RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Constitutional Development in India

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What was the condition applied for the formation of union under the Act of 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act of 1935 stated a specific condition for forming a union. It required that at least 50 percent of the total population across all native states had to agree and express a wish to join this union.
In simple words: To create a union, the Act of 1935 said that half the people from all the local states had to agree to join it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions about conditions or requirements, state the specific percentage or criteria clearly to score full marks.

Question 2. What were the names of two houses of central legislative assembly formed under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: Under the Government of India Act, 1935, the central legislature was bicameral, meaning it had two houses. These two houses were called the Federal Legislature and the State Council. The Federal Legislature was meant to have 375 members, and the State Council was to have 260 members.
In simple words: The central assembly had two parts: the Federal Legislature and the State Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific names of the houses for the central legislature established by the Act of 1935, as well as their basic structure.

Question 4. What do you mean by the term 'provincial autonomy'?
Answer: The term 'provincial autonomy' refers to the limited independent power given to provincial governments to govern their own regions. This meant they had some freedom to make decisions without constant interference from the central government.
In simple words: 'Provincial autonomy' meant that local governments in different areas were given some freedom to make their own rules and decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define key terms clearly and concisely. For 'provincial autonomy', emphasize both 'limited' and 'independent power' for provinces.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe any four main characteristics of the Government of India Act of 1935.
Answer: Here are four main characteristics of the Government of India Act, 1935:
1. A detailed Act: This was the largest Act ever created by the British government in India, consisting of 415 sections and 15 schedules, though it did not have a separate introduction.
2. Provincial autonomy: The Act removed the previous dual system of governance (diarchy) in the provinces. Instead, it gave complete self-rule to the provincial governments, putting all provincial affairs under the control of ministers. However, this system of governance in the provinces was still not perfect, as governors could interfere.
3. Establishment of diarchy system at the center: While diarchy was removed from the provinces, it was introduced at the central level. Important subjects like defense, foreign relations, religious matters, and tribal affairs were kept directly under the governor-general.
4. Division of powers: The Act aimed to establish a federation by sharing powers between the central government and the provinces. This was done through different lists of subjects.
In simple words: The 1935 Act was a very big law that gave provinces their own government. But it made the central government also use a dual system. Powers were shared, but governors still had a lot of say, making local rule less effective.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing characteristics, provide a brief explanation for each point. For a descriptive question like this, ensure your points cover the key structural changes introduced by the Act.

Question 3. Describe the formation of federal court.
Answer: A federal court was established under the Act of 1935. Its authority extended to both the provinces and the princely states. The court was designed to have a chief magistrate and two other magistrates, who could serve until the age of 65. The chief magistrate received a monthly salary of Rs. 7,000, and the other magistrates received Rs. 5,500 each. This court had the right to hear fundamental cases and appeals. Its main job was to explain the constitution and ensure that both central and provincial governments worked without clashing. However, the final power for appeals rested with the Privy Council in London.
In simple words: A federal court was set up by the 1935 Act to solve problems between states and provinces. It had a chief and two other judges who retired at 65. They explained the law, but final decisions could be appealed to London.

🎯 Exam Tip: For historical institutions, include details like who established it, its jurisdiction (where it had power), key roles, and its main functions. Mentioning salaries (with Rs. currency) adds specific detail.

Question 4. Describe any four demerits of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: Here are four demerits (drawbacks) of the Government of India Act, 1935:
1. Preposterous Act: Many believed the Act did not solve any of India's problems, considering it absurd and useless.
2. Faulty reservation and tutelage system: The Act had provisions for reservation and a system of 'tutelage' (protection/guardianship) which were seen as ways to keep British control and prevent responsible governance in India. The special powers given to the governor-general and provincial governors went against democratic principles.
3. Lack of the right of self-determination: Indians were not given the chance to create their own new constitution or shape their future. The British parliament and the India minister kept full control over India, meaning no real development program was planned for India's independence.
4. Faulty federal system: Although the Act proposed an Indian federation with features like power sharing and a written constitution, it had many serious flaws. It tried to combine very different types of units (British provinces and princely states), which created problems.
In simple words: The 1935 Act had many problems. It was seen as unfair and did not solve India's issues. It gave too much power to governors, denied Indians the right to make their own future, and its federal plan was flawed because it mixed different types of regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing demerits, ensure each point explains *why* it was a drawback and what specific problems it caused, rather than just naming the flaw.

Question 5. Was the governor not the constitutional head? Explain.
Answer: According to the Government of India Act, 1935, the dual governance system (diarchy) was removed from the provinces, and they were given a form of self-rule called autonomous political units. This meant provinces were supposed to be free from central interference and received legal, administrative, and financial powers over 54 subjects. While the governor was intended to act as a constitutional head in this provincial autonomy, the Act effectively made him a very powerful president instead. The governor had significant control over provincial governance, could issue special orders (ordinances), and had the power to accept, refuse, or return bills for reconsideration. He could also keep bills for the governor-general's approval. Therefore, the governor acted as more than just a constitutional head.
In simple words: No, the governor was not just a constitutional head. The 1935 Act gave provinces self-rule, but the governor gained many powers, like making orders and controlling bills. This made the governor very powerful, more like a real ruler than just a figurehead.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the *intended* role versus the *actual* role of the governor under the Act, using specific examples of powers (e.g., ordinances, bill approval) to support your explanation.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Critically examine the provisions of Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, was critically viewed by various political leaders and scholars for its shortcomings. Here's an examination of its provisions and criticisms:
1. Criticism in England: Even British moderates felt that the rights and responsibilities given to Indians through the Act were not truly beneficial for them.
2. Preposterous Act: From an Indian perspective, the Act was seen as meaningless and useless, as it offered neither real autonomy nor self-governance.
3. The act was only a betrayal and mere show: Indian critics believed the Act provided no real power to Indians, making it a betrayal for the common people, merely a display of action without substance.
4. No solution to Indian problem: British intellectuals and leaders of the Labour Party also concluded that the Act did not offer any real solutions to India's issues.
5. No participation of Indians in the formation of the Act: Indians and their representatives had no role in creating the Act. Jawaharlal Nehru famously called it a "Manifesto of Slavery," highlighting the lack of Indian involvement.
6. Faulty federal system: Despite proposing an All-India Federation with features like power sharing and a written constitution, the Act had many serious flaws. It tried to combine very different units into one federation, leading to many deficiencies.
7. Provincial autonomy a myth: The self-rule given to provinces was largely considered a pretense. Governors and the governor-general retained significant powers to interfere, making true autonomy impossible.
8. Faulty reservation and tutelage system: The provisions for reservation and tutelage were designed to make responsible governance fail and protect British imperial interests. The discretionary powers given to governors were seen as anti-democratic.
9. Expansion of communal electorate system: The Act further expanded the communal electoral system by providing separate electorates for Anglo-Indians, Europeans, Indian Christians, and Harijans, which intensified divisions in Indian politics.
10. Lack of the right of self-determination: Indians were not given the opportunity to draft a new constitution or shape their own destiny. The British Parliament maintained complete control, showing no intention for India's self-development.
In simple words: The Government of India Act, 1935, faced strong criticism because it seemed unfair and useless to many. Indians had no say in its creation, and leaders called it a "Manifesto of Slavery." While it offered some local self-rule, powerful governors could still interfere, and the federal plan was deeply flawed. It also deepened community divisions and did not give Indians the right to decide their own future.

🎯 Exam Tip: For critical examination questions, provide multiple points of criticism from different perspectives (e.g., Indian leaders, British moderates, structural flaws). Always briefly explain *why* each provision was seen as a demerit.

Question 2. Describe the formation, powers and position of central legislature.
Answer: Under the Government of India Act, 1935, the central legislature was designed to be bicameral, meaning it had two houses: the Federal Legislature and the State Council.
The Federal Legislature was planned to have 375 members, and its elections were to be held directly. The State Council was planned to have 260 members, with elections held indirectly. At the provincial level, six out of eleven legislatures were also made bicameral.
The Act extended the right to vote to more people, although it was not universal. The tenure of the Federal Legislature was fixed at five years. The State Council, however, was a permanent house where one-third of its members retired every three years, and new members were elected. The electoral divisions for both the federal legislature and the state council were based on communities and different groups.
The central legislature was granted increased powers. The cabinet was made accountable to the assembly, which could control the cabinet through questioning, cross-questioning, and introducing various motions. The legislature also received more authority regarding the budget than before. The image below shows the construction of provincial legislature:

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing legislative bodies, always mention if they were unicameral or bicameral, their components, election methods (direct/indirect), and key powers. Including the table, if given, reinforces the detail.

Question 3. What was the federal plan proposed in the Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, proposed the formation of an All-India Federation at the center. This federation was meant to combine the 11 British provinces, 6 chief commissioners' provinces, and any native states that voluntarily agreed to join. While it was mandatory for British provinces to join, princely states had the option to join or remain separate. Those native states that wished to join would sign an acceptance letter or an admission article. The units within this federation were granted the right to self-governance in their internal affairs. A federal court was also proposed to resolve disputes between these units. A federal executive and a bicameral legislature were intended to be established at the center. However, due to various unfavorable circumstances, the conditions required for the federation were not met, and thus, the All-India Federation could not be established.
The proposed federal plan faced significant criticism:
1. The requirement to join the federation was not equal for all units: British provinces had to join, but native states could choose freely, meaning not all of them joined.
2. Lack of equality: There was an imbalance in the executive powers given to the center and provinces, especially concerning native states, which lacked equal status.
3. Arbitrary powers of governor-general: Important subjects like defense, foreign affairs, and residual powers were kept under the governor-general, who was not accountable to the legislature for his decisions or actions in these areas.
4. Lack of autonomy in the federal units: Although provinces and native states were granted autonomy in the All-India Federation, there was no responsible government at the center. The governor-general kept all the powers and was not answerable to anyone.
5. Improper sharing of powers: Powers were divided using federal, provincial, and concurrent lists. However, residual powers (powers not listed anywhere) were given to the governor-general and administrators of native states, which was seen as an unfair distribution.
6. Unitary element in federal system: The governor-general held many rights to interfere in provincial matters. This reduced the autonomy of the units, making the union appear more unitary (centralized) than truly federal.
In simple words: The 1935 Act planned to create a big federation in India by combining British provinces and princely states. Provinces had to join, but princely states could choose. A special court would handle disagreements. But this plan failed because it had many flaws, like unequal rules for joining, too much power for the governor-general, and a poor division of powers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a federal plan, explain who was involved (provinces, princely states), the conditions for joining, and the proposed structure (e.g., federal court). Also, include the main reasons why the plan was criticized or ultimately failed.

Question 4. What was autonomy mentioned in the Act of 1935? What were the restrictions?
Answer: Autonomy, as mentioned in the Act of 1935, meant that provinces should have the right to operate independently in their regions, free from external control in their own areas. It also aimed for the establishment of responsible governance in the provinces, where a cabinet of popular ministers, accountable to the legislature and the public, would manage affairs. The diarchy system was removed, and provinces were given legal, administrative, and financial rights over 54 subjects on the provincial list, establishing them as autonomous political units free from central interference.
However, several restrictions made this provincial autonomy weak:
(A) External restrictions on provincial autonomy:
1. Declaration of emergency: Under Section 102 of the Act, the governor-general could declare an emergency during internal crises, serious disorders, or the threat of war. Once declared, the federal legislature could make laws on provincial subjects, overriding provincial autonomy.
2. Control of center on provinces: Section 156 allowed the governor-general to issue advisories to provincial governments for maintaining peace and safety. In such situations, the governor could declare the constitutional system in a province had failed (under Section 93), and take over provincial governance completely.
3. Governor-General's control over provincial laws: Certain types of bills could not be passed by the provincial assembly without prior permission from the governor-general.
(B) Internal restrictions on provincial autonomy:
1. Constitutional role of governor was not real: Although the governor was meant to be a constitutional head, the Act made him the real head of the province. He had significant powers, including approving, refusing, or returning bills passed by the assembly, and keeping them for the governor-general's acceptance.
2. Unlimited financial powers of governor: The provincial budget was prepared under the governor's specific instructions. He also had the right to ensure bills were passed or amended in the assembly, and any amendment depended on his will.
3. Governor's control on the ministers: The governor had the power to appoint or dismiss ministers, assign departments, and call cabinet meetings, which significantly weakened provincial autonomy.
4. Non-cooperation of civil servants with ministers: The lack of cooperation from civil officials towards ministers undermined provincial autonomy, making it appear as a mere pretense. This led to great dissatisfaction among Indians, who then demanded true autonomy.
In simple words: The 1935 Act gave provinces the right to manage their own affairs, like making laws and handling money, without central government control. But this freedom was weak because the governor-general could declare emergencies or interfere. Also, the governor had too much power over ministers and finances, and civil servants often didn't cooperate. So, provincial self-rule was not truly independent.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining autonomy and its restrictions, first provide a clear definition of autonomy in that context. Then, categorize the restrictions (e.g., external, internal) and give specific examples of how they limited provincial power.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 2. Till what age did a judge of federal court remained in office?
(a) 65 years
(b) 60 years
(c) 55 years
(d) life long
Answer: (a) 65 years
In simple words: A judge of the federal court could work until they turned 65 years old.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific numerical details like ages, numbers of members, or sections for MCQs. These are factual recall points.

Question 3. According to Government of India Act, 1935, to whom were the residual powers handed over?
(a) To the governor
(b) To the central legislature
(c) To the governor-general
(d) To the India secretary
Answer: (c) To the governor-general
In simple words: Any powers that were not specifically given to the central or provincial governments under the 1935 Act were given to the governor-general.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing where 'residual powers' were placed is crucial for understanding the power dynamics under historical acts. This usually indicates who held ultimate authority.

Question 4. What were the number of articles and appendices in the Government of India Act, 1935?
(a) 450 and 11
(b) 460 and 12
(c) 395 and 15
(d) 451 and 15
Answer: (d) 451 and 15
In simple words: The Government of India Act, 1935, had 451 main parts, which are like articles, and 15 extra lists or attachments, called appendices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific numbers related to sections, articles, or schedules are common MCQ points for constitutional acts. Memorize these key figures.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Other Important Questions

Question 2. How many Sections were there in the Government of India Act, 1935?
(a) 401
(b) 102
(c) 515
(d) 451
Answer: (d) 451
In simple words: The Government of India Act, 1935, contained 451 main parts or rules, which are called sections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with numbers for sections and schedules when answering questions about legislative acts.

Question 3. Main characteristic of Government of India Act, 1935 was:
(a) A detailed Act
(b) Diarchy system at the center
(c) Provincial autonomy
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: The 1935 Act was known for being very detailed, setting up a dual government at the center, and giving provinces the power to rule themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: When multiple options are correct, and "All these" is an option, it is often the correct choice, especially for broad characteristics.

Question 4. How many British provinces were to be included in the proposed All-India Federation, under the Act, of 1935?
(a) 10
(b) 8
(c) 11
(d) 6
Answer: (c) 11
In simple words: The plan for the All-India Federation proposed in the 1935 Act wanted to include 11 British provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific number of provinces or states involved in proposed federations, as these are common factual questions.

Question 6. A proposal to establish an All-India Federation of how many provinces was presented in the Government of India Act, 1935:
(a) By joining 11 British provinces
(b) By joining 6 chief commissioner regions
(c) By joining all the native states
(d) By joining all these
Answer: (d) By joining all these
In simple words: The plan for the All-India Federation in the 1935 Act included uniting 11 British provinces, 6 chief commissioner regions, and all the native states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the components of the proposed All-India Federation, as questions often test the inclusion criteria for different types of regions.

Question 7. By which of the following acts, the diarchy in provinces was ended and introduced in the center?
(a) Government of India Act, 1935
(b) Act of 1892
(c) Act of 1909
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Government of India Act, 1935
In simple words: The Act of 1935 stopped the dual government system in the provinces and started it at the center instead.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to remember that the Government of India Act, 1935, specifically abolished diarchy at the provincial level and introduced it at the central level.

Question 8. Main demerit of the proposed plan of the formation of an All-India Federation was:
(a) Lack of equality level
(b) Lack of autonomy in the federal units
(c) Improper division of powers
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: The plan for the All-India Federation had many flaws, including unequal status among its parts, not enough self-rule for its units, and an unfair way of dividing powers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing demerits of a plan, consider issues related to power distribution, equality, and autonomy, as these are common weaknesses in federal systems.

Question 10. How many subjects were kept in the union list under the Government of India Act, 1935?
(a) 35
(b) 59
(c) 54
(d) 5
Answer: (b) 59
In simple words: The union list in the 1935 Act had 59 topics that the central government was in charge of.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the numbers of subjects in the Union, Provincial, and Concurrent lists, as these are distinct facts often tested.

Question 11. How many subjects were kept in the provincial list under the Government of India Act, 1935?
(a) 36
(b) 54
(c) 59
(d) 26
Answer: (b) 54
In simple words: The provincial list in the 1935 Act had 54 topics that the provincial governments were in charge of.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurate recall of the number of subjects in each list (Union, Provincial, Concurrent) is essential for numerical questions.

Question 12. The number of subjects included in the concurrent list under the Government of India Act, 1935, were:
(a) 36
(b) 54
(c) 46
(d) 60
Answer: (a) 36
In simple words: The concurrent list in the 1935 Act had 36 topics that both the central and provincial governments could make laws on.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the specific number of subjects for each list: Union, Provincial, and Concurrent, as these figures are often asked in MCQs.

Question 14. Under the Act of 1935, the right of making the law regarding concurrent list was provided to:
(a) To the central government only
(b) To the provincial government only
(c) To both central and provincial governments
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) To both central and provincial governments
In simple words: The Concurrent List had subjects where both the central and provincial governments could make laws. This helped in sharing power between them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three lists of power division: Union, State (Provincial), and Concurrent. Understanding which powers fall under which list is crucial.

Question 15. Under which Act of the following was the federal court established?
(a) By the Act of 1935
(b) By the Act of 1919
(c) By the Act of 1909
(d) By the Act of 1947
Answer: (a) Government of India Act, 1935
In simple words: The Act of 1935 was the one that set up a federal court for India. This court was very important for solving problems between different parts of the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the key institutions established by important Acts, like the Federal Court by the 1935 Act, helps in historical context.

Question 16. The India council was removed:
(a) By the Act of 1919
(b) By the Act of 1935
(c) By the Act of 1909
(d) All of the options
Answer: (b) By the Act of 1935
In simple words: The India Council, which advised the British Secretary of State, was abolished by the Government of India Act of 1935. This change aimed to reform the governance structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand which legislative and advisory bodies were abolished or created by each significant Act, as this shows the evolution of governance.

Question 18. Burma was separated from India under the Act:
(a) Government of India Act, 1919
(b) Government of India Act, 1935
(c) Indian Council Act, 1909
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Government of India Act, 1935
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1935 formally separated Burma from India. This meant Burma became a separate British colony.

🎯 Exam Tip: Major administrative changes, like the separation of Burma, are important historical details to remember for the 1935 Act.

Question 19. Under which Section of Act of 1935, in the event of constitutional failure, the governor could take the provincial governance in his hands:
(a) Section 93
(b) Section 75
(c) Section 102
(d) Section 135
Answer: (a) Section 93
In simple words: Section 93 of the 1935 Act allowed the governor to take control of a province if its government failed. This was like an emergency power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific sections related to emergency powers or significant provisions helps demonstrate a deeper understanding of the Act.

Question 20. The external restriction on the provincial autonomy was:
(a) Control of center on provinces
(b) The declaration of emergency
(c) Discretionary powers of governor-general
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Provincial autonomy, or self-rule for provinces, was limited by several things. The central government could control them, emergencies could be declared, and the governor-general had special powers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a question asks for "all these" or "all of the options," make sure to consider each individual option to confirm its correctness.

Question 21. The internal restriction imposed on provincial autonomy was:
(a) Governor's control on the ministers
(b) Unlimited financial powers of governor
(c) The role of governor was greater than that of constitutional president in province
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Inside the provinces, the governor had a lot of power over ministers and money. This made the provinces less truly independent, as the governor was very strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between external (from the center) and internal (within the province itself) restrictions on autonomy for a complete answer.

Question 23. Which of the following acts has affected the present Indian Constitution Act the most:
(a) Indian Council Act, 1909
(b) Government of India Act, 1919
(c) Government of India Act, 1935
(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947
Answer: (c) Government of India Act, 1935
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1935 had the biggest impact on India's current constitution. Many parts of our constitution today come from that old Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Government of India Act, 1935, is considered a major blueprint for the Indian Constitution, so understanding its influence is key.

Question 24. There was a provision related to Act of 1935 which was adopted in Indian Constitution:
(a) Federal plan
(b) Proposal of bicameral legislature
(c) Post of governor
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Our current Indian Constitution took many ideas from the 1935 Act, including the federal system, having two houses of parliament (bicameral legislature), and the role of the governor.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key features of the 1935 Act that were later adopted into the Indian Constitution to score well on this type of question.

Question 25. "Act of 1935 is a Manifesto of Slavery,” This statement is made by:
(a) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) C. Rajagopalachari
(c) Vallabh Bhai Patel
(d) All of the options
Answer: (a) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
In simple words: Jawaharlal Nehru called the 1935 Act a "Manifesto of Slavery" because he felt it did not truly give Indians freedom or control over their own future.

🎯 Exam Tip: For quote-based questions, remember the speaker and their general stance on the topic to recall the correct answer.

Question 1. Write any two characteristics of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: Two main characteristics of the Government of India Act, 1935, were:

• Planning of an All-India Federation: The Act proposed creating a federation uniting British provinces and princely states.
• Provincial Autonomy: Provinces were given more self-rule in their internal affairs.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for characteristics, ensure you provide distinct and major features of the Act.

Question 2. What type of government system was suggested under the Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, suggested a federal system of governance. This means power would be shared between a central government and provincial governments.
In simple words: The 1935 Act proposed a federal government, where power was divided between the center and the provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: The concept of a 'federal system' is central to the 1935 Act, highlighting shared power.

Question 3. How many Sections and Schedules were there in the Act of 1935?
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, contained 451 Sections and 15 Schedules. This made it a very long and detailed law.
In simple words: The 1935 Act was very big, having 451 main parts (sections) and 15 extra lists (schedules).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering the numbers of sections and schedules shows attention to detail about the Act's comprehensive nature.

Question 4. Write any two main characteristics of the Indian federation as proposed under the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: Two main characteristics of the Indian federation proposed under the Government of India Act, 1935, were:

• Written and rigid constitution: The federation would have a detailed constitution that was hard to change.
• Federal court: A special court would be established to resolve arguments between different parts of the federation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on unique structural elements like a rigid constitution and a federal court when describing the proposed federation.

Question 5. Write any two demerits of All - India federal plan.
Answer: Two demerits of the All-India federal plan were:

• The necessity of joining the federation was not the same for all: British provinces had to join, but princely states could choose not to.
• Arbitrary power of the governor-general: The governor-general had too much power, which could be used unfairly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing demerits, highlight aspects that created inequality or undermined democratic principles.

Question 7. How many lists were provided in the Government of India Act, 1935, for division of powers between center and provinces?
Answer: Three lists were provided in the Government of India Act, 1935, for the division of powers:

• Federal list
• Provincial list
• Concurrent list

🎯 Exam Tip: The three-fold division of powers is a fundamental aspect of the 1935 Act and is relevant to the Indian Constitution today.

Question 8. Name any four subjects included in the federal list under the Act of 1935.
Answer: Four subjects included in the federal list under the Act of 1935 were:

• Navy, army, and air force
• Foreign matters
• Post and telegraph
• Insurance

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide examples of subjects from each list to show a clear understanding of the division of powers.

Question 9. Name any four subjects included in the provincial list under the Act of 1935.
Answer: Four subjects included in the provincial list under the Act of 1935 were:

• Peace and order
• Justice and police
• Education
• Local self-government

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific examples helps illustrate the practical application of power division.

Question 10. With which Act were tutelage and reservation related?
Answer: Tutelage and reservation were related to the Government of India Act, 1935. These provisions allowed the British to maintain control and protect minority interests.
In simple words: The 1935 Act had special rules for guidance (tutelage) and setting aside seats (reservation).

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect key terms like 'tutelage' and 'reservation' directly to the specific Act they are associated with.

Question 12. Where could the appeal be filed against the judgement of federal court established under the Act of 1935?
Answer: An appeal against the judgment of the federal court established under the Act of 1935 could be filed in the Privy Council, which was situated in London.
In simple words: If someone didn't agree with the federal court's decision, they could go to the Privy Council in London for a final appeal.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Privy Council's role as the highest court of appeal, even after the establishment of the Federal Court, shows the continued British control.

Question 13. What was the provision related to India Council under the Act of 1935?
Answer: Under the Act of 1935, the India Council was ended. This council had previously advised the Secretary of State for India.
In simple words: The 1935 Act removed the India Council, changing how British India was governed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning both the action (ended) and the purpose (advisory body) provides a complete answer.

Question 14. To which new groups were given separate representation under the Act of 1935?
Answer: Under the Act of 1935, separate representation was given to Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, Europeans, and Harijans. This expanded the communal electorate system.
In simple words: The 1935 Act gave separate voting rights to Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, Europeans, and Harijans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing the specific groups that received separate representation highlights the communal aspect of the Act.

Question 15. Which provinces were separated from India under the Act of 1935?
Answer: Under the Act of 1935, Burma and Aden were separated from India. Burma became a separate colony, and Aden was made a Crown Colony.
In simple words: The 1935 Act officially separated Burma and Aden from India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the two key regions, Burma and Aden, that were administratively detached from India by this Act.

Question 16. Mention any two internal restrictions imposed on provincial autonomy.
Answer: Two internal restrictions imposed on provincial autonomy were:

• Unlimited financial powers of the governor: The governor controlled the provincial budget and had a say in passing financial bills.
• Governor's control over the ministers: The governor had powers to appoint, dismiss, and allocate departments to ministers, making them less accountable to the legislature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how the governor's extensive powers internally undermined true provincial self-governance.

Question 18. What is mentioned in the Section 102 of the Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: Section 102 of the Government of India Act, 1935, stated that in serious internal crises, troubles, or potential war dangers, the governor-general could declare an emergency. This allowed the central legislature to make laws on provincial subjects.
In simple words: Section 102 of the 1935 Act allowed the governor-general to declare an emergency during big problems or war, giving the central government power over provincial matters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the condition for emergency declaration and its consequence (central control over provincial subjects) to fully answer this question.

Question 19. What was mentioned under Section 156 of Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: Under Section 156 of the Government of India Act, 1935, it was mentioned that the governor-general could issue advisories to provincial governments. These advisories aimed to help maintain peace and security in the provinces.
In simple words: Section 156 allowed the governor-general to advise provincial governments on keeping peace and safety.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that Section 156 provided a supervisory role for the governor-general, allowing intervention through advisories.

Question 20. When were the provincial governments formed according to the Act of 1935?
Answer: The provincial governments, under the Act of 1935, were formed in July 1937. This marked the implementation of provincial autonomy.
In simple words: Provincial governments started working in July 1937, following the 1935 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key dates like the implementation of provincial governments are important for chronology questions.

Question 21. Under the Act of 1935, in which provinces were the elections held after they gained provincial autonomy?
Answer: After gaining provincial autonomy under the Act of 1935, elections were held in several provinces. These included United Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, Assam, Bengal, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, and Sindh.
In simple words: Elections for provincial self-rule under the 1935 Act were held in many areas like United Provinces, Bihar, and Madras.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing a few major provinces is usually sufficient, but knowing the full list shows comprehensive knowledge.

Question 22. In which provinces did Congress get a clear majority?
Answer: The Congress party achieved a clear majority in several provinces during the elections held under the 1935 Act. These provinces included United Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Bombay, Madras, and Central Provinces.
In simple words: Congress won most of the votes in provinces like United Provinces, Bihar, and Madras.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the strong performance of the Congress party in these provincial elections as a significant political outcome.

Question 23. In which state did the communist party get majority?
Answer: The Communist Party secured a majority in the province of Punjab. This was a notable political outcome in the regional elections.
In simple words: The Communist Party got the most votes in Punjab.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the specific province where a party other than Congress secured a majority, showing diversity in election results.

Question 25. Write any two effects of the Act of 1935 on the present constitution of India.
Answer: Two significant effects of the Government of India Act, 1935, on the present Constitution of India are:

• Federal planning: The structure of India as a federation, with a division of powers between the center and states, draws heavily from the 1935 Act.
• The idea of bicameral legislature: The concept of having two houses in the central and some state legislatures (like Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha) is influenced by the Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on fundamental structural aspects (like federalism and bicameralism) when describing the Act's influence on the present constitution.

Question 26. What criticism of the Government of India Act, 1935 was made by C. Rajagopalachari?
Answer: C. Rajagopalachari criticized the Government of India Act, 1935, by stating that it was "worse than the diarchy system." He felt it offered less real power and was more complex than the previous system.
In simple words: C. Rajagopalachari said the 1935 Act was even worse than the old system of diarchy, meaning it was not good for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quote or accurately paraphrase criticisms from prominent leaders to demonstrate knowledge of political reactions to the Act.

Question 27. What did Madan Mohan Malviya say about the Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: Madan Mohan Malviya described the Government of India Act, 1935, as a system that "looks like a democratic system, but it is hollow internally." He meant it appeared democratic on the outside but lacked true self-rule for Indians.
In simple words: Madan Mohan Malviya said the 1935 Act looked democratic but was empty inside, meaning it didn't give real power to Indians.

🎯 Exam Tip: When presenting criticisms, explain what the leader meant by their statement, not just the quote itself.

Question 28. Describe any two demerits of Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer: Two demerits of the Government of India Act, 1935, were:

• Faulty federal system: The federal structure was flawed, trying to combine diverse units without true equality or consent, and giving the governor-general arbitrary powers.
• Provincial autonomy was a mere pretense: Despite being granted, provincial autonomy was severely limited by the governor's extensive powers and central interference, making it not genuine self-rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on both structural flaws (federal system) and functional limitations (provincial autonomy) when discussing demerits.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the factors responsible for the implementation of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, came into effect due to several factors. Indians were very unhappy with British policies, leading to increased demand for self-rule. Movements like the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements gained strength, making the public ready to join the fight for freedom. The British government also sought to introduce reforms to appease growing nationalist sentiments while maintaining control.
In simple words: The Act of 1935 was put in place because Indians were unhappy with British rule, freedom movements were growing, and the British wanted to make some changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing factors, mention both the Indian nationalist pressure and the British attempts to manage the situation through reforms.

Question 2. Mention two characteristics of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: Two main characteristics of the Government of India Act, 1935, are:
1. A detailed Act: It was a very long and detailed law, with 451 sections and 15 schedules. The British Parliament had never made such a big Act before.
2. Supremacy of British Parliament: The Act kept the British Parliament as the highest authority. Provincial assemblies or federal legislatures had no power to change the executive or legislative powers. The British Parliament kept all key powers to itself.
In simple words: The 1935 Act was very long and detailed, and the British Parliament remained the most powerful, keeping all important rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both the comprehensive nature of the Act and the ultimate authority it reserved for the British Parliament.

Question 3. Describe main features of federal legislature established by the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: The main features of the federal legislature established by the Government of India Act, 1935, were:
1. Proposal of All-India Federation: The Act proposed to create an All-India Federation by combining 11 British provinces, 6 chief commissioner provinces, and willing native states. British provinces had to join, but princely states had the choice.
2. Provincial Autonomy: The units within the federation, especially the provinces, were given the right to manage their own internal affairs.
3. Federal Court: A federal court was proposed to settle disputes between the federation and its member units.
4. Division of powers: Powers were divided between the center and provinces through Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent lists, specifying what each level of government could legislate on.
In simple words: The 1935 Act planned a big Indian federation with self-governing provinces, a special court for disputes, and clear rules about who controlled which powers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Outline the core components of the proposed federal structure, including its composition, power distribution, and judicial mechanism.

Question 4. Mention any three demerits of federal plan proposed by the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: Three demerits of the federal plan proposed by the Government of India Act, 1935, were:
1. Lack of equality: There was no equal power distribution between the center and provinces, especially concerning princely states, which had different terms of entry and power.
2. Unitary element in federal system: The governor-general had excessive overriding rights to interfere in provincial matters, reducing true provincial autonomy and making the system lean towards a unitary (centralized) structure.
3. Lack of autonomy in federal units: The provinces and princely states in the All-India Federation had autonomy, but there was no fully responsible government at the center. The governor-general held immense power and was not accountable to anyone.
In simple words: The federal plan was flawed because not all parts had equal power, the central government could interfere too much, and the governor-general had unchecked authority.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on inconsistencies, imbalances of power, and limitations on self-governance when discussing the demerits of the federal plan.

Question 5. Describe the sharing of the powers in All-India Federation, as proposed under the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, proposed the sharing of powers in the All-India Federation through three lists:
1. Federal list: This list included 59 subjects of national importance such as currency, federal public services, defense, communications, banking, and insurance. The central legislature had the power to make laws on these.
2. Provincial list: This list covered 54 subjects of local importance, including peace and order, justice, provincial public services, local self-governance, hospitals, education, agriculture, and roads. Provincial governments had the right to make laws on these.
3. Concurrent list: This list had 36 subjects where both the central and provincial legislatures could make laws, but federal law would prevail in case of a conflict. Examples include criminal law and procedure, civil procedure, marriage and divorce, and electricity.
In simple words: The 1935 Act divided powers into three lists: Federal (for the whole country), Provincial (for each state), and Concurrent (for both). This clearly showed who could make laws on what.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly delineate the subjects under each of the three lists to illustrate a thorough understanding of power distribution.

Question 6. Describe the tutelage and reservation system as mentioned in the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, included a system of tutelage and reservation because the British government was cautious about granting responsible government to Indians. They believed Indians might make mistakes and wanted to ensure the interests of minorities were protected. This led to comprehensive rights given to the governor-general and provincial governors to intervene in central and provincial governance under various circumstances, effectively limiting Indian self-rule.
In simple words: The 1935 Act had systems of 'tutelage' (guidance) and 'reservation' to let the British keep control, protect minorities, and intervene in Indian governance when they wanted.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the intention (protection, caution) and the consequence (limited Indian control, wide gubernatorial powers) of the tutelage and reservation system.

Question 7. Describe external restrictions imposed on provincial autonomy.
Answer: External restrictions on provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act, 1935, severely limited the self-governance of provinces. These included:
1. Declaration of emergency: Under Section 102, the governor-general could declare an emergency during internal crises or war. This allowed the central legislature to make laws on provincial subjects.
2. Control of the center on provinces: Section 156 allowed the governor-general to issue advisories to provinces for maintaining peace and safety. In extreme cases, the governor could declare a constitutional failure, bringing provincial governance under central control.
3. Governor-general's control over provincial laws: Some bills required the governor-general's prior permission to be introduced in provincial assemblies, giving him significant control over provincial legislation.
In simple words: Provincial self-rule was limited by central government powers like declaring emergencies, giving orders for peace and safety, and controlling which new laws could be made.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail specific sections of the Act (e.g., 102, 156) and their implications to strengthen your answer on external restrictions.

Question 8. Mention internal restrictions imposed on provincial autonomy.
Answer: Internal restrictions imposed on provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act, 1935, significantly hampered true self-rule within the provinces. These included:
1. Governor's real, not constitutional, role: The governor was not just a nominal head but exercised real power, controlling the entire province, approving bills, and withholding assent.
2. Unlimited financial powers of the governor: The governor controlled the provincial budget and had the authority to pass or reject financial bills, making him central to provincial finances.
3. Governor's control over ministers: The governor had powers to appoint, dismiss, and distribute departments among ministers. He could also convene cabinet meetings, making ministers accountable to him rather than solely to the legislature.
4. Non-cooperation of civil servants: The civil officials often did not cooperate with ministers, which hindered the smooth functioning of provincial autonomy.
In simple words: Inside the provinces, the governor had too much power over money and ministers, and government workers often didn't cooperate. This made provincial self-rule not truly independent.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the governor's formal and practical powers to show how internal mechanisms limited provincial autonomy.

Question 9. How was the implementation of provincial autonomy done? Explain.
Answer: The implementation of provincial autonomy began in July 1937, under the Government of India Act, 1935. The British governance tried to implement it, allowing provincial governments to be formed. Initially, all political parties showed interest in forming governments. Many provincial governments, once formed, did commendable work in their respective areas, indicating a degree of functional self-rule despite the limitations of the Act.
In simple words: Provincial self-rule started in July 1937, with governments formed in the provinces. Many of these governments worked well at first, even though their powers were limited.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining implementation, focus on the timeline, the initial political reception, and the performance of the newly formed provincial governments.

Question 10. Mention any three effects of the Government of India Act, 1935 on the constitution of independent India.
Answer: Three main effects of the Government of India Act, 1935, on the constitution of independent India are:
1. Federal plan: The federal structure, with a strong center and a clear division of powers, in India's constitution is largely influenced by the federal plan of the 1935 Act.
2. Bicameral legislature: The concept of having two houses in the central legislature (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and in some state legislatures is directly influenced by the bicameral system proposed in the 1935 Act.
3. Provision of constitutional crisis: The provision allowing the central government to take over state governance during a constitutional crisis (President's Rule) is inspired by the system mentioned in the 1935 Act.
In simple words: The 1935 Act shaped independent India's constitution by giving us ideas like a federal system, a two-house parliament, and rules for handling state emergencies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key structural and functional aspects of the Indian Constitution that have direct roots in the 1935 Act.

Question 11. Write down the importance of Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, holds significant importance due to several reasons:
1. Establishment of a responsible government: It introduced a degree of responsible government in the provinces, allowing elected Indian ministers to manage many internal affairs.
2. An effort towards the political unity of India: The Act proposed an All-India Federation aiming to unite British provinces and princely states, laying groundwork for future political integration.
3. Blueprint for the Indian Constitution: Many features, including federalism, bicameralism, the office of governor, and the division of powers, were adopted into the Constitution of independent India, making it a crucial precursor.
In simple words: The 1935 Act was important because it brought some self-rule to provinces, tried to unite India, and became a big guide for making India's own constitution later.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the Act's positive contributions or lasting impacts, particularly its role as a foundation for the future Indian state.

Question 12. How can we prove the Government of India Act, 1935 to be defective ?
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, was defective for several reasons. Although it proposed a federal system with power sharing and a bicameral legislature, it had many flaws. It tried to combine two different types of states (provinces and princely states) unevenly. It didn't truly transfer governance to Indians or provide for self-determination. The governor-general and governors had overriding powers that undermined the federal system, and the federal court's powers were not supreme, as appeals could still go to the Privy Council in Britain.
In simple words: The 1935 Act was flawed because it didn't give real power to Indians, combined states unevenly, and gave too much power to British governors, making it not truly federal or democratic.

🎯 Exam Tip: To prove the Act was defective, highlight the limitations on Indian self-rule, the imbalances of power, and the ultimate control retained by the British.

Question 13. It is said about the Government of India Act, 1935, that, “The provincial autonomy provided by it was nothing but a myth". Explain it.
Answer: The statement "provincial autonomy provided by the Government of India Act, 1935, was nothing but a myth" means that while provinces were seemingly granted self-rule, it was not genuine. Provincial legislatures were elected, and the executive was made responsible to them. However, the central government and the governor retained significant powers to interfere in provincial matters. The governor-general could declare an emergency, ending provincial autonomy. Governors had special rights, controlling ministers, finances, and legislation, which severely limited the ministers' authority and the concept of collective responsibility. Thus, provincial autonomy was largely a pretense.
In simple words: Provincial autonomy in the 1935 Act was not real self-rule. Governors and the central government had too many special powers to control provinces, making the provinces not truly free to govern themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain "myth" by providing concrete examples of how the governor's powers and central interference undermined the promised provincial autonomy.

Question 14. In the Government of India Act, 1935, there was “lack of self determination for Indians". Explain it.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, showed a "lack of self-determination for Indians" because it did not empower Indians to decide their own political future. The Act was enacted by the British Parliament, and it did not provide for a mechanism for Indians to frame their own constitution. Instead, the British Parliament and the Secretary of State for India retained ultimate control over Indian affairs, meaning Indians could not truly shape their destiny or achieve full independence under its provisions.
In simple words: The 1935 Act did not allow Indians to make their own choices or create their own government. The British still held all the real power, so Indians couldn't decide their own future.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define "self-determination" in the context of the Act and explain how the British retention of ultimate power denied this right to Indians.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Explain main characteristics of Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer: Main characteristics of the Government of India Act, 1935, are described below:

1. A detailed Act: The Government of India Act, 1935, was a very detailed law. It contained 451 Sections and 15 Schedules, but it did not have an introduction. It was the largest law ever made by the British parliament.
2. Proposal of All-India Federation: The Act of 1935 suggested forming an All-India Federation at the center. This federation would include British provinces and princely states. It was planned to combine 11 British provinces, 6 chief commissioner provinces, and those princely states that wanted to join. British provinces had to join, but princely states had the choice to join or not by signing an acceptance letter. The units of this federation could govern themselves internally. A federal court was also to be set up to solve problems between the units. A federal executive and a two-house legislature were planned for the center. However, because of various issues, the All-India Federation could not be fully created.
3. Establishment of diarchy at the center: The dual system of governance (diarchy) was removed from the provinces and introduced at the center. Federal subjects were split into two parts: reserved and transferred. Important areas like peace, safety, religious matters, foreign affairs, and tribal areas were kept as reserved subjects, handled by the governor-general. For transferred subjects, a cabinet of ministers was arranged to help the governor-general.
4. Provincial autonomy: The diarchy system in the provinces was ended by the Act of 1935, and provinces were given autonomy, meaning they could govern themselves.
5. The arrangement of Tutelage and Reservation: The British Government believed that Indians might make mistakes in governing responsibly. So, they made arrangements to protect minority interests. The governor-general and governors were given broad powers to interfere in central and provincial governance under different situations.
6. Expansion of legislature and an increase in right to vote: Under this Act, the federal legislature was designed with two houses: a federal assembly and a council of states. The federal assembly had 375 members, and the council of states had 260 members.
7. Federal court: To resolve disagreements between the units of the federation (center, provinces, and princely states), a federal court was set up by the Act of 1935. It would have a chief magistrate and two other judges. This federal court had rights for basic and appeal-related cases. The final power to make decisions was with the Privy Council in London.
8. Supremacy of British parliament: Under this Act, the federal legislature and provincial executives could not make any changes to the law. All powers related to this were kept with the Privy Council.
9. Dissolving of Indian council: The Indian Council had been acting against India's interests, so Indians had been demanding its removal. Thus, the Government of India Act, 1935, dissolved this council. Instead, some advisors were appointed to assist the India secretary.
10. Burma, Berar, and Aden: Under this Act, Burma was separated from India. Aden was also removed from Indian control. The control of Hyderabad over Aden was only in name, as Aden became part of the Central Provinces from an administrative point of view.

In simple words: The Act of 1935 was a very detailed law that aimed to create an All-India Federation and gave provinces some self-rule. However, it also gave a lot of power to the British governor-general and parliament, and it set up a federal court to resolve disputes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For essay questions on the Government of India Act, 1935, remember to discuss its key structural features, how it aimed to organize India, and the balance of power it created between British authorities and Indian provinces/states.

 

Question 2. Describe the impact of Government of India Act, 1935, on the constitution of independent India. OR "The Government of India Act, 1935 impressed the constitution of independent India largely". Explain the statement.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1935, had a significant impact on the present constitution of independent India:

1. Federal plan: The idea of an All-India Federation, as proposed in the 1935 Act, influenced the current Indian constitution. Aspects like the structure of the federation, giving more power to the central government, and the division of powers are largely drawn from the 1935 Act.
2. The concept of bicameral assembly: The system of having two legislative houses (bicameral assembly) in some Indian states today is based on the model from the Act of 1935.
3. The provision of constitutional crisis: The provision in our constitution that allows the central government to take over the legislature and executive powers from states during a constitutional crisis, through the President, is inspired by the Act of 1935.
4. The post of the governor: The concept of the governor's role in the states today is taken from the provisions for the governor in the Government of India Act, 1935.
5. A detailed constitutional Article: Just like the Government of India Act, 1935, the Indian constitution is also very detailed. The arrangements for the main bodies of the central government and the provincial government system were outlined in the Act of 1935.
6. Declaration of emergency by president: The power of the President to declare an emergency in the present Indian constitution is also derived from the concepts in the 1935 Act.
7. Accreditation to federal law: Section 256 of the present Indian constitution states that federal law will take precedence if there is a conflict between federal and state laws. This provision is based on Section 126 of the Government of India Act, 1935.

In simple words: Many parts of India's current constitution, like having a federal system, two legislative houses, the role of the governor, and emergency powers, were influenced by the Government of India Act of 1935. This old Act laid a strong foundation for how India is governed today.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the impact of the 1935 Act, highlight specific constitutional features such as federalism, bicameralism, the governor's office, and emergency provisions. Explain how these elements were carried forward into the Indian constitution.