RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Background of Constitutional Development

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Which were the four types of members in the central legislative council as provided by the Act of 1909?
Answer: Four types of members were:
• Ex - office
• Nominated government members
In simple words: The central legislative council had different kinds of members, including those who held specific government roles and others chosen by the government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the different categories of members (ex-officio, nominated government, etc.) as this reflects the power structure of the time.

 

Question 3. Which persons could not be the members of central legislative council according to Indian Councils Act of 1909?
Answer: According to the 1909 Act, certain people could not be members of the central legislative council. These included:
• Government servants
• Women
• A person with mental illness
• Persons less than 25 years of age
• Suspended government servants
• Persons declared insolvent
In simple words: The law from 1909 prevented certain people from joining the main government council, such as government workers, women, people with mental illness, those under 25, or anyone who was suspended or bankrupt.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all disqualifications to show a complete understanding of the restrictions on council membership.

 

Question 4. By the Act of 1909, which were the regions that were deprived of representation as non-government members in central legislative council?
Answer: The regions that did not have representation as non-government members in the central legislative council by the Act of 1909 were:
North-west Frontier province, Coorg, Ajmer and Merwara regions.
In simple words: Some areas like North-west Frontier province, Coorg, Ajmer, and Merwara were not allowed to have non-government members in the central council under the 1909 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Precisely name the regions that were excluded from representation to earn full marks.

 

Question 5. Into how many categories was the electoral college divided for the formation of central legislative assembly under the Act of 1909?
Answer: The electoral college for the central legislative assembly under the Act of 1909 was divided into three categories:
• General electorate
• Communal electorate
• Specific electorate group.
In simple words: The groups of people who could vote for the central legislative assembly were split into three main types: general voters, community-based voters, and special groups of voters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing all three categories (General, Communal, Specific) is essential to correctly answer this question about the electoral college division.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 7. What is meant by diarchy system?
Answer: A diarchy system is a type of government where two people rule a region together. This co-rule can be either lawful or achieved through a secret agreement or force.
In simple words: A diarchy is a government where two rulers share power, either legally or through some arrangement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define 'diarchy' clearly by mentioning the concept of 'co-rule' and how it can be established.

 

Question 8. Into which parts were provincial subjects divided under the diarchy system?
Answer: Under the diarchy system, provincial subjects were divided into two main parts:
• Transferred subjects.
• Reserved subjects.
In simple words: The diarchy system split provincial government tasks into two groups: those that were 'transferred' and those that were 'reserved'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify both "Transferred subjects" and "Reserved subjects" as the key divisions under the diarchy system for provincial matters.

 

Question 9. What were the names of two the houses of legislature established in center under the Act of 1919?
Answer: The two houses of legislature established at the center under the Act of 1919 were:
• Legislative Assembly
• Council of State.
In simple words: The 1919 Act created two main government houses at the center: the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific names, Legislative Assembly and Council of State, as these were the two new legislative bodies.

 

Question 10. What do you understand by home governance?
Answer: Home governance referred to the institutions in England that managed Indian affairs. These included the British Emperor, the British Parliament, the Cabinet, the India Secretary, and the India Council, which together controlled the administration of India from afar.
In simple words: Home governance was the system where British leaders and groups in England managed India's government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that 'home governance' refers to the British institutions in England responsible for India's administration.

2. Organisations and rights of provincial councils: An amendment in the number of members was made under this act. This number was fixed between 30 to 50. Four types of members were kept in the provincial legislative councils
• nominated members
• nominated government members,
• nominated non – government members
• Ex - office members.
An approval from the governor or lieutenant governor was essential for the bills passed by the legislative councils.

 

Question 2. What were the eligibilities, necessary to be a member of central and provincial legislative councils, according to India Councils Act of 1909.
Answer: To become a member of the central or provincial legislative council, specific qualifications were required. The rules varied between provinces. For instance, in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, an individual needed to be an active member of a Nagar Palika or district board to join the provincial legislative councils, but this rule did not apply in the United Provinces. Other general requirements included being a property tax payer and a British civilian. Government servants, women, mentally ill individuals, those under 25 years old, suspended government servants, and bankrupts were generally not eligible for membership.
In simple words: To be a council member in 1909, you needed to meet certain rules, which changed depending on the province. Generally, you had to pay property tax and be a British citizen. Many groups like women, government workers, or young people could not join.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both general qualifications (e.g., property owner, British citizen) and specific provincial requirements, as well as common disqualifications.

1. Beginning of communal electorate system: By Indian Councils Act of 1909, a communal electorate system was started. The right to vote was given to different communities and classes. The seats were kept reserved for Muslims, Chamber of commerce, zamindars, etc. The seats were determined in the ratio of more than related population.
It promoted communism and secularism was discouraged. In this way, it paved the path for a demand of seperate electorates. After some time, Indian people started the demand of separate electorates. This demand was made by Sikhs in Punjab, Non – Brahmans in Madras, and Anglo – Indians in Southern provinces.

2. Government majority in the central legislative council: The act of 1909 established a majority of government members, so that the position non-government members was weakened. That's why, there was less number of non-government members in the legislative councils.

 

Question 4. What is meant by the majority of non-government members in provincial legislative councils according to the Act of 1909?
Answer: Under the Indian Council Act of 1909, the rule was that there would be a majority of non-official members. These non-official members in the provincial legislative councils were of two types: nominated non-official members and elected non-official members. However, this act made sure that the nominated non-official members were more in number than the elected non-official members. When combining the official members, government-nominated members, and non-official members, their total number became greater than the elected members, which was called a non-official majority. Yet, this majority of elected non-official members was merely for show and held no real power.
In simple words: The 1909 Act created a "non-official majority" in provincial councils. This meant more non-government members were present, but most of them were chosen by the government, not by voters. So, the elected non-official members actually had very little power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that a "non-official majority" was formed by combining nominated non-officials with officials, effectively minimizing the influence of elected non-official members.

2. Foundation of Chamber of Princes: Taking into consideration importance of native rulers, formation of chamber of princes was suggested. On the basis of this suggestion, chamber of prince was established on February 9th, 1921. It was only an advisory institution. Its president was the Governor-General.

3. Right to vote and election: The right for voting was increased by this Act. Due to this increase, about 10 per cent of population obtained the right to vote. Under Indian Councils Act of 1909, only the Muslims were provided the right of voting. Under this Act of 1919, Sikhs, Christians, Europeans and Anglo-Indians also obtained this right separately.

4. The Centralization of power: Some subjects related to finance and administration were centralized. They were granted to provinces instead of central government. Right of receiving the loans and to levy tax were also provided to the provinces for the very first time. By establishing a partially responsible rule in provinces, an effort was made towards decentralization.

 

Question 6. What were the arrangements of election and right to vote in the Act of 1919?
Answer: The Act of 1919 introduced a direct election process and expanded the right to vote, allowing about 10 percent of Indians to vote. Previously, the Indian Councils Act of 1909 had granted voting rights only to Muslims separately. However, the Montague-Chelmsford report criticized the communal electorate system. Under the 1919 Act, this system was kept for Muslims and extended to Sikhs in Punjab, Christians in all provinces except three, Anglo-Indians in two provinces, and Indians.
In simple words: The 1919 Act started direct elections and gave about 10% of Indians the right to vote, expanding it beyond just Muslims to include Sikhs, Christians, and Anglo-Indians, despite earlier criticisms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the shift to direct elections, the percentage of increased voters, and the expansion of communal electorates to different groups.

1. Faulty principle: The diarchy system was theoretically faulty. The governance of the same province was kept under two different powers. Therefore, it was natural to create obstructions in smooth governance.

2. Arbitrary powers of governor: Due to the policy of controlling the ministers, refusing the proposals of ministers and the direct interference in every subject by the Governor, the responsibilities could not be handed over to Indian ministers in real terms.

3. Lack of control of ministers over bureaucracy: The Governor had direct control over the appointment of members in public service, their transfers and promotions. It was not under the ministers, who were their immediate bosses.

4. No finance for Transferred subjects: The subjects of administration in the provinces were divided, but there was no financial arrangement for both the subjects separately. Without proper finance, effective governance could not be imagined.

 

Question 8. Describe the utility of Diarchy System.
Answer: The diarchy system, despite its flaws, offered several benefits:
• For the first time, a large number of Indian people gained the right to vote under this Act, which led to greater political awareness among them.
• Regular elections helped people become more engaged in public life, increasing their political understanding and self-confidence.
• Women in almost all provinces also received the right to vote alongside men.
• Ministers in India performed significant work across various aspects of life, striving to eliminate various social issues.
In simple words: The diarchy system helped many Indians get the right to vote, made people more politically aware, and let women vote. Ministers also worked hard to solve problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the positive impacts like increased political awareness, electoral participation, women's suffrage, and ministerial efforts to demonstrate the system's utility.

The evaluation of the characteristics of Indian Councils Act of 1909. Indian Councils Act of 1909 got approval from British emperor on November 15, 1909 and it was implemented thereafter. India secretary Lord Morley and Viceroy Lord Minto played an important role to create it, so it was also known as Morley – Minto Reforms Act.
There were some important provisions in this Act, such as improvement in central legislative council, enhancement in the structure and rights of provincial councils, extension of executive councils, right to vote and increase in the number of representatives. However, this act could not fulfill the aspirations of the people. Its critical evaluation is given further :

1. Establishment of communal election system: By the Act of 1909, communal election system was started. The different classes were given different rights of election. The seats for Muslims, chamber of commerce, zamindars, etc. were kept reserved. These seats were more than their caste ratio. This promoted communalism and discouraged secularism. And hence, it paved the path for the demand of partition of India. After some time, Sikhs in Punjab, Non – Brahmans in Madras, and Anglo-Indians, raised the demand for separate electorates.

2. The limited powers of legislative councils and official majority: The powers provided to members of legislative councils by this Act were very limited. They could ask questions to the members of executive council, but they were not bound to answer all the questions. The members had a right to put proposals related to public interests, but the approval of these proposals was dependent on the government's wish. The Governors and Viceroy had many arbitrary powers.

3. Official majority in central legislative council: The Act of 1909 established the majority of official members in the central legislative councils, which made the position of non-official members in the council weaker. That is why, the attendance of non-official members in legislative council was very low.

4. The majority of non-officials in the provincial legislative councils was nothing but a show: Theoretically, the majority of non-officials was established in the provincial legislative councils, but the reality was just the opposite. There were two types of non-officials: Nominated and elected non-official members. The nominated non-official members were always the representatives of various different Muslims, Zamindar, traders and graduates were given the right to vote, but the non-Muslims of this group were denied voting rights.

For example, in Bengal, the right to vote was provided to only those Hindus who paid a property tax Rs 5000 annually. On the other hand, Muslims who paid only Rs 750 annually as property tax had the right to vote. In Hindu majority regions, to protect minority interests, Muslims were given special representation in the council. However, Hindus were not given such representation in regions where Muslims were in majority.

6. No effort for formation of a responsible governance system: Indian people had been asking for a responsible governance system through many movements for a long time. But a responsible governance system was not established under the Act of 1909. The only object of this act was to train some Indian people for constitution framing and other administrative tasks.

7. Unnecessary incentive to inherent interests. Through this Act of 1909, Zamindars, chamber of commerce and other groups were given an unnecessary incentive as they were given a surplus representation in the councils. These inherent selfish elements were under the control of British government and were against the national interests. As a conclusion, the Act of 1909 was half-dressed, full of defects and against Indian people. Though it enabled some people of India to get participation in the legislative councils, yet many discrepancies also arose.

 

Question 2. What were the main provisions of Indian Councils Act of 1909? Describe its utility critically.
Answer: The Indian Councils Act of 1919 had several provisions and merits. Firstly, the legislative council, both central and provincial, was expanded. The central legislative council increased its members from 16 to 60. Provincial councils did not have a uniform strength, with Bengal, Bombay, and Madras increasing to 50 members each, while United Provinces and West Bengal Provinces also had 50 members, and Assam, Burma, and Punjab had 30 members each. Other features of the 1919 Act included empowering members to discuss the budget, move resolutions, and ask supplementary questions about matters like loans to local bodies. Members could also discuss public interest issues, although the government was not obligated to follow their suggestions. However, no discussions were allowed on subjects outside the legislature's competence, foreign policy, or ongoing court cases. Despite this, the Minto-Morley Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909), also had merits:
1. This Act was a significant step in developing representative institutions and involving elected Indians more in administration.
2. It recognized the principle of election as the basis for legislative council composition for the first time.
3. The Minto-Morley reforms gave Indians more opportunities to voice their complaints.
4. Indians were given chances to critique the executive and suggest ways to improve administration.
5. The expansion of legislatures helped strengthen the demand for a fully Indian legislature.
In simple words: The 1909 Act, also called Minto-Morley reforms, expanded councils and gave Indians more chances to speak up. It also started direct elections, which helped people get involved in government. However, the answer also details the 1919 Act's features like budget discussions and asking questions, but also its limitations like what could not be discussed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating historical acts, always present both the provisions (what it did) and its critical assessment (merits or demerits), mentioning key figures like Morley and Minto.

2. The control over Indian administration of home governance was reduced: The control of India secretary on reserved subjects at provincial level and on all subjects at central level remained the same as it was before. In matters of reserved subjects, provinces were given some freedom for administration. The India secretary could interfere in matters of British interests, administration of the central subjects and for the safety of his specific rights. It was hoped that this interference will go on decreasing as time passed.

3. Partial responsible governance in the provinces or the establishment of diarchy system: Under the Act of 1919, partially responsible governance was established in the provinces. The provincial governance was divided into two categories:
• Reserved subjects
• Transferred subjects.
The reserved subjects were kept with the governor and there was no control of executive council on it. And the transferred subjects were kept with the Indian Ministers who were selected from the elected executive council. This division of subjects was basically what they meant by introducing the diarchy.

4. Greater Indian representation in the provincial executive councils: Under the Act, the administration of reserved subjects was kept with the governor. But the number of Indian members was increased in the provincial executive council. The appointment of these members was made by the British crown at the favorable note of Indian secretary.

5. Re - construction of provincial legislative councils: The regulated provinces and non-regulated provinces was removed.

Executive was kept free from the control of central legislative council as it was before. With the viewpoint of impressing the center, the legislature was expanded. But with it, the powers of the governor were also increased. As a result, he could perform all the important work without agreement of legislature. In this way, in-spite of the increase in the number of the members of legislature, a non-answerable governance remained in the center.

7. More Indians appointed in the central executive council: The governor-general was autocratic and arbitrary like before, but some improvements were made in the executive council
• the existing provision related to the number of members in executive council was removed,
• The advocates working in Indian high courts as lawyers for ten years, were now eligible to be appointed as members of legislative council,
• The number of Indian members in executive council was increased from 1 to 3. However, these members were not the representative of public, but those who supported governance. These members were allotted unimportant departments.

8. Bicameral central legislature: Instead of a unicameral legislature, a bicameral central legislature was established. These Houses were named as central legislative assembly and council of state.

9. To promote decentralization: Under this Act, some subjects of administration and finance were decentralized. The provinces were given the rights of loaning and taxation.

10. Establishment of Native Rulers'Council: On the basis of Mantague - Chelmsford report, the interests of native rulers were taken under consideration and the formation of native rulers' council was suggested. On the basis of this suggestion, the Prince Council was established on February 9, 1921. It was only an advisory institution. The president of this institution was the governor-general.

12. Power Division: Under the Act of 1919, powers were divided between the central and the provincial governments. The subjects that were directly related to interests of entire India or inter – provinces were kept with the central government and the subjects related to interest of provinces were kept with the provincial government.

 

Question 4. The Diarchy System inherent in the Act of 1919 was faulty and impracticable in conduct. Explain.
Answer: The diarchy system was found to be faulty and impractical, leading to its end on April 1, 1937. The main reasons for its failure included:
1. Theoretically faulty: The diarchy system was fundamentally flawed in theory. It was difficult for smooth governance when a single province was managed by two different powers.
2. Impracticable division of subjects: The division of subjects was so illogical that it was not possible to implement it effectively. For example, an agriculture minister might not have control over irrigation, or an industrial minister might lack departments for factories, electricity, minerals, and labor, making ministry formation impractical.
3. Arbitrary powers of governor: The governor had a policy of favoring themselves, which allowed them to control ministers, reject their proposals, and interfere in any subject. This prevented responsibilities from being transferred effectively.
4. No separate finance for transferred subjects: Even though provincial subjects were divided, there were no distinct financial arrangements for each. Without proper funds, effective governance was not possible.
5. Lack of collective responsibility: The Governor did not appoint ministers based on party affiliation, so they did not belong to the same group, leading to a lack of shared responsibility.
6. Unfavorable political environment: Major repressive events like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Khilafat movement, and Rowlatt Act created distrust, frustration, and anger among Indians. This led to apathy and scorn towards the British government's reforms.
7. Economic plight and Manston arbitration: The year 1920 saw a severe drought, leading to widespread despair, poverty, and starvation. This created dissatisfaction among Indians, and more than half of the provinces were forced to provide higher grants to the center, as per Manston arbitration.
8. Discord between Congress and Muslim League: There was a lack of cooperation between Congress and the Muslim League. The British policy of "divide and rule" further increased these differences.
9. Non-cooperation of bureaucracy: The British bureaucracy was unwilling to work under Indian ministers. Their negative attitude was a major reason for the diarchy system's failure.
10. Change in British government's opinion: After a right-wing conservative party government formed in Britain, its view on reforms changed, leading to increased interference in the provinces.
In simple words: The diarchy system failed because it was poorly designed, splitting control in a confusing way. Governors had too much power, and there wasn't enough money for all tasks. Plus, Indian leaders didn't work well together, people were angry after events like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the British bureaucracy refused to cooperate.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the failure of diarchy, categorize your points (e.g., theoretical flaws, administrative issues, political climate) and provide specific examples for each to show depth of understanding.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Multiple Choice Type Questions

 

Question 1. To which region of the following representation was not given in the central legislative council?
(a) Madras
(b) Ajmer- Merwara
(c) Bengal
(d) Bombay
Answer: (b) Ajmer- Merwara
In simple words: Out of the given choices, the Ajmer-Merwara region did not have a representative in the central legislative council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific regions that were excluded from representation is crucial for answering this type of question.

 

Question 3. The Act of 1909 discriminated in voting rights to Zamindars in their regions. In Madras, the right to vote was given to those zamindars:
(a) Who had on annual income of? Rs. 15000
(b) Who had a rank of king or a Nawab
(c) Who had an honorary degree of Magistrate
(d) All these
Answer: (a) Who had on annual income of? Rs. 15000
In simple words: The Act of 1909 was biased about who could vote. In Madras, only zamindars who earned more than Rs. 15,000 a year from their land could vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific details like income thresholds or titles when studying voting rights under historical acts.

 

Question 4. Which of the following was not related to the preface of the Government of India Act of 1919 ?
(a) India would remain an undivided part of the British Empire.
(b)The responsible governance in British India was a declared policy of British Parliament.
(c) The responsible governance could be established in a step-by-step manner.
(d) For the establishment of responsible governance, the close relation of Indians with every branch of administration and a gradual change in autonomous institutions would be ensured.
Answer: (d) For the establishment of responsible governance, the close relation of Indians with every branch of administration and a gradual change in autonomous institutions would be ensured.
In simple words: The Government of India Act of 1919's introduction did not mention ensuring a close relationship between Indians and every part of the government, or a slow change towards self-governing bodies. This specific point was not part of its stated goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to negative phrasing like "not related" in questions to avoid common pitfalls.

 

Question 7. This is not a reason of failure of Diarchy System:
(a) An irrational and impracticable division of subjects.
(b) The arbitrary power given to governor.
(c) Ministers control over services.
(d) A lack of the principle of collective responsibility.
Answer: (c) Ministers control over services.
In simple words: The reason listed here that did not lead to the failure of the Diarchy System is "Ministers control over services." This is because, in reality, ministers did not have control over services; it was mostly the Governor's decision.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific reasons for the failure of the Diarchy System, such as the division of subjects, governor's powers, and lack of collective responsibility.

 

Question 8. Under Government of India Act, 1919, which of the following is not related to central executive council ?
(a) The advocates, who held an experience of 10 years practice in Indian high courts were considered eligible to be elected a member of legislative council.
(b) Tej Bahadur Sapru was the first Indian who was appointed as law- based member in the central legislative council.
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose was made the member of central executive council.
(d) The number of Indians was increased from one to three in the central executive council.
Answer: (c) Subhash Chandra Bose was made the member of central executive council.
In simple words: According to the Government of India Act, 1919, the statement that "Subhash Chandra Bose was made the member of central executive council" is not related to the central executive council. He was not appointed to this role under that act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key figures and their roles associated with specific historical acts to avoid confusion.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Other Important Questions

 

Question 1. Which of the following acts is also called Morley - Minto reforms ?
(a) Indian Councils Act of 1909
(b) Indian Councils Act of 1919
(c) Government of India Act of 1935
(d) Indian Independence Act of 1947
Answer: (a) Indian Councils Act of 1909
In simple words: The act also known as the Morley-Minto reforms is the Indian Councils Act of 1909. This name comes from Lord Morley and Lord Minto, who were key figures in its creation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly remember the alternate names for important historical acts, as they are often used interchangeably in questions.

 

Question 2. The main characteristic of Indian Councils Act, 1919 was:
(a) The reform in central legislative council.
(b) The composition and rights of provincial legislative councils.
(c) The expansion of executive councils.
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1919, was characterized by all the given options. It brought reforms to the central legislative council, changed how provincial legislative councils were formed and their powers, and expanded the executive councils.

🎯 Exam Tip: When "All of the options" is a choice, ensure you quickly verify that each individual option is indeed correct and relevant.

 

Question 4. By which of the following acts was the communal election system introduced?
(a) by the Indian Councils Act, 1909
(b) by Act, 1919
(c) by Government of India Act, 1935
(d) by Indian Independence Act, 1947
Answer: (a) by the Indian Councils Act, 1909
In simple words: The communal election system was first introduced by the Indian Councils Act of 1909. This act allowed certain communities to elect their own representatives separately.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific acts responsible for major reforms or new systems introduced during British rule.

 

Question 5. The main demerit of Indian Councils Act, 1909 was:
(a) Introduction of communal election system.
(b) Official majority in central legislative council.
(c) Limited and biased right to vote.
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: The main drawbacks of the Indian Councils Act, 1909, included all the given options. It introduced a communal election system, kept an official majority in the central legislative council, and offered limited and biased voting rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating historical acts, remember to consider both their merits and demerits.

 

Question 6. Which of the following is not a merit of Government of India Act, 1919 ?
(a) Change in home governance and India council.
(b) A non-responsible government in the center.
(c) To form bicameral central legislature.
(d) Limited and partisan right to vote.
Answer: (d) Limited and partisan right to vote.
In simple words: A "Limited and partisan right to vote" is not considered a merit of the Government of India Act, 1919. This was a drawback or demerit, not a positive feature, as it restricted voting access.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the positive (merits) and negative (demerits) aspects of historical legislation.

 

Question 8. A non-answerable governance was established:
(a) By Indian Councils Act, 1909
(b) By Pitts India Act
(c) By Government of India Act, 1919
(d) By Indian Independence Act, 1947
Answer: (c) By Government of India Act, 1919
In simple words: A system of government where officials were not accountable was established by the Government of India Act, 1919. This meant that certain parts of the administration were not responsible to the elected representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the concept of "non-answerable governance" and which act it was a feature of.

 

Question 9. Under the Act of 1919, the first legal member in the central executive council was:
(a) Tej Bahadur Sapru
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: (a) Tej Bahadur Sapru
In simple words: Under the Act of 1919, Tej Bahadur Sapru was the first Indian legal member appointed to the central executive council. He played an important role in the legal affairs of the council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the names of key individuals appointed to significant positions under different acts.

 

Question 10. Bicameral central legislature was formed:
(a) By Indian Councils Act, 1919
(b) By the act passed in 1861
(c) By the regulating Act, 1773
(d) By Government of India Act, 1919
Answer: (d) By Government of India Act, 1919
In simple words: A bicameral central legislature, meaning a legislature with two houses, was formed by the Government of India Act, 1919. This was a significant structural change.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the specific features, such as bicameral legislatures, introduced by different acts.

 

Question 12. An important change made in Indian administration by the act of 1919, was:
(a) Establishment of diarchy at the centre.
(b) Establishment of diarchy in the provinces.
(c) End of the post of Viceroy.
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Establishment of diarchy in the provinces.
In simple words: An important change in Indian administration brought by the Act of 1919 was the establishment of the diarchy system in the provinces. This system divided provincial subjects into two categories: reserved and transferred.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the major administrative changes introduced by each historical act, such as the implementation of diarchy.

 

Question 13. The transferred subjects under diarchy system did not include:
(a) Local self - rule
(b) Land revenue
(c) Medical Services
(d) Agriculture
Answer: (b) Land revenue
In simple words: Under the diarchy system, "Land revenue" was not included among the transferred subjects. Transferred subjects were handled by Indian ministers, while reserved subjects, like land revenue, remained under the Governor's control.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between "reserved" and "transferred" subjects under the diarchy system to correctly identify which subjects fell under each category.

 

Question 14. In which of the following provinces was diarchy system introduced?
(a) Bengal
(b) Assam
(c) Bihar
(d) All these
Answer: (d) All these
In simple words: The diarchy system was introduced in all the listed provinces: Bengal, Assam, and Bihar. This new system of governance was implemented across various provinces in British India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the geographical scope and specific regions where major administrative reforms were applied.

 

Question 16. Which Act did not establish official majority in the central legislative council?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, did not establish an official majority in the central legislative council. Instead, it tried to balance representation.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, was the one that didn't create an official majority in the central legislature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note which acts introduced or avoided an official majority, as this reflects British policy changes towards Indian representation.

 

Question 17. Which of the following is not a basis of criticism of the Government of India Act of 1919?
(a) The plan of introducing diarchy system in the provinces was not satisfactory.
(b) Inappropriate expansion of communal electorate system.
(c) Official majority in central legislature.
(d) Lack of powerful legislature in center.
Answer: (c) Official majority in central legislature.
In simple words: "Official majority in central legislature" is not a basis of criticism for the Government of India Act of 1919. This act actually aimed to reduce official majority, though it still had other criticisms related to its implementation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific criticisms against the Government of India Act of 1919 and differentiate them from its intended goals or other historical acts.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. When was East India company established?
Answer: The East India Company was established on December 31, 1600. This British trading company played a crucial role in India's history.
In simple words: The East India Company started on December 31, 1600.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key dates and events for important historical entities like the East India Company.

 

Question 2. By which act did the British Parliament start controlling the East India Company?
Answer: The British Parliament began controlling the East India Company through the Regulating Act of 1773. This act was the first step towards parliamentary control over the company's affairs.
In simple words: The British Parliament started controlling the East India Company with the Regulating Act of 1773.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the initial legislative measures taken by the British Parliament to exert control over the East India Company.

 

Question 5. Why is Indian Councils Act, 1909 also called as Morley - Minto Reforms?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, is also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms because Lord Morley, who was the India Secretary, and Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India, were instrumental in its creation and shaping. Their significant contributions led to the act being named after them.
In simple words: It's called Morley-Minto Reforms because Lord Morley (India Secretary) and Lord Minto (Viceroy) were very important in making the Indian Councils Act of 1909.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with the names and dates of historical acts, especially when they are associated with specific individuals.

 

Question 6. In how many categories was the electorate divided for the election of members in central legislative council by the Act of 1909 ?
Answer:

• General electorate.
• Communal electorate.
• Specific electorate.

In simple words: The Act of 1909 divided voters into three groups for council elections: general, communal, and specific.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the different types of electorates established by the Indian Councils Act of 1909, as this was a key feature.

 

Question 7. What rights were given to central legislature under the Act of 1909?
Answer: Under the Act of 1909, the central legislature was granted several rights. These included the power to discuss bills on general matters, review the budget, and address issues of public interest. They also had the authority to create rules related to these subjects.
In simple words: The central legislature under the 1909 Act could discuss bills, the budget, and public interest matters, and also make rules for them.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the specific powers and responsibilities granted to legislative bodies by significant acts.

 

Question 8. Name the four types of members of the provincial legislative councils according to the Act of 1909.
Answer: According to the Act of 1909, the provincial legislative councils had four types of members:

• Ex-officio members (members by virtue of their office).
• Nominated official members (appointed government officials).
• Nominated non-official members (appointed non-government individuals).
• Elected members (chosen through elections).

In simple words: The provincial councils had four kinds of members: those by their job, appointed government officials, appointed non-officials, and elected members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the various categories of members in the legislative councils, paying attention to how they were appointed or elected.

 

Question 10. How many Indian members were included in governor-general's executive council according to the Act of 1909?
Answer: According to the Act of 1909, only one Indian member was included in the Governor-General's executive council. This was a limited but symbolic step towards Indian representation.
In simple words: The 1909 Act allowed only one Indian member in the Governor-General's executive council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the number of Indian members in important councils to understand the extent of their representation.

 

Question 11. How many Indian members were included in the council of India secretary by the Act of 1909?
Answer: The Act of 1909 included only two Indian members in the council of the India Secretary. This was a small number, reflecting the limited Indian influence in key decision-making bodies at the time.
In simple words: Under the 1909 Act, only two Indian members were part of the India Secretary's council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quantify the level of Indian representation in various administrative bodies established by British acts.

 

Question 12. By which Act were the people granted the right to vote?
Answer: The right to vote was granted to some people under the Indian Councils Act, 1909. However, this right was very limited and based on factors like income and community.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, gave some people the right to vote, but it was very limited.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific acts that introduced or expanded voting rights in British India.

 

Question 13. In which Act was the arrangement of separate electorates made?
Answer: The arrangement for separate electorates was made in the Indian Councils Act, 1909. This system allowed different religious communities to elect their own representatives.
In simple words: Separate electorates were set up by the Indian Councils Act, 1909, allowing different groups to elect their own representatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the Indian Councils Act, 1909, as the act that introduced the controversial system of separate electorates.

 

Question 14. According to which Act, was there a majority of non-official members in the provincial legislative council but not of elected members?
Answer: According to the Indian Councils Act, 1909, there was a majority of non-official members in the provincial legislative council. However, this majority did not include elected members; it mainly consisted of nominated non-officials.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, created a majority of non-official members in provincial councils, but most of these were appointed, not elected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the subtle distinctions in representation, such as the difference between "non-official majority" and "elected non-official majority."

 

Question 16. Which Act did not establish official majority in the central legislative council?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act, 1909.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, did not create an official majority in the central legislative council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the role of "official majority" in different acts and how it impacted governance.

 

Question 17. How may types of non official members were there in the provincial legislative council?
Answer: In the provincial legislative councils, there were two main types of non-official members:

• Nominated non - official members
• Elected non - official members.

In simple words: Provincial legislative councils had two types of non-official members: those who were nominated and those who were elected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to categorize the different types of members in the legislative councils.

 

Question 18. Under which Act was the public granted a limited and disproportionate right to vote?
Answer: The public was granted a limited and unequal right to vote under the Indian Councils Act, 1909. This meant that voting rights were restricted to certain groups and were not distributed fairly.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, gave a limited and unfair voting right to the public.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the acts that introduced or modified voting rights, noting any limitations or biases.

 

Question 19. Write any two characteristics of Indian Councils Act, 1909.
Answer: Two characteristics of the Indian Councils Act, 1909, were:

• It aimed for improvement in the central legislative council by increasing its size and scope of discussion.
• It led to the expansion of executive councils, allowing for more members to be appointed.

In simple words: The Act of 1909 improved the central legislative council and expanded executive councils.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for characteristics or features, provide concise and accurate points directly related to the act.

 

Question 20. Write any two demerits of Indian Councils Act, 1909.
Answer: Two demerits of the Indian Councils Act, 1909, were:

• The introduction of the communal election system, which divided communities.
• The continuation of an official majority in the central legislature, limiting Indian influence.

In simple words: The 1909 Act was flawed because it introduced separate elections for communities and kept too many officials in charge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand both the positive and negative aspects (merits and demerits) of important historical acts.

 

Question 22. When was the capital of India transferred from Calcutta to Delhi?
Answer: The capital of India was transferred from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi in the year 1911. This significant move changed the administrative center of British India.
In simple words: India's capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important historical dates and events like the shift of the capital city.

 

Question 23. Mention any two important points of the preface of Act of 1919.
Answer: Two important points from the introduction of the Act of 1919 were:

• It stated that the participation of Indians in the administration would be increased.
• It aimed for the development of autonomous institutions, giving more self-governance.

In simple words: The 1919 Act aimed to increase Indian involvement in administration and develop self-governing bodies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the stated goals or intentions (preface points) of significant legislative acts.

 

Question 24. Under which Act was a change in home governance and India Council made?
Answer: Changes to home governance and the India Council were made under the Government of India Act, 1919. This act introduced reforms that affected how India was administered from Britain and within India.
In simple words: The Government of India Act, 1919, brought changes to home governance and the India Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific administrative changes, such as those related to home governance, with the relevant historical acts.

 

Question 25. There was a minister in the British cabinet to look after the matters related to India. By what name was that minister known?
Answer: The minister in the British cabinet responsible for Indian affairs was known as the India Secretary. This role was crucial in British India's administration.
In simple words: The British minister for India was called the India Secretary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the titles and responsibilities of key British officials involved in governing India.

 

Question 26. Why were the Indian freedom fighters demanding to dissolve the India council?
Answer: Indian freedom fighters demanded the dissolution of the India Council because its expenses were being paid by India itself. They saw this as an unfair burden on the Indian treasury.
In simple words: Freedom fighters wanted the India Council dissolved because India had to pay for its expenses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the reasons behind demands for reforms or abolition of institutions during the freedom struggle.

 

Question 27. Under which Act was a reduction control of home governance over Indian administration made?
Answer: A reduction in the control of home governance over Indian administration was made under the Indian Councils Act, 1919. This act aimed to bring some changes to how India was ruled from Britain.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act, 1919, reduced how much home governance controlled Indian administration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of specific acts that influenced the level of control exercised by home governance over Indian administration.

 

Question 28. Under which Act was the unicameral legislature transformed into a bicameral legislature at the centre?
Answer: The unicameral legislature (single house) was changed into a bicameral legislature (two houses) at the central level under the Act of 1919. This reform brought a more complex legislative structure.
In simple words: The Act of 1919 changed the central legislature from one house to two houses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the acts responsible for major structural changes in legislative bodies, like the transition to a bicameral system.

 

Question 30. By which Act was diarchy system established in the provinces?
Answer: The diarchy system was established in the provinces by the Act of 1919. This system introduced a dual form of governance at the provincial level.
In simple words: The diarchy system was set up in the provinces by the Act of 1919.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Act of 1919 was instrumental in implementing the diarchy system in the provinces.

 

Question 31. Write any two reforms made in the central executive council by the Act of 1919.
Answer: Two reforms made in the central executive council by the Act of 1919 were:

• The previous limit on the number of members in the executive council was removed.
• Lawyers with at least 10 years of experience in Indian high courts could now be chosen as legal members in the council.

In simple words: The Act of 1919 removed the member limit in the central executive council and allowed experienced lawyers to join.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific reforms affecting the composition and eligibility for the central executive council.

 

Question 32. Name the first Indian who became a legal member in the central executive council under the Act of 1919.
Answer: Tej Bahadur Sapru.
In simple words: Tej Bahadur Sapru was the first Indian legal member in the central executive council under the 1919 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key Indian figures who achieved prominent positions in British administration under specific acts.

 

Question 33. Name the houses of bicameral central legislature under the Government of India act, 1919.
Answer:

• Central Legislative Assembly
• Council of State.

In simple words: The two houses of the central legislature under the 1919 Act were the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the names of the two legislative houses established by the Government of India Act, 1919.

 

Question 35. Describe the tenure of assembly and state council formed under the Act of 1919.
Answer: Under the Act of 1919, the term for the legislative assembly was 3 years, and for the Council of State, it was 5 years. This set the duration for which members would serve in each house.
In simple words: The assembly's term was 3 years, and the state council's term was 5 years under the 1919 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific tenures (terms) for the different legislative bodies established by the Act of 1919.

 

Question 36. According to the Act of 1919, who was given the right to dissolve any house of central legislature even before its tenure had completed?
Answer: The Viceroy had this right.
In simple words: The Viceroy could dissolve any central legislature house before its term ended under the 1919 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific powers granted to key figures like the Viceroy under different acts.

 

Question 37. By which act was Centralization encouraged?
Answer: Centralization was encouraged by the Government of India Act, 1919. This act aimed to strengthen central authority in certain areas.
In simple words: The Government of India Act, 1919, promoted the idea of centralizing power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note how different acts influenced the balance between centralization and decentralization of power.

 

Question 38. In which report was the suggestion to form Native Rulers' Council given?
Answer: The suggestion to form a Native Rulers' Council was given in the Montague-Chelmsford report. This report laid the groundwork for the Government of India Act of 1919 and other reforms.
In simple words: The Montague-Chelmsford report suggested creating a council for native rulers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify important reports that led to significant administrative or political changes.

 

Question 39. Name the two central subjects established by the Act of 1919.
Answer: Two central subjects established by the Act of 1919 were the Army and Railways. These were key areas managed by the central government.
In simple words: The Army and Railways were two central subjects under the Act of 1919.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list examples of subjects categorized as "central" under the Act of 1919.

 

Question 42. When and where was the "Chamber of Princes" established?
Answer: The "Chamber of Princes" was established on February 9, 1921, in Delhi. This body was created to provide a forum for native rulers.
In simple words: The "Chamber of Princes" was set up in Delhi on February 9, 1921.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key dates and locations related to the establishment of important political bodies.

 

Question 43. How many members were there in the Chamber of Princes?
Answer: The Chamber of Princes had a total of 121 members. This number included representatives from various princely states.
In simple words: There were 121 members in the Chamber of Princes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quantify the membership of important historical councils or chambers.

 

Question 44. By which act was the provision of appointment of a Royal Commission made after 10 years?
Answer: The provision for appointing a Royal Commission after 10 years was made by the Government of India Act, 1919. This commission was meant to review the act's progress.
In simple words: The Government of India Act, 1919, included a plan to appoint a Royal Commission after 10 years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note specific provisions in acts, such as the appointment of review commissions, and the acts they belong to.

 

Question 45. Which were the two changes introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919?
Answer: Two significant changes introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919, were:

• A clear division of powers was established between the central and provincial governments.
• The diarchy system was introduced in the provinces, aiming to create a responsible government in India by dividing subjects.

In simple words: The 1919 Act divided powers between central and provincial governments and started the diarchy system in the provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify and explain the core changes brought about by major legislative acts.

 

Question 46. Under the Act of 1919, to which communities was the communal election system extended?
Answer: Under the Act of 1919, the communal election system was expanded beyond Muslims. It was extended to include Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, zamindars and the Chamber of Commerce. This meant more groups could elect their representatives separately.
In simple words: The communal election system was extended to Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, zamindars, and the Chamber of Commerce, as well as Muslims, under the 1919 Act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the expansion of the communal electorate system under the Act of 1919 and the new communities it covered.

 

Question 49. When was Diarchy System introduced in North-West Frontier province?
Answer: The Diarchy System was put into practice in the North-West Frontier Province in 1932.
In simple words: The Diarchy System started in the North-West Frontier Province in 1932.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific dates and regions when discussing historical administrative systems.

 

Question 50. When was Diarchy System in provinces ended?
Answer: The Diarchy System in the provinces was abolished on April 1, 1937.
In simple words: The Diarchy System finished in the provinces on April 1, 1937.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the end date of the Diarchy System as it marks a significant shift in governance.

 

Question 51. Describe any two reasons responsible for failure of Diarchy System.
Answer: Two main reasons for the Diarchy System's failure were:

1. **Unreasonable Division of Subjects:** The way subjects were divided was not practical or sensible, leading to confusion and overlap.
2. **Governor's Arbitrary Powers:** The governor had too much power and could make decisions without proper reasons, which often created problems and undermined the ministers.

In simple words: The Diarchy System failed because subjects were poorly divided, and the governor had too much power to act unfairly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing reasons for failure, focus on key structural or power-related issues.

 

Question 52. Write any two demerits of Government of India Act, 1919.
Answer: Two drawbacks of the Government of India Act, 1919, were:

1. **Unsatisfactory Diarchy System:** The plan to introduce the diarchy system in the provinces was not good and did not work well, causing administrative issues.
2. **Unfair Communal Electorate:** The communal election system was expanded in a way that was not right or fair, leading to further divisions.

In simple words: The Act of 1919 had flaws like a bad diarchy system and an unfair communal voting system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the negative aspects and limitations when asked about demerits of an act.

 

Question 53. Write any two points of importance of Government of India Act, 1919.

 

Question 1. Why is the Indian Councils Act, 1909 also known as Morley - Minto reforms?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is also known as the Morley-Minto reforms. This name comes from Lord Morley, who was the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India. Both played a key role in creating this Act. They proposed changes, like increasing Indian membership in legislative councils. The British Parliament passed this Act on May 25, 1909, and it became law on November 15, 1909, after the Emperor's approval. Because of Morley and Minto's significant efforts, the Act bears their names.
In simple words: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is called the Morley-Minto reforms because Lord Morley (Secretary of State) and Lord Minto (Viceroy) were very important in making this law. They helped increase Indian representation in councils.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always associate the Morley-Minto reforms with the Indian Councils Act of 1909 and the key figures involved.

 

Question 2. The improvement in the central legislature was an important characteristic of the Indian Councils Act, 1909. Explain.
Answer: A key feature of the Indian Councils Act of 1909 was the improvement in the central legislature. This Act increased the number of members in the central legislative council from 16 to 60. Among these, there were 3 official members and 23 non-official members. Non-official members were chosen, and ex-officio members were permanent. To select elected members, voters were divided into three groups:

• General electorate
• Communal electorate
• Specific electorate

The legislative assembly gained the right to discuss the budget and public interest issues, as well as to create rules and laws. However, the India Secretary's approval was required. Important matters like the army, foreign policy, and native states were kept separate. Legislative councils could discuss and pass their own bills, but the Viceroy still had the power to approve or reject them.
In simple words: The 1909 Act made the central legislature better by increasing members from 16 to 60. Voters were split into three groups for elections. While the assembly could discuss budgets and make laws, the Viceroy could still say no to bills.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining legislative improvements, detail both the increase in representation and the extent of powers granted.

 

Question 3. How many types of members were there in the provincial legislative council according to the Act of 1909?
Answer: According to the Indian Councils Act of 1909, provincial legislative councils had four types of members, similar to the central legislative council:

• Ex-officio members
• Nominated official members
• Nominated non-official members
• Elected members

The Act aimed for a majority of non-official members, but not elected ones. It expanded provincial legislative councils, setting membership between 30 and 50. For instance, Bombay, Madras, and Bengal's membership rose from 20 to 50, while United Province and Northern Bengal went from 15 to 50. Punjab, Andaman, and Burma increased from 9 to 30. These councils could discuss and pass bills in meetings, and members could discuss the budget, though they couldn't vote on it. Bills passed by the provincial council needed approval from the governor, lieutenant governor, and governor-general. The British government wasn't obligated to accept or implement these proposals.
In simple words: The 1909 Act said provincial councils had four member types: ex-officio, nominated official, nominated non-official, and elected. They increased total members to between 30 and 50. Councils could discuss bills and budgets, but the governor-general had the final say and didn't have to follow their advice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the types of members and their roles, noting the distinction between official, nominated non-official, and elected non-official majorities.

 

Question 4. How were the executive councils expanded in Indian Councils Act, 1909?
Answer: Under the Indian Councils Act of 1909, changes were made to expand executive councils. Indians were given representation in the executive councils of the India Secretary, Viceroy, and Governors. Specifically, two Indian members were added to the India Secretary's council, and Indians also gained membership in the Viceroy's executive council. In the executive councils for Madras and Bombay provinces, Indian membership increased from two to four. At least two of these Indian members needed to have 12 years of experience serving the British government in India. Decisions in these councils were made through voting after extensive discussions.
In simple words: The 1909 Act expanded executive councils by adding more Indians to the India Secretary's and Viceroy's councils. In Madras and Bombay, Indian members increased from two to four, needing 12 years of government service experience. Decisions were made by voting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the specific numbers and conditions for Indian representation in the expanded executive councils.

 

Question 5. What were the provisions related to right to vote and representation in Indian Councils Act, 1909?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 granted voting rights, but these rights were very limited and biased, varying by province. In Madras, only zamindars earning over Rs 15,000 annually or paying Rs 10,000 in land revenue could vote. In Bengal, a person with a royal title (like a king or Nawab) could vote, and in Central Provinces, a person with an honorary magistrate title could vote. Voting eligibility was also different for Muslims and Non-Muslims. The Act provided separate representation in provincial legislative councils for Muslims, zamindars, and the Chamber of Commerce, giving them more representation than their population share.
In simple words: The 1909 Act gave voting rights, but it was very limited and unfair. Only rich landowners or titled persons could vote, and rules changed by province. Muslims and special groups got extra representation, even more than their population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the limited and discriminatory nature of voting rights and representation under the 1909 Act.

 

Question 6. Explain the communal election system proposed in Indian Councils Act, 1909.
Answer: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 brought in a new communal election system. This system allowed for separate electorates, particularly for Muslims, meaning Muslim members could only be elected by Muslim voters. This effectively made communalism a legal part of the election process, leading Lord Minto to be called the "Father of Communal Electorate." Besides Muslims, the Act also provided separate representation for presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities, and zamindars.
In simple words: The 1909 Act started a communal election system where Muslims voted only for Muslim candidates. This made communalism official and gave special representation to certain groups like Muslims, landowners, and businesses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define communal electorate and explain its impact on Indian politics, mentioning Lord Minto's role.

 

Question 7. Describe main setbacks of Indian Councils Act, 1909.
Answer: The main drawbacks of the Indian Councils Act of 1909 included:

1. **Communal Electorate System:** It introduced a system of separate voting for different religious communities, which caused divisions.
2. **Limited Legislative Powers and Official Majority:** The legislative bodies had very restricted powers, and government officials held a majority, reducing the impact of Indian members.
3. **Official Majority in Central Legislative Council:** The central legislative council had an official majority, which weakened the role of non-official Indian members. This meant their presence in provincial legislative councils was largely symbolic.

In simple words: The 1909 Act had problems like creating separate voting for different groups, giving legislatures very little power, and making sure government officials always had the majority in central councils, so Indian voices were not truly heard.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how the Act failed to empower Indians or create a truly representative system.

 

Question 8. Communal electorate system was the biggest deficiency of Indian Councils Act, 1909. Explain.
Answer: The communal electorate system was indeed the biggest flaw of the Indian Councils Act, 1909. This Act created separate voting groups for different communities and classes, reserving seats for Muslims, Chambers of Commerce, and zamindars. These reserved seats often exceeded their actual population proportion, which encouraged communal divisions and undermined the idea of a secular nation. Eventually, this system paved the way for the demand to partition India. Lord Morley, the India Secretary, recognized the danger, writing to Viceroy Lord Minto that by creating separate electorates, they were planting a harmful seed that would yield bitter results.
In simple words: The biggest problem with the 1909 Act was the communal voting system. It gave special, reserved seats to groups like Muslims and landowners, often more than their population size. This created divisions, hurt national unity, and later led to the demand for India's partition. Lord Morley himself warned that this system was like planting a dangerous seed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how the communal electorate system fostered divisions and its long-term negative consequences, including the idea of partition.

 

Question 9. How can you say that by introduction of Indian Councils Act, 1909, the powers of legislature were made limited? Explain briefly.
Answer: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 did give legislative council members the right to ask questions, discuss, and propose bills. However, in reality, these powers were quite limited. For instance:

• Legislative council members could ask questions to the members of executive council, but the executive council wasn't required to answer all of them.
• While members could propose bills for public interest, whether these bills were accepted or rejected was entirely up to the executive branch.
• The Viceroy and governors held significant arbitrary powers, meaning they could make decisions without much accountability.
• Many legal restrictions further curbed the legislative council's authority.

These examples show how the Act restricted the legislature's actual influence.
In simple words: Even though the 1909 Act gave council members rights to ask questions and suggest laws, these powers were very small. The executive didn't have to answer all questions, and the Viceroy or governors could easily reject new laws, showing their power was limited.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use specific examples to illustrate how legislative powers were curtailed despite apparent grants of authority.

 

Question 10. In Indian Councils Act, 1909, "the majority of non official members in provincial legislative council was a mere pretense.” Explain it briefly.
Answer: The statement that "the majority of non-official members in the provincial legislative council was a mere pretense" under the Indian Councils Act, 1909, is accurate. Although the Act aimed to establish a theoretical majority of non-official members, the actual situation was different. This was because there were two kinds of non-official members: nominated non-official members and elected non-official members. The nominated non-official members were usually chosen by the government and often supported government policies. So, even though they were "non-official," their presence didn't truly challenge the official majority's control.
In simple words: The "non-official majority" in provincial councils under the 1909 Act was not real. Many non-official members were chosen by the government, so they just supported government decisions instead of truly representing the public.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between elected and nominated non-official members to explain why the "majority" was often ineffective.

 

Question 11. "In Indian Councils Act, 1909, right to vote provided was limited and prejudiced”. Explain the statement.
Answer: It is true that the Indian Councils Act, 1909, granted a very limited and biased right to vote. For instance, Muslims, wealthy landowners (zamindars), businessmen, and universities were given voting rights, but non-Muslims in similar positions often were not. A clear example of this bias was in Bengal: Hindus paying Rs 5,000 in annual revenue could vote, while Muslims paying just Rs 750 in revenue also received the right to vote. Furthermore, in areas where Hindus were the majority, Muslims were given extra representation despite being a minority. However, Hindus did not receive similar special rights in Muslim-majority provinces like Punjab, Assam, and East Bengal, indicating a clear imbalance in voting equality. The voting rights were based on bias, social class, and religion, and were very restricted, with women being completely excluded. Landowners and Chambers of Commerce were unnecessarily granted special voting privileges.
In simple words: The 1909 Act gave limited and unfair voting rights. Rich Muslims and specific groups could vote, but not others. For example, rich Hindus and less rich Muslims in Bengal had different rules. Muslims got more representation in Hindu-majority areas, but Hindus didn't in Muslim-majority areas. Women couldn't vote at all, showing how unfair the system was.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples of discriminatory voting criteria to support the argument of limited and prejudiced rights.

 

Question 12. Describe the importance of Indian Councils Act, 1909.
Answer: The importance of the Indian Councils Act of 1909 can be highlighted by these points:

1. **Indian Member in Executive Council:** For the first time, an Indian member was appointed to the Governor-General's executive council.
2. **Step Towards Self-Rule:** The Act was a significant initial step towards India achieving self-rule, even if limited.
3. **Acceptance of Election Principle:** It officially recognized and accepted the principle of elections in India.
4. **End of Official Majority in Provinces:** The Act ended the automatic majority of official members in provincial legislative councils, giving more room for non-officials.
5. **Right to Discuss Public Interest Matters:** It granted legislative councils the right to discuss matters of public interest, including the budget and finances, which was a forward-looking change. This also helped in providing political education to the common people.

In simple words: The 1909 Act was important because it allowed an Indian to join the Governor-General's council for the first time. It was a small step towards self-rule and accepted elections. It also let councils discuss public money and issues.

🎯 Exam Tip: While acknowledging its limitations, focus on the progressive elements of the Act, such as increased Indian representation and legislative discussion rights.

 

Question 13. What were the main objectives of the Government of India Act, 1919 as stated in its preamble?
Answer: The preamble of the Government of India Act, 1919, outlined the following main objectives:

• **Integral Part of British Empire:** India would continue to be a core part of the British Empire.
• **Increased Indian Participation:** Indian involvement in the administration would be expanded.
• **Responsible Rule:** The British policy aimed to establish responsible governance in India.
• **Autonomous Institutions:** Efforts would be made to develop independent, self-governing bodies.
• **Gradual Implementation:** The process of creating responsible rule and autonomous institutions would be carried out gradually, step-by-step.
• **Parliamentary Decisions:** All decisions regarding administrative progress would be made by the British Parliament.
• **Provincial Autonomy:** In provincial matters, the provincial government would have freedom from central government control.

In simple words: The 1919 Act aimed for India to stay part of the British Empire, increase Indian role in government, and slowly build responsible, self-governing bodies. Britain's Parliament would make big decisions, and provinces would get more freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the dual objectives of the Act: maintaining British control while gradually introducing Indian participation and self-governance.

 

Question 14. How was Diarchy System and partial responsible governance established by the Government of India Act, 1919?
Or
Explain diarchy system established in provinces.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1919, set up a system of partial responsible governance, known as the Diarchy System, in the provinces. This system divided provincial government subjects into two categories:

• **Reserved subjects:** These subjects were managed by the governor and his executive council, and the legislature had no control over them. These typically included important areas like finance, law and order.
• **Transferred subjects:** These subjects were given to popular ministers who were chosen from the elected members of the legislature and were accountable to the legislature. These usually covered areas like education, local self-government, and public health.

This division of provincial governance into two parts, with separate authorities for each, was what defined the Diarchy System.
In simple words: The 1919 Act started the Diarchy System in provinces, splitting government work into two. "Reserved subjects" were handled by the governor and his team, with no input from elected members. "Transferred subjects" were given to elected ministers who were responsible to the public. This two-part system meant only partial self-rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define diarchy by explaining the two distinct categories of subjects (reserved and transferred) and who controlled each.

 

Question 15. What reforms were made in the central executive council under Government of India Act, 1919?

 

Question 16. Write a short note on bicameral central legislative assembly formed under Government of India Act, 1919.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1919, established a bicameral central legislature. Key aspects of this reform include:

1. **Structure:** The central legislature changed from a single house to two houses: the upper house, called the Council of State, and the lower house, known as the Legislative Assembly.
2. **Council of State:** This house had 60 members, with 33 elected and 23 nominated by the Viceroy. Its term was 5 years.
3. **Legislative Assembly:** Initially 140 members, it later increased to 145 members. Of these, 104 were elected (52 general, 32 communal - 30 Muslim, 2 Sikh - and 20 from special constituencies - 7 zamindars, 9 Europeans, 4 Chamber of Commerce). Its term was 3 years.
4. **Viceroy's Power:** The Viceroy could dissolve either house of the central legislature before its term ended.
5. **Executive Council Members:** Executive council members were official members of both houses, could attend discussions, and participate actively.
6. **Increased Rights:** The central legislature's rights were expanded. Members gained full freedom to express views, ask supplementary questions, form laws, discuss the budget (with partial voting rights), and introduce or stop proposals in either house.

In simple words: The 1919 Act created a two-house central legislature: the Council of State (upper house) and the Legislative Assembly (lower house). The Council had 60 members (5-year term), and the Assembly had 145 members (3-year term). The Viceroy could dissolve either house. Members could discuss laws, budgets, and ask questions, but the Viceroy still held significant power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the structure (two houses), membership composition, and the term lengths for both the Council of State and the Legislative Assembly.

 

Question 17. How did the Government of India Act, 1919 promote decentralization? Explain.

 

Question 18. Explain the power division between the central and provincial governance according to the Government of India Act, 1919.
Answer: The Government of India Act, 1919, clearly divided powers between the central and provincial governments.

• **Central Subjects:** Matters of interest to all of India were handled by the central government. These included areas like the army, railways, post and telegraph, income tax, public safety, currency, shipping, trade, civil and criminal law, religious affairs, and all India public services.
• **Provincial Subjects:** Subjects mainly concerning the provinces were assigned to provincial governments. These included local self-government, public works, education, public health, medical care, irrigation, disaster relief (for drought-affected people), revenue, agriculture, forests, jails, police, and the judiciary.

This division helped promote provincial autonomy, ending the earlier centralization policy.
In simple words: The 1919 Act split government work. The central government managed big national issues like the army and railways. Provincial governments managed local issues like education, health, and farming. This helped provinces make their own decisions.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific examples for both central and provincial subjects to illustrate the division of powers effectively.

 

Question 19. Write a short note on Chamber of Princes established by the Act of 1919.
Answer: The Chamber of Princes was established on February 9, 1921, based on the Montague-Chelmsford report. This was done to acknowledge the importance of princely rulers and to foster a closer relationship between them and the British government. The Act of 1919 mostly applied to British India, but this Chamber, an advisory body, was created for native rulers. The Viceroy served as its president. It had 121 members, with 109 from larger princely states and 12 from smaller ones. The Chamber allowed native rulers to voice their concerns to the British government, although joining was not compulsory for all rulers. King Ganga Singh of Bikaner was its first chancellor.
In simple words: The Chamber of Princes was formed in 1921 to involve Indian kings (princely rulers) more with the British. It was an advisory group, led by the Viceroy, with 121 members from different states. It let rulers share their problems, but they didn't have to join.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the purpose, date of establishment, and key features (advisory role, membership) of the Chamber of Princes.

 

Question 20. When was Diarchy System applied in India?

 

Question 21. An inappropriate, prejudiced and impracticable division of the subjects was the main cause of the failure of Diarchy System. Explain.
Answer: The Diarchy System failed largely due to an illogical, biased, and unworkable division of subjects. The way responsibilities were split was confusing, with some subjects overlapping between "reserved" and "transferred" categories. For instance, while general education was a transferred subject (managed by Indian ministers), education for Europeans and Anglo-Indians remained a reserved subject (managed by the governor), making the system inconsistent. Practical issues also arose: an agriculture minister might lack control over irrigation, and an industry minister might not oversee labor, factories, or mineral resources. These impractical arrangements led to a lack of cooperation between members and ministers, ultimately causing the Diarchy System to fail.
In simple words: The Diarchy System failed because subjects were poorly divided, making them illogical and impractical. For example, the agriculture minister didn't control irrigation, and some education topics were split. This confusion and lack of teamwork between ministers and members led to its failure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide concrete examples of how the subject division was impractical and led to administrative inefficiencies.

 

Question 22. Describe external circumstances responsible for the failure of the plan of diarchy system.
Answer: Several external factors led to the failure of the Diarchy System:

1. **Negative Behavior of Bureaucracy:** British civil servants were unwilling to work effectively under Indian ministers, often showing a negative attitude. This created a lack of trust in the British government among Indians, leading to public unrest. As a result, Indians felt indifferent and scornful towards the reforms proposed by the British government.
2. **Non-Cooperation of Congress and Muslim League:** The two main political parties in British India, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, also contributed to the system's failure by not cooperating with its implementation.

In simple words: The Diarchy System failed because British officers didn't want to work under Indian ministers, creating distrust. Also, the two big political parties, Congress and the Muslim League, did not cooperate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on external political and social factors rather than internal structural flaws when discussing external circumstances.

 

Question 23. Describe any two disadvantages of Government India Act, 1919.
Answer: Here are two main disadvantages of the Government of India Act, 1919:

1. **Faulty Diarchy System in Provinces:** The diarchy system introduced in the provinces was poorly planned and unsatisfactory. The division of power between the governor's executive council and the Indian ministers was unclear. Financial authority remained with the governor, who often interfered with the ministers' work. This led to a lack of harmony between ministers and civil servants, compounded by the governor's extensive arbitrary powers and an absence of collective responsibility.
2. **Weak Central Legislature:** Although a two-house (bicameral) legislative assembly and a Council of State were set up at the center, they were not truly democratic and lacked sufficient powers. Many restrictions limited the authority of both the legislature and the Council of State.

In simple words: The 1919 Act had two main flaws: first, the diarchy system in provinces was bad because power was unclear, money was controlled by the governor, and ministers couldn't work well together. Second, the central legislature was weak and not truly democratic, with many rules limiting its power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating disadvantages, connect structural problems (like unclear power division) to their practical consequences (like lack of harmony or limited power).

 

Question 1. Evaluate Government of India Act, 1919.
Answer: The Indian Councils Act, 1909, failed to meet the hopes of the Indian people, causing growing resentment towards the British government. Events like the 1909 Indian Decentralization Commission report, the shift of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi, and the start of World War I further fueled public unrest. In response, the Montague-Chelmsford report was presented on August 20, 1917, and a bill was tabled in the British Parliament's lower house on May 28, 1919, eventually becoming the Government of India Act, 1919.
**Demerits of the Government of India Act, 1919:**

1. **Limited Executive Powers:** The Act lacked a clear division of executive authority between the governor, his council, and ministers. The governor and his executive members controlled all financial rights and often interfered with ministers' decisions, causing conflict. The governor's arbitrary powers were a major flaw in the diarchy system.
2. **Weak Central Legislature:** Although a two-house central legislature was established, it was not truly democratic and lacked adequate powers, facing several restrictions.
3. **Governor-General's Autocracy:** The Governor-General retained vast powers, controlling the country's entire administration and often interfering with legislative council work under the guise of maintaining peace and security, which Indians opposed.
4. **Flawed Communal Electorate:** The Act expanded the communal election system, which was problematic. It applied to Sikhs, Europeans, landowners (Zamindars), Indian Chambers of Commerce, Anglo-Indians, and Indian Christians, alongside Muslims. Many considered this harmful for the country.
5. **Unsatisfactory Home Governance Control:** Indians sought less British control over India's home governance. However, the Act did not change the India Secretary's rights, meaning British control remained as before.

**Importance of Government of India Act, 1919:** The Act held significant importance for several reasons:

1. **Start of Responsible Government:** It marked the initial move towards establishing responsible government in India.
2. **Indian Representation in Executive Councils:** Indians gained membership and representation in the executive councils of both the governor and the Governor-General.
3. **Decentralization of Power:** Powers were decentralized, giving more autonomy to provincial governments.
4. **Political Training:** Indians received an opportunity for political training and exposure in governance.
5. **Ministers' Control Over British Servants:** For the first time, British public servants worked under the control of Indian ministers.
6. **Progressive Measures:** Under Indian ministers, several important measures were enacted, such as the Madras state aid to Industries Act 1923, the Bombay Primary Education Act, the Bihar and Orissa Village Administration Act, and The Bombay Local Boards Act, 1923.

In simple words: The 1919 Act was created because Indians were unhappy with British rule. Its downsides included unclear power sharing, a weak central government, the Governor-General's absolute power, and an unfair communal election system that divided people. However, it was important as it was the first step towards self-rule, gave Indians more roles in government, shared some power, and allowed Indian ministers to make important laws for the first time.

🎯 Exam Tip: For an evaluation question, ensure a balanced discussion of both the positive (importance/merits) and negative (demerits/drawbacks) aspects of the Act, providing specific points for each.