RBSE Solutions Class 10 Science Chapter 18 Indian Scientists Biography and Achievement

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Dr. A. P. J. Adbul Kalam studied which of the following at Madras Institute of Technology?
(a) Computer Engineering
(b) Aeronautical Engineering
(c) Electrical Engineering
(d) Electronic Engineering
Answer: (b) Aeronautical Engineering
In simple words: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam chose to study aeronautical engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology. This field of study deals with the design, construction, and science of aircraft and spacecraft.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key details about famous scientists, like their fields of study or major achievements, is important for questions about their biographies.

Question 2. Sir C. V. Raman won the Nobel Prize in which year?
(a) 1928
(b) 1930
(c) 1932
(d) 1934
Answer: (b) 1930
In simple words: Sir C. V. Raman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 1930. He won it for his important work on how light changes when it passes through different materials, which is now called the Raman Effect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important dates associated with major scientific discoveries or awards, especially for prominent figures.

Question 3. Which of the following was an ornithologist.
(a) Dr. Panchanan Maheshwari
(b) Meghnad Saha
(c) Dr. Prafullachandra Ray
(d) Dr. Salim Ali
Answer: (d) Dr. Salim Ali
In simple words: Dr. Salim Ali was a famous ornithologist, which means he was an expert in studying birds. He spent his life observing and documenting many different types of birds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key scientists with their main fields of study or specializations to answer questions about their work.

Question 4. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is situated in which city?
(a) Chennai
(b) Delhi
(c) Kolkata
(d) Mumbai
Answer: (d) Mumbai
In simple words: The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, also known as BARC, is located in the city of Mumbai. This important research center plays a big role in India's nuclear science and technology efforts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the locations of major scientific institutions in India is often tested in general knowledge or science sections.

Question 5. Charak Samhita was written in which language?
(a) Hindi
(b) Persian
(c) Sanskrit
(d) Urdu
Answer: (c) Sanskrit
In simple words: The ancient medical text called Charak Samhita was originally written in Sanskrit. Sanskrit is a very old Indian language that was used for many important religious and scientific writings.

🎯 Exam Tip: When studying historical texts, note the original language as it often reflects the cultural and intellectual context of the period.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 6. Dr. Bhabha identified which type of particles in radiations from space?
Answer: Dr. Homi J. Bhabha identified subatomic particles in the radiation coming from space. These are very tiny particles, sometimes called micro-particles, that are smaller than an atom. His work helped us understand more about cosmic rays.
In simple words: Dr. Bhabha found very tiny subatomic particles in the rays that come from space.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about scientific discoveries, always specify the exact nature or type of phenomenon discovered.

Question 7. Sushruta was a descendent of which sage?
Answer: Sushruta was a descendent of the great sage Vishwamitra. Sage Vishwamitra is a well-known figure in ancient Indian mythology and history. This connection links Sushruta to a lineage of wisdom and knowledge.
In simple words: Sushruta came from the family of the sage Vishwamitra.

🎯 Exam Tip: In questions about historical figures, knowing their ancestry or lineage can be a useful detail to include if relevant.

Question 8. As per Charak, what were the reasons for genetic defects in a child?
Answer: According to Charak, genetic defects in a child could result from deficiencies or defects in the parents. This ancient understanding highlighted the importance of parental health in the well-being of their offspring. He believed that the health of the mother and father played a direct role.
In simple words: Charak said that problems in a child's genes came from defects or problems in the parents.

🎯 Exam Tip: When citing ancient texts or figures, ensure to present their views clearly and concisely, focusing on their main points.

Question 10. Which reactors were established under the direction of Dr. Bhabha?
Answer: Under the leadership of Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, important nuclear reactors like Apsara, Cirus, and Gerlina were established. These reactors were crucial for India's early nuclear research and development programs. They marked the beginning of India's journey in atomic energy.
In simple words: Dr. Bhabha helped set up nuclear reactors named Apsara, Cirus, and Gerlina.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific names of projects or institutions associated with a scientist helps demonstrate detailed knowledge.

Question 11. Which scientist contributed towards establishment of Kevla Dev Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur?
Answer: Dr. Salim Ali, the renowned ornithologist, played a significant role in the establishment of the Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur. His dedication to bird conservation was instrumental in creating this famous bird haven. He worked hard to protect bird habitats.
In simple words: Dr. Salim Ali helped create the Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur.

🎯 Exam Tip: For environmental and conservation questions, linking specific individuals to the creation or protection of natural sites is a common exam point.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Short Answer Type Questions

Question 12. Comment on Dr. Kalam's contribution in defence and space technology.
Answer: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam made huge contributions to both defence and space technology in India. He began as a senior scientist, first working on a hovercraft project for the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). In 1962, he moved to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he led the SLV project, and SLV-3 was successfully launched under his guidance. Later, he took charge of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), which helped India successfully test-fire missiles like Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag, and Akash. He also led the nuclear test explosion at Pokharan in 1958, showing India's strength in this field. These efforts made India strong in both rocket science and defence.
In simple words: Dr. Kalam helped India develop missiles and rockets, including the SLV-3. He worked on defence and space projects, making India strong in these areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing contributions, list specific projects, missiles, or organizations to show a comprehensive understanding of the scientist's impact.

Question 13. What is Raman effect? What is its significance?
Answer: The Raman Effect describes how light behaves when it interacts with fluids. When light passes through a fluid, it scatters and changes its wavelength and direction. This change happens because of the interaction between the light and the fluid's molecules, a process known as dispersion of light. The significance of the Raman Effect is that it helps scientists analyze the chemical makeup of different substances. By studying how light scatters, researchers can identify what a material is made of and how its molecules are arranged. This has many uses in fields like chemistry, medicine, and materials science.
In simple words: The Raman Effect is when light changes its color and direction after passing through a liquid. It is important because it helps us learn what different materials are made of.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining a scientific principle, define it clearly first, then explain its practical uses or importance.

Question 15. Match the following:

Answer:
(1) Bird Man of India \( \rightarrow \) (d) Dr. Salim Ali
(2) Missile Man \( \rightarrow \) (b) Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(3) Father of Plastic Surgery \( \rightarrow \) (a) Sushruta
(4) Father of Nuclear Science in India \( \rightarrow \) (c) Dr. Bhabha
In simple words: We match each scientist with the title or achievement they are most known for. Dr. Salim Ali studied birds, Dr. Kalam worked with missiles, Sushruta was a pioneer in surgery, and Dr. Bhabha started nuclear science in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, clearly show the correct pairs and ensure each item from one column is matched exactly once to the correct item in the other column.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Long Answer Type Questions

Question 16. Write about life and contributions of Sushruta.
Answer: Sushruta was an ancient Indian physician and surgeon, believed to have lived around 600 BC. He received his fundamental medical training at the ashram of Dhanwantari, who is considered the Hindu god of medicine. Sushruta is recognized as the pioneer who shared knowledge of surgery with the world. His famous book, 'Sushruta Samhita', describes many surgical procedures, including plastic surgery. It also talks about various tools that look like modern spring forceps used by today's surgeons. Sushruta also provided very detailed instructions on how to keep hospitals and surgical areas clean and hygienic. This showed his advanced understanding of preventing infections. His work has influenced medical practices for centuries.
In simple words: Sushruta was an ancient Indian doctor from 600 BC. He taught the world about surgery and wrote 'Sushruta Samhita', a book on surgical methods and how to keep hospitals clean.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about historical figures, include their approximate period, key mentors, major works, and specific contributions to show a complete picture.

Question 17. Write about life and contributions of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
Answer: Dr. Abul Pakir Jainulabdin Abdul Kalam was born on October 15, 1931. He completed his primary education in Rameswaram and then moved to Schwartz Higher Secondary School in Ramanathapuram to study science. After that, he studied Aeronautical Engineering at Madras University of Technology. Dr. Kalam worked as a senior scientist at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) on a hovercraft project. In 1962, he was sent to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to work on various space projects. He was put in charge of the SLV project, and the SLV-3 satellite launch vehicle was successfully launched under his leadership. Later, he led the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), which allowed India to successfully test-fire different missiles such as Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag, and Akash. He also played a key role in the nuclear test explosion at Pokharan in 1958, showing India's advancements in nuclear technology. His work greatly strengthened India's defence and space capabilities.
In simple words: Dr. Kalam was born in 1931 and studied Aeronautical Engineering. He worked on hovercrafts, then led India's SLV-3 rocket project and missile development. He also helped with nuclear tests, making India strong in defence and space.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a scientist's career, outline their educational path, major organizations they worked for, and specific projects or technologies they developed or led.

Question 18. Write about life and contributions of Dr. C. V. Raman.
Answer: Chandrashekhar Venkat Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tamil Nadu. He earned his M. Sc. (Physics) degree in 1907 when he was just 19 years old. He started his career as a Deputy Accountant General for the Indian government. Raman later left his accounting job to focus entirely on science. He then became a professor of physics at Calcutta University. During his time as a professor, in 1929, Raman discovered the famous 'Raman Effect'. For this groundbreaking discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. The 'Raman Effect' is also known as 'Raman Dispersion'. Raman also explained why the sea and sky appear blue. Besides this, he studied solids, liquids, and gases, and conducted important research on magnetism, X-rays, the structure of matter, and the properties of color and sound. He passed away on November 20, 1970. His work changed how we understand light and matter.
In simple words: C. V. Raman was born in 1888 and studied physics. He discovered the 'Raman Effect' in 1929 and won a Nobel Prize in 1930. He also explained why the sky and sea are blue.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on chronological career milestones, major discoveries, and the significance of those discoveries when writing about a scientist's life and work.

Question 19. Write about life and contributions of Dr. Salim Ali.
Answer: Dr. Salim Ali was a famous Indian ornithologist, someone who studies birds. He was born on November 11, 1896. He greatly enriched our knowledge about birds through his extensive research and fieldwork. In 1976, he received India's second-highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan. After becoming a member of the Bombay Natural History Society in 1947, he used his influence to get government help for the institution. He played a very important part in setting up the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, also known as Keoladeo National Park, which is a famous place for birds. He also worked hard to stop a dam project that threatened the Silent Valley National Park, showing his commitment to protecting nature. Dr. Ali's efforts helped establish many bird sanctuaries and promoted bird conservation in India.
In simple words: Dr. Salim Ali was a famous bird expert who taught us a lot about birds. He helped create the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary and fought to save Silent Valley, greatly contributing to bird conservation in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: For environmentalists or conservationists, emphasize their specific actions, the natural sites they helped establish or protect, and the impact of their advocacy.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Additional Questions Solved

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Who is known as the 'Missile Man' of India?
(a) Dr. Salim Ali
(b) Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam
(c) Dr. Bhabha
(d) Dr. C V Raman
Answer: (b) Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam
In simple words: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is called the 'Missile Man' of India because of his big role in developing missile technology for the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the popular nicknames or titles given to famous personalities, as these are often used in questions.

Question 2. An ornithologist studies which of the following?
(a) Birds
(b) Fossils
(c) Plants
(d) Reptiles
Answer: (a) Birds
In simple words: An ornithologist is a scientist who specializes in studying birds. They learn about birds' behavior, habitats, and different species.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the definitions of scientific terms, especially those related to different fields of study.

Question 3. Sushruta used which animal to prevent blood clotting during surgery?
(a) Ant
(b) Leech
(c) Prawn
Answer: (b) Leech
In simple words: Sushruta used leeches during surgery to help stop blood from clotting too much. Leeches have substances in their saliva that thin the blood, which was helpful in ancient medical practices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific historical medical practices can be a point of interest; remember unique tools or methods used by ancient scientists.

Question 4. Who started Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works?
(a) Panchanan Maheshwari
(b) C V Raman
(c) Prafullachandra Ray
(d) Dr. Homi Bhabha
Answer: (c) Prafullachandra Ray
In simple words: Dr. Prafullachandra Ray established the Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works. He started this company to produce medicines in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect entrepreneurs and scientists with the industries or companies they founded, especially those with national significance.

Question 5. Which of the following is not from the modern times?
(a) Salim Ali
(b) C V Raman
(c) Charak
(d) Bhabha
Answer: (c) Charak
In simple words: Charak was an ancient Indian physician, so he lived much earlier than Salim Ali, C. V. Raman, and Bhabha, who were from more recent times.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to categorize scientists or historical figures into their respective time periods (ancient vs. modern) based on their contributions.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. As per Ayurveda, which are the three doshas which regulate the functioning of body?
Answer: According to Ayurveda, the three doshas that control how the body works are Vata, Pitta, and Kafa. These three energies are believed to govern all physical and mental processes in the human body. Maintaining a balance among them is key to good health.
In simple words: Ayurveda says the body is controlled by three main energies called Vata, Pitta, and Kafa.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing traditional systems like Ayurveda, use the correct terminology and briefly explain their significance.

Question 2. Who was the guru of Sushruta?
Answer: Sushruta's guru was Dhanwantari. Dhanwantari is revered in Hindu traditions as the god of Ayurveda and the divine physician. Sushruta received his foundational medical knowledge and surgical training under him, which was common practice in ancient India.
In simple words: Sushruta's teacher was Dhanwantari.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the mentors of historical figures can provide insight into their learning and philosophical influences.

Question 3. Which book was written by Sushruta?
Answer: The famous medical text written by Sushruta is called 'Sushruta Samhita'. This book is one of the most important ancient treatises on medicine and surgery, detailing many procedures and surgical instruments. It's still studied today for its historical significance.
In simple words: Sushruta wrote a well-known book about medicine and surgery called 'Sushruta Samhita'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about a historical author, always provide the exact title of their primary work.

Question 5. Which topic was of common interest for Charak and Mendel?
Answer: The topic of common interest for both Charak and Mendel was inheritance. Although they lived in different eras and had different approaches, both were curious about how traits are passed from parents to children. Charak, through ancient observations, and Mendel, through plant experiments, explored how characteristics are transferred across generations.
In simple words: Both Charak and Mendel were interested in how qualities or features are passed down from parents to their children.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify overarching themes or concepts that link different scientists, even if they worked in different fields or time periods.

Question 6. C V Raman got Nobel Prize for which discovery?
Answer: Sir C. V. Raman received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the Raman Effect. This effect describes the change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. This discovery helped scientists to analyze materials.
In simple words: C. V. Raman won the Nobel Prize for finding out about the Raman Effect, which explains how light changes when it hits different substances.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify the exact discovery or invention for which a scientist received a major award like the Nobel Prize.

Question 7. Who is called as the 'Father of Indian Nuclear Programme'?
Answer: Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha is known as the 'Father of the Indian Nuclear Programme'. His vision and leadership were crucial in establishing India's nuclear energy and research infrastructure. He laid the foundation for India's self-reliance in nuclear science.
In simple words: Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha is known as the 'Father of the Indian Nuclear Programme'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link foundational figures directly to the programs or institutions they established or are widely recognized for leading.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain the fundamental aspects of any science.
Answer: Any scientific field has two main parts: fundamental science and applied science. Fundamental science is about understanding how things work and why various phenomena happen. It focuses on gaining knowledge for its own sake, like learning about black holes. On the other hand, applied science uses this basic knowledge to solve real-world problems and improve human life, leading to economic progress. For example, knowing about electricity (fundamental science) helps us build light bulbs (applied science). Both aspects are important because fundamental discoveries pave the way for practical applications that benefit people and economies.
In simple words: Science has two main parts: basic science, which helps us understand things, and applied science, which uses that understanding to make life better and help the economy grow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and differentiate between related concepts, providing simple examples to illustrate each point.

Question 2. Make a short note on education of Dr. Bhabha.
Answer: Dr. Homi J. Bhabha had an excellent education, starting at the Cathedral John Canon High School and Elphinstone College. After this, he moved to England for higher studies. He joined Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University to study engineering. There, he focused on mechanical sciences and later shifted to theoretical physics. His education at these top institutions provided him with a strong foundation in both engineering and advanced physics. This blend of knowledge was key to his future work in India's nuclear program.
In simple words: Dr. Bhabha studied at good schools in India, then went to Cambridge University in England to study engineering and physics.

🎯 Exam Tip: When outlining a scientist's education, mention the key institutions and their main fields of study to show their academic path.

Question 4. Write a short note on education of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
Answer: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam received his early education in Rameswaram, his hometown. After that, he went to the Schwartz Higher Secondary School in the nearby town of Ramanathapuram to study science. His passion for aviation led him to pursue higher studies in engineering. He got admission to the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1954, where he specialized in Aeronautical Engineering. His strong foundation in these institutions helped him greatly in his future work in space and missile technology. This educational journey prepared him to become a leading scientist.
In simple words: Dr. Kalam had his early schooling in Rameswaram, then studied science in Ramanathapuram. He later studied Aeronautical Engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include both the general area of study and specific specialization when describing a scientist's higher education.

Indian Scientists: Biography and Achievements Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which incident motivated Dr. Prafullachandra Ray to start a company? What happened after that?
Answer: Dr. Prafullachandra Ray was motivated to start his own company by an incident that highlighted racial discrimination and lack of opportunity for Indians. After returning to India, he became an Assistant Professor at Presidency College. He noticed that people with less education and fewer skills were given higher positions and salaries. When he complained about this to the British Director of the Education Department, the Director sarcastically told him, "If you are such an able chemist then you should start some business." This remark deeply stirred Dr. Ray.
\( \implies \) After that, with a small capital of only Rs. 800, he started the Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works in 1892. His goal was to produce allopathic medicines in India.
\( \implies \) Today, this company has grown into a multi-billion rupee enterprise and has inspired many other industries across the country. His determination turned a negative comment into a great success story for India.
In simple words: Dr. Prafullachandra Ray was told by a British director to start his own business if he was so good, after he complained about unfair jobs. This made him start Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works with Rs. 800, which is now a very big company and has helped many other businesses in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing motivation for action, always include the inciting incident and clearly explain the sequence of events and their outcomes.

Question 2. Write about contributions of Charak in science.
Answer: Charak was a major contributor to ancient Indian medicine, known for his work in Ayurveda. He was the first to state that the heart is the central control point of the body and is connected to the main arteries, a significant insight for his time. In his famous text, 'Charak Samhita', he provided extensive knowledge about medicine, diseases, and treatments.
\( \implies \) Charak also discussed the reasons for genetic defects in children, attributing them to deficiencies or defects in the parents.
\( \implies \) He included important instructions and ethical oaths for doctors and medical students, emphasizing that doctors should never be enemies with their patients, nor should they reveal personal or family matters of a patient.
\( \implies \) He stressed that doctors must always be open to new knowledge and advancements. His holistic approach covered both physical health and the ethical practice of medicine, making him a foundational figure in medical history.
In simple words: Charak was a key figure in ancient Indian science, especially medicine. He said the heart controls the body and taught about diseases, treatments, and reasons for birth defects. He also set rules for doctors, telling them to be kind and keep patient secrets.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing contributions, present key ideas or theories, major works, and ethical guidelines if applicable, to show the breadth of influence.