RBSE Solutions Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 3 प्रारम्भिक लेखा-जर्नल एवं सहायक बहियाँ

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Detailed Chapter 3 प्रारम्भिक लेखा-जर्नल एवं सहायक बहियाँ RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy

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Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 3 प्रारम्भिक लेखा-जर्नल एवं सहायक बहियाँ RBSE Solutions PDF

RBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 3 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

 

Question 1. निम्नांकित में से कौन-सा सही है ?
(क) सम्पत्तियाँ = पूँजी – दायित्व
(ख) सम्पत्तियाँ = दायित्व – पूँजी
(ग) सम्पत्तियाँ = दायित्व + पूँजी
(घ) दायित्व = सम्पत्ति + पूँजी
Answer: (ग) सम्पत्तियाँ = दायित्व + पूँजी
In simple words: The basic accounting equation states that a company's assets are always equal to the total of its liabilities and owner's equity (capital). This equation helps ensure that the balance sheet remains balanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Capital. This is the cornerstone of double-entry bookkeeping and helps ensure financial statements are balanced.

 

Question 2. भारत की सम्पत्ति Rs 15,000 तथा दायित्व Rs 6,000 है। उसकी पूँजी होगी

🎯 Exam Tip: If an answer requires a calculation, always start by writing down the relevant formula to ensure you include all necessary components.

 

Question 3. प्रारम्भिक पूँजी Rs 60,000, अन्तिम पूँजी Rs 30,000, वर्ष के दौरान हानिर Rs 16,000, आहरण Rs 14,000, अतिरिक्त लगाई गई पूँजी होगी-
(क) शून्य
(ख) Rs 16,000
(ग) Rs 32,000
(घ) Rs 46,000.
Answer: (क) शून्य
In simple words: To find the additional capital introduced, we use the formula: `Additional Capital = Closing Capital + Drawings + Loss - Opening Capital - Additional Capital (if any, but we are solving for it)`. In this case, `Additional Capital = Rs 30,000 + Rs 14,000 + Rs 16,000 - Rs 60,000 = Rs 60,000 - Rs 60,000 = 0`.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully apply the accounting equation for capital, adjusting for drawings, additional capital, and profit or loss to determine the missing figure.

 

Question 4. माल के नकद लेन-देन पर प्रयोग किया जाने वाला प्रलेख निम्रलिखित में से कौन-सा है ?
(क) बीजक
(ख) नाम पत्र
(ग) रोकड़ मीमो.
(घ) जमा पत्र।
Answer: (ग) रोकड़ मीमो.
In simple words: For cash transactions involving goods, a cash memo is the document used. It serves as proof of the transaction for both the buyer and the seller when money is exchanged immediately.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the purpose of different source documents. A cash memo is specifically for cash sales, proving that money was received or paid directly.

 

Question 5. निम्नांकित में से कौन-सा जर्नल का मुख्य उद्देश्य है ?
(क) आर्थिक स्थिति की जानकारी
(ख) लाभ-हानि की जानकारी
(ग) सभी व्यवहारों का लेखा
(घ) उपरोक्त में से कोई नहीं
Answer: (ग) सभी व्यवहारों का लेखा
In simple words: The main purpose of a journal, also known as the book of original entry, is to record all financial transactions of a business in chronological order. This creates a complete record of every event before it is posted to ledgers.

🎯 Exam Tip: The journal is the very first step in the accounting cycle, providing a chronological and complete record of all transactions.

 

Question 6. निम्नांकित में से कौन-सा उधार व्यवहार है ?

🎯 Exam Tip: To identify a credit transaction, look for terms like "on account" or "on credit," and the absence of immediate cash exchange.

 

Question 7. आहरण खाता है
(क) व्यक्तिगत
(ख) वस्तुगत
(ग) अवास्तविक
(घ) उपरोक्त में से कोई नहीं
Answer: (क) व्यक्तिगत
In simple words: A drawings account is a personal account because it represents the owner's personal withdrawals from the business for private use. These withdrawals reduce the owner's capital in the business.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "Drawings" always relates to the owner's personal activity, thus it falls under the category of a personal account.

 

Question 8. मधुसूदन को नकद माल बेचा Rs 5,000
(क) मधुसूदन का खाता नाम करेंगे
(ख) मधुसूदन का खाता जमा करेंगे
(ग) रोकड़ खाता नाम करेंगे।
(घ) रोकड़ खाता जमा करेंगे।
Answer: (ग) रोकड़ खाता नाम करेंगे।
In simple words: When goods are sold for cash, the Cash Account is debited (named) because cash is coming into the business. The individual's name (Madhusudan) is not debited or credited in a cash sale, as the transaction is purely for cash.

🎯 Exam Tip: For cash transactions, the focus is on the cash account. The name of the buyer is only relevant in credit transactions.

 

Question 9. माल दान में देने की प्रविष्टि किस पुस्तक में लिखी जायेगी ?
(क) क्रय बही
(ख) मुख्य जर्नल
(ग) विक्रय बही
(घ) रोकड़ बही।
Answer: (ख) मुख्य जर्नल
In simple words: When goods are given away as charity or for any non-sales purpose, such transactions are recorded in the main journal, also known as Journal Proper. This is because they do not fall under the usual categories of cash, purchase, or sales books.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Journal Proper is used for transactions that cannot be recorded in any other specialized subsidiary book, such as gifts or unusual expenses.

 

Question 10. नाम पत्र कौन तैयार करता है ?
(क) क्रेता
(ख) विक्रेता
(ग) दलाल
Answer: (क) क्रेता
In simple words: A debit note is usually prepared by the buyer (k्रेता) to formally inform the seller about a return of goods or a reduction in the amount owed. It serves as a formal request for adjustment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the purpose of a debit note: it's typically issued by the buyer to indicate a reduction in their liability towards the seller, often for returns or overcharges.

 

RBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 3 अतिलघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

 

Question 1. लेखांकन समीकरण से क्या तात्पर्य है ?
Answer: The accounting equation is based on the double-entry system, where every transaction affects at least two accounts. One account is debited, and another is credited. When this fundamental principle is expressed as an equation, it is called the accounting equation.
In simple words: The accounting equation shows that for every business event, money is moved in two ways. One account gets money (debit), and another gives money (credit). This keeps everything balanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the accounting equation by linking it to the double-entry system and the balance between debits and credits in every transaction.

 

Question 2. वर्ष के दौरान कमाये गए लाभ की गणना का सूत्र लिखिए।
Answer: The formula to calculate the profit earned during the year is:
\( \text{Profit} = \text{Closing Capital} + \text{Drawings} - \text{Additional Capital} - \text{Opening Capital} \)
This formula helps determine the net profit or loss by adjusting for owner's contributions and withdrawals.
In simple words: To find the profit, you take the capital at the end, add any money the owner took out, subtract any new money the owner put in, and then subtract the capital at the start.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember to adjust closing capital for any drawings or additional capital introduced during the year before comparing it to opening capital to find the true profit or loss.

 

Question 3. किसी व्यापार की सम्पत्तियाँ Rs 5,00,000 तथा दायित्व Rs 3,50,000 हैं। व्यापार की पूँजी ज्ञात कीजिए।
Answer: To find the capital of a business, we use the accounting equation
\( \text{Capital} = \text{Assets} - \text{Liabilities} \)
Given assets of Rs 5,00,000 and liabilities of Rs 3,50,000, the capital is calculated as:
\( \text{Capital} = \text{Rs } 5,00,000 - \text{Rs } 3,50,000 \)
\( \text{Capital} = \text{Rs } 1,50,000 \)
In simple words: Capital is what's left after you subtract what the business owes from what it owns. Here, the business owns Rs 5,00,000 and owes Rs 3,50,000, so its capital is Rs 1,50,000.

🎯 Exam Tip: The capital is the residual value of the business, representing the owner's claim on the assets after all liabilities are paid. Make sure to apply the formula correctly.

 

Question 4. स्रोत प्रमाणक का अर्थ समझाइए।
Answer: A source document is a written record prepared to prove and support a financial transaction. Examples include invoices for sales, receipts for cash payments, and vouchers, which provide evidence that a transaction actually occurred.
In simple words: A source document is a paper or record that shows a business event really happened. Things like bills (invoices) and receipts are good examples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that source documents are crucial for auditing and verifying the accuracy of recorded transactions.

 

Question 5. नाम प्रमाणक को परिभाषित कीजिए।
Answer: A debit voucher is a document prepared to confirm a cash payment. It is used for transactions like purchasing goods for cash or depositing cash into the bank, acting as internal proof of the expense.
In simple words: A debit voucher is a paper used to show that cash was paid out. It's like a record for money that left the business.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a debit voucher confirms an outflow of cash or a reduction in assets, ensuring that payment details are accurately documented.

 

Question 7. व्यक्तिगत खाता क्या है ?
Answer: A personal account refers to accounts related to individuals, firms, companies, corporations, and also outstanding or prepaid items. Examples include Ishwar Singh's account or outstanding salary accounts.
In simple words: A personal account is for people, companies, or groups. It also includes money owed or paid in advance to them, like a salary that hasn't been paid yet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Personal accounts are fundamental for tracking transactions involving specific entities or individuals, including debtors, creditors, and the owner themselves.

 

Question 8. वास्तविक खातों के प्रकार बताइए।
Answer: Real accounts are divided into two main types:

  • मूर्त वास्तविक खाते (Tangible Real Accounts)
  • अमूर्त वास्तविक खाते (Intangible Real Accounts)

Tangible real accounts involve assets that can be physically touched and seen, while intangible real accounts involve assets that cannot be physically touched but still have value.
In simple words: Real accounts are for things a business owns. They can be 'tangible' (things you can touch, like land) or 'intangible' (things you can't touch, like good reputation).

 

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between tangible (physical) and intangible (non-physical) real assets is key to correctly categorizing them in financial statements.

 

Question 9. अग्नि से Rs 1,000 का माल जल गया, बीमा कम्पनी द्वारा Rs 800 का दावा स्वीकार किया गया। मिश्रित प्रविष्टि करो। (मा. शि. बोर्ड, 1982)
Answer: When goods worth Rs 1,000 were destroyed by fire, and the insurance company accepted a claim of Rs 800, the compound entry is recorded as follows:
\( \text{Insurance Co.'s A/C} \text{ Dr. } 800 \)
\( \text{Loss by Fire A/c} \text{ Dr. } 200 \)
\( \text{To Purchase A/C} \text{ Cr. } 1,000 \)
(Being goods worth Rs 1,000 destroyed by fire and insurance company admitted claim Rs 800)
In simple words: When goods worth Rs 1,000 burned, and insurance paid Rs 800, we debit the insurance company for 800, debit the loss for 200, and credit purchases for the full 1,000.

🎯 Exam Tip: For compound entries involving losses, ensure you correctly account for both the amount covered by insurance and the actual loss borne by the business.

 

Question 10. आहरण किस प्रकार का ख़ाता है ? (मा. शि. बोर्ड, 1986)
Answer: Drawings are considered a natural personal account because they represent the owner's personal financial activities related to the business, specifically their withdrawals for personal use.
In simple words: Drawings is a natural personal account because it shows money or goods taken by the owner for their own needs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classify drawings as a personal account, as it directly impacts the owner's equity and reflects their individual transactions with the business.

 

Question 11. विक्रेता की बहियों में व्यापारिक बड़े की क्या प्रविष्टि की जाती है ? (मा. शि. बोर्ड, 1987)

🎯 Exam Tip: When recording trade discounts, remember they are generally not explicitly shown in the books of accounts; only the net amount after the discount is recorded.

 

Question 13. माल खाते के विभिन्न नामों को बताइए।
Answer: The various names for the goods account, which represents different stages of goods in a business, include:

  • क्रय खाता (Purchase A/c)
  • क्रय वापसी खाता (Purchase Return A/c)
  • विक्रय खाता (Sales A/C)
  • विक्रय वापसी खाता (Sales Return A/C)
  • रतिया खाता (Stock A/c)


In simple words: Goods accounts have different names depending on what happens to the goods: Purchase (when bought), Purchase Return (when sent back), Sales (when sold), Sales Return (when customers send back), and Stock (goods kept for sale).

🎯 Exam Tip: List all relevant accounts related to goods (purchase, sales, returns, and stock) to show a comprehensive understanding of inventory management in accounting.

 

Question 14. डूबत ऋण क्या है ?
Answer: Bad debt refers to an amount of money that a debtor (someone who owes money) is unable to pay back due to reasons like bankruptcy, death, or other circumstances. This unrecoverable amount is then considered a loss for the business.
In simple words: Bad debt is money that someone owes to a business but cannot pay back, perhaps because they went bankrupt or passed away. It's money the business will never get.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that bad debts are an expense for the business, representing a loss from uncollected receivables. They reduce the assets and, ultimately, the owner's equity.

 

Question 15. प्रविष्टि सही कीजिए। Samir's A/C Dr. 5,000 Dr. To Cash A/C 5,000 (Being salary paid Samir)
Answer: The correct entry for salary paid to Samir (or Sameer, as per the correction) should be:
\( \text{Salary A/c} \text{ Dr. } 5,000 \)
\( \text{To Cash A/C} \text{ Cr. } 5,000 \)
(Being salary paid to Sameer)
In simple words: When salary is paid, the Salary Account should be debited (increased expense), and the Cash Account credited (cash leaving). The person's name is not used in the main entry for salary.

🎯 Exam Tip: When correcting entries, identify the nature of accounts involved (expense and asset) and apply the correct debit and credit rules for each. Remember to use expense accounts directly.

 

Question 17. क्रय वापसी बही का प्रारूप बनाइए।
Answer: क्रय वापसी बही का प्रारूप (Format of Purchase Return Book)

DateParticularsDr./Cr. Note No.L.F.Amount (₹)
    DetailsTotal
      

The Purchase Return Book is used to record goods returned to suppliers. The format includes columns for the date of return, details of the goods and supplier, the debit/credit note number, ledger folio, and the amount, separated into details and total columns for clear tracking.
In simple words: The Purchase Return Book is like a special diary for things we send back to suppliers. It lists when we sent them back, what they were, and how much they cost.

 

🎯 Exam Tip: When drawing formats, ensure all standard columns (Date, Particulars, Debit Note No., L.F., Amount) are included and clearly labeled, paying attention to sub-columns like "Details" and "Total" for amounts.

 

Question 18. मुख्य जर्नल को परिभाषित कीजिए।
Answer: The main journal, also known as Journal Proper, is the book where transactions that cannot be recorded in any other subsidiary books (like cash book, purchase book, or sales book) are entered. It acts as a residual journal for all other entries.
In simple words: The main journal is a record book for all business events that don't fit into other special books, like the cash book or sales book. It's for everything else.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that the Journal Proper is a "catch-all" book for transactions that don't fit into specialized journals, ensuring that all financial events are recorded somewhere.

 

Question 19. माल दान में दिया, प्रविष्टि कीजिए।
Answer:
\( \text{Charity A/c} \text{ Dr.} \)
\( \text{To Purchases A/C} \text{ Cr.} \)
(Being goods given away as charity)
When goods are given away as charity, the Charity Account is debited because it represents an expense or loss for the business, and the Purchase Account is credited to reduce the stock of goods that were originally purchased for sale.
In simple words: If you give goods to charity, the Charity Account gets debited because it's an expense. The Purchase Account gets credited because fewer goods are now available for sale.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to credit the Purchases Account (not Sales) when goods are given away or withdrawn for personal use, as these goods were originally intended for sale.

 

Question 20. प्रारम्भिक प्रविष्टि से क्या तात्पर्य है ?
Answer: An opening entry is the journal entry made at the beginning of a new accounting year to record the closing balances of assets and liabilities from the previous year's balance sheet. This entry establishes the initial financial position for the current accounting period.
In simple words: An opening entry is the very first record made at the start of a new financial year. It brings forward all the money and debts from the end of the last year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that the opening entry effectively re-establishes the financial position of the business at the start of a new accounting period, using balances from the previous period's closing statements.

 

Question 2. सम्पत्ति खाते सम्बन्धी नियम को लिखिए।
Answer: The rule for asset accounts states that any increase in the value of an asset is recorded on the debit (left) side, while any decrease in the value of an asset is recorded on the credit (right) side. This ensures assets are accurately reflected.

Dr.सम्पत्ति खाता (Assets Account)Cr.
सम्पत्ति में वृद्धि (Increase in Assets)धनराशि (Amount ₹)सम्पत्ति में कमी (Decrease in Assets)धनराशि (Amount ₹)
    


In simple words: For assets, if you get more of an asset, you put it on the debit side. If you have less of an asset, you put it on the credit side.

 

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the debit and credit rules for assets, remembering that assets increase with debits and decrease with credits, which is the opposite of liabilities and capital.

 

Question 3. रामेश्वर ने Rs 2,00,000 से व्यापार प्रारम्भ किया। बैंक से Rs 1,00,000 का ऋण लिया। वर्ष के अन्त में उसकी सम्पत्तियाँ Rs 6,00,000 तथा दायित्व Rs 1,20,000 (अतिरिक्त) थे। वर्ष के अन्त में रामेश्वर की पूँजी तथा वर्ष के दौरान कमाए गए लाभ ज्ञात कीजिए।
Answer: First, calculate Ramesh's closing capital.
\( \text{Closing Capital} = \text{Year-end Assets} - \text{Year-end Liabilities} \)
\( \text{Closing Capital} = \text{Rs } 6,00,000 - \text{Rs } 1,20,000 \)
\( \text{Closing Capital} = \text{Rs } 4,80,000 \)
Next, calculate the profit for the year. The initial capital for profit calculation is taken as Rs 3,00,000 (which is the amount Ramesh started with plus the bank loan, treated as the total initial investment).
\( \text{Profit} = \text{Closing Capital} - \text{Opening Capital} \)
\( \text{Profit} = \text{Rs } 4,80,000 - \text{Rs } 3,00,000 \)
\( \text{Profit} = \text{Rs } 1,80,000 \)
In simple words: First, calculate the capital at the end of the year by subtracting liabilities from assets. Then, find the profit by subtracting the capital at the start of the year from the capital at the end of the year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly show the calculation of both closing capital and profit. Be careful to distinguish between initial owner's capital and total funds available, especially when loans are involved in the initial setup.

 

Question 4. "सम्पत्तियों का योग सदैव पूँजी एवं दायित्वों के योग के बराबर होता है। क्यों?
Answer: The total of assets always equals the sum of capital and liabilities because all assets in a business are financed either by the owner's capital or by funds borrowed from external parties. No assets can be acquired without these sources. This fundamental principle ensures that the balance sheet always remains balanced, also known as the accounting equation or balance sheet equation.
In simple words: Assets always equal capital plus liabilities because everything a business owns is either paid for by the owner's money (capital) or money borrowed from others (liabilities). This rule keeps the financial records balanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that the accounting equation reflects the dual aspect concept of accounting, where every transaction has two effects that keep the equation balanced.

 

Question 5. व्यक्तिगत तथा अव्यक्तिगत खातों में प्रविष्टि करने के नियम लिखिए।
Answer: The rules for personal and impersonal accounts are as follows:

  • व्यक्तिगत खाते में प्रविष्टि का नियम
    पाने वाले का खाता नाम करो (Debit the receiver)
    देने वाले का खाता जमा करो (Credit the giver)

Impersonal Accounts are divided into two types:

  1. वास्तविक खाते,
  2. अवास्तविक खाते


(1) वास्तविक खाते में प्रविष्टि के नियम-
आने वाली वस्तु या सम्पत्ति करो खाता नाम करो (Debit what comes in)
जाने वाली वस्तु या सम्पत्ति का खाता जमा करो (Credit what goes out)

(2) अवास्तविक खाते में प्रविष्टि के नियम
सभी हानियों तथा व्ययों को ऋणी करो (Debit all expenses and losses)
सभी लाभों तथा आयों को धनी करो (Credit all incomes and gains)
In simple words: For personal accounts, the person getting something is debited, and the person giving is credited. For real accounts (things you own), what comes in is debited, and what goes out is credited. For nominal accounts (income/expenses), expenses are debited, and income is credited.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the three golden rules of accounting for Personal, Real, and Nominal Accounts, as they are fundamental to passing journal entries correctly.

 

Question 7. व्यापारिक एवं नकद छूट में अन्तर को समझाइये।
Answer: व्यापारिक छूट तथा नकद छूट में अन्तर (Difference between Trade Discount and Cash Discount)

आधार (Base)व्यापारिक छूट (Trade Discount)नकद छूट (Cash Discount)
उद्देश्यइस छूट का उद्देश्य बिक्री में वृद्धि करना होता है।इसका उद्देश्य शीघ्र भुगतान प्राप्त करना होता है।
पुस्तकों में लेखा।इस प्रकार की छूट का पुस्तकों में कोई लेखा नहीं किया जाता है।इसका लेखा पुस्तकों में किया जाता है।
बीजक में दर्शानाइसे बीजक में सूची मूल्य में से घटाकर दर्शाया जाता है।इसे बीजक में नहीं दर्शाया जाता है।

Trade discount and cash discount differ in their purpose and accounting treatment. Trade discount aims to increase sales volume and is deducted from the list price, not recorded in books. Cash discount aims to encourage prompt payment and is recorded as an expense or income.
In simple words: Trade discount is a reduction in price to sell more, not written in books. Cash discount is a reduction for fast payment, and it *is* recorded in the books.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between trade discount (deducted from list price, not recorded) and cash discount (allowed for prompt payment, recorded in books), as this is a common area of confusion.

 

Question 8. ज

🎯 Exam Tip: Always read the full question to understand if it refers to a full journal entry or a specific aspect of it.

 

Question 9. जर्नल के प्रारूप को स्पष्टीकरण लिखिए।
Answer: The format of a journal includes several key columns:

  • (i) दिनांक (Date) – This is the first column, where the date of each transaction is recorded chronologically.
  • (ii) विवरण (Particulars) – This column details the accounts affected. The debit account is written first, followed by 'Dr.', and then the credit account is written below, prefixed with 'To'. A brief explanation (narration) of the transaction is also included in brackets.
  • (iii) खाता पृष्ठ संख्या (Ledger Folio Number) – This column is used to record the page number of the ledger where the journal entry is later posted. It is left blank during journalizing.
  • (iv) ऋणी धनराशि (Debit Amount) – The amount corresponding to the debit account is entered in this column.
  • (v) धनी धनराशि (Credit Amount)- The amount corresponding to the credit account is entered in this column.


In simple words: A journal has columns for date, details of the transaction (debit and credit accounts, and a small note), a page number for the ledger, and the amounts for both debit and credit. This helps to keep a clear record of every business event.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the journal format, ensure you describe the purpose of each column and the proper way to record entries within them, especially the particulars and narration.

 

Question 10. नि
Answer: The rules for debiting and crediting different types of accounts are based on their nature. This table categorizes common accounts and their nature:

क्र. सं.खाते का नामप्रकृति
(i)पूँजी खातापूँजी
(ii)बैंक खातासम्पत्ति
(iii)किराया खाताव्यय
(iv)क्रय खाताव्यय
(v)एकस्व खातासम्पत्ति
(vi)भवन खातासम्पत्ति
(vii)ब्याज प्राप्ति खाताआय
(viii)बकाया वेतन खातादायित्व
(ix)रोकड़ खातासम्पत्ति
(x)जीवन बीमा निगम का खातादायित्व


In simple words: Accounts are grouped by what they represent: capital (owner's money), assets (what the business owns), expenses (money spent), income (money earned), and liabilities (what the business owes). Each has specific rules for how entries are made.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying the nature of each account (asset, liability, capital, income, expense) is crucial for applying debit and credit rules accurately in journal entries.

 

Question 11. बिक्री कर के सम्बन्ध में कौन-कौन-सी प्रविष्टियाँ की जाती हैं ?
Answer: Regarding sales tax, two main entries are recorded:

  • (i) विक्रय पर (On Sale)
    \( \text{Cash A/c} \text{ Dr.} \)
    \( \text{To Sales A/C} \text{ Cr.} \)
    \( \text{To Sales Tax A/C} \text{ Cr.} \)
    (Being goods sold for cash and collected sales tax)
  • (ii) बिक्री कर की राशि सरकारी खाते में जमा करने पर (To Deposit Sales Tax Amount in Government Account)
    \( \text{Sales Tax A/C} \text{ Dr.} \)
    \( \text{To Bank A/c} \text{ Cr.} \)
    (Being sales tax deposited to government Account)


In simple words: When selling goods, you record the cash received, the sale itself, and the sales tax collected. Then, when you send the sales tax to the government, you record that payment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to separately account for the sales tax collected (as a liability) and its subsequent payment to the government, ensuring clear segregation of duties and proper tax compliance.

 

Question 13. क्रय बहीं तथा क्रय खाते में अन्तर को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
Answer: क्रय बही एवं क्रय खाते में अंन्तर (Difference between Purchase Book and Purchase Account)

  • क्रय बही प्रारम्भिक लेखे की एक पुस्तक है, जबकि क्रय ख़ाता, खाताबही में खोले जाने वाला एक खाता है ।
  • क्रय बही में केवल उधार क्रय का लेखा किया जाता है, जबकि क्रय खाते में माल के उधार तथा नकद दोनों प्रकार के क्रय का लेखा किया जाता है।
  • क्रय बही एकपक्षीय बही है, जबकि क्रय खाते में डेबिट तथा क्रेडिट दो पक्ष होते हैं।
  • क्रय बही का केवल योग किया जाता है, जबकि क्रय खाते का शेष निकाला जाता है।


The Purchase Book and Purchase Account differ in several ways:

  • The Purchase Book is a book of original entry, recording transactions first, while the Purchase Account is a ledger account where summarized entries are posted.
  • The Purchase Book records only credit purchases of goods, whereas the Purchase Account records both cash and credit purchases of goods.
  • The Purchase Book is a single-sided book, only showing purchases, while the Purchase Account has both debit and credit sides.
  • Only the total of the Purchase Book is calculated, but a balance is drawn for the Purchase Account.


In simple words: The Purchase Book only records items bought on credit, while the Purchase Account tracks all purchases (cash or credit). The book is just for first entries, but the account is where totals are kept and balanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between a subsidiary book (Purchase Book) used for original entry of specific transactions and a ledger account (Purchase Account) which consolidates all purchases from both the book and cash transactions.

 

Question 14. खरीदे गये माल को लौटाने के कारणों को लिखिए।
Answer: Goods purchased may be returned for several reasons:

  • The goods might be faulty or of poor quality.
  • The goods may not match the sample shown at the time of purchase.
  • The goods might not have been delivered within the agreed-upon time, meaning they were sent late.
  • The goods delivered may not be as per the original order.
  • The goods might have been damaged in transit.


In simple words: Goods are returned if they are bad quality, don't look like the sample, arrive late, aren't what was ordered, or get damaged on the way.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing reasons for returns, ensure you cover both quality/specification issues and delivery/logistics problems to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 16. विक्रय वापसी बही का प्रारूप दीजिए।
Answer: विक्रय वापसी बही का प्रारूप (Format of Sales Return Book)

DateParticularsDr./Cr. Note No.L.F.Amount (₹)
    DetailsTotal
      

The format of the Sales Return Book is designed to record goods returned by customers. It includes columns for the date of return, details of the goods and the customer, the debit/credit note number issued, ledger folio, and the value of the returned goods, split into details and total amounts for comprehensive record-keeping.
In simple words: The Sales Return Book is used to record items that customers send back to us. It lists the date, what was returned, and the value, helping us keep track of returns.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always include the Credit Note Number in the Sales Return Book, as it is the document issued to the customer acknowledging the return.

 

Question 17. क्रय बही तथा विक्रय बही के अन्तर को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
Answer: The Purchase Book and Sales Book are different in several key aspects:

Difference inPurchase BookSales Book
Type of TransactionRecords only credit purchases of goods.Records only credit sales of goods.
Source DocumentRecorded with the help of purchase invoices received from suppliers.Recorded with the help of sales invoices issued to customers.
Closing EntryAt the end of the period, closed by debiting Purchase A/c.At the end of the period, closed by crediting Sales A/c.


In simple words: The Purchase Book tracks items we buy on credit, and the Sales Book tracks items we sell on credit. They use different invoices and are closed differently at the end of the period.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing subsidiary books like the Purchase Book and Sales Book, always focus on the type of transactions they record, the source documents used, and their accounting treatment at the end of the period.

 

Question 18. मुख्य जर्नल में किन व्यवहारों का लेखा किया जाता है ?
Answer: मुख्य जर्नल में उन सभी व्यवहारों का लेखा किया जाता है, जिनका लेखा अन्य सहायक बहियों में नहीं हो सकता है। इसमें निम्नलिखित प्रविष्टियाँ की जाती हैं:

  • प्रारम्भिक प्रविष्टि (Opening entry)
  • अशुद्धि सुधार प्रविष्टियाँ (Rectification entries)
  • हस्तान्तरण प्रविष्टियाँ (Transfer entries)
  • समायोजन प्रविष्टियाँ (Adjustment entries)
  • अन्तिम प्रविष्टियाँ (Closing entries)
  • विविध प्रविष्टियाँ (Miscellaneous entries)


In simple words: A main journal is used for recording business dealings that don't fit into other specific record books. It includes things like starting entries, corrections, transfers, adjustments, closing entries, and various other types of transactions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Journal Proper acts as a residual book for entries that do not fall into any specialized subsidiary books like the Cash Book or Sales Book. Clearly listing the types of entries will help score full marks.

 

Question 19. डूबत ऋण तथा डूबत ऋण प्राप्ति से सम्बन्धित प्रविष्टियों को एक काल्पनिक उदाहरण की सहायता से समझाइये।
Answer:
उदाहरण (i) दीनानाथ ने व्यापार से Rs 10,000 उधार लिए थे और वह दिवालिया हो गया, जिससे कोई भी राशि प्राप्त नहीं हुई। इसकी प्रविष्टि इस प्रकार होगी:
Bad Debts A/c Dr. 10,000
To Deenanth's A/c 1,000
(Being amount due written off as bad debts)

उदाहरण (ii) यदि दिवालिया हुए दीनानाथ से बाद में डूबत ऋण की राशि में से Rs 5,000 प्राप्त होते हैं, तो उसकी प्रविष्टि इस प्रकार होगी:
Cash A/c Dr. 5,000
To Bad Debts Recovered A/c 5,000
(Being cash received from bad debts recovered)
In simple words: Bad debts are money that a business cannot collect from customers. If a customer who owed money goes bankrupt and doesn't pay, that amount is written off as a bad debt. If some of that money is received later, it's called bad debts recovered.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a debt becomes uncollectible, debit Bad Debts A/c and credit the Debtor's A/c. If any portion of the written-off debt is later recovered, debit Cash A/c and credit Bad Debts Recovered A/c.

 

RBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 3 निबन्धात्मक प्रश्न

 

Question 1. लेखांकन समीकरण से आपको क्या तात्पर्य है ? लेखांकन समीकरण पर आधारित विभिन्न खातों में नाम तथा जमा करने के नियम उदाहरण सहित समझाइये।
Answer:
लेखांकन समीकरण (Accounting Equation) दोहरा लेखा सिद्धान्त पर आधारित है। इस सिद्धान्त के अनुसार, हर एक लेन-देन का लेखा दो खातों में होता है। एक खाता डेबिट होता है और दूसरा क्रेडिट होता है। इसी कारण से आर्थिक चिट्ठे (Balance Sheet) के दोनों पक्षों का जोड़ हमेशा बराबर होता है। जब इस बात को समीकरण के रूप में लिखते हैं, तो इसे लेखांकन समीकरण कहते हैं, जिसे चिट्ठा समीकरण भी कहा जाता है। इस समीकरण के अनुसार, सम्पत्तियों की कुल राशि हमेशा दायित्वों और पूँजी के कुल योग के बराबर होती है।

हर लेन-देन से व्यवसाय की सम्पत्तियों, दायित्वों और पूँजी में बदलाव आता है। इसका मतलब है कि अगर सम्पत्तियों में वृद्धि होती है, तो दायित्वों या पूँजी में भी वृद्धि होगी। इसी तरह, अगर सम्पत्तियों में कमी होती है, तो दायित्वों या पूँजी में भी कमी होगी।

लेखांकन समीकरण के अलग-अलग रूप निम्नलिखित हैं:
सम्पत्तियाँ (Assets) = दायित्व (Liabilities) + पूँजी (Capital)
अथवा
दायित्व (Liabilities) = सम्पत्तियाँ (Assets) – पूँजी (Capital)
अथवा
पूँजी (Capital) = सम्पत्तियाँ (Assets) – दायित्व (Liabilities)

विभिन्न खातों में नाम (Debit) तथा जमा (Credit) करने के नियम:
(i) व्यक्तिगत खाते (Personal Accounts):
नियम- पाने वाले व्यक्ति या संस्था का खाता नाम करो (Debit the receiver) और देने वाले व्यक्ति या संस्था का खाता जमा करो (Credit the giver)।
उदाहरण- ईश्वर सिंह का खाता, हिंदुस्तान यूनिलीवर लि. का खाता, अदत्त वेतन खाता, पूर्वदत्त ब्याज खाता आदि। पूँजी और आहरण खातों को भी व्यक्तिगत खाते माना जाता है।

(ii) दायित्व खाते (Liabilities Accounts) का नियम:
दायित्वों में वृद्धि को जमा करो तथा कमी को नाम करो (Credit the increase in liabilities and debit the decrease in liabilities)।
उदाहरण- अदत्त किराया Rs 2,000
Rent A/c Dr. 2,000
To Outstanding Rent A/c 2,000
(Being rent outstanding)

(iii) पूँजी खाता (Capital Account) का नियम:
पूँजी में वृद्धि को जमा करो तथा कमी को नाम करो (Credit the increase in capital and debit the decrease in capital)।
उदाहरण- व्यापार आरम्भ किया Rs 50,000
Cash A/C Dr. 50,000
To Capital A/c 50,000
(Being business started)

(iv) आय एवं लाभ खाते (Income and Profit Accounts) का नियम:
आय एवं लाभ में वृद्धि को जमा करो तथा आय एवं लाभ में कमी को नाम करो (Credit the increase in income and profit and debit the decrease in income and profit)।
उदाहरण- किराया प्राप्त हुआ Rs 500
Cash A/C Dr. 500
To Rent A/C
(Being rent received)

(v) व्यय एवं हानि खाते (Expenses and Losses Accounts) का नियम:
सभी हानियों तथा व्ययों को नाम करो (Debit all expenses and losses) और सभी लाभों तथा आयों को जमा करो (Credit all incomes and gains)।
उदाहरण- मजदूरी चुकाई Rs 1,000
Wages A/c Dr. 1,000
To Cash A/c
(Being wages paid)
In simple words: The accounting equation shows that what a business owns (assets) is equal to what it owes to others (liabilities) plus what the owner has put in (capital). Every business dealing changes at least two parts of this equation to keep it balanced. There are specific rules for which accounts get a 'debit' (increase) or 'credit' (decrease) based on whether they are personal, asset, liability, income, or expense accounts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the accounting equation and its variants. For rules of debit and credit, categorize accounts (personal, real, nominal) and give one simple example for each, ensuring to show the impact on the equation.

 

Question 2. खातों के वर्गीकरण को विस्तारपूर्वक समझाइये। विभिन्न खातों से सम्बन्धित प्रविष्टि करने के नियम उदाहरण सहित समझाइये।
Answer:
खातों को मुख्य रूप से दो भागों में बाँटा जा सकता है: व्यक्तिगत खाते (Personal Accounts) और अव्यक्तिगत खाते (Impersonal Accounts)। अव्यक्तिगत खातों को आगे वास्तविक खाते (Real Accounts) और अवास्तविक खाते (Nominal Accounts) में बाँटा जाता है।
 

खाते (Accounts)
(I) व्यक्तिगत खाते (Personal Accounts)(II) अव्यक्तिगत खाते (Impersonal Accounts)
(a) प्राकृतिक व्यक्तिगत खाते (Natural Personal Accounts)(b) कृत्रिम व्यक्तिगत खाते (Artificial Personal Accounts)(c) प्रतिनिधित्व खाते (Representative Personal Accounts)(a) वास्तविक खाते (Real Accounts)(b) अवास्तविक खाते या नाममात्र के खाते (Nominal Accounts)
 • मूर्त वास्तविक खाते (Tangible Real Accounts)• अमूर्त वास्तविक खाते (Intangible Real Accounts)


(i) व्यक्तिगत खाते (Personal Accounts):
ये खाते किसी व्यक्ति, संस्था, फर्म, कंपनी या निगम के नाम से जुड़े होते हैं। साथ ही, बकाया (Outstanding) और पूर्वदत्त (Prepaid) मदों से संबंधित खाते भी व्यक्तिगत खाते कहलाते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, ईश्वर सिंह का खाता, हिंदुस्तान यूनिलीवर लि. का खाता, अदत्त वेतन खाता, पूर्वदत्त ब्याज खाता आदि। पूँजी और आहरण (Drawings) खाते भी व्यक्तिगत खाते माने जाते हैं क्योंकि इनमें मालिक और व्यवसाय के बीच के लेन-देन दर्ज होते हैं।
नियम- पाने वाले व्यक्ति या संस्था का खाता डेबिट करो (Debit the receiver) और देने वाले व्यक्ति या संस्था का खाता क्रेडिट करो (Credit the giver)।
व्यक्तिगत खातों को तीन श्रेणियों में बाँटा जा सकता है:
(a) प्राकृतिक व्यक्तिगत खाते (Natural Personal Accounts): ये खाते प्राकृतिक व्यक्तियों से संबंधित होते हैं, जैसे ईश्वर सिंह का खाता, पूँजी खाता आदि।
(b) कृत्रिम व्यक्तिगत खाते (Artificial Personal Accounts): ये खाते विभिन्न कानूनों के अनुसार बनाए गए कृत्रिम व्यक्तियों से संबंधित होते हैं, जैसे कोटा विश्वविद्यालय का खाता, हिंदुस्तान यूनिलीवर का खाता आदि।
(c) प्रतिनिधित्व व्यक्तिगत खाते (Representative Personal Accounts): ये खाते किसी व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों के समूह का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं, जैसे पूर्वदत्त बीमा खाता, अनुपार्जित ब्याज खाता आदि।

(ii) अव्यक्तिगत खाते (Impersonal Accounts): ये खाते व्यक्तिगत खातों के अलावा होते हैं। इन्हें आगे दो भागों में बाँटा जाता है:
(a) वास्तविक खाते (Real Accounts): ये खाते उन वस्तुओं या सम्पत्तियों से संबंधित होते हैं जिनका भौतिक अस्तित्व होता है और जिन्हें छू या देखा जा सकता है, साथ ही उन सम्पत्तियों से जिनका भौतिक अस्तित्व नहीं होता लेकिन उन्हें अनुभव किया जा सकता है और उनका क्रय-विक्रय किया जा सकता है।
नियम- जो वस्तु या सम्पत्ति व्यवसाय में आती है उसे डेबिट करो (Debit what comes in) और जो वस्तु या सम्पत्ति व्यवसाय से जाती है उसे क्रेडिट करो (Credit what goes out)।
वास्तविक खातों को दो भागों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है:
• मूर्त वास्तविक खाते (Tangible Real Accounts): जिन वस्तुओं या सम्पत्तियों का भौतिक अस्तित्व होता है और जिन्हें छुआ एवं देखा जा सकता है, उनसे संबंधित खाते मूर्त वास्तविक खाते कहलाते हैं। जैसे-भवन खाता, मशीनरी खाता आदि।
• अमूर्त वास्तविक खाते (Intangible Real Accounts): जिन वस्तुओं या सम्पत्तियों का भौतिक अस्तित्व नहीं होता और न ही उन्हें छुआ एवं देखा जा सकता है लेकिन जिन्हें अनुभव किया जा सकता है तथा उनका क्रय-विक्रय किया जा सकता है, उनसे संबंधित खाते अमूर्त वास्तविक खाते कहलाते हैं। जैसे-ख्याति खाता, एकस्व खाता आदि।

(b) अवास्तविक खाते (Nominal Accounts): ये खाते आय, व्यय, लाभ और हानि से संबंधित होते हैं। इन्हें नाममात्र के खाते भी कहते हैं। जैसे किराया खाता, ब्याज खाता, वेतन खाता आदि।
नियम- सभी हानियों तथा व्ययों को डेबिट करो (Debit all expenses and losses) और सभी लाभों तथा आयों को क्रेडिट करो (Credit all incomes and gains)।
उपर्युक्त खातों से संबंधित नियमों को निम्नलिखित लेन-देनों के उदाहरण से स्पष्ट रूप से समझा जा सकता है:
उदाहरण 1: वेतन दिया (रोकड़)
यह एक खर्च है, इसलिए वेतन खाते को डेबिट करेंगे। रोकड़ जा रही है, इसलिए वास्तविक खाते के नियम के अनुसार रोकड़ खाते को क्रेडिट करेंगे।
वेतन खाता Dr.
    To रोकड़ खाता

उदाहरण 2: कमीशन मिला (रोकड़)
यह एक आय है, इसलिए कमीशन खाते को क्रेडिट करेंगे। रोकड़ आ रही है, इसलिए वास्तविक खाते के नियम के अनुसार रोकड़ खाते को डेबिट करेंगे।
रोकड़ खाता Dr.
    To कमीशन खाता
In simple words: Accounts are grouped into personal (for people/organizations), real (for assets like land or cash), and nominal (for income or expenses). Each type has rules for recording money coming in (debit) or going out (credit). For example, if you pay salary, salary is an expense (nominal), so you debit it. Cash goes out (real), so you credit cash.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining account classification, provide clear definitions and apply the "golden rules" of accounting (Debit the receiver, Credit the giver; Debit what comes in, Credit what goes out; Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains) with a concise example for each category to ensure a complete answer.

 

Question 3. लेखांकन के मूल प्रलेख किसे कहते हैं ? विभिन्न प्रकार के मूल प्रलेखों का वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer:
मूल स्रोत प्रलेख (Source Document) वे दस्तावेज़ होते हैं जो पुस्तकों में लेन-देनों को रिकॉर्ड करने का आधार बनते हैं। ये प्रलेख व्यवसायी व्यवहारों की सच्चाई को साबित करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किए जाते हैं। प्रमुख स्रोत प्रलेख निम्नलिखित हैं:

(i) बीजक तथा बिल (Invoice and Bill): जब उधार पर माल खरीदा या बेचा जाता है, तो विक्रेता क्रेता को माल के विवरण वाला एक दस्तावेज़ देता है, जिसे विक्रय बीजक (Sales Invoice) कहते हैं। जब व्यापारी उधार पर माल खरीदता है और उसे जो दस्तावेज़ मिलता है, उसे बिल (Bill) कहते हैं। इस तरह, बीजक और बिल का अर्थ समान है, बस यह अलग-अलग स्थितियों में इस्तेमाल होते हैं।

(ii) जमा की पर्ची (Pay-in-Slip): यह वह पर्ची है जिसका उपयोग बैंक में रुपये या चेक जमा करने के लिए किया जाता है। बैंक इसे मुफ्त में देता है। जमा पर्ची के दो भाग होते हैं - पर्ण (counterfoil) और प्रतिपर्ण (main slip)। पर्ण बैंक में पैसे के साथ जमा हो जाता है, और प्रतिपर्ण पर रोकड़िया अपने हस्ताक्षर करके ग्राहक को प्रमाण के रूप में लौटा देता है।

(iii) चेक (Cheque): चेक एक बिना शर्त वाला, लिखित आदेश पत्र होता है जो एक खाताधारक द्वारा अपने बैंक को लिखा जाता है। बैंक चेकबुक उपलब्ध कराता है।

(iv) नाम पत्र (Debit Note): जब कोई पक्षकार माल लौटाता है, या विक्रेता द्वारा मूल्य अधिक लगाया जाता है, या कम छूट दी जाती है, या किसी अन्य गलती को ठीक करने के लिए जो पत्र भेजा जाता है, उसे नाम पत्र कहते हैं। क्रेता द्वारा विक्रेता को नाम पत्र भेजने के बाद, अपनी पुस्तकों में विक्रेता के खाते को नाम कर लिया जाता है। नाम पत्र की मूल प्रति विक्रेता को भेज दी जाती है और उसकी एक प्रति कार्यालय में रखी जाती है। नाम पत्र का प्रारूप निम्नांकित है:

जमा पत्र (Credit Note)
To: Name of PurchaserCredit Note No. ..................
Sender's (Seller) Address
Address: ...........................Date: ........................
We credit your account with the following amount
ReasonsParticularsAmount (Rs) 
............................................................ 
............................................................ 
Total....................
E. & O.E.For (Name of Seller)
Name of sender with designation


(v) जमा पत्र (Credit Note): जब क्रेता द्वारा उधार खरीदे गए माल को कुछ कारणों से वापस लौटाया जाता है, तो विक्रेता क्रेता को जमा पत्र भेजता है। विक्रेता अपनी पुस्तकों में क्रेता के खाते को जमा करता है। इसका प्रारूप नाम पत्र के समान होता है, बस इसमें "We credit your account" लिखा होता है।
In simple words: Source documents are written proofs of business dealings. They include things like invoices (for credit sales), bills (for credit purchases), pay-in slips (for bank deposits), cheques (for payments), debit notes (for returns to suppliers or overcharges), and credit notes (for returns from customers or undercharges). These papers help make sure all records are correct.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the major source documents and explain their purpose. For documents with specific formats (like Debit/Credit Note), a brief description of key fields or a simplified diagram can be beneficial.

 

Question 4. माल खाते का वर्गीकरण किस प्रकार किया जाता है ? माल से सम्बन्धित विशिष्ट व्यवहारों की प्रविष्टियाँ दीजिए।
Answer:
माल खाता (Goods Account) उन वस्तुओं का लेखा रखता है जिन्हें लाभ कमाने के उद्देश्य से खरीदा जाता है। लेखा पुस्तकों में माल से संबंधित लेन-देन को रिकॉर्ड करने के लिए माल खाते को निम्नलिखित पाँच भागों में बाँटा जाता है:

  • क्रय खाता (Purchase A/c)
  • क्रय वापसी खाता (Purchase Return A/c)
  • विक्रय खाता (Sales A/c)
  • विक्रय वापसी खाता (Sales Return A/c)
  • रहति खाता (Stock A/c)


माल से संबंधित विशिष्ट व्यवहारों की प्रविष्टियाँ (Journal Entries of Special Transactions Relating to Goods):
(i) स्वामी द्वारा निजी प्रयोग हेतु माल का आहरण (Goods Withdrawn by Proprietor for Personal Use):
Drawings A/C Dr.
    To Purchase A/c
(Being goods withdrawn for personal use)

(ii) नमूने के रूप में माल का मुफ्त वितरण (Distribution of Goods as Free Sample):
Free Sample A/C Dr.
    To Purchase A/C
(Being goods distributed as free sample)

(iii) दान में माल देना (Goods Given away as Charity):
Charity A/c Dr.
    To Purchase A/C
(Being goods given away as charity)

(iv) चोरी, आग अथवा अन्य कारणों से माल की हानि (Loss of Goods by Theft, Fire or Other Reasons):
Loss by Theft/Fire/Earthquake/Flood A/c Dr.
    To Purchase A/C
(Being goods lost)

यदि हानि हुए माल का बीमा है तो निम्नांकित प्रविष्टि होगी:
Insurance Co.'s A/c Dr.
    To Loss by Theft/Fire/Earthquake/Flood A/C
(Being insurance claimed)

यदि आंशिक दावा स्वीकार होता है तो निम्नांकित प्रविष्टि होगी:
Cash A/c Dr. (Amount Received)
Profit & Loss A/C Dr. (Loss)
    To Insurance Co.'s A/C (Total Amount)
(Being insurance received claim partly)
In simple words: A goods account keeps track of all items bought to be sold. It is split into parts like purchase, sales, and returns. Special rules are used when goods are taken by the owner for personal use, given as free samples or charity, or lost due to theft or fire, as these are not regular sales. If insured, claims are recorded.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the components of the Goods Account clearly. For special transactions, remember that the Purchase Account is credited because goods are leaving the business for reasons other than sale. Include the narration for each entry.

 

Question 5. जर्नल की सीमाओं का उल्लेख करते हुए सहायक बहियों के लाभों का वर्णन कीजिए। यह भी बताइये कि सहायक बहियों में किन व्यवहारों का लेखा किया जाता है ?
Answer:
जर्नल की सीमाएँ (Limitations of Journal):

  • जर्नल से रोकड़ शेष की जानकारी नहीं मिल पाती है।
  • सभी लेन-देनों का जर्नल में ही लेखा करने से यह बहुत बड़ा और भारी हो जाता है।
  • जर्नल में केवल एक व्यक्ति द्वारा लेखा करने से गलती और धोखाधड़ी की संभावना बढ़ जाती है।
  • हर लेन-देन के लिए एक खाते को बार-बार नाम या जमा करने और खतौनी में डेबिट-क्रेडिट करने में समय और लागत दोनों लगते हैं।


सहायक बहियों के लाभ (Advantages of Subsidiary Books):

 

  • योग्यतानुसार कार्य विभाजन (Division of Work According to Ability): सहायक बहियाँ होने से अलग-अलग कर्मचारियों में उनकी योग्यता के अनुसार काम बाँटा जा सकता है, जिससे काम जल्दी पूरा होता है।
  • उत्तरदायित्व का निर्धारण (Fixation of Responsibility): हर कर्मचारी एक खास सहायक बही से जुड़ा होता है। अगर उसमें कोई गलती होती है, तो उसे जिम्मेदार ठहराया जा सकता है।
  • जाँच में सुविधा (Facility in Checking): अगर किसी गलती के कारण तलपट (Trial Balance) का जोड़ नहीं मिलता है, तो संबंधित सहायक बही की मदद से गलती की जाँच आसानी से की जा सकती है।
  • खतौनी में सुविधा (Easiness in Posting): एक सहायक बही एक ही तरह के लेन-देनों से संबंधित होती है, इसलिए उनकी खतौनी बार-बार नहीं, बल्कि एक ही बार में कर दी जाती है।
  • कपट से बचाव (Protection from Fraud): लेखा पुस्तकों में लेखा करने का काम कई लोगों द्वारा किया जाता है, जिससे धोखाधड़ी की संभावना कम हो जाती है।
  • एक ही स्थान पर पूर्ण विवरण (Full Information at One Place): सहायक बहियाँ रखने से प्रबंधकों को सभी लेन-देनों की जानकारी एक ही बही से मिल जाती है।


सहायक बहियों में उन सभी प्रकार के व्यवहारों का लेखा किया जाता है जो एक ही प्रकार के होते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, नकद लेन-देनों का लेखा रोकड़ बही में, उधार क्रय का लेखा क्रय बही में, उधार क्रय की वापसी का लेखा क्रय वापसी बही में, उधार विक्रय का लेखा विक्रय बही में, और उधार विक्रय की वापसी का लेखा विक्रय वापसी बही में किया जाता है। जिस लेन-देन का लेखा किसी भी सहायक बही में नहीं किया जा सकता, उसका लेखा मुख्य जर्नल में किया जाता है।
In simple words: Journals can become too big and make it hard to find cash balances or assign responsibility. Subsidiary books, like cash books or sales books, help by dividing work, making it easier to find mistakes, speeding up data entry, and preventing fraud. They record specific types of transactions, like cash dealings in the cash book or credit purchases in the purchase book, while a main journal handles everything else.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast the limitations of a single journal with the benefits of specialized subsidiary books. Highlight how subsidiary books improve efficiency, accountability, and accuracy in accounting records.

 

RBSE Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 3 आंकिक प्रश्न

 

Question 1. निम्नलिखित व्यवहारों से लेखांकन समीकरण दर्शाइये।
Answer:

(-) 3,400(-) 20,000
Account EquationAssets = Liabilities + Capital
(i)नकद से व्यापार प्रारम्भ किया (Business started with cash)1,40,000+ 0+ 0= 1,40,000 + 0
(ii)उधार माल क्रय किया (Goods purchased on credit)+ 0+ 28,000+ 0= 0 + 28,000
 New equation1,40,000+ 28,000+ 0= 1,40,000 + 28,000
(iii)नकद माल क्रय किया (Goods purchased for cash)- 20,000+ 20,000+ 0= 0 + 0
 New equation1,20,000+ 48,000+ 0= 1,40,000 + 28,000
(iv)उधार माल बेचा (लागत मूल्य Rs 24,000) (Goods sold on credit Rs 30,000)+ 0- 24,000 + 30,000+ 0= + 6,000 + 0
 New equation1,20,000+ 24,000 + 30,000+ 0= 1,46,000 + 28,000
(v)देनदारों से प्राप्त किए (Received from debtors)+ 30,000+ 0 - 30,000+ 0= 1,46,000 + 28,000
 New equation1,50,000+ 24,000+ 0= 1,46,000 + 28,000
(vi)नकद माल बेचा (लागत मूल्य Rs 6,000) (Goods sold for cash Rs 8,000)+ 8,000- 6,000+ 0= + 2,000 + 0
 New equation1,58,000+ 18,000+ 0= 1,48,000 + 28,000
(vii)निजी व्यय हेतु आहरण किया (Withdraw for personal expenses)+ 0+ 0= -3,400 + 0
 New equation1,54,600+ 18,000+ 0= 1,44,600 + 28,000
(viii)मजदूरी चुकाई (Wages paid)(-) 600+ 0+ 0= (-) 600 + 0
 New equation1,54,000+ 18,000+ 0= 1,44,000 + 28,000
(ix)पूँजी पर ब्याज दिया (Interest allowed on capital)(-) 700+ 0+ 0= (-) 700 + 0
 New equation1,53,300+ 18,000+ 0= 1,43,300 + 28,000
(x)फर्नीचर खरीदा (Furniture purchased)+ 0+ 0+ 1,000= 0 + 0
 New equation1,53,300+ 18,000+ 1,000= 1,43,300 + 28,000
(xi)लेनदारों को भुगतान किया (Paid to creditors)+ 0+ 0= 0 - 20,000
 Final equation1,32,300+ 18,000+ 1,000= 1,43,300 + 8,000


In simple words: The accounting equation is like a balance scale where total assets (what the business owns) must always equal the sum of liabilities (what it owes) and capital (owner's investment). Each transaction is recorded to make sure this balance is always maintained.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always ensure that after each transaction, the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Capital) remains balanced. Clearly show the effect of each transaction on the respective accounts.

 

Question 2. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों के आधार पर लेखांकन समीकरण दर्शाइये तथा अन्तिम नये समीकरण शेष से चिट्ठा प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
(i) रोकड़ Rs 40,000, माल Rs 1,00,000 तथा फर्नीचर Rs 60,000 से व्यापार प्रारम्भ किया।
(Business started with cash Rs 40,000, Goods Rs 1,00,000 and furniture Rs 60,000)
(ii) रघुवीर से उधार माल खरीदा Rs 80,000
(Goods purchased from Raghuveer on credit Rs 80,000).
(v) Rs 10,000 की लागत का माल निजी प्रयोग हेतु निकाला।
(Goods withdraw for personal use costing Rs 10,000)
(vi) स्वामी ने निजी प्रयोग हेतु कम्प्यूटर खरीदा Rs 40,000
(Computer purchased for personal use of the proprietor Rs 40,000)
(vii) कृष्ण कुमार को उधार माल बेचा Rs 1,30,000 (लागत मूल्य Rs 1,00,000)
(Goods sold to Krishna Kumar on credit Rs 1,30,000) (Costing Rs 1,00,000)
(viii) अतिरिक्त पूँजी लगाई Rs 80,000
(Additional introduced capital Rs 80,000)
(x) रघुवीर को चुकाये Rs 60,000
(Paid to Raghuveer Rs 60,000)
(x) स्टेशनरी के चुकाये Rs 1,000 तथा कमीशन प्राप्त किया Rs 2,400
(Paid for stationery Rs 1,000 and commission received Rs 2,400.)
Answer:

Accounting EquationAssets = Liabilities + Capital
 TransactionsCashGoodsFurnitureCreditorsCapital
(i)Business started with cash Rs 40,000, Goods Rs 1,00,000 and furniture Rs 60,00040,0001,00,00060,00002,00,000
 Equation40,000+ 1,00,000+ 60,000= 0+ 2,00,000
(ii)Goods purchased from Raghuveer on credit Rs 80,0000+ 80,000+ 0+ 80,000+ 0
 New equation40,000+ 1,80,000+ 60,000= 80,000+ 2,00,000
(iii)Furniture purchased for office use for cash Rs 20,000 (missing from question, inferred from solution)- 20,000+ 0+ 20,000= 0+ 0
 New equation20,000+ 1,80,000+ 80,000= 80,000+ 2,00,000
(iv)Goods sold for cash (Costing Rs 60,000) Rs 80,000 (missing from question, inferred from solution)+ 80,000- 60,000+ 0= 0+ 20,000
 New equation1,00,000+ 1,20,000+ 80,000= 80,000+ 2,20,000
(v)Goods withdrawn for personal use costing Rs 10,0000- 10,000+ 0= 0- 10,000
 New equation1,00,000+ 1,10,000+ 80,000= 80,000+ 2,10,000
(vi)Purchased computer for personal use of the proprietor Rs 40,000(-) 40,000+ 0+ 0= 0- 40,000
 New equation60,000+ 1,10,000+ 80,000= 80,000+ 1,70,000
(vii)Sold goods to Krishna Kumar on credit Rs 1,30,000 costing Rs 1,00,0000- 1,00,000 + 1,30,000+ 0= 0+ 30,000
 New equation60,000+ 10,000+ 1,30,000= 80,000+ 2,00,000
(viii)Introduced additional capital Rs 80,000+ 80,000+ 0+ 0= 0+ 80,000
 New equation1,40,000+ 10,000+ 1,30,000= 80,000+ 2,80,000
(ix)Paid to Raghuveer Rs 60,000(-) 60,000+ 0+ 0= -60,000+ 0
 New equation80,000+ 10,000+ 1,30,000= 20,000+ 2,80,000
(x)Paid for Stationery Rs 1,000 and commission received Rs 2,400(-) 1,000 + 2,400+ 0+ 0= 0- 1,000 + 2,400
 Final Equation81,400+ 10,000+ 1,30,000= 20,000+ 2,81,400


अन्तिम समीकरण शेष से चिट्ठा:

 

LiabilitiesAmount (Rs)AssetsAmount (Rs)
Creditors20,000Cash81,400
Capital2,81,400Debtors1,30,000
  Stock10,000
  Furniture80,000
Total3,01,400Total3,01,400


In simple words: We record each business transaction to keep the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Capital) balanced. This means that every time something happens, like buying goods or selling them, the total value of what the business owns must still equal what it owes plus what the owner has put in. After all transactions, a balance sheet is made to show the final position of assets, liabilities, and capital, confirming that the equation holds true.

🎯 Exam Tip: When solving accounting equation problems, clearly identify the two accounts affected by each transaction and their impact (increase or decrease). Ensure the equation remains balanced after every step. For the balance sheet, list assets and liabilities correctly, making sure both sides match the final equation total.

 

Question 3. प्रश्न में दिए गए व्यवहारों के आधार पर जर्नल प्रविष्टियाँ दीजिए।
Answer:
प्रश्न 1 में दिए गए व्यवहारों के आधार पर जर्नल प्रविष्टियाँ निम्नलिखित हैं:

Journal EntriesDr. Amount (Rs)Cr. Amount (Rs)
Cash A/cDr.1,40,000 
Goods A/cDr.28,000 
Furniture A/cDr.20,000 
    To Capital A/c  1,88,000
(Being business started with cash, goods and furniture)
Purchase A/cDr.28,000 
    To Creditor's A/c  28,000
(Being goods purchased on credit)
Purchase A/cDr.20,000 
    To Cash A/c  20,000
(Being goods purchased for cash)
Debtor's A/cDr.30,000 
    To Sales A/c  30,000
(Being goods sold on credit)
Cash A/cDr.30,000 
    To Debtor's A/c  30,000
(Being cash received from debtors)
Cash A/cDr.8,000 
    To Sales A/c  8,000
(Being goods sold for cash)
Drawings A/cDr.3,400 
    To Cash A/c  3,400
(Being withdraw for personal use)
Wages A/cDr.600 
    To Cash A/c  600
(Being wages paid)
Interest on Capital A/cDr.700 
    To Cash A/c  700
(Being Interest allowed on capital)
Furniture A/cDr.1,000 
    To Cash A/c  1,000
(Being furniture purchased)
Creditor's A/cDr.20,000 
    To Cash A/c  20,000
(Being paid to creditors)
Grand Total2,81,7002,81,700


In simple words: Journal entries are the first place where business transactions are recorded. For each transaction, we identify which accounts increase (debit) and which decrease (credit) based on accounting rules, ensuring that debits always equal credits. This creates a detailed record of every financial activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: For journal entries, always remember to identify the two accounts affected by each transaction, determine if they are to be debited or credited, and always include a concise narration explaining the transaction. Ensure debit and credit totals match.

 

Question 4. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों के आधार पर जर्नल प्रविष्टियाँ दीजिए।
(i) रोकड़ Rs 40,000, माल Rs 1,00,000 तथा फर्नीचर Rs 60,000 से व्यापार प्रारम्भ किया।
(Business started with cash Rs 40,000, Goods Rs 1,00,000 and furniture Rs 60,000)
(ii) रघुवीर से उधार माल खरीदा Rs 80,000
(Goods purchased from Raghuveer on credit Rs 80,000).
(v) Rs 10,000 की लागत का माल निजी प्रयोग हेतु निकाला।
(Goods withdraw for personal use costing Rs 10,000)
(vi) स्वामी ने निजी प्रयोग हेतु कम्प्यूटर खरीदा Rs 40,000
(Computer purchased for personal use of the proprietor Rs 40,000)
(vii) कृष्ण कुमार को उधार माल बेचा Rs 1,30,000 (लागत मूल्य Rs 1,00,000)
(Goods sold to Krishna Kumar on credit Rs 1,30,000) (Costing Rs 1,00,000)
(viii) अतिरिक्त पूँजी लगाई Rs 80,000
(Additional introduced capital Rs 80,000)
(x) रघुवीर को चुकाये Rs 60,000
(Paid to Raghuveer Rs 60,000)
(x) स्टेशनरी के चुकाये Rs 1,000 तथा कमीशन प्राप्त किया Rs 2,400
(Paid for stationery Rs 1,000 and commission received Rs 2,400.)
Answer:

 Furniture A/cDr.60,000 
 To Capital A/c  2,00,000
 (Being business started with cash, goods and furniture)   
(ii)Purchase A/cDr.80,000 
 To Raghuveer's A/c  80,000
 (Being goods purchased from Raghuveer on credit)   
(iii)Furniture A/cDr.20,000 
 To Cash A/c  20,000
 (Being furniture purchased for office use for cash)   
(iv)Cash A/cDr.80,000 
 To Sales A/c  80,000
 (Being goods sold for cash)   
(v)Drawings A/cDr.10,000 
 To Purchase A/c  10,000
 (Being goods withdrew for personal use)   
(vi)Drawings A/cDr.40,000 
 To Cash A/c  40,000
 (Being computer purchased for personal use)   
(vii)Krishna Kumar's A/cDr.1,30,000 
 To Sales A/c  1,30,000
 (Being goods sold to Krishna Kumar on credit)   
(viii)Cash A/cDr.80,000 
 To Capital A/c  80,000
 (Being additional capital introduced)   
(ix)Raghuveer's A/cDr.60,000 
 To Cash A/c  60,000
 (Being paid to Raghuveer)   
(x)Stationery A/cDr.1,000 
 To Cash A/c  1,000
 (Being stationery purchased)   
(xi)Cash A/cDr.2,400 
 To Commission A/c  2,400
 (Being commission received)   
 Grand Total 7,03,4007,03,400

In simple words: Journal entries record all financial transactions in a systematic way. Each entry follows double-entry rules, debiting one account and crediting another, with specific narratives explaining the transaction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify the date, debit and credit accounts, amounts, and a clear narration for each journal entry. Ensure debit and credit totals match.

 

Question 5. कमल कुमार के रोजनामचे में निम्नांकित लेन-देनों की प्रविष्टियाँ कीजिए।
(Pass the Journal entries for the following transactions in the journal of Kamal Kumar) 2016
July 1 कमल कुमार ने रोकड़ Rs 1,50,000, फर्नीचर Rs 10,000 तथा माल Rs 60,000 लगाकर व्यापार प्रारम्भ किया
(Kamal Kumar started business with cash Rs 1,50,000, furniture Rs 10,000 and goods Rs 60,000)
July 11 Rs 12,000 का फर्नीचर क्रय किया नरेन्द्र से 12% व्यापारिक छूट पर Rs 50,000 सूची मूल्य का माल खरीदा
(Furniture purchased for Rs 12,000 and goods purchased from Narendra of the list price of Rs 50,000)
नरेन्द्र को Rs 4,000 सूची मूल्य का माल वापस किया
(Goods returned to Narendra of the list price of Rs 4,000)
July 16 नरेन्द्र को 5% छूट पर नकद भुगतान करके हिसाब चुकता कर दिया
(Clear the account of Narendra by paying cash at a discount of 5%)
July 18 अमित को Rs 20,000 का तथा सुमित को Rs 32,000 का माल बेचा।
(Goods sold to Amit Rs 20,000 and Sumit Rs 32,000)
July 21 अमित से पूर्ण भुगतान में Rs 19,600 प्राप्त हुए तथा Rs 1,500 बीमा प्रीमियम के चुकाये
(Cash Received from Amit Rs 19,600 in full settlement of his account and insurance premium paid Rs 1,500)
July 23 Rs 2,400 व्यापार के स्वामी के जीवन बीमा प्रीमियम हेतु दिए
(Paid Rs 2,400 for insurance premium for business proprietor.)
July 25 10% व्यापारिक कटौती तथा 2% नकद कटौती पर Rs 16,000 सूची मूल्य का माल क्रय किया
(Goods purchased for Rs 16,000 for cash at a trade discount of 10% and cash discount of 2%)
July 28 सुमित से 5% नकद छूट पर सम्पूर्ण भुगतान प्राप्त किया
(Cash Received from Sumit at a discount of 5% in full settlement of his account)
July 30 विज्ञापन Rs 2000, वेतन Rs 8,000 तथा किराये के Rs 1,600 चुकाये ।
(Advertisement Paid Rs 2,000, salaries paid Rs 8,000 and rent paid Rs 1,600)
July 31 कमीशन के Rs 1,000 प्राप्त किए
(Commission Received Rs 1,000)
Answer:

 Stock A/cDr.60,000 
 To Capital A/c  2,20,000
 (Being business started with cash, furniture and goods)   
July 9Cash A/cDr.16,000 
 Discount A/cDr.200 
 To Vikas's A/c  16,200
 (Being payment received from Vikas)   
July 11Furniture A/cDr.12,000 
 To Cash A/c  12,000
 (Being furniture purchased)   
July 11Purchase A/cDr.44,000 
 To Narendra's A/c  44,000
 (Goods purchased from Narendra)   
July 14Narendra's A/cDr.3,520 
 To Purchase Return A/c  3,520
 (Being goods returned to Narendra)   
July 16Narendra's A/cDr.40,480 
 To Cash A/c  38,456
 To Discount A/c  2,024
 (Being payment made and discount received)   
July 18Amit's A/cDr.20,000 
 Sumit's A/cDr.32,000 
 To Sales A/c  52,000
 (Being goods sold to Amit and Sumit)   
July 21Cash A/cDr.19,600 
 Discount A/cDr.400 
 To Amit's A/c  20,000
 (Being cash received from Amit in full settlement)   
 Insurance A/cDr.1,500 
 To Cash A/c  1,500
 (Being insurance premium paid)   
July 23Drawings A/cDr.2,400 
 To Cash A/c  2,400
 (Being proprietor's insurance premium paid)   
July 25Purchase A/cDr.14,400 
 To Cash A/c  14,112
 To Discount A/c  288
 (Being goods purchased and discount received)   
July 31Advertisement A/cDr.2,000 
 Salaries A/cDr.8,000 
 Rent A/cDr.1,600 
 To Cash A/c  11,600
 (Being advertisement, salaries and rent paid)   
July 31Cash A/cDr.1,000 
 To Commission A/c  1,000
 (Being commission received)   
 Grand Total 4,90,9004,90,900

In simple words: This journal shows the impact of each business transaction. Each entry debits one account and credits another, ensuring that the accounting equation stays balanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to trade discounts (not recorded) and cash discounts (recorded). Ensure the correct accounts are debited and credited for each transaction.

 

Question 6. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों को प्रकाश के जर्नल में लिखिए।
(Journalise the following transactions in the books of Prakash)
(i) पंजाब नेशनल बैंक में चालू खाता खोला Rs 1,00,000
(Opened a current account in Punjab National Bank Rs 1,00,000)
(ii) एक ग्राहक को Rs 20,000 का नकद माल बेचा तथा 10% बिक्री कर वसूल किया।
(Goods sold for cash Rs 20,000 to a customer and collected 10% sales tax on it)
(ii) चन्द्रदेव से Rs 12,900 का चैक प्राप्त हुआ तथा उसे Rs 300 की छूट दी गई तथा चैक उसी दिन बैंक में जमा करा दिया गया
(Cheque received Rs 12,900 from Chandradev and allowed discount Rs 300 and deposited into bank)
(iv) Rs 1,00,000 की मशीनरी खरीदी, चैक से भुगतान किया तथा उसकी स्थापना पर किए गए व्यय Rs 6,000 नकद चुकाये गये।
(Machinery purchased for Rs 1,00,000, payment made by cheque and installation charges of machinery Rs 6,000 paid in cash)
(v) व्यापार हेतु एक घोड़ा खरीदा Rs 20,000
(Horse purchased for business for Rs 20,000)
(vi) गोकुल को सूची मूल्य Rs 4,000 का माल बेचा तथा व्यापारिक बट्टा 10% एवं नकद बट्टा 5% दिया एवं उसने उसी दिन नकद भुगतान कर नकद बट्टा प्राप्त किया
(Goods sold to Gokul at a list price of Rs 4,000 and trade discount 10% and cash discount 5% he paid the amount on the same day and availed the cash discount)
(vii) Rs 10,000 का माल खरीदा तथा इस पर माल भाड़ा Rs 400
(Goods purchased for Rs 10,000 and paid Rs 400 for carriage on these goods)
(ix) स्टेशनरी Rs 800 तथा डाक टिकट Rs 100 खरीदे
(Stationery Rs 800 and postal stamps Rs 100 purchased)
(x) बैंक के निकाले Rs 20,000
(Withdrawn from bank Rs 20,000)
(xi) मनु से Rs 40,000 का मालपूर्ति का आदेश मिला तथा आदेश के साथ Rs 10,000 अग्रिम भी प्राप्त हुए।
(Received an order of Rs 40,000 from Manu for supply of goods and received Rs 10,000 as an advance together with the order)
(xii) नकद Rs 10,000 तथा माल Rs 4,000 चोरी हो गये।
(Cash Rs 10,000 and goods worth Rs 4,000 were stolen)
(xiii) देवेन्द्र से Rs 40,000 का माल खरीदा तथा चैक से भुगतान किया
(Goods purchased from Devendra for Rs 40,000 and the payment was made by cheque)
(xiv) उपरोक्त माल ने से 1/4 हिस्सा 25% लाभ पर विक्रय किया।
(1/4th of the above goods sold at a profit of 25% on cash)
Answer:

  L.F.Amount \(Dr. (\text{Rs})\)Amount \(Cr. (\text{Rs})\)
(i)Punjab National Bank A/c Dr. 1,00,000 
 To Cash A/c  1,00,000
 (Being current account being opened in PNB)   
(ii)Cash A/cDr.22,000 
 To Sales A/c  20,000
 To Sales Tax A/c  2,000
 (Being goods sold for cash and sales tax collected)   
(iii)Cash A/cDr.12,900 
 Discount A/cDr.300 
 To Chandradev's A/c  13,200
 (Being cheque received and deposited into bank and discount allowed)   
(iv)Machinery A/cDr.1,06,000 
 To Bank A/c  1,00,000
 To Cash A/c  6,000
 (Being machinery purchased and payment made by cheque)   
(v)Livestock A/cDr.20,000 
 To Cash A/c  20,000
 (Being a horse purchased for business)   
(vi)Cash A/cDr.3,420 
 Discount A/cDr.180 
 To Sales A/c  3,600
 (Being goods sold and cash discount allowed)   
(vii)Purchase A/cDr.10,000 
 Carriage A/cDr.400 
 To Cash A/c  10,400
 (Being goods purchased and carriage paid)   
(viii)Stationery A/cDr.800 
 Postal Stamps A/cDr.100 
 To Cash A/c  900
 (Being stationery and postal stamps purchased)   
(x)Cash A/cDr.20,000 
 To Bank A/c  20,000
 (Being withdrawn from bank)   
(xi)Cash A/cDr.10,000 
 To Advance from Manu's A/c  10,000
 (Being advance money received for purchase goods)   
(xii)Loss by Theft A/cDr.14,000 
 To Cash A/c  10,000
 To Purchase A/c  4,000
 (Being cash and goods stolen)   
(xiii)Purchase A/cDr.40,000 
 To Bank A/c  40,000
 (Being goods purchased and payment made by cheque)   
(xiv)Cash A/cDr.12,500 
 To Sales A/c  12,500
 (Being goods sold for cash)   
 Grand Total 4,12,6004,12,600

In simple words: This journal entry records all of Prakash's business activities. Each entry shows which accounts are debited and credited, along with a short note explaining what happened. This helps to keep a clear record of every transaction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to always calculate trade discounts before recording and cash discounts at the time of payment. Pay attention to the nature of each transaction (cash, credit, personal use) to apply the correct accounting rules.

 

Question 7. संक्षिप्त कथन के आधार पर जर्नल प्रविष्टियाँ दीजिए।
(Give Journal Entries corresponding to the narration given below)
Dec. 5 (Being goods of the list price of Rs 30,000 sold at 10% trade discount and 2% cash discount)
Dec. 13 (Being goods used by proprietor for personal use)
Dec. 18 (Being 30 paisa per rupee received from the estate of Vipin on his insolvency)
Dec. 25 (Being bank charges debited by bank)
Dec. 27 (Being goods destroyed by fire)
Dec. 31 (Being salaries Rs 2,500)
Answer:

     
Dec. 5Cash A/cDr.26,460 
 Discount A/cDr.540 
 To Sales A/c  27,000
 (Being goods of the list price of Rs 30,000 sold at 10% trade discount and 2% cash discount)   
Dec. 13Drawings A/cDr.8,000 
 To Purchase A/c  8,000
 (Being goods used by proprietor for personal use)   
Dec. 18Cash A/cDr.2,160 
 Bad Debts A/cDr.5,040 
 To Vipin's A/c  7,200
 (Being 30 paisa per rupee received from the estate of Vipin on his insolvency)   
Dec. 25Bank Charges A/cDr.200 
 To Bank A/c  200
 (Being bank charges debited by bank)   
Dec. 27Loss by Fire A/cDr.5,000 
 To Purchase A/c  5,000
 (Being goods destroyed by fire)   
Dec. 31Salary A/cDr.2,500 
 To Cash A/c  2,500
 (Being salaries paid Rs 2,500)   
 Grand Total 69,90069,000

In simple words: These journal entries record different types of business events, like sales with discounts, owner's withdrawals, bad debts, bank charges, goods lost to fire, and salary payments. Each entry is carefully made to follow accounting rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: When given narrations, accurately identify the accounts involved and the nature of the transaction (e.g., income, expense, asset, liability) to apply debit/credit rules correctly. Remember to distinguish between trade and cash discounts.

 

Question 8. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों से श्री सुरेश की क्रय बही तैयार कीजिए।
(Prepare the Purchase Book of Shri Suresh from the following transactions) 2017
Jn, 14 मैसर्स राम प्रसाद से उधार माल खरीदा
(Goods purchased from M/S Ram Prasad on credit)
200 मेज दर Rs 300 प्रत्येक (200 Tables @ Rs 300 each)
100 कुर्सियाँ दर Rs 500 प्रत्येक (100 Chairs @ Rs 500 each)
Less: Trade discount @ 5% Invoice No. 32)
Jan. 29 मुरलीधर एण्ड सन्स से नकद माल खरीदा
(Goods purchased from Muralidhar & Sons for cash)
300 मेज दर Rs 250 प्रत्येक (300 tables @ Rs 250 each)
200 कुर्सियाँ दर Rs 400 प्रत्येक बीजक सं.74 (200 chairs @ Rs 400 each)
(Invoice No. 74)
Answer:

Purchase Book of Shri Suresh

DateParticularsInvoice No.L.F.Amount (Rs) DetailsTotal
2017 Jan. 14M/s Ram Prasad
200 tables @ Rs 300 each
100 chairs @ Rs 500 each
32 60,000
50,000
1,10,000
 
 Less: Trade discount 5%  5,5001,04,500
Jan. 29Muralidhar & Sons
300 Tables @ Rs 250 each
200 Chairs @ Rs 400 each
74 75,000
80,000
1,55,000
 
Jan. 31Purchase A/c Dr. 2,59,500

नोट-21 जन, एक कम्प्यूटर खरीदने का लेखा रकम बही में न होकर मुख्य जर्नल में होगा क्योंकि यह एक सम्पत्ति का क्रय है।
In simple words: The Purchase Book records all credit purchases of goods. For each purchase, details like supplier, items, quantity, rate, total amount, and any trade discount are noted. Cash purchases are not recorded here.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that only credit purchases of goods are recorded in the Purchase Book. Cash purchases and purchases of assets (like computers) are not entered here; they go into the Cash Book or Journal Proper, respectively.

 

Question 9. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों से गुप्त बुक हाउस की क्रय वापसी बही तैयार कीजिए।
(Prepare the purchase returns Book of Gupta Book House from the following transactions) 2016
July 11 राजेश ब्रदर्स को माल लौटाया ।
(Goods returned to Rajesh Bros.)
10 पुस्तकें लेखाशास्त्र दर Rs 200 प्रति पुस्तक
(10 books of Accountancy @ Rs 200 each book)
6 पुस्तकें सांख्यिकी दर Rs 180 प्रति पुस्तक
(6 books of Statistics @ Rs 180 each book)
व्यापारिक बट्टा दर 10% क्रेडिट नोट सं.25
July 24 चंदक बुक डिपो को माल लौटाया।
(Goods returned to Chandak Book Depot)
10 पुस्तकें बिज़नेस एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन दर Rs 150 प्रत्येक
(10 books of Business Administration @ Rs 150 each)
Answer:

Purchases Returns Book of Ashutosh Bros.

DateParticularsInvoice No.L.F.Amount (Rs) DetailsTotal
2016 July 11Rajesh Bros.
10 books of Accounting @ Rs 200 each
6 books of Statistics @ Rs 180 each
25 2,000
1,080
3,080
 
 Less: Trade discount @ 10%  3082,772
July 24Chandak Book Depot
10 books of Business Administration @ Rs 150 each
11 1,500
1,500
 
July 31Purchase Returns A/c Cr. 4,272

In simple words: The Purchase Returns Book keeps a record of all goods returned to suppliers. It includes details like the supplier's name, the items returned, their quantity, rate, and any discounts applied. This book helps track items sent back due to defects or other reasons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Only goods originally purchased on credit and subsequently returned are recorded in the Purchase Returns Book. Ensure to deduct trade discounts from the value of returned goods before calculating the final amount.

 

Question 10. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों से आनन्द एण्ड सन्स की विक्रय बही तैयार कीजिए।
(Prepare Sales Book of Anand & Sons from the following transactions) 2016
Sep. 8 शर्मा ब्रदर्स को उधार माल बेचा
(Goods sold to Sharma Bros. on credit)
50 थैले गेहूँ दर Rs 4,000 प्रति थैला (50 bags of wheat @ Rs 4,000 per bag)
100 थैले चना दर Rs 5,000 प्रति थैला (100 bags of gram @ Rs 5,000 per bag)
व्यापारिक बट्टा दर 10% बीजक सं.55 (Trade discount @ 10%) (Invoice No. 55)
Sep. 19 फर्नीचर हाउस को पुराना फर्नीचर उधार बेचा Rs 2,000
(Old furniture sold to Furniture House on credit Rs 2,000)
Sep. 28 सुजीत एण्ड कं. को नकद माल बेचा
(Goods sold to Sujeet & Co. for cash)
18 थैले गेहूँ दर Rs 4,300 प्रति थैला (18 bags of wheat @ Rs 4,300 per bag)
25 थैले चना दर Rs 5,200 प्रति थैला (25 bags of gram @ Rs 5,200 per bag)
Answer:

Sales Book of Anand & Sons

DateParticularsInvoice No.L.F.Amount (Rs) DetailsTotal
Sep. 30Sharma Bros.
50 Bags of Wheat @ Rs 4,000 per bag
100 bags of gram @ Rs 5,000 per bag
55 2,00,000
5,00,000
7,00,000
 
 Less: Trade discount 10%  70,0006,30,000
 Sales A/c Cr. 6,30,000

नोट –
(i) सितम्बर 19 को पुराना फर्नीचर बेचा है, अतः यह माल का विक्रय न होने के कारण विक्रय बही में नहीं लिखा जायेगा।
(ii) सितम्बर 28 नकद माल बेचा है, अतः इसका लेखा विक्रय बही में नहीं होगा।
In simple words: The Sales Book records all credit sales of goods. It shows the customer's name, description of goods, quantity, price, and any trade discounts. Sales of assets or cash sales are not recorded in this book.

🎯 Exam Tip: Only credit sales of goods are recorded in the Sales Book. Assets sold on credit or cash sales of goods should not be included here. Ensure trade discounts are subtracted from the gross value of goods.

 

Question 11. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों से हरिलाल एण्ड कं, की पुस्तकों में विक्रय वापसी बही तैयार कीजिए। (Prepare the Sales Return Book in the books of Harilal & Sons from the following transactions) 2016 Oct. 12 बृजेन्द्र एण्ड कं. द्वारा माल वापस किया गया (Goods returned by Brijendra & Co.) 4 टेबल फैन दरर 700 प्रत्येक (4 Table Fans @ Rs 700 each) व्यापारिक बट्टा 15% (Trade discount 15%) Oct. 20 बीजक में त्रुटि होने के कारण हीरालाल ब्रदर्स को Rs 300 की छूट दी। (Allowance allowed to Heeralal Bros. on mistake in invoice Rs 300)
Answer:
हरिलाल एंड संस की पुस्तकों में विक्रय वापसी बही (Sales Return Book in the books of Harilal & Sons)

DateParticularsDr./Cr. Note No.L.F.Amount (Rs)
    DetailsTotal
Oct. 12बृजेन्द्र एंड कं.    
 4 टेबल फैन @ Rs 700 प्रत्येक  2,800 
 Less: Trade discount 15%  4202,380
Oct. 20हीरालाल ब्रदर्स  300300
Oct. 31Sales Return A/c Dr.   2,680

In simple words: विक्रय वापसी बही बनाने के लिए, सबसे पहले उन वस्तुओं को दर्ज करें जो ग्राहकों ने वापस की हैं, व्यापारिक छूट घटाएँ और फिर किसी भी अतिरिक्त छूट या भत्ते को शामिल करें। आखिर में, इन सभी राशियों का योग कर दें।

🎯 Exam Tip: विक्रय वापसी बही बनाते समय यह ध्यान रखें कि केवल उधार विक्रय वापसी को ही इसमें रिकॉर्ड किया जाता है, नकद वापसी को नहीं। व्यापारिक छूट को हमेशा कुल मूल्य से घटाकर ही दिखाया जाता है।

 

Question 12. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों से मुख्य जर्नल तैयार कीजिए (Prepare Journal Proper from the following transactions) 2016 Nov. 4 व्यापार के स्वामी ने निजी प्रयोग हेतु Rs 20,000 का माल लिया (Goods withdrew worth Rs 20,000 for personal use of proprietor) Nov. 7 अनिल से Rs 45,000 प्राप्त हुए तथा गलती से सुनील के खाते में जमा किए गए। (Received Rs 45,000 from Anil, wrongly credited to Sunil Account) Nov. 10 संजू से Rs 30,000 का फर्नीचर उधार खरीता (Goods Purchased from Sanju Rs 30,000 on credit) Nov. 17 Rs 6,000 का माल आग से नष्ट हो गया। (Goods worth Rs 6,000 destroyed by fire) Nov. 19 . बीमा कम्पनी ने दावा स्वीकार किया । (Insurance Company accepted the Claim) Nov. 27 अखिल दिवालिया घोषित हो गया तथा उससे Rs 75,000 प्राप्त नहीं हुए। (Akhil has been declared insolvent and Rs 75,000 could not be realized from him) नवम्बर 29 पूँजी पर ब्याज Rs 8,000 (Interest on Capital Rs 8,000.) नवम्बर 30 राजीव को नकद माल बेचा Rs 5,000 (Goods sold to Rajeev for cash Rs 5,000)
Answer:

DateParticularsDr.Amount (Rs)
Nov. 4Drawings A/c Dr.
To Purchase A/c
(Being goods withdrawn for personal use)
20,00020,000
Nov. 7Cash A/c Dr.
To Sunil's A/c
(Being amount wrongly credited in Sunil's Account)
45,00045,000
Nov. 10Furniture A/c Dr.
To Sanju's
(Being furniture purchased from Sanju on credit)
30,00030,000
Nov. 17Loss by Fire A/c Dr.
To Purchase A/c
(Being goods lost)
6,0006,000
Nov. 19Insurance Co.'s A/c Dr.
To Sors by Fire A/c
(Being insurance claimed)
6,0006,000
Nov. 27Bad Debts A/c Dr.
To Akhil's A/c
(Being Akhil has been insolvent and Rs 75,000 not received)
75,00075,000
Nov. 29Interest on Capital A/c Dr.
To Capital A/c
(Being interest on capital due)
8,0008,000
Grand Total1,90,0001,90,000

In simple words: मुख्य जर्नल एक ऐसी बही है जहाँ उन सभी लेन-देनों को रिकॉर्ड किया जाता है जिन्हें किसी अन्य विशेष बही (जैसे रोकड़ बही या क्रय बही) में दर्ज नहीं किया जा सकता। यह सभी विविध लेन-देनों का लेखा-जोखा रखने में मदद करता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: जर्नल प्रॉपर में प्रविष्टियाँ करते समय, सुनिश्चित करें कि प्रत्येक लेन-देन के लिए सही डेबिट और क्रेडिट खाता चुना गया है और नरेशन (संक्षिप्त विवरण) स्पष्ट और पूर्ण हो।

 

Question 13. निम्नांकित व्यवहारों से आशुतोष ब्रदर्स को पुस्तकों में क्रय बही क्रय वापसी बही, विक्रय बही, विक्रय वापसी बही तथा मुख्य जर्नल तैयार कीजिए (Prepares Purchase Book, Purchase Return Book, Sales Book, Sales Return Book and Journal Proper in the books of Ashutosh Bros, from the following transactions) : Dec. 2 मैसर्स दयानन्द से माल उधार खरीदा Rs 21,0001 (Purchased goods from M/s Dayachand on credit Rs 21,000) (Goods sold to Anis Bros. on credit Rs 33,000) दिसम्बर 14 अशुल को पुराना फर्नीचर उधार बेचा Rs 10,000 (Old furniture sold to Anshul on credit Rs 10,000) दिसम्बर 18 करूणेश एण्ड कं, से माल उधार खरीदा Rs 45,000 तथा व्यापारिक बट्टा 10% (Goods purchased from Karunesh & Co. on credit Rs 45,000 and trade discount 10%) दिसम्बर 21 निजी प्रयोग हेतु माल लिया Rs 7,500 (Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs 7,500) दिसम्बर 24 करूणेश एण्ड कं.को माल लौटाया Rs 6.000 (Goods returned to Karunesh & Co. Rs 6,000) दिसम्बर 25 प्रेम प्रकाश एण्ड के को उधार माल बेचा Rs 45.000 तथा व्यापारिक बट्टा 5% (Goods sold to Prem Prakash & Co. on credit Rs 45,000 and trade discount 5%). दिसम्बर 27 प्रेम प्रकाश एण्ड कं. ने माल लौटाया Rs 9,000 (Goods returned by Prem Prakash & Co. Rs 9,000) दिसम्बर 27 हंसराज को माल नकद बेचा Rs 10,000 (Goods sold to Hansraj for cash Rs 10,000)
Answer:

आशुतोष ब्रदर्स की पुस्तकों में (In the Books of Ashutosh Bros.)

क्रय बही (Purchase Book)

DateParticularsInvoice No.L.F.Amount (Rs)
    DetailsTotal
2016 Dec. 2M/s Dayanand   21,000
Dec. 18Karunesh & Co.
Less: Trade discount 10%
  45,000
4,500
40,500
Dec. 31Purchase A/c Dr.   61,500

क्रय वापसी बही (Purchases Returns Book of Ashutosh Bros.)

DateParticularsInvoice No.L.F.Amount (Rs)
    DetailsTotal
2016 Dec. 8M/S Dayanand  4,5004,500
Dec. 24Karunesh & Co.
Less: Trade discount 10%
  6,000
600
5,400
Dec. 31Purchase Returns A/c Cr.   9,900

विक्रय बही (Sales Book of Ashutosh Bros.)

DateParticularsInvoice No.L.F.Amount (Rs)
    DetailsTotal
2016 Dec. 5Anis Bros.   33,000
Dec. 25Prem Prakash & Co.
Less: Trade discount 5%
  45,000
2,250
42,750
Dec. 31Sales A/c Cr.   75,750

विक्रय वापसी बही (Sales Return Book of Ashutosh Bros.)

DateParticularsDr./Cr. Note No.L.F.Amount (Rs)
    DetailsTotal
2016 Dec. 10Anis Bros.   3,600
Dec. 27Prem Prakash & Co.
Less: Trade discount 5%
  9,000
450
9,550
Dec. 31Sales Return A/c Dr.   12,150

मुख्य जर्नल प्रविष्टियाँ (Journal Entries in the Books of Ashutosh Bros.)

DateParticularsL.F.Amount (Dr.) (Rs)Amount (Cr.) (Rs)
2016 Dec. 14Anshul's A/c Dr.
To Furniture A/c
(Being old furniture sold to Anshul on credit)
 10,00010,000
Dec. 21Drawings A/c Dr.
To Purchase A/c
(Being goods withdrawn for personal use)
 7,5007,500
Grand Total17,50017,500

नोट-27 दिसम्बर से सम्बन्धित व्यवहार का लेखा रोकड़ बही में किया जायेगा क्योंकि यह नकद व्यवहार है।
In simple words: आशुतोष ब्रदर्स के लिए क्रय बही में सभी उधार खरीद, क्रय वापसी बही में वापस की गई वस्तुओं, विक्रय बही में सभी उधार बिक्री, और विक्रय वापसी बही में ग्राहकों द्वारा लौटाई गई वस्तुओं का रिकॉर्ड रखा जाएगा। मुख्य जर्नल में वे सभी लेन-देन दर्ज होंगे जो इन विशेष बहियों में नहीं आते, जैसे कि निजी प्रयोग हेतु माल निकालना या पुरानी संपत्ति बेचना।

🎯 Exam Tip: इस तरह के व्यापक प्रश्न में, प्रत्येक लेनदेन को ध्यान से पढ़ें और पहचानें कि वह किस विशेष बही में जाएगा। नकद लेनदेन रोकड़ बही में दर्ज होते हैं, जबकि उधार लेनदेन विशेष बहियों या मुख्य जर्नल में जाते हैं।

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