RBSE Solutions Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Collection of Data

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Collection of Data

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Textbook Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Primary data is :
(a) Original data
(b) Data which has been collected for the first time
(c) Data which does not already exist
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: Primary data means fresh, original information gathered for the first time. It is data that didn't exist before and is collected specifically for the current study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that primary data is always new and directly collected, making it unique to the research at hand.

 

Question 2. Secondary data is collected
(a) From published sources
(b) By others
(c) For other purposes
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Secondary data is information that someone else has already gathered and published, or collected for a different reason than your current study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Secondary data is often easier to access but may not perfectly fit your specific research needs.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. How many types of data are there from the viewpoint of collection?
Answer: Data can be sorted into two main types based on how it's gathered.
1. Primary data
2. Secondary data
In simple words: There are two main kinds of data we collect: fresh data (primary) and already-existing data (secondary).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the two types of data and be ready to briefly define each if asked.

 

Question 2. What is primary data?
Answer: Primary data is new information gathered directly by the person doing the research (investigator) for their specific use. It is collected for the first time in an original format.
In simple words: Primary data is new information that a researcher collects themselves for their own project.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "first time" and "for investigator's own use" when defining primary data.

 

Question 3. What is secondary data?
Answer: Secondary data is information that has already been collected and published by another person or organization in the past. It is not new data but rather existing data.
In simple words: Secondary data is old information that someone else collected and published before.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight "already collected" and "published by others" to accurately describe secondary data.

 

Question 4. Why is primary data called original data?
Answer: Primary data is called original data because the researcher collects this information directly from the start to the end in a new format. It is firsthand information, not taken from any other source.
In simple words: Primary data is called original because the researcher gathers it themselves, fresh from the very beginning.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key reason for "original" is the direct, firsthand collection by the investigator.

 

Question 5. What is direct personal investigation?
Answer: Direct personal investigation is a method where the researcher directly contacts the people providing information to gather data. This method works well when the research area is small or local. In this approach, the investigator themselves visits the area, making personal contact with those who can provide details and collecting information based on observation and experience.
In simple words: It's when a researcher directly talks to people to get information, especially in small areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention "direct contact" and "limited scope" as key characteristics of this method.

 

Question 6. What is a questionnaire?
Answer: A questionnaire is a list of questions designed for a statistical study. It is filled out by the person who provides the information, also known as the informant.
In simple words: A questionnaire is a list of questions that people fill in to give information.

🎯 Exam Tip: A questionnaire is self-administered by the informant, which distinguishes it from a schedule.

 

Question 7. What is random sampling?
Answer: Random sampling is a method where every single unit in a larger group (population) has an equal and fair chance of being chosen for the sample. This ensures that the selection is unbiased.
In simple words: Random sampling is picking items from a group where every item has an equal chance of being chosen.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea of random sampling is "equal chance of selection" for all units in the population.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What is the difference between published and unpublished source?
Answer:
• Published Source: These are sources of data that have been officially made public. Various organizations like government departments, research bodies, and corporations gather data on different subjects and then publish it regularly. Examples include government reports, publications, and committee findings.
• Unpublished Source: These are sources of data that have been collected but have not been formally published. Sometimes, individuals, government bodies, or other institutions collect important information that remains private. This kind of data can be found in private papers, documents, office registers, or personal diaries of researchers.
In simple words: Published sources mean the data is already made public, like in reports. Unpublished sources mean the data was collected but kept private, like in personal notes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between data that is publicly available and data that exists but has not been formally released.

 

Question 2. Mention any three differences between primary and secondary data.
Answer: Here are three differences between primary and secondary data:
• Nature: Primary data is original, like raw material for statistics, as it is collected fresh. Secondary data is like a finished product because it has already gone through statistical processes.
• Collection: Primary data is collected by the researcher or their team directly. Secondary data is collected by other individuals or groups and is already published or recorded.
• Objective: Primary data is always gathered for a specific research goal. Secondary data, however, was collected for a different purpose and might need to be adjusted for the current research.
In simple words: Primary data is new and for a specific use, while secondary data is old and already processed by someone else.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on who collects the data, its originality, and its initial purpose to highlight the main differences.

 

Question 3. Give the meaning of primary data along with an example.
Answer: Primary data refers to information that researchers gather for the very first time. This means the data is collected directly by an investigator from start to finish in an entirely new form. For instance, if a researcher collects data directly from a playground to learn about students' playing habits, that information is considered primary data. This data is fresh and specifically gathered for the study.
In simple words: Primary data is new information gathered directly by a researcher. For example, watching children play to understand their habits.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing an example for primary data, ensure it clearly demonstrates direct, first-time collection.

 

Question 4. Write the meaning of secondary data along with an example.
Answer: Secondary data is information that has already been gathered and published by another person or organization in the past. Researchers use this existing data as it is. For example, if a researcher uses data that the government has already collected and published about agriculture, labor, or employment, then for that researcher, this information is secondary data. It was not gathered for their specific study.
In simple words: Secondary data is information already collected by others. An example is using government reports on farming for your research.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify that secondary data is "pre-existing" and "collected by others" for a clear definition.

 

Question 5. What are the qualities of an ideal questionnaire? Mention any three qualities.
Answer: Here are three qualities of an ideal questionnaire:
1. The questionnaire should be short, with fewer questions. It should not be too long.
2. The questions should be simple and easy to understand, using clear language.
3. The questions should be designed so that respondents can answer them correctly. They can be multiple-choice or simple "yes/no" type questions.
In simple words: A good questionnaire is short, easy to understand, and asks questions that people can answer simply.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on brevity, clarity, and ease of response as key qualities for an effective questionnaire.

 

Question 6. Write any three differences between a questionnaire and a schedule.
Answer: Here are three differences between a questionnaire and a schedule:
1. A questionnaire is filled out by the person providing the information (informant), while a schedule is filled out by an enumerator (interviewer) after asking questions.
2. Questionnaires are a cost-saving method because they can be sent by mail. Schedules are more expensive as they require trained enumerators.
3. Questionnaires are suitable for larger study areas, while schedules are typically used in smaller, more limited areas.
In simple words: Questionnaires are filled by the people answering, schedules are filled by interviewers. Questionnaires save money and cover bigger areas, while schedules cost more and are for smaller areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing, highlight who completes each form and the associated costs and geographic scope.

 

Question 7. Write about the sources of secondary data in brief.
Answer: There are two main places where secondary data comes from:
• Published Source: This includes data that is officially printed and made public. Various organizations, like government bodies, research groups, and businesses, collect information on many topics and then publish it. Examples are government reports or publications by international organizations.
• Unpublished Source: This refers to data that has been collected but not formally released to the public. Sometimes, government agencies, private institutions, or even individual researchers collect important information that remains private. This data can be found in internal documents, office records, or researchers' diaries.
In simple words: Secondary data comes from two places: published sources (like books and reports) and unpublished sources (like private records or research notes that are not made public).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to name both types of sources (published and unpublished) and give a brief example for each.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Differentiate between primary and secondary data and explain the methods of collecting primary data.
Answer: Here are the differences between primary and secondary data, followed by methods for collecting primary data:
Differences between primary and secondary data:
• Nature: Primary data is original data, acting as raw material for statistical analysis. Secondary data is like a finished product, having already undergone statistical processing.
• Collectors: Primary data is collected by the researcher or their representatives. Secondary data is collected by other individuals or institutions and is already published or recorded.
• Objective: Primary data is always collected to meet the specific goal of the current research. Secondary data, however, was gathered for a different purpose and might need adjustments to suit the current objective.
• Plan: Primary data is collected following a newly created, independent plan. Secondary data is usually found in existing publications, reports, and documents.

Methods of collecting primary data:
• Direct personal investigation: In this method, the investigator directly meets the informants. This is suitable for limited areas where accuracy and confidentiality are important. The investigator collects data based on their observations and experience. For instance, studying income-expenditure or unemployment in a small area.
• Indirect oral investigation: Here, information is not taken directly from those with the problem. Instead, data is collected by asking questions to third parties who are indirectly connected to the main issue. This method is useful when the research area is larger, and direct contact with all informants is not possible.
• Information through local residents and correspondents: In this approach, the investigator appoints local people or special correspondents who send information regularly based on their experience. This method helps gather data over time.
• Information through questionnaires for informants: The investigator prepares a list of questions (questionnaire) related to the study. These questionnaires are printed and mailed to the target individuals. A request letter is included, asking them to fill out and return the questionnaire by a specific date, assuring confidentiality.
• Filling of schedules by enumerators: In this method, a list of questions (schedule) is prepared and given to trained enumerators. These enumerators go door-to-door, ask questions to the informants, and fill in the answers themselves. Enumerators are trained and understand the local language. This method is effective in wide areas where there are enough resources like labor, time, and money.
In simple words: Primary data is new and collected by the researcher; secondary data is old and collected by others. Primary data can be gathered by talking directly to people, asking third parties, using local helpers, mailing questionnaires for people to fill, or having trained staff fill out schedules.

🎯 Exam Tip: For this type of comprehensive question, clearly separate the two parts of the answer. Use headings or bullet points for differences and for each method to ensure full coverage.

 

Question 3. Critically analyse various methods of collecting primary data.
Answer: A critical analysis of different methods for collecting primary data reveals their strengths and weaknesses:
• Direct personal investigation: While this method yields original, authentic, and consistent data, it has some drawbacks. Researchers might unknowingly introduce their own biases, which can affect the results. Also, it's only practical for small, limited areas of study.
• Indirect oral investigation: In this method, data is collected indirectly from witnesses rather than directly from those affected. This can lead to less reliable information if the witnesses are careless or mistaken. The data might not be perfectly pure because it's not firsthand.
• Information through local residents and correspondents: The quality of information in this method depends heavily on the experience and reliability of the local correspondents. If the person providing the information lacks experience or is new, the data received might not be accurate. This method can introduce errors and impurities into the data.
• Information through filling of questionnaires by informant: This method relies on informants to fill out questionnaires. If an informant is not educated, they might not be able to fill the questionnaire correctly. There is also a risk of incomplete or inaccurate information, as informants might be negligent or misunderstood questions, leading to a lack of purity and completeness.
• Information through enumerators: This method is very costly and time-consuming because it requires training enumerators and managing their contact with informants. There is a possibility that informants might provide incorrect information to the enumerators, leading to inaccurately filled schedules.
In simple words: Direct talks give true data but can be biased. Asking others might give wrong information if they are careless. Local helpers' information depends on their experience, which can be faulty. Questionnaires might not be filled right by uneducated people. Using interviewers costs a lot and can still lead to wrong answers if informants lie.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing, provide both a positive and a negative point (or "merit" and "demerit") for each method to show a balanced understanding.

 

Question 4. Describe the methods of statistical investigation.
Answer: Statistical investigation primarily uses two main methods to collect data:
• Census Method: In this method, information is gathered from every single unit of the entire population. For example, a population census collects details about every household and every person. This method is very thorough, providing accurate and reliable results. However, it is very costly, requires a lot of labor, and takes a long time to complete.
• Sample Method: In contrast, the sample method involves selecting only a few representative units from the entire group (population). Conclusions are then drawn based on the study of these selected units and applied to the whole population. For instance, when buying wheat, you don't check every single grain; you check a small sample to decide. This method saves time and money. However, extreme care must be taken to choose the right sample, as incorrect sampling can lead to wrong conclusions. This method is based on principles like probability and the inertia of large numbers.
In simple words: Statistical investigation uses two main ways: the census method, which collects data from everyone, and the sample method, which collects data from only a few people to represent the whole group. Census is very detailed but costly; sample saves time and money but needs careful selection.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define both census and sampling methods. Include their advantages and disadvantages in your description.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Objective Type Questions

 

Question 1. From where does statistical procedure start?
(a) From Census
(b) From Sampling
(c) From Collection of data
(d) All of these
Answer: (c) From Collection of data
In simple words: The first step in doing any statistical work is always to gather the information needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that data collection is the fundamental initial step in any statistical process.

 

Question 2. Which method is the best for choosing sample from the population :
(a) Ideal Sampling
(b) Random Sampling
(c) Stratified Sampling
(d) Quota Sampling
Answer: (b) Random Sampling
In simple words: Random sampling is considered the best way to pick a sample because it gives every item an equal chance, making the selection fair.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that "random" selection minimizes bias, which is key for a good sample.

 

Question 4. When the researcher selects some of the units from the whole population according to his will, it is called-
(a) Random Sampling
(b) Ideal Sampling
(c) Stratified Sampling
(d) Multistage Sampling
Answer: (b) Ideal Sampling
In simple words: When a researcher picks specific units based on their own judgment, it's known as ideal sampling.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ideal sampling involves the researcher's judgment, contrasting with random methods where chance plays the role.

 

Question 5. Qualities of a good questionnaire are:
(a) Clear and small questions
(b) Correct Order
(c) Limited number Of questions
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: A good questionnaire has clear, short questions, arranged in a logical way, and doesn't ask too many things.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a good questionnaire should be easy to understand, well-structured, and concise to ensure effective data collection.

 

Question 7. When evaluating secondary data, which of the following considerations are important?
(a) Is the data reliable?
(b) Is the data consistent with the purpose?
(c) Is the data sufficient?
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these
In simple words: When using secondary data, you must check if it's trustworthy, if it matches what you need, and if there's enough of it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always critically assess secondary data for reliability, relevance, and adequacy before using it for your research.

 

Question 8. Number of methods of statistical research are-
(a) Two
(b) Four
(c) Three
(d) One
Answer: (a) Two
In simple words: There are mainly two ways to do statistical research: the census method and the sample method.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly know the two primary methods of statistical research: census and sampling.

 

Question 9. When some representative units are selected from the population, the method is called
(a) Census Method
(b) Sampling Method
(c) Multi-Stage Method
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Sampling Method
In simple words: When you pick a small part of a group to learn about the whole group, that's called sampling.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key idea of sampling is choosing a smaller, representative group from a larger population.

 

Question 10. The reports of committees and commissions are
(a) Published source
(b) Unpublished source
(c) Both
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Published source
In simple words: Reports from official committees and commissions are considered published sources because they are made public.

🎯 Exam Tip: Published sources include official reports that are publicly available.

 

Question 1. Define population.
Answer: In a statistical study, the term "population" refers to the complete group of all units or items that are being investigated. It includes every single element relevant to the research.
In simple words: Population means all the people or things that a study is looking at.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining population, stress "all units" or "entire group" in the context of a specific investigation.

 

Question 2. Define sample.
Answer: A sample is a smaller group of selected units that are chosen to represent the characteristics of the entire population. It is a subset of the population used for investigation.
In simple words: A sample is a small part of a larger group that is chosen to stand for the whole group.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that a sample is "representative" and a "subset" of the larger population.

 

Question 3. Name the two methods of collecting primary data.
Answer: The two methods for gathering primary data are:
1. Direct personal investigation
2. Indirect oral investigation
In simple words: The two ways to collect new data are by talking directly to people or by getting information from others about them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simply list the names of the methods as requested; no detailed explanation is needed unless asked for.

 

Question 4. What do you mean by schedule?
Answer: A schedule is a list of questions that an interviewer (enumerator) fills out by asking questions directly to the person providing the information (informant).
In simple words: A schedule is a question list that an interviewer fills in by asking people.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key difference for a schedule is that it is filled by the interviewer, not the informant.

 

Question 5. What is the basic process of statistical investigation?
Answer: The most fundamental step in any statistical investigation is the collection of data.
In simple words: The first and main part of studying statistics is to collect information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that data collection forms the foundation of all statistical investigations.

 

Question 6. What is the cornerstone of statistics?
Answer: Data is the cornerstone of statistics. It is the raw material upon which all statistical analysis and conclusions are built.
In simple words: Data is the most important part of statistics; everything else depends on it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that without data, statistics cannot exist or provide insights.

 

Question 8. How many methods are there to collect primary data?
Answer: There are five methods used to collect primary data.
In simple words: There are five main ways to gather new information directly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the total number of primary data collection methods to ensure you can list them if required.

 

Question 9. Which method did Arthur Young use in the study of agricultural production?
Answer: Arthur Young used the direct personal investigation method for his study of agricultural production.
In simple words: Arthur Young used the method where he directly looked into things himself for his farming study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific methods to famous researchers or historical studies where mentioned in the curriculum.

 

Question 10. For which area is the method of collecting information through filling the questionnaire from the informant suitable?
Answer: The method of collecting information by having informants fill out questionnaires is suitable for investigating broad areas.
In simple words: Mailing out questionnaires works well when you need to get information from a very large area.

🎯 Exam Tip: Questionnaires are efficient for large populations because they don't require direct, in-person interaction for every respondent.

 

Question 11. By which method is the data related to the family budget, voting behaviour, unemployment collected?
Answer: Data related to family budgets, voting behavior, and unemployment is typically collected using the method of questionnaires filled by informants.
In simple words: Information about things like family money, how people vote, or joblessness is gathered by having people fill out questionnaires.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific types of data (e.g., personal opinions, financial details) to the most appropriate collection methods like questionnaires.

 

Question 12. What is used to collect data by conducting a survey?
Answer: When conducting a survey to collect data, schedules and questionnaires are used.
In simple words: When you do a survey, you use question lists called schedules and questionnaires to get information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that both schedules (filled by enumerators) and questionnaires (filled by respondents) are common tools in surveys.

 

Question 13. Questionnaire is filled by whom?
Answer: A questionnaire is filled out by the person who provides the information, also known as the informant or respondent.
In simple words: The person who gives the answers fills out the questionnaire.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish this from a schedule, which is filled by the enumerator.

 

Question 15. How many sources of secondary data are there?
Answer: There are two main sources of secondary data.
In simple words: Secondary data comes from two main kinds of places.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the number of major sources and be prepared to name them.

 

Question 16. Name the two sources of secondary data?
Answer: The two main sources of secondary data are:
1. Published source
2. Unpublished source
In simple words: The two sources for existing data are information that has been printed and shared, and information that has not been made public.

🎯 Exam Tip: These two categories broadly cover all existing data, whether publicly available or privately held.

 

Question 17. Publications of international organizations is which source of secondary data?
Answer: Publications from international organizations are considered a published source of secondary data.
In simple words: Books and reports from global groups are a published type of secondary data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that official reports from reputable organizations fall under published secondary data.

 

Question 18. How many methods are there for statistical investigation?
Answer: There are two primary methods for statistical investigation.
In simple words: There are two main ways to conduct a statistical study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall that statistical investigation generally involves either a census or a sample method.

 

Question 19. What is the meaning of census investigation?
Answer: Census investigation refers to a statistical study where the researcher collects data from every single element or unit within the entire population. This detailed process involves examining all individuals or items, making it a comprehensive study.
In simple words: Census investigation means studying and collecting information from every single person or item in a whole group.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key characteristic of a census is data collection from "each and every element" of the population.

 

Question 20. Among the methods of sampling and census, which method is more costly?
Answer: The census method is more expensive than the sampling method.
In simple words: The census method costs more money than the sampling method.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that examining every unit in a population (census) naturally requires more resources than examining only a sample.

 

Question 22. Write the names of sample selection methods.
Answer: The names of sample selection methods are:
1. Ideal sampling
2. Random sampling
3. Stratified sampling
In simple words: There are three main ways to pick samples for a study: ideal, random, and stratified sampling.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember these three key methods as they form the basis for choosing participants in many studies.

 

Question 23. When is the process of collecting data started?
Answer: Data collection begins after a clear plan for statistical research has been created. A well-thought-out plan guides the entire process.
In simple words: Data collection starts after you have a clear plan for your research.

🎯 Exam Tip: Planning is the first and most crucial step in any statistical research to ensure effective data collection.

 

Question 24. The data which is collected from the students in playground regarding their playing habits is which type of data?
Answer: The data collected directly from students in a playground about their playing habits is called primary data. This is because it is gathered fresh for a specific purpose.
In simple words: Data collected straight from students about their playing is primary data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify data as primary if it is collected firsthand for the first time by the investigator for a specific study.

 

Question 25. If the researcher uses collected and published data on agriculture, labour, employment, by the government, then what is this data called?
Answer: If a researcher uses data that has already been collected and published by the government on topics like agriculture, labor, or employment, then this information is called secondary data. It means the data was originally gathered by someone else.
In simple words: When a researcher uses government data that is already published, it is called secondary data.

🎯 Exam Tip: Data that already exists and has been published by another entity for a different purpose is always secondary data.

 

Question 26. Write any four methods of collecting primary data.
Answer: The four common methods for collecting primary data are:
1. Direct personal investigation: The investigator collects data face-to-face.
2. Indirect oral investigation: Information is gathered by speaking to people indirectly connected to the subject.
3. Information through local residents and correspondents: Local people or special reporters provide information.
4. Information through schedules filled by informants: Question lists are sent, and respondents fill them out.
In simple words: Primary data can be gathered by talking directly to people, asking others indirectly, getting reports from local contacts, or having people fill out forms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to differentiate between primary data methods, as each has its own unique application and suitability.

 

Question 27. Give two examples of filling of schedules through enumerators.
Answer: Two examples of data collection where schedules are filled by enumerators are:
1. Census: This is a large-scale survey where trained enumerators collect data from every household.
2. Economic and social survey: These surveys often use enumerators to collect detailed information about people's economic and social conditions.
In simple words: Filling forms by enumerators is used for counting people (census) and for studies about money and society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Enumerators are essential for large-scale, detailed surveys, ensuring consistent and accurate data collection across a broad population.

 

Question 28. Write two merits of a good questionnaire.
Answer: Two good qualities of a questionnaire are:
1. The questions should be simple and easy to understand. This helps respondents give accurate answers.
2. The questions should be designed so that correct answers can be provided easily. They can include multiple-choice or simple-choice options to make answering straightforward.
In simple words: A good questionnaire has easy-to-understand questions and makes it simple for people to give correct answers, often using choices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clear, unambiguous, and simple questions are vital for a good questionnaire to ensure reliable responses and prevent confusion.

 

Question 29. Write any two differences between a questionnaire and a schedule.
Answer: Here are two key differences between a questionnaire and a schedule:
1. A questionnaire is filled out by the person giving information (the informant) themselves, while a schedule is filled out by a trained enumerator after asking questions from the informant.
2. Questionnaires are a more cost-effective method because they save on the expense of hiring enumerators, whereas schedules are more costly due to the need for trained staff.
In simple words: People fill out questionnaires themselves, saving money, but a trained person fills out schedules by asking questions, which costs more.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that questionnaires rely on self-reporting by informants, while schedules involve direct interaction and filling by trained enumerators, influencing cost and accuracy.

 

Question 30. What precautions should be taken in the use of secondary data? Tell any two.
Answer: Two precautions to take when using secondary data are:
1. Understand how suitable the original method was for collecting the data. This helps determine if the data fits your current research.
2. Check if the secondary data is relevant and trustworthy. Make sure its purpose, definitions, and collection area match your current study. Always verify the source's reputation.
In simple words: When using old data, first check if the way it was collected was good, and second, make sure it is relevant and reliable for what you want to study.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always critically evaluate secondary data for its relevance, reliability, and the methodology used for its original collection before incorporating it into your research.

 

Question 31. Write two qualities of census investigation method.
Answer: Two qualities of the census investigation method are:
1. It collects detailed information. Since every unit of the population is studied, a very complete picture is obtained.
2. Data collected through this method has a high level of accuracy. This is because there is direct contact with each unit, leading to precise information.
In simple words: The census method gathers very detailed information and has a high level of accuracy because it checks every single item.

🎯 Exam Tip: Census investigation excels in providing exhaustive and accurate data but is often resource-intensive.

 

Question 32. Write two merits of random sampling method.
Answer: Two advantages of the random sampling method are:
1. This is a simple method to understand and apply. Each unit has an equal chance of being selected, which makes the process fair.
2. It is a less expensive method compared to collecting data from every single unit in the population, saving time, money, and effort.
In simple words: Random sampling is easy to use and costs less money than surveying everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Random sampling ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen, which reduces bias and makes results more representative.

 

Question 33. Define ideal sampling method.
Answer: The ideal sampling method occurs when the investigator carefully chooses samples based on their own knowledge and experience. This approach relies on the investigator's judgment to select the most representative units.
In simple words: Ideal sampling is when a researcher uses their smarts and past experiences to pick the best samples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ideal sampling, also known as purposive or judgmental sampling, is effective when the investigator has specific expertise about the population being studied.

 

Question 34. What is lottery method?
Answer: The lottery method is a way of selecting samples where each unit from the total group is given a unique number. These numbers are then written on separate cards or balls, mixed well, and an unbiased person randomly picks them one by one. This ensures fairness in selection.
In simple words: The lottery method is like picking names from a hat: each person gets a number, and numbers are picked randomly to choose samples.

🎯 Exam Tip: The lottery method is a common example of simple random sampling, ensuring each element has an equal chance of selection.

 

Question 35. What is stratified sampling method?
Answer: Stratified sampling is a method that combines ideal and random sampling. First, the total group (aggregate) is divided into smaller, distinct parts (strata) using ideal sampling. After that, a certain number of units are randomly selected from each of these smaller parts. This ensures representation from all subgroups.
In simple words: Stratified sampling first splits the whole group into smaller, similar groups, and then picks samples randomly from each small group.

🎯 Exam Tip: Stratified sampling is particularly useful when the population is diverse, as it ensures that all important subgroups are proportionally represented in the sample.

 

Question 1. Explain the main sources of secondary data. What precautions should be taken in the use of secondary data?
Answer: The sources of secondary data can be broadly divided into two main categories: published sources and unpublished sources.
I. Published Source:
Government and non-government organizations often collect and publish data on various subjects. This published data can then be used by other researchers for their investigations. Examples include:

• International Publications: Many international bodies like the International Labour Organization (ILO) or the International Monetary Fund (IMF) publish information on different topics from time to time.
• Government Publications: Central and state government ministries and departments regularly publish data on various topics. For instance, the Reserve Bank of India Bulletins and annual reports of industries are highly reliable.
• Semi-government Publications: Local government bodies like municipalities and district councils also publish data regularly.
• Reports of Committees and Commissions: Various government-formed committees and commissions publish their reports after investigations.
• Publications of Commercial Organizations: Large commercial organizations like Tata or Reliance publish data collected by their own research and statistical departments.
• Publications of Research Institutions: Universities and research institutions, such as the Indian Statistical Institute, publish their research findings.
• Papers and Magazines: Newspapers and magazines often contain important statistical data and survey results.
  

II. Unpublished Source:
Sometimes, governments, institutions, or individuals collect important data, but it is never officially published. This unpublished material might be found in old papers, official documents, office registers, or the personal diaries of investigators.
Precautions while using secondary data:
Secondary data should be used with great care because it might have some limitations. Using it without proper analysis can be risky. Here are some precautions:

• Objective and Area of Previous Investigation: First, check why the data was originally collected. It should only be used if the original purpose and scope match your current study. If they differ, the data might not be suitable.
• Eligibility of the Previous Investigator: It is important to know about the honesty, fairness, and experience of the person or team who collected the data initially. If the original investigator was biased or inexperienced, the data might not be reliable.
• Meaning of Unit: Ensure that the definitions of units used in the previous study are the same as those in your current investigation. If the units mean different things, the data should not be used.
• Level of Purity: Consider the quality of the published data. If the data is highly accurate and free from errors, it can be used. However, if the accuracy is low, it's better to avoid it.
• Time of Testing: Check when the primary data was collected. If it was gathered during an unusual or emergency period, it might not be suitable for normal circumstances.
• Sufficiency of the Data: The investigator should check if the secondary data is complete enough for the current research purpose.
• Sources of Collection of Data: Always verify the original sources from which the primary data was collected. Only data from trustworthy sources should be used.
• Homogeneity: Check if the data is consistent or uniform. If there is a lot of variation within the data, it might not be useful for your specific study.
• Tentative Testing: The current investigator should do a small test with the published data to check its accuracy and reliability before using it extensively.
  

Using secondary data without these checks can lead to wrong conclusions.
In simple words: Secondary data comes from places like books, government reports, or even old papers that were never printed. When you use it, be careful! Always check who collected it, why they collected it, if it's correct, and if it matches what you need. If not, the information could be misleading.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining secondary data, always cover both the types of sources and the critical precautions, emphasizing how careful evaluation is necessary due to potential inconsistencies or biases.

 

Question 2. What is the meaning of census investigation? Also write its merits and demerits.
Answer:Meaning of Census Investigation:
Census investigation is a method where a statistical study collects data from every single unit or element of the entire population. For example, in a school of 500 students, if you want to know the family income of every student, you would collect data from all 500 students. The national population census is a prime example of this method.
Merits (Advantages) of Census Investigation:

• High level of accuracy: The data collected is very reliable and precise because information is gathered from every unit.
• More reliability: Since all units are contacted, the data obtained is highly dependable.
• Detailed information: This method provides extensive details about the population. For instance, a population census gathers data not just on gender but also on financial status, health, education, and marital status.
• Useful for diverse units: It's ideal when the population units are very different from each other, and sampling would not accurately represent the diversity.

Demerits (Disadvantages) of Census Investigation:

• More expensive: This method requires a lot of money, time, and human effort. As a result, studies using this method often take a long time to complete, which is why governments usually use it.
• Lack of trained enumerators: If the people collecting the data (enumerators) are not well-trained, the results might not be good.
• Not possible in all situations: It's difficult to use this method when the area of study is very large, or when it's simply not practical to reach every single unit for data collection.

In simple words: Census investigation means collecting information from every single person or item in a group. It gives very accurate and detailed results but costs a lot of money and takes a lot of time. It can also be hard to do if the area is very big or if the collectors are not well trained.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining census investigation, highlight its exhaustive nature. For merits and demerits, ensure you explain each point clearly with an economic or practical consequence.

 

Question 2. What is the meaning of census investigation? Also write its merits and demerits.
Answer: Census investigation means collecting statistical details from every single unit in a group. This method is useful when a detailed study of each unit is needed, high accuracy is required, the investigation area is small, and there are enough financial resources.
Merits:
* High Accuracy: This method gives very accurate and trustworthy information, so the results are always highly dependable.
* More Reliability: Because information is gathered from every single part of the group, the data collected is very reliable.
* Detailed Information: This method gathers many details. For instance, in a population count, it collects information about people's jobs, health, and education, not just their gender.
* Useful for Diverse Units: It works well when the groups being studied are very different from each other, and you cannot just pick a few samples.
Demerits:
* More Expensive: This method costs a lot of time, money, and effort. The final results take a long time to get, so governments usually use it.
* Lack of Trained Data Collectors: If the people collecting data are not well-trained, the information they gather might not be good.
* Not Possible in Some Situations: It's hard to use this method for very large areas where it is impossible to reach every single person or item.
In simple words: Census investigation collects data from everyone in a group. It gives accurate and detailed results but costs a lot of time and money, and it's hard to use for large areas or if data collectors aren't trained.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define census investigation first. Then, systematically list and explain its advantages and disadvantages with simple, real-world examples to show a complete understanding.

 

Question 4. Describe the sample selection method with its merits and demerits.
Answer: Sample selection methods are ways to choose a smaller group (sample) from a larger group (population) for study. The main methods are:
I. Random Sampling:
This is seen as the best way to pick samples because it removes personal bias. In this method, every single item in the whole group has an equal chance of being selected. This is because items are chosen randomly, not by someone's choice. Two common methods for random sampling are:
* Lottery Method: Each item is given a unique number, written on a card or ball. An unbiased person then picks these cards one by one.
* By Rotating a Drum: Numbers or indicators are put on small pieces of wood or iron. These are placed in a drum, which is spun around. An unbiased person then picks out the required number of pieces.
Merits of Random Sampling:
1. No one can show personal favoritism in choosing samples.
2. It helps save time, money, and effort.
3. This is a more scientific way to pick samples because it reduces personal bias and gives every item an equal chance.
4. You can easily check the samples collected by comparing them with other sample sets.
5. It is an economical method that also saves time and effort during investigation.
Demerits of Random Sampling:
1. If certain important items must be included in the sample, this method might not be the best choice.
2. If the total group is small or very diverse, the samples picked might not truly represent the whole group.
3. This method only works if all parts of the group are separate and not linked to each other.
II. Purposive Sampling:
In this method, the researcher chooses samples based on their own judgment, picking units they believe best represent the whole group. It's useful when you need to include specific important items, like studying certain large companies in an industry survey.
Merits of Purposive Sampling:
1. This method is very easy to use.
2. It costs less money.
3. It's good when you must include specific, important items in your sample.
Demerit of Purposive Sampling:
1. There is no guarantee that the samples chosen are truly representative of the whole group.
III. Stratified Sampling:
In this method, the entire group is first divided into smaller, similar subgroups. Then, samples are picked randomly from each subgroup. This makes it a mix of different sampling approaches. For example, if you need to study 40 students from a school of 400, you could divide them into academic levels and then pick 10% from each level.
Merits of Stratified Sampling:
1. It works well for groups that are very diverse or mixed.
2. This method combines the good points of both random and ideal sampling.
3. The samples chosen accurately reflect the whole group.
Demerits of Stratified Sampling:
1. This method can be complicated to use.
2. There's a chance that the data might not be completely pure.
3. It requires more skill and understanding to apply correctly.
4. If the initial subgroups are made incorrectly, the final results will also be wrong.
In simple words: Sample selection methods are ways to pick a small group to study. Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance. Purposive sampling lets the researcher choose based on what they think is best. Stratified sampling divides the group into smaller, similar parts before choosing. Each method has its own pros and cons in terms of bias, cost, and how well it represents the whole group.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing sampling methods, always explain the core idea first. Then, clearly list and explain its benefits (merits) and drawbacks (demerits) for a complete answer.

 

Question 5. What is a questionnaire? What is the difference between questionnaires and schedules? What should be kept in mind while making a questionnaire? Or Explain the characteristics of a questionnaire?
Answer:
A questionnaire is a list of questions about a research topic. It is sent by mail to people who then fill in their own answers.
Differences between Questionnaires and Schedules:
1. Questionnaires cover large areas, while schedules are for smaller areas.
2. Questionnaires are for people who can read and write, but schedules can be used for both literate and illiterate people.
3. In a questionnaire, people write their own answers. In a schedule, trained data collectors fill in the answers.
4. Questionnaires are usually mailed, while data collectors personally take schedules to the people.
5. Questionnaires save time and money, but schedules take more of both.
6. People fill out questionnaires by themselves, but with schedules, the data collector helps explain questions.
Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire:
* Introduction: The questionnaire should start with a clear introduction. It should explain the survey's purpose and promise to keep all answers private.
* Fewer Questions: Keep the number of questions low. There should be enough questions to get the needed information but not too many.
* Easy and Clear Questions: Questions should be simple and easy to understand. They should not be confusing.
* Logical Sequence: Questions should flow logically from one to the next to make answering easier.
* Brief Answers: Questions should ask for short answers, like yes/no, or fill-in-the-blank, if possible.
* Multiple-Choice Questions: Multiple-choice questions should have all possible answers listed, so people can just pick one.
* Specified Questions: Some questions ask for specific details, such as income, education, or family size.
* Open Questions: Open questions let people share their full thoughts and opinions on a topic.
* Avoid Sensitive Questions: Avoid asking sensitive or personal questions that might upset or offend people.
* Related to Investigations: All questions must be directly linked to the main purpose of the study.
* Proper Format: The questionnaire should be well-designed, with enough space for people to write their answers.
* Verification of Truth: Include questions that can help check if the answers given are true.
* Necessary Instructions: Clear instructions should be provided at the beginning or end to guide people on how to fill out the questionnaire.
* According to Ability: Questions should be easy enough for the target audience to understand and answer.
In simple words: A questionnaire is a list of questions people fill out themselves, often mailed to them. A schedule is similar, but a trained person helps fill it out. A good questionnaire should be short, clear, logical, respectful, and easy to understand for the people answering it.

🎯 Exam Tip: For multi-part questions, break down your answer into clearly labeled sections for each part (e.g., "Meaning," "Differences," "Characteristics"). Use bullet points for lists to make the content easy to read and understand.