RBSE Solutions Class 10 English Prose Chapter 4 The Tale of the Bishnois

Activity 1: Comprehension

A. Tick the correct alternative:

Question 1. Who was the mother of Jambaji?
(a) Hamsadevi
(b) Ramsadevi
(c) Amritadevi
(d) Kauslyadevi
Answer: (a) Hamsadevi
In simple words: To answer this, recall the text that mentions Jambaji's family members and identify the name of his mother.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always read family descriptions carefully to identify relationships correctly, as similar names might be used.

Question 2. What was the age of Jambaji when the great disaster overtook the Marwar?
(a) Twenty three
(b) Thirty five
(c) Twenty five
(d) Twenty one
Answer: (c) Twenty five
In simple words: The story tells us that Jambaji was 25 years old when a big disaster happened in Marwar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to specific numbers and dates mentioned in the text, as they are often tested in MCQs.

Question 3. How many Bishnois sacrificed their lives to guard their sacred heritage?
(a) 336
(b) 363
(c) 633
(d) 636
Answer: (b) 363
In simple words: A total of 363 Bishnois gave up their lives to protect their special trees and animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key numbers and figures related to important events or sacrifices in the story.

B. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false:

Question 1. The Bhils resisted the encroachment made by hordes of cattle keepers from West and Central Asia.
Answer: T
In simple words: Yes, the Bhils tried to stop the cattle keepers from West and Central Asia from entering their land.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the initial conflicts and who resisted whom to determine the truthfulness of statements about historical events.

Question 2. The Rathore of Kanauj finally conquested the Bhils in 1451 AD.
Answer: F
In simple words: No, the Rathores conquered the Bhils in the 13th century AD, not 1451 AD.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always double-check dates in historical statements, as they are common points for factual errors.

Question 3. Thakur Lohat was the father of Jambaji.
Answer: T
In simple words: Yes, Jambaji's father was indeed Thakur Lohat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the names and relationships of main characters helps in correctly identifying true statements.

Question 4. The land was not covered by Khejdi trees.
Answer: F
In simple words: This is false; the land was full of Khejdi trees before the drought.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to descriptions of the natural environment at different points in the story to avoid factual errors.

Question 5. A copper plate was presented to the Bishnois by Diwan.
Answer: F
In simple words: No, the copper plate was presented by Abhay Singh, the ruler, not just the Diwan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful to distinguish between the actions of the main ruler and his officials in the story.

Question 6. Rao Jodhaji was the ruler of Marwar in 1451 AD.
Answer: T
In simple words: Yes, Rao Jodhaji ruled Marwar in 1451 AD, which is when Jambaji was born.

🎯 Exam Tip: Match important figures with their respective roles and time periods accurately.

C. Answer the following questions in about 30 - 40 words each:

Question 1. What kinds of animals and trees found in the desert of Marwar?
मारवाड़ के मरुस्थल में किस प्रकार के पौधे तथा जानवर पाए जाते हैं?
Answer: The Marwar desert was not empty. It had thousands of Khejdi, ber, and sangri trees. Many animals lived there too, like antelopes, blackbucks, chinkaras, and nilgais. This rich biodiversity shows the natural beauty of the region.
In simple words: Marwar had many Khejdi, ber, and sangri trees. Animals like antelopes, blackbucks, chinkaras, and nilgais lived there.
मारवाड़ का रेगिस्तान वृक्षविहीन, बंजर तथा चट्टानों से भरा नहीं था। यह क्षेत्र हजारों की संख्या में खेजड़ी वृक्षों, भरपूर मात्रा में बेर तथा सांगरी के पेड़ों से आच्छादित था। ये वृक्ष हजारों पशुओं की शरणस्थली थे। यहाँ काफी संख्या में हिरण, काला हिरण, चिंकारा तथा नीलगाय थे।

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing flora and fauna, try to list a few specific examples from the text to show comprehensive understanding.

Question 2. Who were the original residents of Marwar?
मारवाड़ के मूल निवासी कौन हैं?
Answer: The Bhils were the original people of Marwar. About 3000 years ago, cattle keepers from West and Central Asia invaded the area. The Bhils fought back, but the invaders had better weapons and horses. So, the Bhils had to move back towards the Aravalli hills. Later, the Rathores of Kanauj took over in the 13th century AD, establishing new rule. This shows how different groups have shaped the history of the region.
In simple words: The Bhils were the first people in Marwar. Later, cattle keepers from other lands came and pushed the Bhils away, and then the Rathores took control.
मारवाड़ के मूल निवासी भील थे। लगभग 3000 वर्ष पूर्व पश्चिम तथा मध्य एशिया के पशुपालकों के झुंड मारवाड़ में आ घुसे। भीलों ने इसका प्रतिरोध किया। किंतु आक्रमणकारियों के समुन्नत घोड़े तथा हथियारों ने उन्हें अरावली की तरफ लौटने को मजबूर कर दिया। अंत में कन्नौज के राठौरों ने 13वीं शताब्दी में मारवाड़ पर अपना शासन स्थापित कर लिया।

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about original inhabitants, also briefly mention subsequent changes in power to give a complete picture.

Question 3. How was the vegetation of Marwar affected?
किस प्रकार से मारवाड़ का वनस्पतिकरण प्रभावित हुआ?
Answer: Over time, many large herds of cattle started to harm the plants in Marwar. The cattle grazed on small trees and saplings, which then couldn't grow into big trees. This changed the green landscape and made it harder for both animals and the Bhils to survive. The impact of overgrazing significantly altered the ecosystem.
In simple words: Many cattle ate the small plants, so new trees couldn't grow. This hurt Marwar's plant life and made it hard for animals and people to live.
जनसंख्या तथा पशुओं के बड़े झुंडों ने उस क्षेत्र के वनस्पतिकरण को बुरी तरह से प्रभावित किया।

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on cause and effect when describing environmental changes, clearly linking actions (like grazing) to consequences (like vegetation loss).

Question 4. Who conquered the Bhils finally and became the ruler of the whole Marwar?
भीलों पर किसने विजय प्राप्त करके अंततः संपूर्ण मारवाड़ पर शासन कायम किया?
Answer: The Bhils were the original people of Marwar. Invaders with their cattle from West and Central Asia forced the Bhils to retreat to the Aravalli hills. Finally, in the thirteenth century, the Rathores of Kanauj attacked and defeated the Bhils. After this, the Rajputs became the rulers of all of Marwar. This marked a major shift in the region's governance.
In simple words: The Rathores of Kanauj conquered the Bhils in the 13th century and became the rulers of Marwar.
भील मूल रूप से मारवाड़ के निवासी थे। पशुपालकों का आक्रमणकारी गिरोह जो कि पश्चिम तथा मध्य एशिया से आया था, ने भीलों को अरावली की तरफ पीछे लौटने को विवश कर दिया। अंत में, तेरहवीं शताब्दी में कन्नौज के राठौरों ने आक्रमण कर भीलों को पराजित किया। राजपूत अब मारवाड़ के शासक बन गए।

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the final ruling power and the century of their conquest when asked about who ultimately controlled a region.

Question 5. What were the names of the parents of Jambaji?
जंबाजी के माता-पिता का क्या नाम था?
Answer: Jambaji was born in 1451 AD in Pipasar village in Marwar. His father, Thakur Lohat, was the headman of the village. His mother was Hansadevi. As a boy, Jambaji was given the job of taking animals out for grazing. This family background shaped his early life.
In simple words: Jambaji's father was Thakur Lohat, and his mother was Hansadevi.
जंबाजी का जन्म 1451 ई० में मारवाड़ के पीपासर नामक गाँव में हुआ था। उनके पिता जी गाँव के प्रधान थे। उनके पिता का नाम ठाकुर लोहाट तथा माता का नाम हंसा देवी था। बालक जंबाजी को बाहर ले जाकर पशुओं को चराने का काम सौंपा गया।

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about personal details, state the full names clearly and briefly mention their roles if relevant.

Question 6. What was the most fascinating and enthralling thing for Jambaji?
जंबाजी के लिए सर्वाधिक सम्मोहित करनेवाली चीज क्या थी?
Answer: As a young boy, Jambaji was in charge of his father's animals. He loved taking them to graze. While lying under a Khejdi tree, he would watch blackbucks. He was amazed by how easily and gracefully antelopes moved. He also found fights between two strong stags very captivating. This connection with nature deeply influenced his views.
In simple words: Jambaji loved watching blackbucks and antelopes move gracefully. He also found fights between stags very exciting.
जंबाजी का जन्म 1451 ई० में मारवाड़ के पीपासर नामक गाँव में हुआ था। उनके पिता जी गाँव के । प्रधान थे। उनके पिता का नाम ठाकुर लोहाट तथा माता का नाम हंसा देवी था। बालक जंबाजी को बाहर ले जाकर पशुओं को चराने का काम सौंपा गया।

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify specific aspects of nature or animal behavior that truly interested the character, as these details often reveal their personality.

Question 7. What were the two commandments of Jambaji's message?
जंबाजी के नियमों के दो प्रयुक्त संदेश क्या थे?
Answer: Jambaji's message had 29 basic rules, but two were most important. The first rule told his followers never to cut down any green tree. The second rule said not to kill any animals. His message, which promoted kindness and respect for all living things, was gladly accepted by his followers. These core principles form the foundation of the Bishnoi faith.
In simple words: The two main rules were: never cut green trees and never kill animals.
जंबाजी के संदेशों में 29 सिद्धांत शामिल थे। तथापि, उनके दो धमदिश उनके संदेश के मूल हैं। उनका प्रथम धर्मादेश अपने अनुयायियों को किसी भी हरे वृक्ष को नहीं काटने का आग्रह करता था। दूसरा ध देिश किसी भी जानवर को नहीं मारने का था। मानवता तथा सभी जीवों को सम्मान देने के इस संदेश में उनके अनुयायियों ने बड़े ही आतुरतापूर्वक अपनाया।

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the two main rules, as they are central to Jambaji's teachings and the Bishnoi way of life.

Question 8. Why were Bishnois called by this name?
बिश्नोइयों को इस नाम से क्यों पुकारा जाता है?
Answer: Jambaji was the religious leader of the Bishnois. His teachings included twenty-nine main principles. The two most important were not cutting green trees and not killing animals. Jambaji's followers were called Bishnois because they followed these twenty-nine rules. The name "Bishnoi" comes from "bis" (meaning 20) and "noi" (meaning 9), totaling 29. This naming shows their commitment to their guru's guidance.
In simple words: Jambaji's followers were called Bishnois because they followed his 29 rules. "Bis" means 20 and "noi" means 9.
बिश्नोइयों के धार्मिक गुरु जंबाजी थे। उनके संदेशों में 29 सिद्धांत शामिल हैं। किसी भी हरे वृक्ष को नहीं काटना तथा किसी भी जीव की हत्या नहीं करना उनके दो मुख्य धमदिश थे। जंबाजी के अनुयायी बिश्नोई कहे गए। इन्हें twenty-niners (bis = 20 and noi = 9) कहा गया। वे इसलिए बिश्नोई कहलाए, क्योंकि उन्होंने जंबाजी के 29 नीति उपदेशों का अनुसरण किया।

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the origin of the name "Bishnoi" by connecting it to the "twenty-nine" principles and their guru's teachings.

Question 9. What was the use of lime kilns?
चूने की भट्ठियों का क्या उपयोग है?
Answer: The area around Marwar had famous red sandstone from Jodhpur. This sandstone needed a lot of lime to be prepared for building. Limestone could not be used raw; it had to be processed. The lime kilns were used to cure, or prepare, the limestone, making it suitable for construction. These kilns were crucial for processing building materials.
In simple words: Lime kilns were used to prepare limestone, which was needed to treat the red sandstone used for building in Marwar.
जोधपुर का प्रसिद्ध लाल बलुआ पत्थर मारवाड़ के आस-पास के क्षेत्रों में पाया जाता था। लाल बलुआ पत्थर को उपचारित करने के लिए बहुत सारे चूने की आवश्यकता होती थी। चूने के पत्थर का उपयोग कच्चे रूप में नहीं किया जा सकता था। इसे ठीक करना पड़ता था। चूने की भट्ठियों में चूने के पत्थर को ठीक किया जाता था।

🎯 Exam Tip: Briefly explain the function of lime kilns and their importance in the context of construction materials mentioned in the text.

Question 10. Why did the Diwan send his men to Khejadali?
दीवान ने अपने आदमियों को खेजड़ी क्यों भेजा?
Answer: The Diwan ordered lime kilns to be started near Khejadali. These kilns needed a lot of wood for fuel. When his workers were ready to cut trees for fuel, the Bishnois stopped them because cutting green trees was against their religion. The Diwan became very angry. He then rode to Khejadali village himself with the workers and ordered the trees to be cut down. He needed the wood to fuel the lime kilns for the new palace construction.
In simple words: The Diwan sent his men to Khejadali to cut trees for fuel. The fuel was needed to run the lime kilns for the new palace.
दीवान ने यह आदेश दिया कि चूने की भट्ठी खेजड़ी गाँव के निकट प्रारंभ की जाए। चूने की भट्टी को संचालित करने के लिए बड़ी मात्रा में ईंधन की आवश्यकता होती थी। जब श्रमिक ईंधन के लिए। पेड़ों को काटने के लिए उद्धत हुए। बिश्नोइयों ने इसका विरोध किया। किसी भी हरे वृक्ष को काटना । उनके धर्म के विरुद्ध था। उन्होंने श्रमिकों को पेड़ों को छूने तक नहीं दिया। दीवान क्रोधित हो उठा। वह स्वयं घोड़े पर सवार होकर श्रमिकों के साथ पेड़ों को काटने के लिए खेजड़ी गाँव आया।

🎯 Exam Tip: State the purpose of the Diwan's action (needing fuel) and the location (Khejadali) clearly, then briefly add the Bishnois' reaction.

Question 11. What promise did Abhay Singh make to the Bishnois?
बिश्नोइयों से अभय सिंह ने कौन-सा वायदा किया?
Answer: Abhay Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, went to Khejadali to resolve the issue. He promised the upset Bishnois that he would fully respect their religious beliefs. This promise was even written on a copper plate. The inscription stated that no green tree would be cut near any Bishnoi village and no animal would be hunted there. This was a significant commitment to protect their way of life.
In simple words: Abhay Singh promised that no green trees would be cut near Bishnoi villages and no animals would be hunted there, respecting their religion.
जोधपुर का शासक अभय सिंह मामले को सुलझाने के लिए स्वयं खेजड़ी गाँव गया। उसने हजारों की संख्या में विलाप करते बिश्नोइयों को यह आश्वस्त किया कि वह उनके धार्मिक सिद्धांतों को पूर्ण सम्मान करेगा। ताँबे के प्लेट पर उत्कीर्ण इस आश्वासन को बिश्नोइयों को सौंप दिया गया। इसमें यह आश्वासन दिया गया कि बिश्नोई गाँव के निकट कोई हरा वृक्ष नहीं काटा जाएगा। इसमें यह भी लिखा गया कि इस क्षेत्र में किसी भी जानवर का शिकार नहीं किया जाएगा।

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the two main parts of Abhay Singh's promise: no tree cutting and no animal hunting near Bishnoi villages.

Question 12. What was written on the inscription presented to Bishnois?
बिश्नोइयों को दिए गए ताम्रपत्र में क्या लिखा था?
Answer: After the tragic killing of 363 Bishnois, Abhay Singh, the Jodhpur ruler, worked to make things right. He promised to fully respect their religious beliefs. A copper plate was presented to them, which had this promise written on it. The inscription clearly stated that no green tree would be cut near any Bishnoi village, and no animal would be hunted in the area. This was a royal decree to safeguard their heritage.
In simple words: The copper plate promised that no green trees would be cut and no animals would be hunted near any Bishnoi village.
धार्मिक सिद्धांतों का सम्मान करेगा। उसके ताँबे की प्लेट पर लिख गए संदेश को बिश्नोइयों को सौंप दिया गया। उसमें वादा किया गया था कि आगे से, किसी भी बिश्नोई गाँव के समीप किसी पेड़ को नहीं काटा जाएगा। न ही उनके समीप किसी जानवर का शिकार किया जाएगा।

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the contents of the inscription accurately, focusing on the specific bans it imposed regarding trees and animals.

D. Answer the following questions in about 60 - 80 words each:

Question 1. What was the disaster Marwar faced when Jambaji was twenty five years old?
जब जंबाजी 25 वर्ष के थे तो मारवाड़ में कौन-सी आपदा आई थी?
Answer: When Jambaji was 25, Marwar suffered a terrible disaster. The region, which had already received little rain, then had no rain at all. A severe drought hit Marwar for eight years. Cattle suffered the most, and in the second year, there was no grass left. People cut trees for leaves to feed their animals. After their stored grain ran out, they ate Khejdi pods and dried ber seeds, and hunted blackbucks. Eventually, many migrated, and thousands of cattle died. This long period of drought deeply impacted the entire region.
In simple words: When Jambaji was 25, Marwar faced a severe, eight-year drought. There was no rain, animals died, and people struggled for food, cutting trees and eventually migrating.
जब जंबाजी 25 वर्ष के थे, तो मारवाड़ क्षेत्र में एक बड़ी आपदा आई। मारवाड़ में पहले भी कम वर्षा होती थी, लेकिन इस बार बिल्कुल ही बारिश नहीं हुई। पशुओं की स्थिति बहुत ही ज्यादा खराब थी। दूसरा वर्ष और भी खराब था। घास का कोई तिनका भी कहीं नहीं था। लोग अपने पशुओं को खिलाने के लिए पत्तों के हेतु पेड़ों को काट रहे थे। सूखा लगातार आठ वर्षों तक जारी रहा। जब संग्रहित अन्न समाप्त हो गया तो लोग खेजड़ी की फलियों और सूखे बेरों का आटा खाने लगे। वे अपने आहार के लिए काले हिरणों का शिकार करने लगे। अंततः वे दूसरे क्षेत्रों में चले गए। इस क्रम में हजारों की संख्या में पुशओं की मृत्यु हो गई।

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the specific challenges faced during the drought, including lack of rain, impact on animals, and how people coped or migrated.

Question 2. How did Jambaji's teachings affect the villagers?
जंबाजी की शिक्षा ने ग्रामीणों को किस प्रकार से प्रभावित किया?
Answer: The terrible drought made Jambaji believe that human pride was destroying the world. He realized that for life to return, people needed to change their way of living. He wanted Marwar to be covered again with many Khejdi, ber, and sangri trees, and for blackbucks to play freely. In 1485, he began teaching his new message, which included 29 core rules. The two main rules were never to cut green trees or kill animals. His message of humanity and respect for nature greatly influenced his followers, and they eagerly accepted it, leading to a profound change in their lifestyle.
In simple words: Jambaji's teachings made villagers realize they needed to change their ways to save nature. They adopted his rules, especially not cutting trees or killing animals, which greatly changed their lives.
जंबाजी के मानवता के संदेश को उनके अनुयायियों ने बड़े ही आतुरतापूर्वक स्वीकार किया।

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain both the motivation behind Jambaji's teachings (the drought and his vision) and the specific impact they had on his followers' actions and beliefs.

Question 3. What did Bishnois sacrifice their lives for?
बिश्नोइयों ने किसके लिए अपने जीवन की आहुति दी?
Answer: The Bishnois sacrificed their lives for a noble cause: protecting their environment and sacred heritage. Their religion strictly forbade cutting down green trees. In 1730, Maharaja Abhay Singh needed red sandstone for his new palace, which required lime produced in kilns that used a lot of fuel. The Diwan ordered his men to cut trees near Khejadali. When the workers began, the Bishnois resisted. Amritadevi, the wife of Bishnoi Ramkhod, along with her three daughters, hugged the trees and were cut down with them. In total, 363 Bishnois died protecting their sacred trees. This brave act deeply moved Abhay Singh, who then promised to respect their religious principles. Their sacrifice highlighted their deep commitment to environmental preservation.
In simple words: The Bishnois sacrificed their lives to protect trees and animals, which was part of their religion. 363 Bishnois, including Amritadevi and her daughters, died hugging trees to save them from being cut for a new palace.
बिश्नोइयों ने ने एक पवित्र उद्देश्य के लिए अपने जीवन की आहुति दी। उनका धर्म कड़े शब्दों में किसी भी हरे वृक्ष को काटे जाने का प्रतिकार करता है। 1730 में महाराजा अभय सिंह को अपने नए महल के निर्माण हेतु बड़ी मात्रा में लाल रेतीले पत्थरों की आवश्यकता थी। चूने की भट्ठी को काफी मात्रा में ईंधन की जरूरत पड़ती है। अभय सिंह के दीवान ने अपने आदमियों को आदेश दिया कि खेजड़ी गाँव के निकट के वृक्षों को काट डालें। जब श्रमिक ईंधन के लिए पेड़ों को काटने के लिए आगे बढ़े, तो बिश्नोइयों ने उन्हें वृक्षों के पास नहीं जाने दिया। बिश्नोई रामखोद की पत्नी अमृतादेवी ने अपनी तीन पुत्रियों के साथ पेड़ों को कटने से बचाने के लिए अपनी जान दे दी। इसी प्रकार से 363 बिश्नोइयों ने अपनी पवित्र विरासत की रक्षा हेतु अपनी प्राण गों की आहुति दे दी। इस नरसंहार के कारण अभय सिंह को मामले को सुलझाने के लिए खेजड़ी जाना पड़ा। उन्होंने बिश्नोइयों को यह आश्वासन दिया कि वे भविष्य में उनके धार्मिक सिद्धांतों का पूरा सम्मान करेंगे।

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing sacrifices, mention the specific number of people, the primary reason (religious belief in protecting nature), and the immediate cause (tree cutting for the palace).

Question 4. How did Bishnois save the trees?
बिश्नोइयों ने किस प्रकार से वृक्षों की रक्षा की?
Answer: Bishnois are followers of Jambaji, and two of his main rules were crucial to them: never cutting any green tree and never killing any animal. When Abhay Singh's Diwan ordered his workers to cut trees around Khejadali for fuel, the Bishnois strongly opposed them. They refused to let the workers touch the trees. Amritadevi, the wife of Bishnoi Ramkhod, and her three daughters were cut down while trying to save their trees by embracing them. In a similar act of defiance, 363 Bishnois laid down their lives, showing their unwavering commitment to protecting their trees. This collective resistance demonstrated their deep-rooted belief.
In simple words: Bishnois saved trees by following Jambaji's rule not to cut green trees. They resisted the Diwan's men, with 363 people, including Amritadevi and her daughters, sacrificing their lives by hugging the trees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the Bishnois' method of saving trees, highlighting their non-violent resistance and the ultimate sacrifice made by hugging the trees.

Question 5. Why were Abhay Singh's men frightened?
अभय सिंह के आदमी क्यों भयभीत हो गए?
Answer: The Diwan and his men killed 363 Bishnois. The Bishnois had sacrificed their lives but did not let the Diwan's men touch their trees. They came forward, hugged the trees, and were cut down with them. Maharaja Abhay Singh's men had never expected such a terrible turn of events. They were truly scared by the villagers' extreme dedication and sacrifice. Frightened, they quickly returned to Jodhpur and reported the bloody massacre to Abhay Singh. This act of self-sacrifice left a deep psychological impact on the soldiers.
In simple words: Abhay Singh's men were scared because the Bishnois hugged trees and were cut down with them, rather than letting the trees be harmed. The soldiers had never seen such a brave and shocking act.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the unexpected and extreme nature of the Bishnois' sacrifice as the main reason for the soldiers' fear.

Question 6. What made Abhay Singh visit Khejadali?
अभय सिंह को खेजड़ी क्यों जाना पड़ा?
Answer: Amritadevi, the wife of Bishnoi Ramkhod, and her three daughters were cut down with the trees. Many others also came forward to hug the trees and be cut down with them. When news of this massacre reached Abhay Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, he was deeply moved by the courage and strong morals shown by the Bishnois. He decided to go to Khejadali himself to resolve the issue. He went to assure the people that he would respect their religious principles from then on. This included banning the cutting of any green tree and the killing of animals around any Bishnoi village. The incident prompted a personal intervention by the ruler.
In simple words: Abhay Singh visited Khejadali because he heard about Amritadevi and 363 Bishnois being killed while protecting trees. He was impressed by their courage and wanted to settle the matter and promise to respect their religion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the ruler's motivation: being moved by the Bishnois' sacrifice and his desire to address the issue and make amends.

Question 7. What do you learn by this tale?
इर
Answer: This tale teaches us about the great courage and sacrifice of the Bishnois. Their strong beliefs helped them protect their environment, showing that people can stand up for nature. It also shows that even powerful rulers can be influenced by strong moral principles. The story of their sacrifice reminds us of the importance of protecting trees and animals, especially from short-sighted human desires. It demonstrates the enduring impact of spiritual convictions on environmental conservation.
In simple words: This story teaches us about courage, sacrifice, and the importance of protecting nature. It shows that strong beliefs can make even powerful people change their minds about harming the environment.
बिश्नोइयों की कथा उनके साहस, त्याग तथा दृढ़ संकल्प की कथा है जिससे कि वे अपनी पारिस्थितिकी विरासत की रक्षा कर सके। बिश्नोइयों ने अपने धार्मिक विरासत की रक्षा की। चूने की भट्ठियों के लिए ईंधन हेतु दीवान ने अपने आदमियों को यह आदेश कि खेजड़ी गाँव के आसपास के वृक्षों को काट डाला जाए। बिश्नोइयों जैसे बहादुर तथा दृढ़-संकल्पी समुदाय को वृक्षों के महत्व का पता था। उन्होंने मारवाड़ को रेत और पत्थरों के अवशिष्टों से युक्त होने से बचाया। उनके द्वारा निर्मित सिद्धांत पर जोधपुर के शासक अभय सिंह भी नतमस्तक हुए तथा उनकी माँगों को स्वीकार किया।

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the core lessons about courage, environmental protection, and the influence of moral principles, as these are the main takeaways from the story.

Question 8. What impressions do you get from the action of the Diwan? What would you have done if you had been in place of Diwan?
दीवान के क्रियाकलापों से आपके मन पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है? यदि आप दीवान के स्थान पर होते तो क्या करते?
Answer: The Diwan's actions show him as cruel and driven by power. He was seeking revenge, which led to a terrible massacre. The Bishnois bravely gave their lives to protect their religious and cultural heritage. The Diwan's actions were against humanity. If I had been in the Diwan's place, I would have respected the Bishnois' strong stand to save their environment. I would have looked for other ways to fuel the lime kilns instead of cutting their trees. I would never have allowed such a bloody event to happen and would have saved both the trees and their lives. This situation highlights the ethical responsibilities of those in power.
In simple words: The Diwan was cruel and used his power badly. If I were him, I would have respected the Bishnois' beliefs, found other ways to get fuel, and stopped the killing to save both trees and lives.
क्रूर तथा क्रोधी दीवान अपनी शक्ति तथा सत्ता मद में मतवाला था। दीवान का कृत्य बदले की भावना से प्रेरित था। इसका अंत खूनी नरसंहार से हुआ। बिश्नोइयों ने अपनी धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक विरासत की रक्षा के लिए अपने प्राणों की बलि दे दी। दीवान का यह कृत्य मानवता के खिलाफ था। यदि मैं दीवान के स्थान पर होता तो मैं उनके पारिस्थितिकी विरासत की रक्षा करने में सिद्धांत का सम्मान करता। मैं चूने की भट्ठी के लिए ईंधन की आपूर्ति हेतु किसी दूसरे विकल्प की तलाश करता। मैं कभी भी इस तरह के खूनी नरसंहार की अनुमति नहीं देता। मैं उनके पेड़ों के साथ-साथ उनके जीवन की भी रक्षा करता।।

🎯 Exam Tip: First, describe the Diwan's character based on his actions. Then, clearly state what you would have done differently, focusing on ethical and sustainable alternatives.

Question 9. How did Abhay Singh console the enraged Bishnois?
क्रोधित बिश्नोइयों को अभय सिंह ने किस प्रकार से सांत्वना दिया?
Answer: When news of the terrible massacre reached Jodhpur, Maharaja Abhay Singh was deeply affected by the strong morals and firm stand of the Bishnois. He personally rode to Khejadali village to calm things down. He assured the Bishnois that he would respect their religious principles in the future. He also banned the cutting of any green tree and the killing of animals near any Bishnoi village. He even had this promise written on a copper plate and gave it to them, which helped to restore trust and peace. This gesture demonstrated his recognition of their deep commitment.
In simple words: Abhay Singh went to Khejadali, promised to respect their religion, and banned tree cutting and animal hunting near their villages. He put this promise on a copper plate to assure them.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the specific actions Abhay Singh took to console the Bishnois: personal visit, assurance of respect, bans on tree cutting/hunting, and the copper plate inscription.

Question 10. What message was inscribed on the copper plate?
ताम्रपत्र पर कौन-सा संदेश उत्कीर्ण था?
Answer: The tragic massacre deeply moved Abhay Singh. He was impressed by the Bishnois' strong moral stand. He went to Khejadali to calm their feelings and presented them with a copper plate. The message written on this plate was very clear: it showed respect for the Bishnois' religious beliefs. It strictly banned the cutting down of any green tree or the killing of animals in the area around any Bishnoi village. This inscription served as a permanent legal protection for their sacred practices.
In simple words: The copper plate had a message from the ruler. It promised to respect the Bishnois' religion and banned cutting green trees or killing animals near their villages.
खूनी नरसंहार ने अभय सिंह के हृदय को परिवर्तित कर दिया। वह बिश्नोइयों की उच्च नैतिकता तथा सिद्धांतों से बेहद प्रभावित हुआ। वह स्वयं बिश्नोइयों की भावनाओं का सम्मान करने हेतु खेजड़ी गाँव गया। उसने उन्हें ताँबे का एक प्लेट भेंट किया। इस प्लेट में राजा का संदेश अंकित था। संदेश बहुत ही साफ था। इसमें बिश्नोइयों के धार्मिक सिद्धांतों के प्रति सम्मान का भाव था। इसमें किसी भी बिश्नोई गाँव के आसपास हरे वृक्षों को काटने या जीव-जंतुओं की हत्या करना निषेध था।

🎯 Exam Tip: State the exact contents of the inscription, focusing on the two main prohibitions (tree cutting and animal hunting) and the respect for their religion.

Activity 2: Vocabulary

A. The negative prefix 'in' is more often used with words of Latin origin while 'un' is more frequently found with words of English origin.

Example: credible - incredible
lucky - unlucky
Now make the following words negative by adding the prefix 'in' or 'un':
Well, covered, humanity, fertility, comfortable, affected, convenient, acceptable, different, bearable, eligible, reasonable.

Question. Make the following words negative by adding the prefix 'in' or 'un': Well, covered, humanity, fertility, comfortable, affected, convenient, acceptable, different, bearable, eligible, reasonable.
Answer:
comfortable - uncomfortable
affected - unaffected
convenient - inconvenient
acceptable - unacceptable
different - indifferent
eligible - ineligible
reasonable - unreasonable
In simple words: We add prefixes 'un' or 'in' to words to make them mean the opposite. For example, 'comfortable' becomes 'uncomfortable'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice identifying the correct prefix ('in' or 'un') by remembering that 'in' often goes with words of Latin origin and 'un' with English words, though there are exceptions.

B. We can interchange nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs with the help of suffixes.

Example: human - ity = humanity
girl - ish = girlish
Example: Jambaji's message of humanity was eagerly accepted.
Given below are some suffixes. Use them with the following words appropriately making slight changes in spelling where it is necessary. Use them in your own sentences:
-ly, -able, -ful, -less, -ship, -hood, -dom, -ness, -ar, -or
Suffixes: Faith, rapid, consider, noise, mother, dictator, wise, hard, lie, donate.

Question. Use the given suffixes with the words to form new words, making spelling changes where necessary.
Answer:

In simple words: We can change words into different forms (like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) by adding endings called suffixes. This helps us use words in many ways.

🎯 Exam Tip: When adding suffixes, be careful with spelling changes (e.g., dropping 'e', changing 'y' to 'i'). Always identify the part of speech of the new word.

C. Write one word beginning with the letter given, for the group of words put in bracket. The first one is done for you as an example.

Question 1. Marwar is a treeless waste of sand and rocks. (land with very few plants or animals)
Answer: (land with very few plants or animals) - desert
In simple words: This question asks for a single word that describes a place with very few plants or animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read the description in the bracket and think of a single word that accurately summarizes it, paying attention to the starting letter if provided.

Question 2. the shade of babul tree. (rest or sleep in the early afternoon)
Answer: (rest or sleep in the early afternoon) - siesta
In simple words: This asks for a word that means a short rest or sleep in the afternoon.

🎯 Exam Tip: For single-word answers, consider context and common vocabulary that fits the given definition.

Question 8. Bishnois celebrate the memory of their m.......... by planting more and more trees. (persons killed because of beliefs)
Answer: (persons killed because of beliefs) - martyrs
In simple words: The blank needs a word for people killed for their beliefs, and "martyrs" fits perfectly.

🎯 Exam Tip: When filling in blanks from a definition, identify the key concept and choose a word that directly means that concept, often related to history or religious contexts.

D. Two groups of words are given here. Make compound words choosing suitable words from each group like horseback, nine twenty.

Group (1): black, lender, office, fourth,sand, continent, moon, tree, life, four, some,lords, over, ordinary
Group (2): money, stone, buck, hence, sub, hour, full, lover, time, how, land, took,eighty, extra.

Question. Make compound words by combining suitable words from Group (1) and Group (2).
Answer:

In simple words: Compound words are formed by joining two or more words to create a new word with a new meaning. We combine words from the two lists to make these.

🎯 Exam Tip: To form compound words, identify logical pairings that create a recognizable and meaningful new word. Practice recognizing common compound word structures.

E. Homophones: Also known as sound alike words, are words that are pronounced identically although they have different meaning and different spellings as well, for example 'cattle'and 'kettle', 'plain' and 'plane? Try to find out some more homophones (at least two) in the lesson you have read. Find their to find the homophones of the following words.

Signt, Tour, won, woura, prece, then, nein, allowed, rose, two.

Question. Find the homophones of the given words.
Answer:

In simple words: Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings. For example, 'sight' and 'site' sound alike.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to context when using homophones, as incorrect spelling can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

Activity 3: Grammar

Active and Passive Voice

Look at the following sentences:

(i) King Abhay Singh presented a copper plate to the Bishnois.
(ii) A copper plate was presented to the Bishnois by King Abhay Singh.

In the first sentence the subject of the verb acts, so the verb is said to be in Active voice.

In the second sentence the subject of the verb is acted upon, therefore the verb is said to be in Passive Voice. It is the verb that is expressed in the active or in he passive voice.

When do we use the passive voice?

Question. When do we use the passive voice?
Answer: We use the passive voice when we are more interested in the action itself than in who performed it. For example, in "The bank was looted yesterday," the focus is on the looting, not who did it. The passive voice helps to highlight the action or the receiver of the action. Also, it is often used when the doer is unknown or unimportant. This allows for flexibility in emphasizing different parts of a sentence.
In simple words: We use passive voice when we care more about what happened or what was acted upon, instead of who did the action. It is also used if we don't know who did it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that passive voice emphasizes the action or the object, while active voice emphasizes the subject performing the action. Choose based on what you want to highlight.

Activity 3: Grammar

Exercise A. Change the following sentences into passive voice. Omit the agent.
1. Somebody had put out the light.
2. People serve ice-cream with meal.
3. They are expecting good news.
4. They admire the bravery of the Indian soldiers.
5. The Principal has dissolved the committee.
6. The Election commission announces elections for the state assemblies.
7. People hold honesty as the best policy.
Answer:
1. The light had been put out.
2. Ice-cream is served with meal.
3. Good news is being expected.
4. The bravery of the Indian soldiers is admired.
5. The committee has been dissolved.
6. Elections for the state assemblies are announced.
7. Honesty is held as the best policy.
In simple words: These sentences were changed so the action is more important than who did it. The "agent" (the person doing the action) was left out because it was not needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When omitting the agent in passive voice, ensure the sentence still makes complete sense and is grammatically correct. Generally, agents like 'somebody', 'people', 'they', 'we', 'everyone', etc., can be omitted.

Exercise B. Convert the following sentences into passive form:
1. The teacher has appointed him monitor.
2. I opened the door.
3. He can lift the box.
4. Why do you suspect me?
5. Are they offering him a chair?
6. Whom do we like most?
7. Who wrote Macbeth?
8. Put him this question.
Answer:
1. He has been appointed monitor by the teacher.
2. The door was opened by me.
3. The box can be lifted by him.
4. Why am I suspected by you?
5. Is he being offered a chair by them?
6. Who is liked most by you?
7. By whom was Macbeth written?
8. Let this question be put to him.
In simple words: Each active sentence was changed to passive voice, showing that the subject is receiving the action rather than performing it. The person or thing doing the action is still mentioned.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to change the verb form to a past participle and include "by" before the agent when converting to passive voice. For interrogative sentences, the question word often remains at the beginning.

Exercise C. Convert the following sentences from Passive to Active Voice:
1. Khejdi trees are not allowed to be cut in Rajasthan.
2. The green cover of the Indian sub-continent has been ravaged by grazing animals.
3. Bishnois were not to be cowed.
4. Jambhaji's followers were called Bishnois.
5. The door was painted green by him.
6. By whom is English taught to you?
7. He was given the task of looking after his puppy.
Answer:
1. They don't allow khejdi trees to be cut in Rajasthan.
2. Grazing animals have ravaged the green cover of the Indian sub-continent.
3. They could not cow the Bishnois.
4. They called Jambhaji's followers Bishnois.
5. He painted the door green.
6. Who teaches you English?
7. They gave him the task of looking after his puppy.
In simple words: These passive sentences were changed back to active voice. This makes the person or thing doing the action the main focus of the sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting from passive to active voice, identify the agent (usually after 'by') and make it the new subject. Adjust the verb tense accordingly to match the active construction.

Activity 5: Composition

Question 1. Write a paragraph in about 150 words on ‘Trees are essential for our life'.
Answer: Trees are incredibly important for our lives and for the whole planet. They provide us with the oxygen we breathe and absorb harmful carbon dioxide, keeping our air clean. Forests, full of trees, are like the lungs of our Earth, helping to balance the environment. Trees also bring rain and help keep the soil healthy by preventing it from being washed away. They are a home for many animals and give us fruits, fuel, and wood for various uses. Without trees, our world would become a barren desert of sand and rocks. We must plant more trees to keep our planet green and healthy for everyone. The presence of green spaces also improves our mental well-being.
In simple words: Trees give us oxygen and keep the air clean. They help make rain and stop soil from eroding. They are homes for animals and give us food and wood. We need to plant more trees to save our planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing a paragraph, always start with a clear topic sentence, follow with supporting details, and end with a concluding statement that summarizes the main idea. Use simple, direct language.

Question 2. Write a short paragraph on Importance of animals'.
Answer: Animals are a vital part of our beautiful world, and life would be incomplete without them. Animals and trees are closely connected, as animals rely on forests for their homes and survival. Humans have a long history of living with animals. Domesticated animals like cows, goats, and horses help us with farm work and provide milk and meat. Pets like dogs bring joy and companionship to our homes. Animals also give us useful things like wool and leather, which protect us from the cold. It is important for us to understand how valuable animals are and to treat them with kindness, not cruelty. Every living creature plays a role in the ecosystem.
In simple words: Animals are very important for our world. They live in forests and help us in many ways, like providing food and wool. We should be kind to them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing importance, give specific examples of how the subject (animals, in this case) affects human life and the environment. Keep your sentences focused and easy to understand.

A. Answer the following questions in about 30-40 words each:

Question 1. What is so incredible to see amidst a treeless waste in today's Marwar?
Answer: Today, Marwar is mostly sand and rocks where no large plants grow. Yet, it is incredible to see big khejdi trees and small babul and ber trees, especially in the Bishnoi villages. These green patches stand out as an amazing sight in the barren desert. It shows how nature can thrive even in harsh conditions if protected.
In simple words: In Marwar's desert, it's amazing to still see large khejdi, babul, and ber trees, especially in Bishnoi villages, which makes the dry land look green.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the contrast described in the question – the "treeless waste" versus the "incredible" sight. Highlight the specific details that create this contrast, such as the types of trees found.

Question 2. Why is the khejdi called a kalpavriksha?
Answer: The khejdi tree is called a 'kalpavriksha' because it is a lifeline in the Marwar desert and fulfills many needs, much like a mythical wish-granting tree. Its leaves feed goats, sheep, cattle, and camels, its pods can be made into a tasty curry, and its shade offers rest to animals. Even its thorns help protect farmers' fields. This versatility makes it very valuable to the people and wildlife of the desert.
In simple words: The khejdi tree is called a 'kalpavriksha' because it gives food, shade, and protection, fulfilling many wishes for people and animals in the Marwar desert.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining why something is called a specific name (like 'kalpavriksha'), list all the beneficial qualities or uses that justify that name, providing concrete examples.

Question 3. Describe Marwar before it had not yet been conquered by the desert.
Answer: Before it became a desert, Marwar was a vast land covered with thousands of khejdi trees, along with many ber, ker, and sangri trees. This fertile region was once home to numerous antelopes, blackbucks, chinkaras, and nilgais. The climate was still the same, but the lush vegetation supported a thriving ecosystem. This rich natural state contrasts sharply with its later desertification.
In simple words: Long ago, Marwar was green and full of thousands of khejdi, ber, ker, and sangri trees. Many animals like antelopes and blackbucks lived there, even though the weather was the same.

🎯 Exam Tip: To describe a past state effectively, use descriptive adjectives and specific examples of flora and fauna. Emphasize the abundance and richness of the area before its transformation.

Question 5. How did Marwar pass through different rulers and races?
Answer: Marwar was first inhabited by the Bhils, its original tribal people. About 3000 years ago, cattle keepers from West and Central Asia invaded the region. The Bhils resisted, but the invaders' superior weapons and horses forced them to retreat to the Aravallis. Finally, in the 13th century AD, the Rathors of Kanauj conquered the Bhils, establishing their rule over Marwar. This shows a long history of different groups controlling the land.
In simple words: Marwar was first ruled by Bhils. Then, cattle keepers from Asia invaded, pushing the Bhils back. Later, the Rathors of Kanauj conquered the Bhils and took control.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a historical progression, list the groups in chronological order and briefly explain how each group came to power or lost influence, highlighting key events like invasions or conquests.

Question 6. Describe the birth of Jambaji and his childhood.
Answer: Jambaji was born in 1451 AD in Pipasar village, Marwar. His father, Thakur Lohat, was the village headman, and his mother was Hansadevi. As a young boy, Jambaji's main job was to look after his father's large herds of cattle and sheep. He loved this task and particularly enjoyed watching stags fight, finding their graceful movements fascinating. This early life in nature shaped his connection with the environment.
In simple words: Jambaji was born in Pipasar in 1451 to Thakur Lohat and Hansadevi. As a child, he loved grazing his father's animals and watching deer fight.

🎯 Exam Tip: For biographical questions, include key details like birth year, place, parents' names, and significant childhood activities or interests. These details help create a complete picture.

Question 8. Describe the misery of the people during the disastrous drought. How were they forced to migrate in masses?
Answer: During the eight-year drought, the people faced extreme hardship. All tree branches and leaves were cut down for animal feed, causing trees to dry up. Stored grains ran out, forcing people to eat khejdi pods and dried ber seeds. When this food was also exhausted, they hunted every starving blackbuck. With no hope left, people migrated in large groups to other places, and thousands of cattle died during the journey. The continuous famine brought immense suffering and forced displacement.
In simple words: During a long drought, people and animals suffered greatly. They ran out of food and water, cut down trees, ate berries, and hunted animals. With no hope, many people moved away, and many animals died.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing misery, use vivid descriptions of the challenges faced, such as scarcity of food, death of animals, and forced migration. Present the problems in a logical sequence of events.

Question 9. How did the disastrous drought haunt Jambaji day and night?
Answer: The eight-year drought deeply troubled Jambaji. He constantly saw the suffering all around him, which made him spend many sleepless nights. The sight of dying cattle and starving children was a source of great anguish, haunting his thoughts day and night. This personal experience profoundly influenced his later teachings and beliefs.
In simple words: Jambaji was very worried by the long drought. He saw many animals dying and children starving, which kept him awake and bothered him all the time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the emotional and mental impact of the drought on Jambaji. Use phrases that convey his deep concern and the constant presence of these distressing images in his mind.

Question 11. What was Jambaji's message and how was it received by the people?
Answer: Jambaji's message included twenty-nine basic principles, with two main commandments: never cut down any green tree and never kill any animal. His message emphasized humanity and respect for all living things. The people received his teachings very warmly and eagerly accepted them. His wisdom inspired them to protect trees and greenery, leading to a new way of life that honored nature.
In simple words: Jambaji taught 29 rules, mainly to not cut green trees or kill animals. People really liked his message of kindness to nature and eagerly followed it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the core message, especially the key commandments, and then explain the community's reaction. Mentioning the number of principles (29) adds a specific detail.

Question 12. Why were Jambaji's followers called Bishnois?
Answer: Jambaji's followers were called Bishnois because they followed his twenty-nine basic principles. The name 'Bishnoi' comes from 'bis' meaning twenty and 'noi' meaning nine. By adopting these twenty-nine precepts, they became known as 'twenty-niners', or Bishnois. This naming tradition reflects their deep commitment to Jambaji's teachings.
In simple words: Jambaji's followers were called Bishnois because they followed his twenty-nine rules. The word Bishnoi comes from 'bis' (twenty) and 'noi' (nine).

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the etymology of the name 'Bishnoi' and link it directly to the number of principles Jambaji taught. This provides a clear and concise explanation.

Question 13. How did Bishnois become a prosperous community?
Answer: The Bishnois became a prosperous community by strictly following Jambaji's twenty-nine principles. They protected trees around their villages and saved blackbucks, chinkaras, peafowl, and other animals. Over time, their land became covered with trees again, allowing their cattle to feed well. This led to the recovery of the land's fertility, making the Bishnois a thriving and successful people. Their dedication to environmental preservation directly resulted in their prosperity.
In simple words: The Bishnois became successful by following Jambaji's rules to protect trees and animals. Their land became green again, animals had food, and the soil became fertile, making them prosperous.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Bishnois' religious principles directly to their practical actions and the positive environmental and economic outcomes. Emphasize the cause-and-effect relationship between their beliefs and their prosperity.

Question 14. How did Abhay Singh's decision of building a palace for himself brought him in conflict with the Bishnois?
Answer: Abhay Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, decided to build a new palace made of red sandstone, which needed a lot of lime. To cure the limestone, many lime kilns were required, demanding a huge amount of fuel. His Diwan started a lime kiln near a Bishnoi village, Khejadali, where many khejdi trees grew. However, cutting these trees went against the Bishnois' religious principles, leading to a major conflict between them and the ruler's men. This conflict arose from the clash of development needs with deeply held environmental beliefs.
In simple words: Abhay Singh needed a new palace, which meant burning lots of lime, requiring wood. His men tried to cut trees near a Bishnoi village, but the Bishnois stopped them because their religion forbids cutting trees, causing a fight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the chain of events: palace building -> need for lime -> need for fuel (wood) -> conflict with Bishnois' principles. This clarifies the root cause of the confrontation.

Question 15. Why was the Diwan enraged?
Answer: The Diwan was enraged because the Bishnois strongly resisted his order to cut down khejdi trees for fuel near Khejadali village. It was against the Bishnois' religion to cut any green tree, and they refused to let the workers touch the trees. The Diwan, unaccustomed to such defiance, became furious. He saw their resistance as a direct challenge to his authority, fueling his anger.
In simple words: The Diwan got very angry because the Bishnois stopped his workers from cutting trees. Their religion said not to cut green trees, and they would not let him do it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the reason for the Diwan's anger (resistance to tree cutting) and briefly explain the underlying cause (Bishnois' religious principles) to show the full context.

Question 16. How did the determined Bishnois sacrifice their lives to save their trees the sacred heritage for them?
Answer: The determined Bishnois sacrificed their lives by physically protecting the trees. When the Diwan's men began to cut trees in Khejadali, Amritadevi and her three daughters embraced the trees, allowing themselves to be cut down with them. Hearing of this massacre, 363 Bishnois from nearby villages rushed to the scene. They too hugged the trees and bravely laid down their lives to protect their sacred heritage, showing immense courage and devotion. This act of self-sacrifice left a lasting impact.
In simple words: The Bishnois, led by Amritadevi and her daughters, hugged the trees to save them from being cut. Many others also came and sacrificed their lives in the same way, protecting their sacred trees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the specific actions of the Bishnois, highlighting Amritadevi's role and the collective sacrifice of the 363 individuals. Emphasize their unwavering determination and the profound nature of their sacrifice.

Question 17. How did Amritadevi and her daughters sacrifice their lives to save their sacred heritage?
Answer: Amritadevi, the wife of Bishnoi Ramkhod, along with her three daughters, bravely sacrificed their lives to save their sacred trees. When the Diwan's men came to cut the khejdi trees for fuel, Amritadevi and her daughters clasped the trees tightly. They refused to let go, choosing to be cut down along with the trees themselves. This act of hugging the trees to protect them from the axes became a powerful symbol of their devotion. Their sacrifice inspired many others to follow suit, leading to a massive peaceful resistance.
In simple words: Amritadevi and her three daughters hugged the khejdi trees when workers came to cut them. They held on tightly and were cut down with the trees, giving their lives to save them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the personal story of Amritadevi and her daughters, describing their specific action of embracing the trees. This illustrates the depth of their commitment to their heritage.

Question 19. Describe the theme of the Tale of the Bishnois.
Answer: The Tale of the Bishnois highlights the theme of selfless sacrifice for environmental protection and strong moral principles. It shows how the Bishnois, driven by their faith, gave their lives to save trees and animals, which they considered their sacred heritage. The story also demonstrates that high morals and determined sacrifice can even influence powerful rulers. It teaches us about the interconnectedness of nature and human well-being and the importance of preserving both. The tale is a powerful reminder of ecological stewardship.
In simple words: The story of the Bishnois is about giving up everything to protect nature and animals, which they considered holy. It shows how strong beliefs and sacrifices can even change the minds of powerful people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a theme, state the main idea clearly (e.g., sacrifice for nature) and then provide supporting points from the story, such as the Bishnois' actions, their influence on the ruler, and the overall message.

B. Answer the following questions in about 60-80 words each:

Question 1. Describe the history of Marwar till it was finally ruled by the Rathore of Kanauj.
Answer: Marwar has a long and storied history. Initially, it was home to the Bhils, its original tribal inhabitants. The region was once abundant with khejdi, ber, ker, and sangri trees, and supported diverse wildlife like antelopes and blackbucks. Around three thousand years ago, cattle keepers from West and Central Asia invaded Marwar. The Bhils bravely resisted, but their invaders, with better weapons and horses, forced them to retreat towards the Aravalli hills. Over centuries, Marwar experienced significant ecological changes, gradually turning into a treeless desert. Finally, in the 13th century AD, the Rathors of Kanauj conquered the Bhils, establishing their rule and marking a new era in Marwar's history. This transition reflects both cultural shifts and environmental degradation.
In simple words: Marwar was first lived in by the Bhils and was full of trees and animals. About 3000 years ago, cattle keepers from Asia invaded, and the Bhils fought back but were pushed to the Aravallis. Over time, Marwar became a desert. In the 13th century, the Rathors of Kanauj conquered the Bhils and took over.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a chronological narrative, starting with the earliest inhabitants and moving through key events and transformations. Mention both the human history and the ecological changes for a comprehensive answer.

Question 2. Describe the terrible drought that overtook Marwar for eight long years. Also describe the sufferings that animals and men suffered during that period.
Answer: Marwar experienced a severe and devastating drought for eight continuous years when Jambaji was twenty-five. The region, which already received little rain, saw it stop completely. This led to immense suffering for both animals and humans. In the first year, people fed their animals with stored bajra straw. By the second year, things worsened, and animals were fed tree leaves. As the drought continued, trees began to die, and animals perished from hunger. People exhausted their stored grain and resorted to eating khejdi pods and dried ber seeds. They hunted down every blackbuck for food. With all hope lost, many migrated in large groups, and thousands of cattle died on their way. The entire region was reduced to a barren, treeless desert. This prolonged suffering deeply impacted the society and ecology.
In simple words: Marwar suffered a terrible drought for eight years, causing great pain. Animals died of hunger, and people ate pods and seeds, even hunting all blackbucks. With no food or hope, many people moved away, turning the area into a dry desert.

🎯 Exam Tip: Outline the duration and severity of the drought. Then, systematically describe the consequences for animals (starvation, death) and humans (food scarcity, desperate measures, migration), showing a clear progression of hardship.

Question 3. Describe Jambaji's early life. How was he affected by the drought and what did he decide to do?
Answer: Jambaji was born in 1451 in Pipasar village, Marwar. His father, Lohat Singh, was the village headman, and his mother was Hansadevi. As a young boy, Jambaji loved his job of looking after his father's large herd of cattle and sheep. He enjoyed watching stags fight, fascinated by their movements. However, when he was twenty-five, a terrible eight-year drought struck Marwar. This deeply affected Jambaji. He saw dying cattle and starving children day and night, leading to many sleepless nights and a profound vision. He realized that human pride was destroying nature and that people needed to change their approach to life for it to flourish again. He decided to preach a new message to cover the earth with trees and allow blackbucks to roam freely. This challenging experience became his life's turning point.
In simple words: Jambaji grew up in Pipasar, enjoying looking after animals. When a severe drought hit Marwar for eight years, he was deeply troubled by the suffering. He then realized people were destroying nature and decided to preach a message about protecting trees and animals to heal the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Combine the description of Jambaji's early life with the impact of the drought. Show how the personal suffering he witnessed transformed his outlook and motivated him to initiate his environmental movement.

Question 4. How were the followers of Jambaji called the Bishnois? Describe the contribution of the Bishnois in safeguarding the trees and the animals of their regions.
जंबाजी के अनुयायी बिश्नोई क्यों कहलाए? अपने क्षेत्र में वृक्षों तथा जानवरों की रक्षा में बिश्नोइयों के योगदान की चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer: Jambaji's followers were called Bishnois. They were also known as 'twenty-niners' because they followed the twenty-nine main principles taught by their spiritual leader, Jambaji. The two most important rules from his message were never to cut down any green tree and never to hunt or kill any wild animal. For over five centuries, the Bishnois have continued to protect trees and animals in states like Rajasthan, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh. Even today, you can easily spot a Bishnoi village in the desert by its abundant groves of Khejdi, Ber, and Sangri trees, showing their deep commitment to nature.
In simple words: Jambaji's followers are called Bishnois, or 'twenty-niners', because they follow his 29 rules. They protect green trees and animals, especially in Rajasthan, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a group, always mention their name, the origin of the name, and their key beliefs or actions.

Question 5. Why and where did the massacre take place? How in the end were the Bishnois assured by Abhay Singh?
कहाँ और क्यों नरसंहार हुआ? किस प्रकार से अंत में अभय सिंह ने बिश्नोइयों को आश्वस्त किया?
Answer: The tragic massacre happened in 1730 in Khejadali village due to the intense anger of Abhay Singh's Diwan. Maharaja Abhay Singh of Jodhpur wanted to build a new palace using red sandstone, which required a lot of lime. Producing lime needed a vast amount of fuel, so the Diwan ordered his men to cut down Khejdi trees near the Bishnoi village of Khejadali. The Bishnois resisted this because cutting green trees went against their religious principles. After the terrible event, Abhay Singh was deeply moved by the Bishnois' sacrifice. He went to Khejadali and gave them a copper plate with a written promise. This promise stated that no green tree would ever be cut and no wild animal would be hunted near any Bishnoi village in the future.
In simple words: A massacre happened in 1730 in Khejadali because the Diwan needed wood for lime kilns to build a new palace. The Bishnois resisted tree cutting, leading to the tragedy. Later, Abhay Singh promised on a copper plate that no trees or animals would be harmed near Bishnoi villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always include the year and location for historical events and clearly state the cause and effect in your answer.

Question 6. Describe the message that the tale of Bishnois intend to give to the readers and the world at large.
बिश्नोइयों की कथा द्वारा अपने पाठकों तथा तथा विश्व को दिए गए संदेश की व्याख्या कीजिए।
Answer: The story of the Bishnois teaches us about the great importance of trees and protecting wild animals. It serves as a strong warning to humans about careless and destructive actions towards nature. If we keep harming the environment, our world will become a barren desert of sand and rocks. The world can learn a lot from the Bishnois, who sacrificed their lives to protect their sacred natural heritage, including Khejdi, Ber, and Sangri trees, and lost 363 innocent lives for this cause. This tale also shows that even powerful kings must bow before strong morals and sacrifices made for a noble reason. The Bishnois continue their inspiring commitment to keeping antelopes and other wildlife free and safe, reminding everyone of the profound impact of collective environmental stewardship.
In simple words: The Bishnois' story teaches us to respect and protect nature and animals. It shows that even kings respect strong moral beliefs and that our world will suffer if we don't care for the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a story's message, identify the core themes (e.g., environmental protection, courage, moral values) and link them to the actions of the characters.

Question 1. What is the only growing thing found in today's Marwar desert?
आज मारवाड़ के रेगिस्तान में कौन-सी एकमात्र बढ़ती हुई चीज है?
Answer: In today's Marwar desert, which is largely sand and rocks, it's rare to find large plants. The main growing things you can see are shrubs and small grasses. Occasionally, you might also find small Ber and Babul trees. However, it is a pleasant surprise to see well-grown Khejdi trees, especially in the Bishnoi villages within the desert. These resilient plants manage to thrive despite the harsh conditions.
In simple words: Today's Marwar desert mainly has shrubs, small grasses, and some small Ber and Babul trees. Khejdi trees also grow, especially in Bishnoi villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific types of vegetation mentioned that can survive in a desert environment.

Question 2. Why is the khejadi tree called the 'Kalpariksha? खेजड़ी के पेड़ों को 'कल्प वृक्ष' क्यों कहा जाता है?
Answer: The Khejdi tree is known as the 'life-line' of the Marwar desert because it provides many benefits, making it like a 'Kalpavriksha' or a wish-fulfilling tree. This tree is a close relative of the Babul tree. A fully grown camel can comfortably rest in its shade during the hot midday. Its leaves serve as food for goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. The pods of the Khejdi tree can be cooked into a delicious curry. Even its thorns offer protection, safeguarding farmers' fields from invading animals. Its many uses make it vital for survival in the desert.
In simple words: The Khejdi tree is called 'Kalpavriksha' because it fulfills many needs in the desert. It offers shade, its leaves feed animals, its pods are used for food, and its thorns protect fields.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all the practical uses and benefits of the Khejdi tree that make it crucial for desert life to explain why it's called 'Kalpavriksha'.

Question 3. Who were Bhils and how were they finally subdued? भील कौन थे तथा उनका दमन कैसे हुआ?
Answer: The Bhils were the original tribal people who lived in Marwar a long time ago. About three thousand years prior, groups of 'cattle keepers' from West and Central Asia entered Marwar. The Bhils tried to stop these invaders. However, the invaders had better weapons and horses, which allowed them to defeat the Bhils. The Bhils were forced to move back towards the Aravalli hills. Finally, in the 13th century AD, the Rathores of Kanauj conquered the Bhils and established their rule in Marwar. Despite their brave resistance, the Bhils were eventually overcome by the invaders' superior military strength.
In simple words: The Bhils were the first people of Marwar. Invaders from West and Central Asia defeated them with better weapons and horses, forcing them to retreat. The Rathores of Kanauj finally conquered them in the 13th century.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state who the Bhils were, who invaded them, what advantages the invaders had, and the final outcome of the conflict.

Question 4. Describe Jambaji as a boy. जंबाजी को एक बच्चे के रूप में वर्णित कीजिए।
Answer: Jambaji was born in the year 1451 AD in Pipasar village in Marwar. His father, Thakur Lohat, was the village headman, and his mother was Hansadevi. As a young boy, Jambaji was given the responsibility of looking after his father's large herds of cattle and sheep. He found great joy in taking the animals out to graze. He particularly enjoyed watching two strong stags fight, observing their natural movements with fascination. This early exposure to nature likely shaped his deep connection to the environment later in life.
In simple words: Jambaji was born in 1451 in Pipasar. His father, Thakur Lohat, was the village head. As a boy, he cared for his father's animals and loved watching stags fight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include details about his birth, parents, childhood duties, and any notable interests to give a complete picture of his early life.

Question 5. What was the disaster that overtook the whole region? किस आपदा ने पूरे क्षेत्र को अपने गिरफ्त में ले लिया?
Answer: When Jambaji was twenty-five years old, a severe and widespread disaster hit the Marwar region: a terrible drought. The area had already received little rain, but then the rain stopped completely. This devastating drought lasted for eight consecutive years. During this time, animals suffered the most. In the first year, they were fed stored millet straw, but by the second year, people resorted to feeding them tree-leaves, which was still not enough to prevent many animals from dying of hunger. This long period of no rain caused immense hardship and changed the region's fate.
In simple words: When Jambaji was 25, a terrible drought hit Marwar for eight years. There was no rain, and animals died of hunger as they ran out of food.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a disaster, specify its type, duration, and immediate impact on the region and its inhabitants.

Question 6. Describe the sufferings that men and animals had to face during the drought. सूखे के दौरान उन कठिनाइयों को वर्णित कीजिए जिनका सामना मनुष्यों तथा पशुओं ने किया।
Answer: During the prolonged drought, both people and animals faced extreme hardships. All the branches and leaves of trees were cut down, and even then, the trees began to dry up. The stored grain that people had was completely used up. To survive, people started eating Khejdi tree pods and flour made from dried Ber seeds. Out of sheer desperation, they even peeled the bark off Sangri trees, powdered it, and cooked it. The starving blackbucks were hunted down. Eventually, with all hope lost, people migrated in large groups to other places, and thousands of cattle died along the way. The drought caused widespread famine and displacement.
In simple words: During the drought, trees dried up, and stored food ran out. People ate Khejdi pods and Ber seeds, and even Sangri bark. They hunted blackbucks, and eventually, many people and animals migrated or died.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the specific actions taken by people and animals due to scarcity, showing the severity of the drought's impact.

Question 7. Why did the Diwan order the khejdi trees to be cut near Khejadali village? दीवान ने गाँव के निकट खेजडी के वृक्षों को काटने का आदेश क्यों दिया?
Answer: The Diwan ordered the Khejdi trees to be cut near Khejadali village because he needed a large quantity of fuel for the lime kilns. These kilns were essential for processing limestone, which was required to construct the new palace for Maharaja Abhay Singh. The Khejdi trees were abundant in that area, making them a readily available source of wood. When the workers began cutting the trees, the Bishnois, who considered cutting any green tree against their religion, resisted. This resistance led to a conflict, as the Diwan was determined to get the fuel needed for the palace construction.
In simple words: The Diwan needed a lot of fuel to run lime kilns for the Maharaja's new palace. Since Khejdi trees were plentiful near Khejadali, he ordered them cut for fuel, but the Bishnois resisted.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the immediate purpose (fuel for lime kilns) and the ultimate goal (palace construction) behind the Diwan's order.

Question 8. Why did Abhay Singh personally came to Khejadali? अभय सिंह व्यक्तिगत रूप से खेजड़ी गाँव क्यों गए?
Answer: Abhay Singh personally came to Khejadali because he was deeply affected by the news of the massacre. Amritadevi, the wife of Bishnoi Ramkhod, and her three daughters, along with 363 other Bishnois, had sacrificed their lives by hugging the trees to protect them from being cut. When the ruler of Jodhpur heard about this act of courage and strong moral stand by the Bishnois, he was greatly moved. He rode to Khejadali to settle the matter and assure the people that he would respect their religious principles in the future. He banned the cutting of any green tree and the hunting of any animal around Bishnoi villages.
In simple words: Abhay Singh came to Khejadali because he was deeply moved by the massacre of Bishnois who died protecting trees. He wanted to resolve the issue and promised to respect their religious beliefs, banning tree cutting and animal hunting near their villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the ruler's emotional response and his subsequent actions to resolve the conflict, showing how the Bishnois' sacrifice influenced him.