RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Causes of Decline of British Rule

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Causes of Decline of British Rule in India

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Very Short Answer type Questions

Question 1. When was the Congress formed ?
Answer: The Congress was formed on December 28, 1885.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress, a major political party, was established at the end of 1885.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the exact date and year of the Indian National Congress's formation as it's a key historical fact.

Question 2. When did Quit India movement start?
Answer: The Quit India Movement started on August 9, 1942.
In simple words: The big movement to make the British leave India began in August 1942.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the year and exact date for significant historical movements to ensure accuracy in your answers.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention the works done by Brahmo Samaj.
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828. Its main goal was to remove social problems in Hinduism, stop the growing influence of Christianity, and unite people of all religions. Through the Brahmo Samaj, Raja Ram Mohan Roy spoke out against social evils in Indian society such as Sati Pratha, child marriage, and polygamy. He started many movements against Sati Pratha, which led Governor-General Lord William Bentick to declare Sati Pratha illegal. Raja Ram Mohan Roy also supported women's education, freedom of the press, and basic human rights like life, liberty, and property. He also opposed the zamindari system.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Brahmo Samaj to fix social issues like Sati Pratha and child marriage, promote education, and protect basic rights, aiming for religious unity.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Brahmo Samaj, focus on its founder, establishment year, and key social reforms like the abolition of Sati and promotion of education.

Question 2. What do you understand by Atlantic Charter?
Answer: The Atlantic Charter was an agreement signed by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This agreement outlined their plans for the world after World War II. They met on August 14, 1941, to discuss the global situation. Roosevelt believed in granting freedom to colonies under British rule, but Churchill was unwilling to grant India independence. Roosevelt was firm about preventing future wars. Finally, Prime Minister Attlee agreed with Roosevelt and decided to free India.
In simple words: The Atlantic Charter was a plan made by the US and UK leaders during WWII for a peaceful world, pushing for freedom for colonies like India, which eventually led to India's independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the two main leaders involved, the date, and the core idea of self-determination for colonies as outlined in the Atlantic Charter.

Question 3. Name the leaders of moderate and extremist thinking.
Answer: The Indian nationalist movement had leaders with both moderate and extremist views. Moderate leaders included Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Dadabhai Naoroji. Extremist leaders included Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh.
In simple words: Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Dadabhai Naoroji were moderate leaders, while Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh were extremist leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately categorize leaders into moderate and extremist groups, as understanding their different approaches is crucial for this topic.

Question 4. Mention the suppressible policy adopted by Lord Lytton.
Answer: Lord Lytton was the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880. He oppressed Indians with several harsh policies. The main suppressive policies he adopted were:
1. He reduced the age for joining the Indian Civil Services to 19 years.
2. During a severe famine, he organized a grand welcome ceremony in Delhi for Queen Victoria.
3. In 1878, he passed the Arms Act, which made it compulsory for Indians to have a license for keeping weapons. This act prevented Indians from carrying arms without a license but did not apply to Europeans and Anglo-Indians.
4. He passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878, which stopped Indian newspapers from publishing news against the government.
5. He attacked Afghanistan to expand British imperialism.
6. His economic policies were harmful to India.
7. Lord Lytton supported a free-trade policy, removed import duties on 29 goods, and halved the import duty on cotton textiles to destroy India's local cottage industry.
In simple words: Lord Lytton's policies oppressed Indians by reducing civil service entry age, holding lavish events during famine, restricting arms for Indians, censoring Indian newspapers, expanding territory through war, harming India's economy, and destroying local industries with unfair trade.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing Lord Lytton's policies, clearly list specific acts like the Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act, and explain their impact on Indians.

Question 5. Describe any three major movements conducted by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi led several important movements. Here are two of them:
1. **Non-Cooperation Movement:** This movement began in January 1921. Its main goal was to boycott all political, social, and economic institutions of British India to pressure the government. This movement helped strengthen unity between Hindus and Muslims.
2. **Civil Disobedience Movement:** This movement started on March 12, 1930, with the "Dandi March." Its main aim was to resist British government rules through peaceful civil disobedience. Even though it did not fully achieve its goal, it ignited a strong desire for independence among Indians. Gandhi famously gave the slogan "Do or die" during this phase, making it a very aggressive movement.
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi led movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement to boycott British systems and the Civil Disobedience Movement, including the Dandi March, to peacefully resist British rules and awaken a desire for independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: For each movement, remember its name, start year, main objective, and any famous associated events or slogans.

Question 6. Describe the objective of Indian National Congress.
Answer: Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British officer, founded the Indian National Congress on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay with 72 political workers. Womesh Chunder Bannerjee was the chairman of its first meeting. The main reason for forming the Indian National Congress was to reduce the unhappiness and anger against the British Government. When it was founded, the party aimed to increase the participation of educated Indians in the government and to create a platform for political discussions between educated Indians and the British government. Additionally, the Congress wanted to support Indians working for national interests, connect people from different castes, colors, and creeds, foster nationalism, and improve the social and economic conditions of Indians.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress was formed by A.O. Hume in 1885 to reduce public anger against British rule, increase Indian involvement in government, and create a platform for political talks, promoting unity and improving Indian society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Outline the founder, date, and key objectives of the Indian National Congress, emphasizing its role in fostering political dialogue and national unity.

Question 7. How did Mrs Annie Besant impress the Indians ?
Answer: Mrs. Annie Besant, an Irish lady, was deeply impressed by Indian culture and civilization. She adopted Hinduism and dedicated her life to India and its religion. She worked hard for the social and religious upliftment of Indians. Through the Theosophical Society, she worked to remove social evils like child marriage, widow marriage, and untouchability. To address social and economic problems in Hindu society, she launched many movements. Annie Besant founded the Banaras Hindu Sanskrit College in Kashi in 1898. In September 1916, she started the Home Rule movement. The British government persecuted her for her actions. She became the president of the Congress in the Calcutta Session in 1917. After 1919, she actively participated in politics alongside Gandhiji.
In simple words: Annie Besant impressed Indians by embracing their culture, working to remove social evils through the Theosophical Society, founding Banaras Hindu Sanskrit College, and leading the Home Rule movement, showing deep commitment to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Annie Besant's adoption of Indian culture, her social reform efforts (Theosophical Society), and her leadership in the Home Rule movement and Congress.

Question 8. Describe the Vernacular Press Act of 1878.
Answer: **Vernacular Press Act:** Governor-General Lord Lytton passed a law in 1878 to control the freedom of Indian newspapers, which was called the Vernacular Press Act (native language newspaper act). The main reason for this Act was to stop the printing and spread of news that created dissatisfaction with the British government among the uneducated and mostly illiterate people of India. After this Act was enforced, newspaper publishers had to submit all proof sheets of their content to the police before publication. The police would then check the news content carefully. Many papers were fined, and their editors were jailed. This oppressive measure faced strong opposition not only from politicians but also from common people. Prominent leaders called this Act unjust and demanded its withdrawal.
In simple words: Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878 to censor Indian language newspapers that published critical news against the British, leading to fines and arrests, and sparking widespread opposition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year, purpose (censorship of Indian press), and immediate consequences (fines, arrests, public opposition) of the Vernacular Press Act.

Question 9. What were the thoughts of Veer Savarkar about the Revolt of 1857?
Answer: Veer Savarkar was a revolutionary leader who played an active role in India's independence movement. He was a great patriot and freedom fighter who dedicated his life to the country. His dedication, sacrifice, and strict self-control for India's cause cannot be fully expressed in words. People affectionately called him 'Veer'. His real name was Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. He was a great fighter in the freedom struggle, not only actively participating in many movements but also inspiring thousands of young people to join. He published a book in Marathi describing the Revolt of 1857 as a war, not just a mutiny. According to Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, "The revolt of 1857 was the first war against British governance for achieving independence.”
In simple words: Veer Savarkar, a revolutionary and freedom fighter, called the 1857 revolt a "first war of independence" against British rule, not just a mutiny, and he inspired many young people with his patriotic ideals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Veer Savarkar's unique view of the 1857 revolt as the "first war of independence" and his role as an inspirational revolutionary leader.

Question 10. What were the global causes for the end of British rule in India?
Answer: After the First and Second World Wars, Britain became weaker, while the United States of America and the Soviet Union emerged as new global powers. Both these countries were against colonization. This also inspired movements against colonization in many other parts of the world. These global developments offered a safe haven for Indian freedom fighters in other countries, enabling them to continue their struggle. Indians living abroad for higher education also contributed new directions to the freedom movement. After the United Nations Organization was founded in 1945, its member countries protested against British colonization. Ultimately, due to all these global factors, the British were forced to leave India, leading to its independence on August 15, 1947.
In simple words: After the World Wars, Britain weakened while the USA and USSR rose, both opposing colonization globally. This international pressure and support for independence movements, including the UN's stance, ultimately forced the British to leave India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the weakening of Britain after world wars, the rise of new global powers (USA, USSR) opposing colonialism, and international support for India's freedom.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Write an essay on the causes of the end of British rule in India.
Answer: The British rule in India ended due to several key reasons:
1. **Rise of Political and Social Movements:** In the early 19th century, many social and religious movements began in India. These movements worked hard to remove social evils and fostered a sense of national unity among Indians. Key figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Brahmo Samaj), Swami Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj), Swami Vivekananda (Ramakrishna Mission), and Annie Besant (Theosophical Society) played a vital role. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the "father of modern India." These movements inspired nationalism and united people.
2. **Flawed British Governance:** The British way of governing India was very different from traditional Indian systems. Native rulers used to support religious and educational institutions, poets, and artists. The British government ended this support. The British also used a "divide and rule" policy, creating distrust between Hindus and Muslims after the 1857 revolt.
3. **Impact of English Education:** Lord Macaulay wanted to make Indians mentally subservient by spreading English education. However, English education became a link for international ideas. Indian youth became interested in English literature, which helped them understand their own strength and the British conspiracies. This knowledge fueled their fight for independence and rights.
4. **1857 Freedom Struggle:** Although the 1857 revolt failed, the brutal ways the British crushed it increased anger among common people. The British burned villages and killed many innocent people, which created deep resentment and unified Indians in their desire for revenge.
5. **Economic Exploitation of India:** Indians were deeply unhappy with British economic exploitation. The British industrial policy destroyed India's traditional handicraft and cottage industries. Raw materials were bought cheaply from India and sold back as expensive finished goods. The free-trade policy completely ruined the Indian economy, leading to a drain of wealth to Britain and leaving India impoverished.
6. **Social Change:** The spread of English language and education also led to social and religious changes. A new class of educated Indians emerged, including doctors, lawyers, teachers, and officials. They could understand British policies and conspiracies more easily.
7. **Glorification of Indian Culture by Foreign Scholars:** Research by foreign scholars also boosted nationalist feelings among Indians. Scholars like Sir William Jones and Max Muller studied Sanskrit texts, translating them into English. They saw Indian epics as valuable treasures and Indian culture as superior, which made Indians proud.
8. **Newspapers and Literature:** Nationalist newspapers like 'Sambad Kaumaudi', 'Hindu Patriot', 'Amrit Bazar Patrika' criticized British rule and demanded rights. Writers like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee ('Anand Matha') and Rabindranath Tagore ('Jana-Gana-Mana') inspired nationalism. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 tried to suppress these papers, but it only angered Indians more.
9. **Ilbert Bill Dispute:** In 1883, Viceroy Lord Ripon introduced the Ilbert Bill, which allowed Indian judges to try Europeans. This was met with strong opposition from Europeans, leading to the bill's withdrawal and later re-enactment in a watered-down form. This incident taught Indians the importance of unity in opposing British policies.
10. **Repressive Policies of Lord Lytton:** Lord Lytton's policies (1876-1880) included reducing the age limit for civil services, holding lavish durbars during famines, passing the Arms Act, and the Vernacular Press Act. These policies fueled Indian discontent.
11. **Formation of Indian National Congress:** Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress in 1885. It aimed to channel nationalist feelings towards lawful governance and provide social and economic security. The Congress gave a new direction to the freedom movement.
12. **Revolutionary Movements:** Secret organizations of revolutionary leaders trained freedom fighters and supplied them with weapons. Groups like 'Abhinav Bharat' and 'Anushilan Samiti' played a key role. Indians abroad also contributed to the independence struggle. These revolutionary activities were crucial in the decline of British rule.
13. **Global Events and British Weakness:** After World War I and II, Britain weakened financially and militarily. The emergence of the USA and USSR, both anti-colonial powers, put pressure on Britain. The United Nations also opposed colonization. International support for India's independence, along with Attlee's Labour government coming to power, eventually forced Britain to grant independence.
In simple words: British rule ended in India due to many reasons: the rise of social reform movements and nationalism, unfair British governance and economic exploitation, the impact of English education, the 1857 revolt, efforts by foreign scholars to glorify Indian culture, the influence of newspapers and literature, specific disputes like the Ilbert Bill, oppressive policies like Lord Lytton's, the formation of the Indian National Congress, revolutionary movements, and the weakening of Britain after world wars combined with international pressure.

🎯 Exam Tip: For an essay question, structure your answer with clear headings for each cause. Support each point with specific examples, names, and events to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding.

Question 2. Explain the Ilbert bill dispute.
Answer: The Ilbert Bill was introduced in 1883 during Lord Ripon's time as Viceroy (1880-1884). Ilbert, who was the law member of the Viceroy's council, proposed this bill. It allowed Indian magistrates to try European individuals accused of crimes, a power previously denied to them. Lord Ripon wanted to improve the judiciary and discussed with Sir C.P. Ilbert how to change the law to benefit Indians. This proposal became known as the famous Ilbert Bill. Europeans living in India saw this as an insult. The bill faced strong opposition from both British individuals in Britain and in India. Because of this opposition, the bill was withdrawn. Later, it was reintroduced and passed in 1884 in a much weaker form. The revised act stated that Europeans could be tried by both European and Indian District Magistrates and Sessions Judges. However, a European defendant could demand to be tried by a jury where at least half the members had to be Europeans. So, in practice, European criminals would mostly be heard by Indian judges only if European judges assisted them.
In simple words: The Ilbert Bill, introduced by Lord Ripon in 1883, aimed to allow Indian judges to try Europeans, removing racial bias. However, strong opposition from Europeans led to its modification, where Europeans could still demand a jury with European members, showing the British resistance to equal justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the Ilbert Bill dispute, include the year, the Viceroy, the main purpose of the bill, the reasons for European opposition, and the final outcome of the compromise.

Question 3. Describe the effects of the revolt of 1857 on Indians.
Answer: The 1857 freedom struggle was a major turning point that created a strong sense of nationalism among Indians. Its main effects were:
1. **Growth of National Unity:** The 1857 struggle for freedom was a milestone for Indian independence. Many rulers, soldiers, and leaders united for a common cause. This event sparked courage, pride, and a strong demand for freedom among the masses, fostering national integrity and Hindu-Muslim unity, which later grew into a massive movement.
2. **End of East India Company Rule:** After 1857, the British government took away power from the East India Company. The Board of Control and Board of Directors were abolished. The post of Indian Secretary was also ended.
3. **Abandonment of Territorial Expansion:** Queen Victoria declared an end to the policy of expanding British territories. Local kings and princes were promised their pride, glory, and rights back. The British also promised to stop religious exploitation and discrimination in public services.
4. **Restructuring the Army:** The soldiers' actions in the 1857 struggle taught the British government a lesson. According to the Peel Commission Report of 1861, the number of European soldiers in the army was increased, and Indian soldiers were not allowed to have artillery. It was also decided that soldiers from the same community should not live together in the same camps to prevent future revolts.
5. **Divide and Rule Policy:** In the 1857 struggle, Hindus and Muslims showed great unity. This made the British government nervous, so they sowed seeds of distrust and enmity between the two communities, following a clear policy of "divide and rule."
6. **Limited Indian Participation in Administration:** The British government realized that the 1857 revolt occurred because of a lack of direct communication between the government and the people. To address this, the Indian Councils Act of 1861 allowed three Indians to become members of the Viceroy's Executive Council.
7. **Start of Economic Exploitation:** After the 1857 revolt, the British government focused on colonization. They abandoned territorial expansion but began to seize Indian wealth. The costs of suppressing the 1857 revolt were put on Indians. Raw materials were exported to Britain at very low prices, and finished goods were imported into India and sold at high prices. This way, profits went to England, leaving India to suffer from poverty.
In simple words: The 1857 Revolt sparked national unity and ended the East India Company's rule. It led to British promises to stop territorial expansion and religious discrimination, reorganized the army to minimize Indian influence, and initiated the "divide and rule" policy. It also began limited Indian participation in governance and intensified economic exploitation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing the effects of the 1857 revolt, include political changes (end of Company rule), social changes (divide and rule), administrative reforms (army restructuring, Indian councils), and economic impacts (exploitation). Use clear points for better presentation.

Question 4. How did the British exploit India economically?
Answer: The British exploited India economically in several ways:
1. **Drainage of Wealth:** Wealth was drained from India, not always as metallic coins, but as goods exported to England. Dadabhai Naoroji famously stated, “The wealth of India goes outside India, and this money returns to India in the form of loans for which they have to pay interest. It was a vicious cycle which was hard to break.”
2. **Destruction of Handicraft Industries:** The British government's policies completely ruined Indian handicraft industries. Indian goods were banned in England, and heavy taxes were placed on their production and export. Indian markets were flooded with cheaper British machine-made goods, causing thousands of Indian artisans and craftsmen to lose their jobs and struggle to meet daily needs. Local industries lost both foreign and domestic markets.
3. **Destruction of Agriculture:** Before the British arrived, Indians were self-reliant in agriculture. However, British heavy taxation forced farmers into debt and poverty, leading many to abandon farming. The British forcibly collected taxes and confiscated lands from those who couldn't pay. This commercialization of agriculture led to food shortages, droughts, and starvation, crushing Indian agriculture.
4. **Free-Trade Policy:** The British government implemented a free-trade policy that served its own economic interests, harming India's economy. This policy destroyed Indian cottage industries and helped Britain gain more capital, severely exploiting India.
In simple words: The British exploited India by draining its wealth through exports, destroying local handicraft industries with cheap machine-made goods and heavy taxes, ruining agriculture through high taxes and forced land seizures, and implementing free-trade policies that benefited Britain at India's expense.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing economic exploitation, clearly explain the four main methods: wealth drain, destruction of industries, agricultural ruin, and the impact of the free-trade policy, providing examples for each.

Question 5. Discuss the role of print media and literature in the Indian freedom movement.
Answer: The print media and literature played a significant role in spreading revolutionary feelings among Indians:
1. **Invention of Printing Press:** The first printing press in India was established in 1800 near Calcutta. This made printing newspapers and books much easier and cheaper, allowing them to be produced on a large scale. Markets were filled with affordable books, and the number of readers and subscribers grew rapidly, boosting the freedom struggle.
2. **Contribution of Literature:** During the national movement, Indian writers and poets wrote books that promoted nationalism and patriotism. Works like 'Anand Matha' and 'Neel Darpan' inspired nationalist feelings. 'Anand Matha', written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, became a symbol of patriotism. The national song 'Vande Mataram' was his gift. 'Vande Mataram' became a major source of inspiration for national movements. Writings by Dadabhai Naoroji, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Anand Matha, and 'Bharat Bharati' by Maithili Sharan Gupta, along with plays by Bharatendu Harishchandra, ignited revolutionary feelings for independence and spread hope and energy among Indians. Subramanya Bharati praised the Russian revolution and wrote many songs about the freedom struggle. Other writers like Hemchandra Bannerjee, Navinchandra Sen, R.C. Datta, Badri Narayan Chaudhari, Pratapnarayan Mishra, and Balkrishna Bhatt also greatly contributed to awakening nationalism.
3. **Contribution of Newspapers:** Newspapers and magazines were powerful tools for communication. Initially, most newspapers were published in English, giving the British a monopoly. However, later, newspapers in local languages also started, criticizing the British government's harsh policies. In 1879, the British government passed the Vernacular Press Act, banning the freedom of Indian newspapers and magazines. This act angered Indians and fueled their struggle. Newspapers like "Som Prakash" by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, "Hindu Patriot" by Harishchandra Mukherjee, and "Amrit Bazar Patrika" (1868) motivated Indians. Bal Gangadhar Tilak started "Kesari" in Marathi and "Maratha" in English, creating a spirit of sacrifice and nationalism. Indian newspapers served as mirrors of nationalism, educating common Indians and inspiring them to join the freedom struggle wholeheartedly to remove the British from India.
In simple words: The printing press made books and newspapers cheap and widespread, helping nationalist ideas reach many people. Writers and poets like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Rabindranath Tagore inspired patriotism through their works. Newspapers, despite British censorship, criticized colonial policies and united Indians, acting as key tools in the freedom movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail how the printing press made information accessible, list influential literary works and their authors, and explain how newspapers informed and united Indians, even under repressive laws like the Vernacular Press Act.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1. The father of Indian Cultural Renaissance is:
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Swami Dayanand
(d) Madam Blavatsky
Answer: (a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is recognized as the key figure who started the revival of Indian culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Raja Ram Mohan Roy's title as the "father of Indian Cultural Renaissance" due to his significant reform efforts.

Question 2. When was Ramakrishna Mission founded ?
(a) In 1893
(b) In 1895
(c) In 1875
(d) In 1897
Answer: (d) In 1897
In simple words: The Ramakrishna Mission was established in the year 1897.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the establishment year of the Ramakrishna Mission (1897) for historical accuracy.

Question 4. Who founded the Indian National Congress?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) A.O. Hume
(c) Pattabhi Sitaramaiya
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
Answer: (b) A.O. Hume
In simple words: A.O. Hume, a British officer, helped start the Indian National Congress to give Indians a voice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the full name of the founder and the year it was established to score well on such factual questions.

Question 5. Who started the Aligarh Movement?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
(d) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Answer: (c) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
In simple words: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the Aligarh Movement to help Muslims get modern education and improve their social conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key movements with their founders and their main goals for quick recall.

Question 6. Annie Besant was related to the Institution:
(a) Brahmo Samaj
(b) Theosophical society
(c) Arya Samaj
(d) Ramakrishna Mission
Answer: (b) Theosophical society
In simple words: Annie Besant was a key figure in the Theosophical Society, promoting spiritual and cultural understanding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the major social and religious reform movements and their prominent leaders or associated institutions.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Other Important Questions

Question 2. The founder of Brahmo Samaj was.
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Swami Vivekananda
(d) Colonol Olcott
Answer: (a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the Brahmo Samaj, which was a social-religious reform movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the founders of major social reform organizations, as these are common factual questions.

Question 3. Brahma Samaj was founded on:
(a) August 15, 1857
(b) August 20, 1828
(c) May 5, 1897
(d) January 26, 1950
Answer: (b) August 20, 1828
In simple words: The Brahmo Samaj was established on August 20, 1828, marking an important date in India's reform history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Dates of foundation for important organizations are key facts for historical context.

Question 4. The supporter of Monotheism was:
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Madam Blavatsky
(c) Lord Lytton
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer: (d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed in one God and promoted this idea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the core beliefs of important social reformers and movements, like monotheism for Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Question 6. An ardent supporter of Swarajya, Swadharma and Swadeshi was:
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Swami. Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) Swami. Dayanand Saraswati
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati strongly supported self-rule, one's own religion, and using local goods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the key slogans and principles advocated by prominent nationalist leaders and reformers.

Question 7. Which of the following social reformers emphasized the importance of the Vedas?
(a) Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa
(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Radhaswami Periyar
(d) Swami Vivekananda
Answer: (b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati believed the Vedas were the true source of knowledge and encouraged people to follow them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect reformers with their specific philosophical contributions, such as the emphasis on Vedas for Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Question 8. Ramakrishna Paramhansa was the guru of the social reformer:
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(c) Govind Guru
(d) Jambhoji
Answer: (a) Swami Vivekananda
In simple words: Ramakrishna Paramhansa was the spiritual teacher of Swami Vivekananda, guiding him in his path.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the relationships between important religious and social figures, especially guru-disciple connections.

Question 10. The Muslim social reformer who gave the message to the Muslims to remain faithful towards the British governance was:
(a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
(b) Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
(c) Muhammad Qasim
(d) Abdul Latif
Answer: (a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
In simple words: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised Muslims to be loyal to the British government to secure their rights and progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key figures in different reform movements and their specific messages or actions.

Question 11. The main cause of end of British rule in India was:
(a) Emergence of various social and political institutions
(b) Economic exploitation
(c) The profound effect of western education
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: All these factors – new social movements, unfair economic practices, and the influence of Western education – together led to the end of British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating causes for major historical events, consider multiple contributing factors, as answers are often multifaceted.

Question 12. Which of the following social reformers gave Hindu religion and culture a global recognition?
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Ramakrishna Paramhansa
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer: (a) Swami Vivekananda
In simple words: Swami Vivekananda helped Hindu culture and religion become known and respected all over the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Swami Vivekananda's role in promoting Hindu philosophy internationally, especially through his speeches abroad.

Question 14. The famous nationalist Newspaper was:
(a) The Hindu Patriot
(b) Amrit Bazar Patrika
(c) The Kesari
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: All these newspapers like The Hindu Patriot, Amrit Bazar Patrika, and The Kesari were important nationalist papers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with the names of influential nationalist newspapers and their role in the freedom struggle.

Question 15. The Author of the Novel, 'Anand Matha' is:
(a) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
(b) Maithili Sharan Gupt
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Bharatendu Harishchandra
Answer: (a) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
In simple words: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote the famous novel 'Anand Matha'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the authors of significant literary works that influenced the nationalist movement, such as 'Anand Matha'.

Question 16. Which of the following Viceroys organised a grand function in the honor of Queen Victoria in Delhi?
(a) Lord Clive
(b) Lord Irwin
(c) Lord Dufferin
(d) Lord Lytton
Answer: (d) Lord Lytton
In simple words: Lord Lytton arranged a big celebration in Delhi to honor Queen Victoria.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific events or policies associated with different Viceroys of India.

Question 19. The Indian National Congress was founded in the year:
(a) 1885
(b) 1985
(c) 1950
(d) 1930
Answer: (a) 1885
In simple words: The Indian National Congress, an important political party, was formed in the year 1885.

🎯 Exam Tip: The foundation year of the Indian National Congress is a fundamental historical fact to remember.

Question 20. The President of the first session of Indian National Congress was:
(a) Surendranath Bannerjee
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) Mahadev Govind Ranade
(d) Womesh Chunder Bannerjee
Answer: (d) Womesh Chunder Bannerjee
In simple words: Womesh Chunder Bannerjee was the first president when the Indian National Congress met for the very first time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the key figures associated with the early days and initial sessions of the Indian National Congress.

Question 23. In which of the following years, the Russian revolution took place?
(a) in 1917
(b) in 1919
(c) in 1939
(d) in 1945
Answer: (a) in 1917
In simple words: The Russian revolution, a major global event, happened in 1917.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of significant international events and their dates, as they can have connections to Indian history.

Question 24. Who was a moderate leader of the Congress?
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(b) Dadashai Naoroji
(c) Mahadev Govind Ranade
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Mahadev Govind Ranade were all leaders who followed a moderate approach within the Congress.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between moderate and extremist leaders of the Indian National Congress by remembering key names for each group.

Question 1. Write down any two causes for the end of British rule in India.
Answer: Two main reasons for the British rule ending in India were:

• A flawed British governance system.
• The growth of various revolutionary movements.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing causes, always provide clear, concise points. Remember that both internal dissatisfaction and external movements contributed to the end of British rule.

Question 2. Who was the father of Indian Cultural Renaissance?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the person who started a new awakening in Indian culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize key figures by their important titles or contributions, such as "father of Indian Cultural Renaissance."

Question 3. Who founded the Brahmo Samaj and when?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with both the founder's name and the exact date of establishment for reform movements.

Question 4. How was Raja Ram Mohan Ray the pioneer of Indian cultural renaissance?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first to openly fight against the harmful social, religious, and cultural practices common in Indian society. This is why he is known as the pioneer, or the first leader, of India's cultural awakening.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the first efforts to remove bad social customs and bring new ideas to Indian culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a pioneer, highlight their initial and significant efforts against existing societal norms.

Question 5. Name any three newspapers published by Reg a Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer: Three newspapers published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy were:

• Sambad Kaumudi (in Bengali language)
• Mirat-Ul-Akhbar (in Persian language)
• Bangdoot (in Hindi language)

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific examples, like newspapers, along with their languages, demonstrates a deeper understanding of historical contributions.

Question 6. Which Indian social reformer was a supporter of independence and autonomy in administration?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
In simple words: Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported India being independent and having its own self-governance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect social reformers not just with religious reforms but also with their political ideas like self-governance.

Question 8. On what did Swami Dayanand Saraswati emphasize?
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati greatly valued the Vedas. He taught that God is one, and because we are all God's children, we are all brothers and sisters. He emphasized unity and equality.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati focused on the Vedas and taught that there is only one God, so everyone is equal.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing Swami Dayanand Saraswati, always mention his emphasis on the Vedas and his message of unity.

Question 9. Who was the Guru of Swami Vivekananda?
Answer: The Guru of Swami Vivekananda was Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa.
In simple words: Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa was the spiritual teacher of Swami Vivekananda.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the relationship between a guru and disciple is crucial for understanding the lineage of spiritual movements.

Question 10. What did Swami Ramakrishna Paramhans think about Indian culture?
Answer: Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa believed that Indian culture was deeply spiritual, timeless, and the best in the world. He respected its ancient traditions.
In simple words: Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa thought Indian culture was very spiritual, eternal, and the best.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the specific aspects of Indian culture that reformers emphasized, like spirituality and timelessness in this case.

Question 11. Who was the founder of Ramakrishna Mission?
Answer: Swami Vivekananda.
In simple words: Swami Vivekananda started the Ramakrishna Mission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between Ramakrishna Paramhansa (the guru) and Swami Vivekananda (the founder of the Mission named after his guru).

Question 12. Describe the contribution of Swami Vivekananda.
Answer: Swami Vivekananda gave global fame and recognition to Hindu culture. He also helped to awaken religious and political awareness among Indians. His efforts boosted national pride.
In simple words: Swami Vivekananda made Hindu culture famous worldwide and helped Indians feel more aware and proud.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Swami Vivekananda's twin contributions: globalizing Hinduism and fostering national consciousness in India.

Question 13. By whom was the Theosophical Society founded and when?
Answer: The Theosophical Society was founded in February 1875 by Madam Blavatsky and American Colonel Olcott in New York. Later, it expanded to India.
In simple words: Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott started the Theosophical Society in 1875.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember both key founders and the year of establishment for the Theosophical Society.

Question 15. Who was the pioneer of English education in India?
Answer: Lord Macaulay.
In simple words: Lord Macaulay was the main person who brought English education to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lord Macaulay's name is directly linked to the introduction and spread of English education in India.

Question 16. Name the book written by Dadabhai Naoroji in which the British economic conspiracy was revealed?
Answer: The book was "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India."
In simple words: Dadabhai Naoroji wrote "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" to show how the British were harming India's economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the titles of influential books by nationalist leaders is important for understanding their key messages.

Question 17. Name the British Policy that destroyed the Indian economy.
Answer: The Free Trade Policy.
In simple words: The British Free Trade Policy badly damaged India's economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how British economic policies, like Free Trade, negatively impacted Indian industries and wealth.

Question 18. Name any two European scholars who glorified the Indian culture and civilization.
Answer: Two European scholars who praised Indian culture and civilization were Max Muller and William Jones.
In simple words: Max Muller and William Jones were European scholars who greatly admired Indian culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to name foreign scholars who contributed to the study and appreciation of Indian heritage.

Question 19. Name the nationalist newspapers that played an important role in independence movement.
Answer: Important nationalist newspapers included The Hindu Patriot, The Hindi Mirror, Amrit Bazar Patrika, and The Kesari.
In simple words: Newspapers like The Hindu Patriot, The Hindi Mirror, Amrit Bazar Patrika, and The Kesari helped spread nationalist ideas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing multiple examples of newspapers emphasizes their collective impact on the independence movement.

Question 20. When was the Vernacular Press Act implemented in India?
Answer: The Vernacular Press Act was implemented in 1879.
In simple words: The law that controlled local language newspapers, called the Vernacular Press Act, was put in place in 1879.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year and purpose of restrictive acts like the Vernacular Press Act, as they were key points of contention.

Question 23. Name any four writers whose books were helpful in the spread of revolutionary feelings amongst Indian masses.
Answer: Four writers whose works promoted revolutionary feelings among Indians were:

• Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Rabindranath Tagore

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to name key authors and connect their literary contributions to the rise of nationalist and revolutionary sentiments.

Question 24. What was Ilbert Bill related to?
Answer: The Ilbert Bill was related to the judicial system.
In simple words: The Ilbert Bill was a law about how courts and judges would work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the basic nature of important bills or acts, such as the Ilbert Bill's connection to the judiciary.

Question 25. Name a member of the legal council of Lord Rippon.
Answer: Ilbert.
In simple words: Ilbert was part of Lord Rippon's legal team.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate the Ilbert Bill directly to its namesake, Ilbert, who was a legal member of the Viceroy's council.

Question 26. What objective of Congress was declared by Dadabhai Naoroji in the session of 1906 in Calcutta?
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji declared in the 1906 Calcutta session that the main goal of Congress was to achieve self-governance for India. This was to be similar to the independence gained by the United States of America and other colonial countries.
In simple words: In 1906, Dadabhai Naoroji said that Congress wanted India to have its own self-rule, like America.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific resolutions or declarations made in important Congress sessions, like the 1906 Calcutta session, are crucial historical details.

Question 27. Name any four moderate leaders of Congress.
Answer: Four moderate leaders of Congress included:

• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• Pherozeshah Mehta
• Surendranath Bannerjee

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to know the names of both moderate and extremist leaders to understand the different approaches within the Congress.

Question 29. Name any two movements conducted under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer: Two movements led by Mahatma Gandhi were:

• The Civil Disobedience Movement
• The Quit India Movement

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the most significant movements led by Mahatma Gandhi, as they are central to the Indian independence struggle.

Question 30. Name any four Indian revolutionary leaders who carried out revolutionary activities in India from foreign countries.
Answer: Four Indian revolutionary leaders who worked from foreign countries were:

• Shyamji Krishna Verma
• Madam Bhikaji Cama
• Rash Behari Bose
• Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the independence struggle involved leaders working both within India and from abroad.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the works done by Ary a Samaj.
Answer: Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati on April 10, 1875. Swamiji was a strong supporter of Swarajya (self-rule), Swadharma (one's own religion), and Swadeshi (native goods). He also spoke out against social evils prevalent in the country. He worked to bring people who had left Hindu religions back into the Hindu fold after a process of purification.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati started Arya Samaj in 1875. He promoted self-rule, native religion, and local goods, and fought against bad social practices, helping people return to the Hindu faith.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a reform organization, include its founder, date of establishment, main principles, and significant social impact like the Shuddhi movement.

Question 2. What do you know about Ramakrishna Mission?
Answer: Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa believed Indian culture, civilization, and the Hindu religion offered the best spiritual and eternal values in the world. His devoted follower, Swami Vivekananda, founded the Ramakrishna Mission on May 5, 1897, after Paramhansa's passing. The mission established branches in many countries beyond India, including America, Fiji, and Mauritius. The Ramakrishna Mission helps people suffering from droughts, floods, earthquakes, and epidemics. It also provides education and medical care to the poor. Swami Vivekananda worked hard to remove old ways of thinking, superstitions, poverty, illiteracy, and untouchability through the Ramakrishna Mission, promoting public welfare.
In simple words: Swami Vivekananda started the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897, based on the teachings of Ramakrishna Paramhansa. The mission helps people in need, provides education, and works to remove social problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the founding, objectives, and global reach of the Ramakrishna Mission, as well as its connection to both Ramakrishna Paramhansa and Swami Vivekananda.

Question 3. Write a short note on “Islamic Religious Reforms Movement.”
Answer: After the Mughal rule ended, Muslims faced declining conditions and opposed English education. Bad customs became common in Muslim society, reducing their social and political involvement. During this time, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a social reformer, worked to remove these bad customs. In 1875, he opened a school in Aligarh, which later became the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental College. This college became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan urged Muslims to remain loyal to the British government. He led the Wahabi movement, which spread education among Muslims. This helped Muslims gain political awareness and start thinking about independence.
In simple words: After Mughal rule, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started the Islamic Religious Reforms Movement. He founded Aligarh College and encouraged Muslims to get modern education and become politically aware.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's role, the establishment of Aligarh Muslim University, and the focus on modern education for the Muslim community.

Question 5. How did faulty British governance become a cause of decline of British rule in India? Explain.
Answer: The poor British governance was a main reason for the decline of their rule in India. Before the British, India had a different system of rule where native kings supported poets, artists, monks, and religious institutions with land. The judicial system was also affordable, fast, and fair. However, after the British arrived, all this changed. Farmers faced heavy debts due to new tax policies. The British judicial system became costly, slow, and unfair, and its administration was flawed. English, as the official language, added more problems for the public. Indians were also treated as inferior by the British.
In simple words: Bad British governance, unfair taxes, a slow justice system, and treating Indians poorly all made people unhappy and led to the end of British rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the decline of British rule, focus on administrative failures, economic exploitation, and social discrimination as key factors.

Question 6. How did the expansion of western education play important role in the end of the British governance in India?
Or
Western education proved to be a gift for the national movement in India. Explain this statement.
Answer: Lord William Bentick began providing western education in India, based on Lord Macaulay's suggestion. The main goal of western education was to erase Indian culture and civilization and create a class of Indians who were British in their thinking, even if Indian by birth. However, this education allowed Indian youth to read and understand English, and through it, the revolutions in France, Italy, and Ireland. This knowledge inspired them. Educated Indians became involved in political and social movements, developing a desire for independence and democratic values. They understood British conspiracies and began fighting for their rights in their own language. Thus, western education, initially intended to suppress, became a boon for the Indian independence movement by awakening national consciousness.
In simple words: Western education was started by the British to control Indians, but it ended up helping Indians learn about other revolutions and democratic ideas. This made them fight for their own freedom and rights, so it actually helped the independence movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Analyze how a policy intended for one purpose (control) can have an unintended, opposite effect (fostering nationalism), using Western education as a key example.

Question 7. How did the economic exploitation of India by the British government play an important role in the decline of the British rule?
Answer: The British government's economic exploitation caused deep unhappiness among Indians. Their industrial policies completely destroyed India's traditional handicraft and cottage industries. The British also used a free-trade policy that ruined the Indian economy. They exported raw materials from India at very cheap prices and then sold finished goods back to India at very high prices.

This led to widespread unemployment across India. Industries like cotton, woolen, silk, iron, leather, and sugar were destroyed by British policies. Heavy taxes were placed on Indian goods to stop their export, which further ruined Indian industries and the livelihoods of artisans. Farmers faced great difficulties because of high land revenue policies and were forced to grow cash crops instead of food grains. This often led to food shortages and starvation.

Eventually, famous freedom fighter Dadabhai Naoroji revealed the British plan through his book, leading to increased opposition. Under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership and other prominent figures, a national movement grew. The Quit India Movement, combined with various international events, finally forced the British to leave India forever.
In simple words: British economic exploitation angered Indians by destroying local industries and forcing unfair trade. This led to unemployment, poverty, and food shortages, which fueled the independence movement and ultimately caused the British to leave.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing economic exploitation, clearly link specific British policies (like industrial and free-trade policies, heavy taxes) to their negative impacts (unemployment, poverty, destruction of industries) on Indian society.

Question 9. Name important revolutionary leaders of Indian Independence Movement.
Answer: Revolutionary leaders played a crucial role in India's national movement. Without their efforts, the freedom movement would have been incomplete. These revolutionaries worked not only within India but also from foreign countries. Some important revolutionary leaders of the Indian independence movement were:

1. Praffulla Chaki
2. Khudiram Bose
3. Aurobindo Ghosh
4. Varindra Kumar
5. Shyamji Krishna Verma
6. Madam Bhikaji Cama
7. M. Barkatulla
8. Ajit Singh
9. V.S. Ayyar
10. Lala Hardayal
11. Rash Behari Bose
12. Sohan Singh Bhakna
In simple words: Many brave leaders fought for India's freedom, both from inside the country and abroad. Their actions were very important for the independence movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing revolutionary leaders, ensure accuracy in names. It's helpful to remember that many worked from overseas, expanding the reach of the independence struggle.

Question 11. Which superpowers pressed hard the British government to declare Indian independence? Explain.
Answer: After the First and Second World Wars, the United States of America and the Soviet Union became global superpowers. This weakened Britain's position, as both new powers were against colonization. Anti-colonization movements also grew in other countries around the world. Nations like France, Japan, and Germany provided places for Indian freedom fighters to organize their movements against British rule from their territories.

The newly formed United Nations Organization also opposed colonization. The British government initially did not follow the Atlantic Charter agreement with America, but the U.S.A. strongly pushed Britain to free India. The Australian parliament also supported India's right to self-governance. Many countries, including Germany, Russia, Japan, and China, supported the Indian independence movement.

In the 1945 general election, Britain's ruling party lost, and Clement Attlee of the Labour Party became the Prime Minister. Attlee was a supporter of India's independence and had promised to free India in his election manifesto. This series of events paved the way for India to gain independence.
In simple words: After the world wars, new superpowers like the USA and Soviet Union emerged, who were against colonization. Many countries, including those in the UNO, pressured Britain. A new British government under Clement Attlee, who supported India's freedom, finally led to India's independence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how global power shifts (USA, USSR) and international sentiment (anti-colonization, UN, Atlantic Charter) combined with political changes in Britain itself (Labour Party, Attlee) to create overwhelming pressure for India's independence.

Question 2. Describe in detail the rise and development of Indian National Congress.
Answer: The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, by a retired British Officer, Allan Octavian Hume. Hume established the Congress at Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay with 72 political workers. Important figures among these workers included Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Dinshaw Edalji Vacha, Kashinath Telang, V. Raghavacharya, N.G. Chandravarkar, and M. Subramanyam.

Womesh Chunder Bannerjee, a well-known Bengali advocate, chaired the first session of Congress, with A.O. Hume as the chief secretary. Viceroy Lord Dufferin was present at its founding. The main goal of Congress initially was to reduce the rising anger and discontent among Indians against the British Government. Many saw Congress as a "safety valve" created by Hume to allow Indians to express their grievances peacefully.

At the Calcutta Session in December 1906, Dadabhai Naoroji, the chairperson, declared that the main objective of Congress was to achieve self-governance for India, similar to what other colonial countries had achieved. The history of the Indian National Congress can be divided into three main periods:

1. **Period of Moderate Nationalism (1885-1905):** During this time, moderate national leaders dominated. They believed in the British judicial system and saw the British as allies. These leaders presented their demands to the British government through petitions, letters, and delegations. Their peaceful and moderate approach led some to call them "political beggars." Key moderate leaders included Dadabhai Naoroji, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Pherozeshah Mehta, Surendranath Bannerjee, Dinshaw Edalji Vacha, Womesh Chunder Bannerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

2. **The Extremist Period (1906-1919):** This era saw the rise of extremist and revolutionary movements. Both aimed to end British rule and achieve self-governance. Extremist leaders used boycott movements, while revolutionary leaders used violence, guns, and bombs. While extremists preferred peaceful political movements, revolutionary leaders used force to remove the British from India.

Leading extremist figures included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh. Their movements sparked a strong sense of nationalism and fear among British rulers. Ordinary people started believing that these movements were the only way to gain independence, developing feelings of self-respect and self-reliance.

3. **The Period of National Movements (1920-1947):** Mahatma Gandhi entered Indian politics in 1915. He became a key figure who devoted his life to India's independence and national unity, inspiring common people to join the freedom movement through non-violent methods.

Under Gandhi's leadership, major movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), Civil Disobedience Movement (1929), and Quit India Movement (1942) significantly weakened British rule. Congress, under Gandhi's guidance, gave a new direction to the freedom struggle. India finally gained independence on August 15, 1947. After independence, Gandhi believed Congress should be dissolved for the public good, but his advice was not followed.
In simple words: The Indian National Congress was started in 1885 by A.O. Hume to address Indian unhappiness with British rule. It went through three phases: Moderates (who used petitions), Extremists (who used boycotts and some force), and finally, the National Movements period led by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi's non-violent movements like Non-Cooperation and Quit India led to India's freedom in 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: For an essay on the Indian National Congress, clearly outline its founding details, initial objectives (safety valve theory), and then categorize its development into distinct phases with key leaders and their methods in each period.