, ensuring each point is distinct and well-supported.

Question 1. Mention the limitations of Behaviouralism or Behaviouralism is critised on what basis ? Explain in detail.
Answer: Behaviouralism tried to guide Political Science in a new way but failed to meet expectations. It is criticized on the following points:
1. Extravagant Rhetoric: Behaviouralism used very complex and difficult words that were often too long and unclear.
2. Not possible to find out regularity in political behaviour of man: Behaviouralism believed that human political behavior should be studied more than organizations. However, it failed to find consistent patterns in human political behavior.
3. Undue stress on use of technique and methods: Behaviouralists focused too much on perfecting research methods rather than on the goals of their research. This made the actual subject matter of Political Science seem less important, which is not right.
4. Value - free Study not possible: Behaviouralists stressed studying without values, but critics argue that it is not possible or appropriate to completely remove values from political science studies.
5. Expensive Method: The behaviouralistic study method is very costly. It needs a lot of money, time, and skilled people to use its technical methods, making it difficult for average researchers or poorer societies to use.
6. Contrast in saying and doing: Critics point out a difference between what behaviouralists said and what they did. On one hand, they emphasized value-free study, but in practice, it was hard to achieve.
8. Danger to independent existence of Political Science: Behaviouralists did not clearly define Political Science or its subject. By focusing on methods from other social sciences, there was a risk that Political Science might lose its unique identity.
9. Fixed Principles and Predictions are not possible: Behaviouralists thought it was possible to predict political behaviors and create fixed principles. However, critics believe that such fixed principles and accurate predictions are not possible in Political Science.
10. Unable to help in Policy formation: Policy making needs both facts and values. A policy based only on facts and ignoring values can be unfair or unethical. Behaviouralism's focus only on facts means it cannot fully help in creating good policies.
11. Problem regarding Small and Large – Scale Units: Behaviouralists studied small groups for easy results but found it difficult and sometimes wrong to apply these results to larger societies.
In simple words: Behaviouralism was criticized for using confusing language, failing to find consistent human behavior patterns, over-focusing on methods, ignoring the role of values, being too expensive, having gaps between theory and practice, risking political science losing its identity, failing to create fixed predictions, not helping with policy making, and having trouble applying small-scale study results to large groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing limitations, explain why each point is considered a weakness of the behaviouralist approach. Ensure your explanations are clear and concise.

Question 4. Briefly explain the meaning, purpose and limitations of Behaviouralism
Answer:
Meaning of Behaviouralism:
Behaviouralism is a unique way of organizing and studying political facts. It was developed by American political thinkers after the Second World War. This approach focuses entirely on political behaviors in the context of Political Science and states that political activities can only be studied scientifically based on human behavior.

Purpose of Behaviouralism:
The goal of Behaviouralism is to explain the real-world aspects of political life using methods, ideas, techniques, and standards that meet the requirements of experimental science. This approach aims to make Political Science a pure science, similar to natural sciences, by analyzing human political behaviors through scientific methods to find general patterns.

Limitations of Behaviouralism:
1. It uses very complex and difficult terminology.
2. It places too much emphasis on techniques and methods, sometimes ignoring the actual subject.
3. It assumes a value-free study is possible, but critics believe this is not true.
4. It is based on a wrong idea of political behavior.
5. The methods used are very expensive.
6. It poses a threat to Political Science existing as an independent subject.
7. It is difficult to create fixed principles and predictions in political science.
8. There is a difference between what behaviouralists say and what they actually do.
9. It overlooks other important study methods.
10. It is impossible to accurately measure all aspects of political behavior.
11. It is hard to apply the results of small-scale studies to larger societal levels.
In simple words: Behaviouralism is a scientific method for studying political behavior. Its purpose is to make political science a pure, scientific field. However, it is criticized for using complex language, being too focused on methods, being expensive, and not fully accounting for values in its studies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer clearly into three parts: meaning, purpose, and limitations. For limitations, select the most impactful points and summarize them effectively.

Question 5. What do you understand by post Behaviouralism Write the main features of Post – Behaviouralism
Answer:
Meaning of Post – Behaviouralism:
Post-Behaviouralism is an intellectual movement for change and reform that emphasizes action and relevance. Before 1960, behaviouralists themselves started questioning how useful their approach was. This led to a new movement called post-behaviouralism, which aims to improve behaviouralism and represents a progressive step forward.

Main features of Post - Behaviouralism:
The main supporter of post-Behaviouralism, David Easton, highlighted its key features:
1. Relevance of Research: Post-behaviouralism stresses that political science research should always be useful and connected to the real needs of society. It should help solve actual social and political problems.
2. Stress on social change: It highlights the importance of social change. While behaviouralism focused on stability, post-behaviouralism believes political science should address and understand social changes within a broader societal context.
3. Need for effective & reliable solution of Problems: Post-behaviouralism insists on finding practical solutions for current social problems, like epidemics or poverty. It believes political science is useful only when it helps resolve these issues.
4. Important role of Values: Post-behaviouralism accepts that values are crucial. Knowledge is valuable for human society only when it is based on values, and the goal of social science is to create a better human society through value-based knowledge.
5. Role of Intellectuals: It sees intellectuals as having an important role in society. Their duty is not just to be scientific researchers but also to protect human values and lead society towards positive change.
6. Action based knowledge: Post-behaviouralism emphasizes that knowledge should lead to action. Political Science should be involved in rebuilding society, and research should have practical significance, helping to resolve social problems.
7. Politicization of Professions: It advocates for an active role for scholars, not a passive one. It emphasizes that scholars should play a positive role in society, guiding it in an organized and systematic way to achieve societal goals.
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism is a movement that improved upon behaviouralism by focusing on practical action and real-world relevance. Its main features include making research useful, promoting social change, solving problems, valuing knowledge based on ethics, encouraging intellectuals to lead society, using knowledge for action, and involving professionals in political life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define post-behaviouralism clearly and then provide a detailed explanation for each of its main features, focusing on how they distinguish it from behaviouralism.

Differences / Comparison Between Behaviouralism & Post - Behaviouralism

1. Difference in different phases of development: Behaviouralism was a reaction against traditional political approaches and represented an early stage of Political Science development. In contrast, Post-behaviouralism is a significant improvement within behaviouralism itself, showing a further development in Political Science from behaviouralism.

2. Differences in Nature: The basic nature of Behaviouralism is seen as not creative, whereas Post-behaviouralism is inherently creative. Post-behaviouralism did not oppose Behaviouralism; instead, it improved and developed it through new experiments and ideas.

3. Differences in Assumption: Behaviouralism accepts the fundamental similarity between Political Science and natural sciences. However, Post-behaviouralism does not consider Political Science to be the same as natural science; it believes Political Science is a social science.

4. Differences in Approach: Behaviouralism emphasizes only facts when studying Political Science and disregards values. On the other hand, Post-behaviouralism accepts the importance of both facts and values in the study of Political Science.

5. Differences in Relevance: Behaviouralism focuses on the technical purity of its methods, while Post-behaviouralism emphasizes the relevance of research alongside technical purity. David Easton correctly stated that Post-behaviouralism believes in the theory of relevance, which Behaviouralism often ignores.

To conclude, both Behaviouralism and Post-behaviouralism were championed by American political scholars. Post-behaviouralism is not an opposing movement but rather an approach that has made Political Science more relevant. Today, the sharp contrast between them has largely faded, as Post-behaviouralism is mainly an effort to address the shortcomings of Behaviouralism.

Question 5. What do you understand by post Behaviouralism Write the main features of Post – Behaviouralism
Answer: Post-Behaviouralism is a big change in political thought. It is a movement that pushes for reforms, focusing on practical action and real-world usefulness. Even before 1960, behaviouralists themselves started to question if their approach was truly helpful. This led to a new movement called post-behaviouralism. It aims to improve behaviouralism and is seen as a step forward.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining a movement, always include its core purpose, how it started, and its key characteristics to show a complete understanding.

Answer: Post-Behaviouralism tries to understand and solve society's problems and political issues. It emphasizes that research should be relevant to society's needs, rather than just focusing on research methods. David Easton called this the 'Theory of relevance' or 'Religion of relevance'. It has two main features: action and relevance. Post-Behaviouralism believes that political science research should always connect to society's real needs. It encourages political thinkers to study neutrally and guide society, instead of avoiding social and political problems. This approach focuses on making political science useful for the betterment of society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight "action" and "relevance" as the twin pillars of Post-Behaviouralism, connecting them to practical problem-solving.

Answer: **Main features of Post - Behaviouralism:**
1. Relevance of Research: It stresses that political science research must be useful and apply to real-world problems.
2. Stress on social change: While behaviouralism focused on social stability, post-behaviouralism connects political science to larger social contexts and addresses changes.
3. Need of effective & reliable solution of Problems: It emphasizes solving current social problems like epidemics, poverty, pollution, and war. Political science should actively work on these issues.
4. Important role of Values: It accepts that values are crucial. Knowledge is valuable only if it is based on values and helps shape a better human society.
5. Role of Intellectuals: Intellectuals have a key role. They should not just be researchers but also guide society and protect human values.
6. Action based knowledge: It emphasizes action. Political science should be involved in rebuilding society, making knowledge practically useful, and helping solve social problems.
7. Politicization of Professions: It encourages scientists to be active, not passive. They should play a positive role in society to provide systematic direction.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing features, use clear, concise points. Remember that Post-Behaviouralism seeks to integrate values and action into political science, moving beyond purely factual observation.

Question 1. Result of dissatisfaction towards the failures of traditional approach of Political Science –
(a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution
(b) Post - Behaviouralism
(c) Marxism
(d) Liberalism
Answer: (a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution
In simple words: The failure of older ways of studying politics led to a new movement called the Behaviouralistic Revolution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key movements in political science and their causes, such as a shift away from traditional methods.

Question 2. In context to Political Science, which of the following approaches concentrates mainly on political behaviour?
(a) Post - Behaviouralism
(b) Liberalism
(c) Democratic socialism
(d) Behaviouralism
Answer: (d) Behaviouralism
In simple words: In political science, the approach that mostly looks at how people act politically is called Behaviouralism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Behaviouralism specifically focuses on observable human political behavior, seeking to make political science more scientific.

Question 4. Who is the writer of the book The Political System?
(a) Catlin
(b) David Easton
(c) Burke
(d) Albert
Answer: (b) David Easton
In simple words: David Easton wrote the book "The Political System."

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key authors and their influential works is important for political science studies.

Question 5. Which intellectual basis of Behaviouralism give stress on inter – disciplinary approach?
(a) Pure science
(b) Systematization
(c) Value determination
(d) Systematization
Answer: (d) Systematization
In simple words: The idea that Behaviouralism should be systematic also means it should use knowledge from different subjects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Systematization in Behaviouralism implies an organized and integrated approach, often drawing from various social sciences.

Question 6. Which intellectual base of Behaviouralism urges to make Political Science free of any ideology?
(a) Value determination
(b) Quantification
(c) Verification
(d) Pure science
Answer: (a) Value determination
In simple words: To make political science free from strong beliefs, Behaviouralism focuses on clearly defining and separating values.

🎯 Exam Tip: Behaviouralism's aim for value-free study is a central, yet often debated, aspect of its approach to making political science more objective.

Question 8. Who has said that behaviousalists have found new areas for research in Political Science and developed new - techniques?
(a) Robert A Dahl
(b) David Easton
(c) Dr. S. P. Verma
(d) Strauss
Answer: (a) Robert A Dahl
In simple words: Robert A Dahl stated that behaviouralists discovered fresh research areas and created new techniques in Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking specific ideas or criticisms to their proponents (like Robert A. Dahl) demonstrates a deeper understanding of the subject.

Question 9. What represents Political Science as the science of action?
(a) Post - behaviouralism
(b) Socialism
(c) Communalsim
(d) Behaviouralism
Answer: (a) Post - behaviouralism
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism sees political science as a field that involves action and aims to solve real-world problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Post-behaviouralism shifted the focus from merely observing political behavior to actively engaging with and addressing societal issues.

Question 10. Classical aspect of Political Science is represented by:
(a) Post - Behaviouralism
(b) Behaviouralism
(c) Traditionalism
(d) All the options
Answer: (c) Traditionalism
In simple words: The older, classical way of looking at political science is called Traditionalism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical progression: Traditionalism represents the oldest approach, followed by Behaviouralism, and then Post-Behaviouralism as a reform.

Question 11. Who lays stress on gist before details?
(a) Behaviouralism
(b) Post - Behaviouralism
(c) Experientialism
(d) Socialism
Answer: (b) Post – Behaviouralism
In simple words: Post-Behaviouralism emphasizes understanding the main idea or essence before diving into small details.

🎯 Exam Tip: This refers to the idea of "relevance" where the overall purpose and impact are prioritized over meticulous, but potentially irrelevant, details.

Question 12. Which of the following is not a feature of Post – Behaviouralism?
(a) Action - based science
(b) gist before details
(c) Stress on technique
(d) Important role of values
Answer: (c) Stress on technique
In simple words: Post-Behaviouralism does not focus heavily on just the methods; instead, it looks more at useful outcomes, the main points, and values.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a criticism of Behaviouralism was its over-emphasis on technique; Post-Behaviouralism sought to correct this by prioritizing relevance and values.

Question 13. Post - Behaviouralism lays stress on which thing?
(a) Political neutrality
(b) Value - free
(c) Practical aspect of knowledge
(d) All of the options
Answer: (c) Practical aspect of knowledge
In simple words: Post-Behaviouralism focuses on making knowledge useful and applicable in real life.

🎯 Exam Tip: The practical application and utility of knowledge are central tenets of Post-Behaviouralism, distinguishing it from purely theoretical approaches.

Question 14. Following is not a feature of Post – Behaviouralism –
(a) Politicization of professions
(b) Important role of values
(c) Stress on social change
(d) Political behavior as main subject of study
Answer: (d) Political behavior as main subject of study
In simple words: The main study of political behavior itself is a feature of Behaviouralism, not Post-Behaviouralism, which broadened its scope.

🎯 Exam Tip: While political behavior is relevant, Post-Behaviouralism expanded beyond it to include values, action, and social change, making "political behavior as main subject" more characteristic of pure Behaviouralism.

Question 1. Result of dissatisfaction towards the failures of traditional approach of Political Science –
(a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution
(b) Post - Behaviouralism
(c) Marxism
(d) Liberalism
Answer: (a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution
In simple words: The failure of older ways of studying politics led to a new movement called the Behaviouralistic Revolution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key movements in political science and their causes, such as a shift away from traditional methods.

Question 2. In context to Political Science, which of the following approaches concentrates mainly on political behaviour?
(a) Post - Behaviouralism
(b) Liberalism
(c) Democratic socialism
(d) Behaviouralism
Answer: (d) Behaviouralism
In simple words: In political science, the approach that mostly looks at how people act politically is called Behaviouralism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Behaviouralism specifically focuses on observable human political behavior, seeking to make political science more scientific.

Question 4. Who is the writer of the book The Political System?
(a) Catlin
(b) David Easton
(c) Burke
(d) Albert
Answer: (b) David Easton
In simple words: David Easton wrote the book "The Political System."

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key authors and their influential works is important for political science studies.

Question 5. Which intellectual basis of Behaviouralism give stress on inter – disciplinary approach?
(a) Pure science
(b) Systematization
(c) Value determination
(d) Systematization
Answer: (d) Systematization
In simple words: The idea that Behaviouralism should be systematic also means it should use knowledge from different subjects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Systematization in Behaviouralism implies an organized and integrated approach, often drawing from various social sciences.

Question 6. Which intellectual base of Behaviouralism urges to make Political Science free of any ideology?
(a) Value determination
(b) Quantification
(c) Verification
(d) Pure science
Answer: (a) Value determination
In simple words: To make political science free from strong beliefs, Behaviouralism focuses on clearly defining and separating values.

🎯 Exam Tip: Behaviouralism's aim for value-free study is a central, yet often debated, aspect of its approach to making political science more objective.

Question 8. Who has said that behaviousalists have found new areas for research in Political Science and developed new - techniques?
(a) Robert A Dahl
(b) David Easton
(c) Dr. S. P. Verma
(d) Strauss
Answer: (a) Robert A Dahl
In simple words: Robert A Dahl stated that behaviouralists discovered fresh research areas and created new techniques in Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking specific ideas or criticisms to their proponents (like Robert A. Dahl) demonstrates a deeper understanding of the subject.

Question 9. What represents Political Science as the science of action?
(a) Post - behaviouralism
(b) Socialism
(c) Communalsim
(d) Behaviouralism
Answer: (a) Post - behaviouralism
In simple words: Post-behaviouralism sees political science as a field that involves action and aims to solve real-world problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Post-behaviouralism shifted the focus from merely observing political behavior to actively engaging with and addressing societal issues.

Question 10. Classical aspect of Political Science is represented by:
(a) Post - Behaviouralism
(b) Behaviouralism
(c) Traditionalism
(d) All the options
Answer: (c) Traditionalism
In simple words: The older, classical way of looking at political science is called Traditionalism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical progression: Traditionalism represents the oldest approach, followed by Behaviouralism, and then Post-Behaviouralism as a reform.

Question 12. Main point of criticism of Post - Behaviouralism is –
(a) Inter - contrast
(b) Unscientific approach
(c) Limited use for third world nations
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: All the listed points are main criticisms against Post-Behaviouralism.

🎯 Exam Tip: When an "All of the options" answer is correct, be sure to understand each individual criticism it encompasses.

Question 13. Who represents the balanced and the modern phase of development of Political Science?
(a) Post – Behaviouralism
(b) Balance of power
(c) Traditionalism
(d) Liberalism
Answer: (a) Post – Behaviouralism
In simple words: Post-Behaviouralism is seen as the modern and balanced approach in political science because it tries to combine the best parts of older methods with new ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Post-Behaviouralism is often considered a synthesis, combining the empirical rigor of Behaviouralism with the normative concerns of Traditionalism.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. On what does Behaviouralism concentrate completely in context to Political Science?
Answer: Behaviouralism focuses entirely on political behavior. It studies how people act in political situations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that Behaviouralism's central focus is on observable political behavior.

Question 2. For which subject is the word 'Behaviouralistic science' used?
Answer: The term 'Behaviouralistic science' is used for all subjects that fall under the social sciences. It means applying the behavioural approach across various fields.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the behaviouralistic approach has broad applications across different social sciences, not just political science.

Question 4. Who is known as the founder of Behaviouralism?
Answer: David Easton is known as the founder of Behaviouralism.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's crucial to remember key figures associated with major political science theories, like David Easton for Behaviouralism.

Question 5. Write the basic concept of Behaviouralism.
Answer: The basic concept of Behaviouralism is that there is a continuous connection in quality between natural sciences and social sciences. This means it tries to apply scientific methods to social studies.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea is that social phenomena can be studied with the same scientific rigor as natural phenomena.

Question 6. Name the scholars who criticised drawing political conclusion on the basis of study and analysis of the institutions in Political Science?
Answer: Graham Wallace and A.F. Bentley are the scholars who criticized forming political conclusions only by studying institutions in Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember critics who challenged traditional institutional approaches, paving the way for behavioral studies.

Question 7. What is the view of Graham Wallace about Behaviouralism?
Answer: Graham Wallace believed that Political Science should not study institutions alone. Instead, it should focus on human behavior to understand politics fully.

🎯 Exam Tip: Graham Wallace's emphasis on human behavior marked a significant shift away from purely institutional analysis in political science.

Question 8. Which book has a special importance in development of Behaviouralism?
Answer: 'New Aspects of Politics' by Charles Merriam, published in 1925, is a very important book in the development of written Behaviouralism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize seminal works and their authors that significantly shaped the development of political theories.

Question 11. Name the scholars of Chicago University who are considered the propounders of Behaviouralism?
Answer: P.V. Smith, Charles Merriam, and Harold Lasswell are considered the key proponents of Behaviouralism from Chicago University.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associating theorists with their academic institutions can help in recalling their contributions and the schools of thought they represent.

Question 12. Write any two reasons of emergence of Behaviouralism.
Answer: Two reasons for the emergence of Behaviouralism are:
• Dissatisfaction with traditional study methods, which were seen as insufficient.
• Inspiration from other social sciences that had successfully adopted scientific approaches.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for reasons, focus on the shortcomings of previous approaches and the influences that led to the new movement.

Question 13. Write any four assumptions of Behaviouralism as given by Easton.
Answer: Four assumptions of Behaviouralism, according to Easton, are:
• Regulation: Political behavior shows patterns that can be identified and studied.
• Verification: Observations about political behavior can be checked and confirmed.
• Quantification: Political phenomena can be measured using numbers.
• Value: There is a belief that objective study requires separating facts from personal values.

🎯 Exam Tip: These "intellectual foundations" or "assumptions" are critical for understanding how Behaviouralism intended to make political science more scientific.

Question 14. What is meant by verification in context of Behaviouralism?
Answer: In Behaviouralism, verification means that any rules or principles made about human behavior must be tested to see if they are true and reliable. It ensures that findings are accurate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Verification is a cornerstone of scientific methodology, emphasizing empirical testing and reproducibility of findings.

Question 16. What is the most important limitation of Behaviouralism?
Answer: The most important limitation of Behaviouralism is its strong emphasis on value neutrality. Critics argue that completely separating values from political study is difficult and can make the research less relevant.

🎯 Exam Tip: The attempt to be entirely value-free is a significant point of contention and a key limitation for Behaviouralism.

Question 17. Behaviouralism is too expensive and time – consuming. Why?
Answer: Behaviouralism is expensive and time-consuming because it requires collecting facts repeatedly through detailed research. This process aims for purity and exactness, which takes a lot of time and resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: The rigorous, empirical methods of Behaviouralism, while seeking precision, often come with high costs in terms of time, money, and skilled personnel.

Question 18. How is Behaviouralism unable to help in policy - formation?
Answer: Behaviouralism primarily focuses on facts and tends to ignore values. Since policy-making needs both facts and values to create ethical and humane policies, Behaviouralism alone cannot fully assist in effective policy formation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Effective policy requires considering both factual data and ethical values; Behaviouralism's neglect of values limits its practical use in policy-making.

Question 19. Which approach of Behaviouralism is considered important by Robert A Dahl in context of Political Science?
Answer: Robert A Dahl considered the inter-disciplinary approach of Behaviouralism to be very important in Political Science. This means combining insights from different fields of study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Inter-disciplinary study enriches political science by providing a broader perspective, a concept highly valued by figures like Robert A. Dahl.

Question 20. What is the religion of relevance in Post-Behaviouralism?
Answer: In Post-Behaviouralism, the "religion of relevance" means that any research, no matter how it is done, must be useful and connected to real-world problems. Its purpose must be to solve issues.

🎯 Exam Tip: The "religion of relevance" emphasizes the practical utility and social impact of research, distinguishing Post-Behaviouralism's priorities.

Question 21. Write any two bases of Post – Behaviouralism.
OR
What are the two slogans of post behaviouralists?
Answer: Two bases (or slogans) of Post-Behaviouralism are:
• Stress on social change: It emphasizes that political science should help address and manage societal changes.
• Action - based science: It advocates for knowledge that leads to practical action and problem-solving.

🎯 Exam Tip: These two principles highlight Post-Behaviouralism's departure from passive observation to active engagement and problem-solving in society.

Question 23. Write any two differences between traditionalism and Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer: Two differences between Traditionalism and Post-Behaviouralism are:
• Traditionalism is content with the current state of Political Science, while Post-Behaviouralism believes in its ongoing development and improvement.
• Traditionalism is past-focused, whereas Post-Behaviouralism is future-oriented, aiming for continuous development in Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on their core orientations: Traditionalism looks backward, Post-Behaviouralism looks forward, emphasizing progress and adaptation.

Question 24. What is meant by principle of relevance?
Answer: David Easton proposed seven assumptions of Post-Behaviouralism, which are together called the principle of relevance. This principle means that political science research should always be useful and connected to the real needs of society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that Easton's "principle of relevance" encapsulates the idea that academic research must serve a practical purpose in society.

Question 25. Write any two features of Post-Behaviouralism?
Answer: Two features of Post-Behaviouralism are:
• Stress on social change: It emphasizes that political science should actively address and manage changes in society.
• Action - based science: It advocates for knowledge that is not just theoretical but also leads to practical actions and solutions.

🎯 Exam Tip: These features highlight Post-Behaviouralism's commitment to dynamic, solution-oriented political inquiry.

Question 26. According to Post – Behaviouralism, what is the purpose of Political Science?
Answer: According to Post-Behaviouralism, the purpose of Political Science is to gain knowledge that helps in rebuilding society. It aims to make political science relevant and useful for societal betterment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Post-Behaviouralism gives political science a normative and activist role, seeing it as an instrument for social improvement.

Question 28. Write any two points of criticism of Post – behaviouralism?
Answer: Two criticisms of Post-Behaviouralism are:
• Unscientific approach: Critics argue that by reintroducing values, it moves away from a purely scientific, objective study.
• Representative of American national interests: Some believe it primarily reflects the interests and concerns of American society, not a universal approach.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing criticisms, focus on how the movement might fall short of its own goals or be perceived as biased.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Define Behaviouralism according to David Easton?
Answer: According to David Easton, "Behaviouralism fully focuses on real powers. The basic unit of Behaviouralism is the behavior of man. This behavior can be analyzed, measured, and checked by every human being. Behaviouralism aims to develop scientific explanations about how political organizations and reactions work by studying political behavior."

🎯 Exam Tip: For definitions by specific scholars, try to capture their core emphasis and key terms as accurately as possible.

Question 2. Mention any two assumptions of Behaviouralism?
Answer: Two assumptions of Behaviouralism are:
1. Regulation: This means that it is possible to create rules and methods for studying Political Science. Even though human behavior changes and is affected by many things, political behavior still shows regular patterns. By finding these patterns through scientific analysis, principles can be made to understand political behavior.
2. Value determination: Behaviouralistic thinkers separate facts and values. They do not care about moral values and ethics. Things like democracy, equality, and liberty might be good ideals, but they cannot be proven scientifically. Researchers should ignore values to ensure their research is scientific and objective. Therefore, behaviouralists emphasize a value-free approach.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish how Behaviouralism seeks to establish regularity in political phenomena and its stance on separating facts from values.

Question 4. Why did Behaviouralism thinkers not accept the other study methods? What are the views of famous political thinker Sibli regarding this?
Answer: Behaviouralists only accepted their own study methods for Political Science. They did not value other ways of studying. The thinker Sibli believed that to truly understand human political behavior, one needs to consider not just current actions, but also past experiences and future possibilities. He felt that relying only on behaviouralism wouldn't be enough. To get a full picture, we must also look at traditional approaches like political history, policy-making, philosophy, and cultural history. Political development also guides our understanding of past and future political events.
In simple words: Behaviouralists focused only on their own methods. Sibli thought we need to look at a person's past, present, and future actions to truly understand them, not just their current behavior. This means we also need to study history and traditional ideas to understand politics fully.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing a thinker's view, always name the thinker and accurately present their core argument to score well.

Question 5. How did dissatisfaction with Behaviouralism research become the reason for post behavioural revolution? Explain.
Answer: Post-Behaviouralism emerged because people were unhappy with Behaviouralism. In Behaviouralism, researchers focused only on facts and ignored values, believing that a scientific approach meant studying only facts. However, Post-Behaviouralism argues that both values and facts are important for meaningful study. It is not right to separate these two parts of Political Science, as both are crucial for a complete understanding. Therefore, the importance of values in Political Science cannot be overlooked.
In simple words: Post-Behaviouralism started because Behaviouralism focused too much on facts and not enough on values. Post-Behaviouralism says both facts and values are needed to properly study Political Science.

🎯 Exam Tip: To explain the rise of a new concept, always highlight the problems or gaps in the previous concept that led to the new development.

Question 6. Differentiate Traditionalism and Post-Behaviouralism.
Answer: The differences are as follows:
1. **Between Traditionalism and Post-Behaviouralism:** Traditionalism focuses on studying Political Science using a value-based approach. In contrast, Post-Behaviouralism uses a realistic approach that also includes values to study political events.
2. **Between Behaviouralism and Post-Behaviouralism (Nature):** Behaviouralism is not considered creative, but Post-Behaviouralism is creative. Post-Behaviouralism disagreed with some parts of Behaviouralism but also improved upon it with new ideas.
3. **Between Behaviouralism and Post-Behaviouralism (Approach):** Behaviouralism studies politics by focusing only on facts. However, Post-Behaviouralism believes that both values and facts are important when studying Political Science.
4. **Between Behaviouralism and Post-Behaviouralism (Science Similarity):** Behaviouralism sees Political Science as similar to natural sciences. On the other hand, Post-Behaviouralism does not agree with this similarity and views Political Science as a social science.
In simple words: Traditionalism and Post-Behaviouralism differ in how they view values in political study. Behaviouralism focuses only on facts and sees political science like natural science, while Post-Behaviouralism is more creative, accepts both facts and values, and views it as a social science.

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating, create clear, concise points of comparison that directly contrast the two concepts to ensure clarity and accuracy.

Question 7. Write any two basic assumptions of Post - Behaviouralism.
Answer: The two basic assumptions of Post-Behaviouralism are:
1. **Gist before procedure:** In Political Science, it is more important for research to be relevant than for its technique to be perfect. Even if a method is very refined, it's useless if it doesn't help solve current social problems.
2. **Important role of values:** Post-behaviouralists believe values are crucial. They think that knowledge is truly useful for society only if it's based on values. A society can only be peaceful if values guide its knowledge. Post-Behaviouralism criticizes value-neutral knowledge, seeing it as against human nature. Social sciences aim to build an ideal human society, so they must gain value-based knowledge.
In simple words: First, research should be relevant to real-world problems, not just follow perfect methods. Second, values are very important, and true knowledge should be guided by them to help society.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing assumptions, start with a clear heading for each point and explain it concisely, focusing on the core idea.

Question 8. Why is politicization of professions necessary as per Post - Behaviouralism?
Answer: According to Post-Behaviouralism, political scholars should not be passive. Instead, they should actively participate in society. This approach emphasizes involving professions in politics. It states that political scholars must play a positive role to guide society in an organized and systematic way. Post-Behaviouralism encourages political scholars and educational institutions to become politically active.
In simple words: Post-Behaviouralism believes that political thinkers should be active in society, not just observers. They should help guide society's goals in a structured way.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining a concept like "politicization," clarify what it means in the context of the question (e.g., active role vs. passive observation).

Question. Write any two bases of criticism of Post - Behaviouralism.
Answer: Post-Behaviouralism is criticized on the following points:
1. **Internal Conflicts (Inter-contrast):** Post-Behaviouralism says both values and facts are important in study. But this creates conflicts because post-behaviouralists want Political Science to be value-based, ideological, and subjective, while also being value-neutral, realistic, and objective, which is contradictory.
2. **Unscientific Approach:** Post-behaviouralists prioritize the main idea (gist) over the method (procedure). They first decide the research goal and then choose the technique. This means their studies can be biased, making them seem unscientific.
In simple words: Critics say Post-Behaviouralism is confusing because it tries to be both objective and value-based at the same time. Also, they are criticized for choosing methods to fit their goals, which makes their studies less scientific.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for "bases of criticism," provide distinct points that clearly outline the flaws or problems identified by critics.

Rbse Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Write the main reasons of dissatisfaction with traditional study methods. or What are the reasons for dissatisfaction with traditional approach.
Answer: The main reasons for dissatisfaction with traditional study methods and approaches are:
1. **Importance given only to politicians:** By the late 19th century, political thinkers were unhappy because traditional methods focused only on politicians for making policies and governing. The knowledge, skills, and experience of researchers were ignored.
2. **Over-emphasis on theory:** Political thinkers felt that traditionalism stressed only theoretical aspects, making studies unreliable. Practical and realistic understanding was missing.
3. **Failure to explain complex political phenomena:** Traditionalism couldn't explain how Fascism, Nazism, and Racism became popular or developed. This study method, which mostly explained things, was seen as inadequate.
4. **Growing interest in new methods:** There was a rising desire for new and reliable study methods and techniques, inspired by progress in natural and social sciences. An inter-disciplinary approach was seen as essential for Political Science to grow and survive, which helped behaviouralism rise.
5. **Post-World War II circumstances:** After the Second World War, especially in America, political thinkers realized that research from Western systems might only be useful for limited areas. Traditional methods couldn't explain the true situation in newly independent and developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Therefore, studying political systems within their cultural and international context became important.
In simple words: People were unhappy with old study methods because they only focused on politicians, were too theoretical, and couldn't explain new problems like the rise of bad ideologies. After World War II, it became clear that new, broader methods were needed, especially for new nations.

🎯 Exam Tip: For essay questions on causes of dissatisfaction, organize your points logically, starting with general issues and moving to specific historical events or intellectual shifts.

Question 2. Mention the effect of Behaviouralism on Political Science. or Explain the usefulness and importance of Behaviouralism. or Explain the importance of Behaviouralism in Political Science. or Explain the contribution of Behaviouralism in the field of Political Science.
Answer: The contribution, importance, and usefulness of Behaviouralism in Political Science are as follows:
1. **New methods and concepts:** Behaviouralism introduced many new ways of studying, new terms, new approaches, and new concepts to Political Science. As Dr. S.P. Verma noted, behaviouralists opened up new research areas and developed fresh study methods.
2. **Scientific approach:** It emphasized using scientific methods in Political Science, including research methods, questionnaires, interviews, and statistical analysis.
3. **Shift in subject matter:** While traditional Political Science focused on institutions, Behaviouralism made human behavior the main point of study. It saw human behavior as the core unit for understanding political science, rather than just theoretical explanations of organizations.
4. **Inter-disciplinary approach:** Behaviouralism promoted studying Political Science by connecting it with other social sciences. This broadened how political thinkers viewed their field.
5. **Alternative concepts:** It offered new ideas important for Political Science, such as power groups, willpower, voting behavior, and research methods.
6. **More realistic study:** Behaviouralism made the study of Political Science more realistic by focusing on "what is" rather than "what should be." This helped to achieve a more grounded understanding of politics.
In simple words: Behaviouralism brought scientific methods and new ideas to Political Science. It shifted focus from institutions to human behavior, encouraging studies across different fields to make political science more realistic and understand "what is" in politics.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about contributions or importance, list the key impacts or benefits clearly, using distinct points to show the breadth of influence.