RBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 6 Union Government

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who appoints the Prime Minister?
Answer: The Prime Minister is chosen by the President. This is a key role of the President in forming the government.
In simple words: The President picks the Prime Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the President invites the leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha to be the Prime Minister.

Question 2. The President is elected by which system?
Answer: The President is chosen using a method called the Single Transferable Vote through Proportional Representation. This system ensures fair representation in the election.
In simple words: The President is elected by a special voting system called Single Transferable Vote with Proportional Representation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that proportional representation aims to give minority groups a fair chance to be represented.

Question 3. Who is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha?
Answer: The Vice President automatically becomes the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. This means they hold the position just by being the Vice President.
In simple words: The Vice President is the chairman of the Rajya Sabha because of their post.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that 'ex-officio' means 'by virtue of office', so no separate election is held for this chairmanship.

Question 4. Who chairs the central cabinet?
Answer: The central cabinet meetings are led by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister guides important government decisions.
In simple words: The Prime Minister leads the central cabinet.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Prime Minister is often called 'first among equals' in the cabinet, highlighting their leadership role.

Question 5. President can pass an order under special conditions when the house is not in session. What is the name of this order?
Answer: When Parliament is not meeting, the President can issue a special order in urgent situations, which is called an Ordinance. These orders have the same power as a law made by Parliament for a short time.
In simple words: If Parliament is not working, the President can make a temporary law called an Ordinance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ordinances are temporary and must be approved by Parliament within six weeks of its next session to become permanent laws.

Question 6. Supreme Court and High Court have got original jurisdiction on which subjects?
Answer: Both the Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to hear certain cases first. They can handle arguments between two or more states, and also cases where people's basic rights (fundamental rights) have been violated. These courts protect the rights of citizens.
In simple words: Both the Supreme Court and High Courts can directly hear cases about problems between states and issues where fundamental rights are broken.

🎯 Exam Tip: Original jurisdiction means these courts can hear a case from its very beginning, not just on appeal.

Question 8. A judge of the Supreme Court can continue in office up to which age?
Answer: A judge of the Supreme Court can serve in their position until they reach the age of 65 years. This age limit helps ensure a balance of experience and fresh perspectives.
In simple words: Supreme Court judges can work until they are 65 years old.

🎯 Exam Tip: High Court judges, in contrast, retire at 62 years of age.

Question 9. What is the meaning of 'Court of Records?
Answer: A 'Court of Record' means two main things. First, its decisions are considered final and valid everywhere, and no one can challenge their truthfulness in any other court. Second, this court has the authority to punish anyone who shows disrespect to it or disobeys its orders, which is called 'Contempt of Court'. This power helps maintain the court's dignity and authority.
In simple words: A 'Court of Record' means its decisions are always true and can't be questioned. Also, this court can punish people who disrespect it.

🎯 Exam Tip: The status of a 'Court of Record' ensures that judicial pronouncements are respected and enforced.

Union Government Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain the process of election of Vice President.
Answer: Article 63 of the Indian Constitution outlines the role of the Vice President. The Vice President is elected by members from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (the two houses of Parliament) meeting together. This election is done secretly using a system called single transferable voting with proportional representation. This method ensures that all votes have value and contribute to the outcome.
In simple words: The Vice President's job is in Article 63. Both parts of Parliament vote together in secret, using a special proportional voting system to pick the Vice President.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the electoral college for the Vice President includes *all* members of Parliament, both elected and nominated.

Question 2. What are the eligibility criteria for the post of President?
Answer: To become the President of India, a person must meet specific requirements. First, they must be a citizen of India. Second, they need to be at least 35 years old. Third, they should be qualified to become a member of Parliament. Finally, they must not hold any paid position in the government or any related organization. These rules ensure that the President is a responsible and impartial leader.
In simple words: To be President, you must be an Indian citizen, at least 35, able to be a Member of Parliament, and not hold any other paid government job.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure you list all four criteria clearly, as each point contributes to the candidate's fitness for office.

Question 4. The President can announce emergency under which articles?
Answer: The President can declare an emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution. This can happen if there is a threat of war, an outside attack, or major internal unrest anywhere in the country. The emergency announcement can last for two months without Parliament's approval, but it needs Parliament's approval to continue for a longer period. This power allows quick action during national crises.
In simple words: Under Article 352, the President can declare an emergency if there's a threat of war, attack, or internal trouble. It lasts two months without Parliament's okay but needs their approval to go on longer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Article 352 deals with National Emergency, while Articles 356 and 360 cover State and Financial Emergencies respectively.

Question 5. For President's election the value of each member of the Parliament and the value of each member of state assemblies is based on which factor?
Answer: In the President's election, the value of each vote from a Member of Parliament and a Member of State Legislative Assembly is not equal; it varies. A key rule is that the total votes cast by Members of Parliament should be equal to the total votes cast by all State Legislators combined. Also, elected members from bigger states have more voting power than those from smaller states. The number of legislators in a state also plays a role: fewer legislators in a state mean each one's vote carries more weight, while many legislators mean each vote has less weight. This complex system ensures fair representation from all parts of India.
In simple words: In the President's election, each vote has a different value. Votes from larger states count more. The total votes from Parliament members should equal the total from state members.

🎯 Exam Tip: This proportional system aims to balance the influence of larger and smaller states in the Presidential election.

Question 6. Explain the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Answer: The Supreme Court is the highest court for appeals in India. It has the power to hear appeals against decisions from any lower court. This function is vital for ensuring legal consistency and fairness throughout the country.
In simple words: The Supreme Court is India's final court for appeals. It can hear cases appealed from any lower court.

🎯 Exam Tip: The appellate jurisdiction allows citizens to seek justice at the highest level if they are not satisfied with lower court judgments.

Question 7. Civil and criminal cases can be appealed in the Supreme Court under which conditions?
Answer: Civil and criminal cases can be appealed to the Supreme Court under specific conditions.
1. Civil Cases: Originally, civil cases could only be appealed if the compensation amount was more than Rs. 20,000. However, the 20th Amendment to the Constitution in 1973 removed this monetary limit. Now, any civil case can be brought before the Supreme Court for appeal. This change broadened access to the highest court.
2. Criminal Cases: Certain criteria must be met for criminal cases to be appealed in the Supreme Court:
• If a High Court sentenced a person to death, even though a lower court had found them innocent.
• If the High Court moved a case from a lower court and then gave the death penalty to the accused.
• If the High Court itself certifies that a case is important enough to be heard by the Supreme Court. These conditions ensure serious criminal matters are reviewed by the highest judicial authority.
In simple words: You can appeal civil cases to the Supreme Court now without a money limit; earlier it was for cases over Rs. 20,000. For criminal cases, you can appeal if the High Court gave a death sentence when a lower court said innocent, or moved a case to give a death sentence, or says the case is good for the Supreme Court to hear.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly separate the conditions for civil and criminal cases, as they have different legal bases.

Question 8. The Supreme Court is also called the 'Court of Record'. Why?
Answer: The Supreme Court is known as a 'Court of Record' because Article 129 grants it this status. This title carries two main implications. Firstly, its judgments are universally accepted as legal proof, and their truthfulness cannot be challenged in any other court. Secondly, the Supreme Court has the authority to punish individuals for 'Contempt of Court', which means disrespecting the court or its orders. This dual function upholds the court's authority and integrity.
In simple words: Article 129 makes the Supreme Court a 'Court of Record'. This means its decisions are always valid everywhere and it can punish those who disrespect it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning Article 129 adds authority to your answer regarding the Supreme Court's status.

Question 9. Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by whom and how?
Answer: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts typically serve until they are 65 years old. They can choose to leave their position by resigning. However, a judge can be removed from office if they are found guilty of corruption or are unable to perform their duties effectively. This removal process involves both houses of Parliament passing an impeachment motion with a two-thirds majority vote. After this, the President issues an order for the judge's removal. This strict process ensures judicial accountability.
In simple words: Judges can serve until 65 or resign. They can be removed for corruption or not doing their job well. Both parts of Parliament must vote to remove them with a two-thirds majority, then the President orders it.

🎯 Exam Tip: The impeachment process for judges is deliberately difficult to ensure judicial independence and protect them from arbitrary removal.

Question 10. Explain the importance of judicial review.
Answer: Judicial review is very important because it allows the Supreme Court to check if laws made by the government are in line with the Constitution. If Parliament or state assemblies pass a law that goes against the basic rules or rights in the Constitution, the Supreme Court can declare that law unconstitutional. This power helps protect the Constitution and the fundamental rights of citizens, making sure no law goes against the country's main legal document.
In simple words: Judicial review lets the Supreme Court check if new laws follow the Constitution. If a law breaks the Constitution, the Court can cancel it, protecting our basic rules and rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that judicial review acts as a crucial check and balance on the powers of the legislature and executive.

Union Government Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain the process of election of the President of India.
Answer: The President of India is chosen through an indirect election system, which uses the Single Transferable Vote of proportional representation. Here’s how it works:
1. Indirect Election: The President is not directly elected by the people. Instead, an electoral college votes, which includes:
2. Elected members from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (the two houses of Parliament).
3. Members from all state legislative assemblies and the assemblies of Union Territories (added by the 70th Amendment in 1992).
4. Single Transferable Method of Voting: Members of Parliament and state/union territory assemblies vote for the President using a secret ballot. To win, a candidate must secure a 'minimum quota' of votes, not just the highest number. This special system ensures that a broad base of support is needed for election.
5. This minimum quota is calculated using a formula: \( \frac{\text{Total number of valid votes cast}}{\text{Number of candidates for election} + 1} + 1 \). This ensures the winner has clear majority support.
In simple words: The President is chosen indirectly by a special voting group from Parliament and state assemblies. They use a secret voting system called Single Transferable Vote, and the winner needs a certain number of votes (a 'minimum quota') which is figured out by a formula.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain both the 'indirect election' and the 'Single Transferable Vote' aspects, as they are central to the President's election.

Question 2. Analyse the powers and duties of the President under normal conditions.
Answer: The Constitution grants specific powers and responsibilities to the President during normal times. These powers include:
1. Executive or Administrative Powers: Article 53 says that the President has the executive power of the Union and can use it directly or through officials. All government work and decisions are considered to be done in the President's name. This establishes the President as the formal head of administration.
2. Powers Related to Governance: The President has the authority to create various rules for how the government runs. This includes rules for joint sessions of Parliament, appointing Supreme Court officials and staff, and defining the powers of the Comptroller & Auditor General. The President also assigns different departments to the members of the Council of Ministers.
3. Power in Foreign Affairs: As the official head of India, the President represents the country in international matters. The President appoints ambassadors to other nations and welcomes foreign ambassadors. All treaties and agreements with other countries are formally made in the President's name, showing India's unity on the global stage.
4. Powers in Military Affairs: The President is the Supreme Commander of India's armed forces. However, this power must be used strictly according to the law. Only Parliament has the right to make laws about defense, war, and peace. Therefore, the President cannot declare war or deploy military forces without Parliament's permission.
In simple words: The President has executive power and all government work is done in their name. They can make rules for running the government, appoint Supreme Court staff, and divide departments among ministers. In foreign affairs, the President represents India, appoints ambassadors, and signs treaties with other countries. As military commander, the President leads the armed forces, but can only act on war and peace if Parliament allows it through law.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the President's formal powers and the practical exercise of those powers, which is often done on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

Question 3. Analyse the emergency powers of the President.
Answer: The Constitution grants specific emergency powers to the President to handle critical situations. These provisions are detailed as follows:
1. Announcement of National Emergency (Article 352): The President can declare a national emergency if convinced there's a threat of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion affecting the entire country or any part of it. This declaration can be active for two months without Parliament's approval. However, for it to continue longer, Parliament must approve it. The 44th Amendment updated this:
• First, an emergency can only be declared for war, external attack, armed rebellion, or a clear threat of these. It cannot be declared simply for 'internal disturbance' anymore.
• Second, the President can only declare an emergency under Article 352 if the Council of Ministers provides a written recommendation. This ensures collective responsibility.
• Third, Parliament must approve the emergency declaration within one month with a two-thirds majority vote from members present and voting in each house separately. To continue the emergency for a longer period, Parliament must ratify it every six months. This careful process balances executive power with legislative oversight.
2. Announcement of State Emergency (President's Rule, Article 356): The President can declare an emergency in a state under these conditions:
• Upon receiving a recommendation from the state's Governor.
• If it becomes impossible to govern the state according to the Constitution.
The initial declaration of President's Rule cannot last beyond two months without Parliament's approval. If Parliament approves it, President's Rule can be extended for six months. Each extension requires a simple majority vote from both houses of Parliament. However, President's Rule cannot remain in force in a state for more than three years in total. This helps in managing state-level crises.
3. Announcement of Financial Emergency (Article 360): The President can declare a financial emergency if there is a severe threat to India's financial stability or credit. The duration for this type of emergency is the same as for a national emergency. This power allows the central government to take control of financial matters to protect the nation's economy.
In simple words: The President has special powers for emergencies. For a national emergency (Article 352), it's for war, attack, or armed revolt, not just internal trouble, and needs written advice from ministers and Parliament's two-thirds approval every six months. For a state emergency (Article 356), the President can take over a state if the Governor recommends it or the state can't follow the Constitution; this lasts two months initially, then six months with Parliament's simple approval, but not over three years. For a financial emergency (Article 360), it's if India's money situation is in danger, and its rules are like the national emergency.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate clearly between the three types of emergencies (National, State, Financial) and their respective constitutional articles.

Question 4. Analyse the constitution and powers of the cabinet.
Answer: In theory, the President holds all executive power, and the Council of Ministers (led by the Prime Minister) is set up to help and advise the President. However, in India's parliamentary system, the President acts mostly as a constitutional head. In reality, the executive power rests with the cabinet, which works to 'assist and advise' the President.
The key powers of the cabinet include:
1. Formulation of National Policies: The cabinet's most important duty is to create national policies. It makes decisions about how different government departments will manage internal affairs and also sets the country's foreign policy with other nations. This guides the country's direction.
2. Controlling Law Making: The cabinet not only creates policies but also plays a major role in making laws. It decides the legislative plan only after a specific policy has been formed. Cabinet members are responsible for introducing important bills into Parliament. This ensures that government policies become actual laws. The cabinet also presents the annual budget, which details the country's expected income and expenses, to Parliament each year. The Finance Minister, following cabinet policy, prepares and presents this budget and other money bills in the Lok Sabha.
3. Implementation of Foreign Policies: The cabinet is responsible for putting the country's foreign policy into action. It makes decisions regarding declarations of war or peace and determines the nature of relationships with other countries. This ensures consistent international relations.
4. Appointment-Related Duties: Although the President formally appoints many officials, in practice, these appointments are made based on the cabinet's decisions. The cabinet therefore holds significant influence over key government appointments.
In simple words: The cabinet, led by the Prime Minister, holds the real executive power, advising the President who is mostly a formal head. Its powers include making national policies for internal affairs and foreign relations, and controlling law-making by introducing important bills and presenting the annual budget. It also carries out foreign policies and makes key appointments, though formally done by the President.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the collective responsibility of the cabinet and its central role in both policy-making and administration.

Question 5. Explain the constitution, power and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Answer: The Supreme Court's composition, powers, and jurisdiction are key to India's legal system.
Constitution of the Supreme Court:
In 2008, the number of Supreme Court judges, including the Chief Justice, was increased to 31. The President appoints these judges. For the Chief Justice's appointment, the President consults with Supreme Court and High Court judges as needed. Currently, judges for both Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed through a 'collegium' system. Under this system, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and four senior judges suggest names to the President, who then makes the appointments from that list. This ensures experienced legal minds are chosen.
Jurisdiction of Powers & Functions of the Supreme Court:
The Indian Constitution grants extensive powers to the Supreme Court, which are categorized as follows:
1. Original Jurisdiction: This jurisdiction allows the Supreme Court to hear certain cases for the first time. It is divided into two types:
• Original Sole Jurisdiction: These are cases that only the Supreme Court can hear. They include disputes between the Union government and one or more states, or conflicts between two or more states, especially on constitutional matters. These types of cases ensure fairness between different levels of government.
• Original Concurrent Jurisdiction: Both the Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to uphold fundamental rights as given in the Constitution. Therefore, any case involving a violation of fundamental rights can be heard initially by a High Court or directly by the Supreme Court. This provides multiple avenues for citizens to protect their rights.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction: Beyond its original powers, the Supreme Court also has appellate jurisdiction under the Constitution. It functions as the final court of appeal in India. The Supreme Court has the right to hear appeals against judgments from lower courts. This ensures that legal decisions are reviewed and finalized by the highest authority.
3. Advisory Jurisdiction (Article 143): If the President believes a question of law or fact concerning public interest has arisen, they can ask the Supreme Court for advice. The President has the discretion to accept or reject this advice. This helps the President make informed decisions on complex legal matters.
4. Court of Record (Article 129): The Supreme Court is given the status of a 'Court of Record' by Article 129. This means two things: its decisions are accepted as proof everywhere, and their authenticity cannot be questioned in any court. Also, the Supreme Court can punish anyone for 'Contempt of Court', which means showing disrespect to the court.
5. Protector of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court serves as the guardian of citizens' fundamental rights in India. To enforce these rights, it can issue various writs, such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari. This power protects individual liberties.
6. Guardian of the Constitution (Judicial Review): The Supreme Court also has the crucial power to protect the Constitution. This means it can examine the constitutionality of laws. Articles 131 and 132 give the Supreme Court the power to review laws made by the Union and State governments. If Parliament or state assemblies pass laws that violate the Constitution or fundamental rights, the Supreme Court can declare such laws unconstitutional. This authority is known as the 'Power of Judicial Review'.
In simple words: The Supreme Court has 31 judges, appointed by the President using a collegium system. Its powers include: hearing new cases directly (original jurisdiction), being the final court for appeals (appellate jurisdiction), advising the President on legal matters (advisory jurisdiction), acting as a 'Court of Record' whose decisions are final and can punish for disrespect, protecting fundamental rights by issuing special orders (writs), and guarding the Constitution by checking if laws are constitutional (judicial review).

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Supreme Court, always cover its composition, various jurisdictions, and its role as the guardian of the Constitution.

Union Government Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the main organs of the government?
Answer: The government has three primary parts that work together. These are the legislative, which makes laws; the executive, which carries out laws; and the judiciary, which interprets laws. These organs ensure the smooth functioning of the state.
In simple words: The government has three main parts: the legislative (makes laws), executive (does laws), and judiciary (judges laws).

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the three distinct functions: making laws, implementing laws, and interpreting laws.

Question 2. Name the two levels of legislative.
Answer: The legislative branch operates at two main levels in India. These are the Union Legislature, which makes laws for the entire country, and the State Legislature, which makes laws for individual states. This dual system allows for both national and regional governance.
In simple words: The legislative branch has two parts: the Union Legislature for the whole country and the State Legislature for each state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding these two levels helps in grasping how laws are made at both central and state levels.

Question 4. Who presides over the proceedings of Rajya Sabha?
Answer: The Vice President of India is the person who leads or presides over the meetings and activities of the Rajya Sabha. This is an important duty of the Vice President's role.
In simple words: The Vice President leads the Rajya Sabha meetings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the Vice President's ex-officio role as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Question 5. What should be the minimum age for being the President of India?
Answer: To become the President of India, a person must be at least 35 years old. This age requirement ensures that candidates have sufficient life experience.
In simple words: To be President of India, you must be 35 years old or older.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the age requirement for the President is the same as for the Vice President.

Question 6. What do you understand by a government?
Answer: A government is a system that creates and enforces laws to serve the people living within a specific area or state. It also implements these laws and corrects those who do not follow them by imposing punishments. The government's role is to maintain order and provide services for its citizens.
In simple words: A government creates and carries out laws for people in a state. It also corrects those who break the laws by punishing them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include both the law-making and law-enforcing aspects when defining 'government'.

Question 7. Which is the first organ of government in India?
Answer: In India, the legislative branch is considered the first organ of the government. Its primary responsibility is to create laws for the country.
In simple words: The legislative branch, which makes laws, is the first part of the government in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the order of organs: Legislative (makes laws), Executive (implements laws), Judiciary (interprets laws).

Question 8. Which is the second organ of government in India?
Answer: The executive branch is the second main part of the government in India. Its role is to carry out and enforce the laws made by the legislative branch.
In simple words: The executive branch, which puts laws into action, is the second part of the government in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the executive includes the President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers.

Question 9. Which is the third organ of government in India?
Answer: The judiciary is the third organ of the government in India. It is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring justice for everyone.
In simple words: The judiciary, which interprets laws and ensures justice, is the third part of the government in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: The judiciary ensures fairness and upholds the Constitution.

Question 12. Which amendment to the Constitution put a time limit and other restrictions on emergency?
Answer: The 44th Amendment to the Constitution introduced specific time limits and other restrictions concerning emergency declarations. This amendment was brought to prevent potential misuse of emergency powers.
In simple words: The 44th Amendment set limits and rules for emergency powers in the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the 44th Amendment was a significant step to safeguard against the arbitrary use of emergency provisions.

Question 13. Name some officials who are appointed by the President.
Answer: The President appoints several important officials in the government. These include the Prime Minister, members of the Council of Ministers, the Chief Justice, other Judges, and Governors of states. This power ensures the functioning of key governmental roles.
In simple words: The President appoints important people like the Prime Minister, ministers, chief justice, judges, and governors.

🎯 Exam Tip: List at least three key positions to score full marks for this type of question.

Question 14. Which category of ministers holds the highest rank?
Answer: Among the different categories of ministers, the Cabinet Minister holds the highest rank. Cabinet Ministers are typically in charge of major government departments and are part of the core decision-making body.
In simple words: The Cabinet Minister is the highest-ranking type of minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the Cabinet is the most powerful decision-making body within the Council of Ministers.

Question 15. How many members of Rajya Sabha retire after every two years?
Answer: In the Rajya Sabha, one-third of its total members retire every two years. This system ensures continuity in the Rajya Sabha, as it is a permanent body that is never fully dissolved.
In simple words: Every two years, one-third of the Rajya Sabha members finish their term.

🎯 Exam Tip: This rotational retirement system makes the Rajya Sabha a continuous house, unlike the Lok Sabha which can be dissolved.

Question 16. How many members of the Lok Sabha are nominated by the President?
Answer: The President nominates two members to the Lok Sabha. These nominated members typically represented the Anglo-Indian community, ensuring their voice in Parliament.
In simple words: The President nominates two members to the Lok Sabha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that this provision for Anglo-Indian nomination has been discontinued from 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act.

Question 17. How many members of the Rajya Sabha are nominated by the President?
Answer: The President nominates twelve members to the Rajya Sabha. These individuals are usually selected for their special knowledge or practical experience in fields like art, literature, science, and social services, enriching the discussions in Parliament.
In simple words: The President nominates twelve members to the Rajya Sabha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that nominated members bring expertise from various fields to the legislative process.

Question 19. What is the tenure of the President?
Answer: The President of India serves for a term of five years. This fixed tenure ensures stability in the country's highest office.
In simple words: The President stays in office for five years.

🎯 Exam Tip: The President's fixed tenure provides a consistent head of state, regardless of changes in the government.

Question 20. What is the tenure of the Prime Minister?
Answer: The Prime Minister also serves for a term of five years, or until the Lok Sabha (House of the People) loses confidence in their government. This term is tied to the general elections.
In simple words: The Prime Minister's term is five years.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Prime Minister's tenure is directly linked to the confidence of the Lok Sabha members.

Question 21. What is the tenure of the Council of Ministers?
Answer: The Council of Ministers remains in office as long as it has the support and trust of the Parliament. Generally, they can continue for a maximum period of five years, which aligns with the term of the Lok Sabha. This ensures they reflect the will of the elected representatives.
In simple words: The Council of Ministers serves as long as Parliament trusts them, and for up to five years.

🎯 Exam Tip: This principle is known as 'collective responsibility', where the Council of Ministers is collectively accountable to the Lok Sabha.

Question 22. If a person is not a member of Parliament and becomes a Prime Minister, he needs to become a member within how many months?
Answer: If someone who is not already a Member of Parliament is appointed as Prime Minister, they must become a member of either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha within six months. This rule ensures that the Prime Minister is always accountable to the legislative body.
In simple words: If a non-MP becomes Prime Minister, they must join Parliament within six months.

🎯 Exam Tip: This rule applies to any minister, not just the Prime Minister, who is not a member of either house of Parliament.

Question 23. Which is the last appellate court?
Answer: The Supreme Court is recognized as the final appellate court in India. This means it is the highest court where decisions from lower courts can be challenged and reviewed.
In simple words: The Supreme Court is the last court for appeals.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Supreme Court's role as the final appellate court makes it the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.

Question 24. Which type of criminal case can be appealed in the Supreme Court?
Answer: Certain criminal cases can be appealed to the Supreme Court if they meet the following conditions:
1. If a High Court has sentenced an accused person to death, even though a lower court had found that person innocent.
2. If a High Court transferred a case from a lower court to itself and then sentenced the accused to death.
3. If the High Court itself certifies that the case is appropriate for an appeal to be heard by the Supreme Court. These provisions ensure that severe criminal judgments undergo the highest level of judicial scrutiny.
In simple words: Criminal cases can go to the Supreme Court if the High Court gave a death sentence after a lower court found innocence, or if the High Court moved a case to give a death sentence, or if the High Court itself says the case should go to the Supreme Court.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific circumstances involving capital punishment or the High Court's certification when listing criminal appeal conditions.

Question 1. Write a short note on number of members in the Lok Sabha.
Answer: The Lok Sabha originally had 500 members, but this number has grown over time. According to the Goa, Daman and Diu Act of 1987, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha can be 552 members. Out of these, up to 530 members are elected from various states, and up to 20 members are elected from Union Territories. The President also has the power to nominate two members from the Anglo-Indian community to ensure their representation.
In simple words: The Lok Sabha started with 500 members, but now can have up to 552. Most are elected from states (530) and Union Territories (20), while the President nominates two members from the Anglo-Indian community.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the maximum strength and the distribution of elected and nominated members is crucial for a complete answer.

Question 2. What are the eligibility criteria to be a member of the Lok Sabha?
Answer: To become a member of the Lok Sabha, a person must meet specific eligibility requirements:
1. The individual must be a citizen of India.
2. They must be 25 years old or older.
3. The person should not hold any position that provides a salary or benefit under either the Union (central) Government or a State Government. This ensures impartiality.
4. The person must not have been declared of unsound mind by a court and should not be bankrupt. These criteria ensure that members are mentally capable and financially responsible.
In simple words: To be a Lok Sabha member, you must be an Indian citizen, at least 25 years old, not hold a paid government job, and not be declared mentally unfit by a court or be bankrupt.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all four criteria clearly, as each is an essential requirement for candidacy.

Question 3. Write a note on number of members in the Rajya Sabha and their election process.
Answer: The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members, though currently it has 245. Of these, 12 members are nominated directly by the President. These nominated individuals are chosen for their notable contributions and experience in areas such as art, literature, science, social service, or sports. The remaining members represent the various states and union territories and are indirectly elected by the members of the legislative assemblies of their respective states and union territories. Their election uses the Single Transferable Vote system of proportional representation, which ensures fair representation for different groups.
In simple words: The Rajya Sabha can have up to 250 members but currently has 245. The President nominates 12 members from fields like art and science. The rest are indirectly elected by state assembly members using a proportional voting system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the nominated members (chosen for expertise) and indirectly elected members (representing states) for a comprehensive answer.

Question 4. What are the electoral powers of Parliament?
Answer: Article 54 of the Constitution grants certain electoral powers to Parliament. Specifically, elected members from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (the two houses of Parliament) participate in the election of the President of India. They form a part of the electoral college for this crucial election.
In simple words: Article 54 gives Parliament electoral powers. Members from both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha help elect the President of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Parliament's electoral role is primarily focused on the election of the President and Vice President.

Question 6. How does the Prime Minister serve as a channel between the President and the Council of Ministers?
Answer: The Prime Minister acts as a direct link between the President and the Council of Ministers. All important information and decisions made by the Council of Ministers are conveyed to the President by the Prime Minister. Similarly, any messages or suggestions from the President are passed on to the Council of Ministers through the Prime Minister. This ensures smooth communication between these two key executive bodies. The Prime Minister plays a vital role in ensuring that the President is fully informed about government policies and administration.
In simple words: The Prime Minister shares decisions from the Council of Ministers with the President and delivers the President's messages back, acting as a two-way communication channel.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the Prime Minister's unique position as the central communicator, which is key to coordinating the executive branch.

Question 7. The Vice President takes the responsibilities of the President under which conditions?
Answer: The Vice President takes on the President's duties in several specific situations to ensure the office is never vacant. These conditions include the death of the President, the President's resignation, or the President's removal from office through impeachment. Additionally, the Vice President acts as President if the President is on a foreign visit or is unable to perform duties due to sickness. This continuity ensures stability in leadership.
In simple words: The Vice President steps in if the President dies, resigns, is removed, or is away sick or traveling.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all possible scenarios where the Vice President assumes presidential responsibilities, covering both permanent and temporary incapacities.

Question 8. Comment on rights of the President regarding any bill which comes for his assent.
Answer: For a bill passed by Parliament to become a law, it needs the President's approval or assent. The President has the power to return normal bills to Parliament with suggestions for their review. However, if Parliament passes the bill again, with or without accepting the President's suggestions, the President must then give assent, making it a law. This power is part of the legislative process and is known as the President's veto power, though it's limited in cases of re-passage by Parliament.
In simple words: After Parliament passes a bill, the President must approve it to make it a law. The President can send a bill back for review, but if Parliament passes it again, the President must sign it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the President's role in the legislative process, focusing on both the power to return bills and the obligation to assent after re-passage.

Question 9. Comment on powers of the President on foreign affairs.
Answer: In matters of foreign affairs, the President of India acts as the symbolic head of the country. The President signs all international treaties and agreements on behalf of India. Ambassadors representing India in other countries, and ambassadors from other nations to India, are formally appointed by or present their credentials to the President. This makes the President the official face of India in global diplomatic relations.
In simple words: The President represents India to other countries, signs international agreements, and appoints ambassadors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the President's role as the ceremonial head in international relations, focusing on agreements and diplomatic appointments.

Question 10. Explain the concept of Single Transferable Method of Voting.
Answer: The Single Transferable Vote (STV) system is used for elections like that of the President, where members of Parliament and state assemblies cast their votes. In this method, voters rank candidates in order of preference instead of choosing just one. To win, a candidate must achieve a specific minimum number of votes, known as a "quota." If no candidate reaches this quota on the first count, votes from the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes are transferred to the voters' next preferred choices until someone reaches the quota. This system ensures that the elected representative has broad support and minimizes wasted votes.
In simple words: Voters rank candidates by preference, and votes are transferred until a candidate reaches a set minimum quota of votes to win the election.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the 'quota' and the 'transfer' mechanism to show a complete understanding of STV.

Question 11. What are the special powers of Rajya Sabha?
Answer: The Rajya Sabha possesses two distinct special powers. Firstly, according to Article 249, it can declare any subject from the State List as a matter of national importance. This allows the Parliament to legislate on that subject, provided a two-thirds majority of members present and voting agree. Secondly, under Article 312, only the Rajya Sabha has the authority to initiate the creation of a new All India Service, again requiring approval from two-thirds of its members present and voting. These unique powers underline the Rajya Sabha's role in safeguarding federalism and administrative structure.
In simple words: Rajya Sabha can declare state subjects as national matters and create new All India Services, both needing a special two-thirds vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both Article numbers (249 and 312) to demonstrate precise knowledge of the Constitutional provisions.

Union Government Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the power and duties of the speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha holds several crucial powers and duties. Firstly, the Speaker presides over all meetings of the Lok Sabha, maintaining peace and discipline within the house. Secondly, the Speaker determines the entire schedule and proceedings of the Lok Sabha, including setting timings for debates on various issues, often in consultation with the Leader of the House. Thirdly, the Speaker serves as the ex-officio chairperson for certain Parliamentary Committees and also appoints the chairpersons of other Select Committees, which then operate under the Speaker's instructions. This role is fundamental for the smooth and orderly functioning of the Parliament.
In simple words: The Speaker leads Lok Sabha meetings, ensures order, sets the agenda for debates, and heads some parliamentary committees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Speaker's dual role: maintaining order and guiding legislative proceedings, as these are primary functions.

Question 2. What are the legislative, financial and administrative powers of the Parliament?
Answer: The Parliament possesses extensive legislative, financial, and administrative powers. Firstly, its legislative power involves creating laws for the nation's interest, especially on subjects listed in the Union and Concurrent Lists. If there's a conflict between state and central law on a Concurrent List subject, the Parliament's law prevails. Secondly, financially, Parliament has full control over the national budget; no money can be spent or earned without the Lok Sabha's approval of the annual budget, which details the nation's income and expenses. Thirdly, administratively, the Council of Ministers (the government) is answerable to Parliament, specifically the Lok Sabha, and can only stay in power as long as it has the Lok Sabha's confidence. This multi-faceted power ensures accountability and effective governance.
In simple words: Parliament makes laws, controls the national budget, and keeps the government accountable to the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing Parliament's powers, use clear sub-headings like 'Legislative', 'Financial', and 'Administrative' to structure your answer effectively.

Question 3. What are clauses for emergency as per the 44th amendment of Constitution?
Answer: The 44th Amendment significantly changed the rules for declaring an emergency. Firstly, an emergency can now only be announced during a war, an external attack, an armed rebellion, or a serious threat of these events. It cannot be declared simply due to an internal disturbance. Secondly, the President can only declare an emergency under Article 352 if the Council of Ministers provides a written recommendation. Thirdly, Parliament must approve the emergency declaration with a special two-thirds majority within one month. To continue the emergency, this approval must be re-obtained every six months. Fourthly, an emergency can be ended if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution with a simple majority. These changes were made to prevent the misuse of emergency powers.
In simple words: The 44th Amendment says emergency can only be for war or armed revolt, needs written advice from ministers, Parliament's approval every six months, and Lok Sabha can end it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the shift from "internal disturbance" to "armed rebellion" and the need for written advice from the Council of Ministers, as these are key changes.