RBSE Solutions Class 10 English Poem Chapter 7 Revision

A. Simple Present/Progressive/Perfect:

Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs given in brackets:

Question 1. The children are quiet. Go and see what they..........(do).
Answer: The children are quiet. Go and see what they **are doing**. This form shows an action that is happening right now.
In simple words: Use 'are doing' because the action is currently in progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "Go and see" often indicates an immediate action or current situation, suggesting the use of the present continuous tense.

Question 2. Don't you.......(understand) what the lecture is saying? No, I......(not understand) him at all.
Answer: Don't you **understand** what the lecture is saying? No, I **do not understand** him at all. "Understand" is a stative verb, meaning it describes a state rather than an action, so it's typically used in simple tenses.
In simple words: We use 'understand' and 'do not understand' because it's about a state of knowing, not an action.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that stative verbs (like understand, know, love, hate) are usually not used in continuous tenses. They describe states, not ongoing actions.

Question 3. Sita.......(sweep) the steps inside her house.
Answer: Sita **is sweeping** the steps inside her house. This shows an action that is currently in progress.
In simple words: 'Is sweeping' is used for an action happening now.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present continuous tense (is/am/are + verb-ing) describes actions happening at the moment of speaking or around it.

Question 4. Water always.....(freeze) at 0 degrees centigrade.
Answer: Water always **freezes** at 0 degrees centigrade. This describes a universal truth or a scientific fact.
In simple words: 'Freezes' is used because it's a fact that always happens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the simple present tense for general truths, habits, and scientific facts.

Question 5. I wonder what he....(speak) now.
Answer: I wonder what he **is speaking** now. The word "now" indicates a continuous action at the present moment.
In simple words: 'Is speaking' is correct because the action is happening right now.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbs like "now," "at the moment," or "currently" are strong indicators for using the present continuous tense.

Question 6. I won't go out now, as it......(rain) and I......(not have) an umbrella.
Answer: I won't go out now, as it **is raining** and I **do not have** an umbrella. "Is raining" shows a current weather condition, and "do not have" indicates a present state of possession.
In simple words: It's 'is raining' for weather now, and 'do not have' for not possessing something currently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between temporary actions (like raining) which use continuous tenses, and states of possession (like having) which use simple tenses.

Question 7. Hardly anyone......(wear) a hat nowadays.
Answer: Hardly anyone **wears** a hat nowadays. This describes a general trend or habit in the present time.
In simple words: 'Wears' is correct for showing a general habit or trend these days.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Nowadays" implies a general habit or current trend, making the simple present tense appropriate.

Question 8. You.....(not tell) the truth. How do you know that I.....(not tell) the truth?
Answer: You **do not tell** the truth. How do you know that I **do not tell** the truth? This refers to a general habit or a characteristic, using the simple present.
In simple words: 'Do not tell' is used here to talk about a usual way of acting or speaking.

🎯 Exam Tip: For statements about general habits, truths, or characteristics, the simple present tense is used, even in negative forms.

Question 9. Mohan....still......(do) his homework. His sister who always.....(work) quicker,...... (play) already in the garden.
Answer: Mohan **is still doing** his homework. His sister who always **works** quicker, **is playing** already in the garden. "Is still doing" shows an ongoing action, "works" is a habit, and "is playing" indicates an action happening now.
In simple words: Mohan is doing homework now, his sister usually works fast, and she is playing outside now.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to keywords like "still" (ongoing action), "always" (habit), and "already" (completed/ongoing action in context) to choose the correct tense.

Question 10. What you generally.....(do) for a living?
Answer: What **do** you generally **do** for a living? This asks about someone's regular occupation or profession.
In simple words: We say 'do you do' to ask about someone's job.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "for a living" always refers to one's regular job or profession, which requires the simple present tense.

Question 11. Whenever he drinks water, he begins.....(cough).
Answer: Whenever he drinks water, he begins **to cough**. This describes a habitual reaction.
In simple words: 'To cough' is used here to show what happens every time he drinks water.

🎯 Exam Tip: After verbs like 'begin', 'start', 'continue', you can often use either an infinitive (to + verb) or a gerund (verb-ing), but 'to cough' is more common for a specific reaction following an event.

Question 12. A wise pianist......(practice) four hours a day.
Answer: A wise pianist **practices** four hours a day. This describes a regular habit or routine.
In simple words: 'Practices' is correct because it's a daily routine for the pianist.

🎯 Exam Tip: Daily routines or habits are expressed using the simple present tense.

Question 13. I......(lose) my pen.....(you/see) it anywhere?
Answer: I **have lost** my pen. **Have you seen** it anywhere? "Have lost" indicates a past action with a present result, and "Have you seen" asks about a past experience relevant to the present.
In simple words: 'Have lost' means the pen is gone now. 'Have you seen' asks if you saw it at any time.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect tense is used for actions that started in the past and continue to the present, or for past actions with a present effect.

Question 14. He often........(see) her but he never......(speak) to her.
Answer: He often **sees** her but he never **speaks** to her. This describes a recurring habit or lack of habit.
In simple words: 'Sees' and 'speaks' are used to show what he regularly does or does not do.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbs of frequency like "often" and "never" are key indicators for using the simple present tense to describe habits.

Question 15. I.....(buy) a new car. Would you come and look at it?
Answer: I **have bought** a new car. Would you come and look at it? "Have bought" indicates a recent past action with a present result – the car is new now.
In simple words: 'Have bought' means I bought it recently, and I still have it now.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect is suitable when a past action has a direct connection to the present, such as owning a newly acquired item.

Question 16. It seems you just. .(cut) your hair.
Answer: It seems you just **have cut** your hair. The word "just" implies a very recent action.
In simple words: 'Have cut' is right because the action happened very recently.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Just" is commonly used with the present perfect to indicate actions that occurred a very short time ago.

Question 17. She.....(not read) a newspaper since June 2.
Answer: She **has not read** a newspaper since June 2. "Since" indicates an action that started in the past and continues or has a lasting effect up to the present.
In simple words: 'Has not read' shows that she stopped reading newspapers from that date until now.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Since" and "for" are key time expressions used with the present perfect tense to indicate duration or a starting point in the past.

Question 18. The windows.......(not clean) for three months.
Answer: The windows **have not been cleaned** for three months. This uses the present perfect passive to show that the action of cleaning has not happened for a period, and the windows are the object of that action.
In simple words: 'Have not been cleaned' means no one has cleaned the windows for three months.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the subject is receiving the action (like windows being cleaned), use a passive voice construction (has/have been + past participle).

Question 19. He.........(not shave) since the day before yesterday.
Answer: He **has not shaved** since the day before yesterday. Similar to Question 17, "since" indicates an ongoing state from a past point.
In simple words: 'Has not shaved' means he hasn't done it from that time until now.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect describes an action that began in the past and continues or is relevant to the present moment.

Question 20. Meena is on leave. She....... (go) to France.
Answer: Meena is on leave. She **has gone** to France. "Has gone" indicates that she is currently in France, having left previously.
In simple words: 'Has gone' means she went to France and is still there now.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Has gone to" implies someone went to a place and is still there, whereas "has been to" implies they went and returned.

B. Simple Past/Past Progressive:

I. Put the verbs in the correct forms:

Question 1. I....(watch) television when my friend......(arrive).
Answer: I **was watching** television when my friend **arrived**. The action of watching was ongoing when another shorter action (arriving) interrupted it.
In simple words: I was watching TV when my friend came.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the past continuous for a longer action in the past and the simple past for a shorter action that interrupted it.

Question 2. Sheela ......(break) down when she.....(hear) the news.
Answer: Sheela **broke** down when she **heard** the news. Both actions happened one after another in the past.
In simple words: Sheela cried when she heard the news. Both actions are finished.

🎯 Exam Tip: For sequential actions that occurred one after another in the past, both verbs are typically in the simple past tense.

Question 3. She.....(cook) food when I visited her.
Answer: She **was cooking** food when I visited her. The cooking was an ongoing action when the visiting happened.
In simple words: She was cooking food when I came to see her.

🎯 Exam Tip: Similar to Q1, use past continuous for the background action and simple past for the interrupting event.

Question 4. They were thinking about the problem all day, but they never....(find) the answer.
Answer: They were thinking about the problem all day, but they never **found** the answer. "Were thinking" describes an extended past action, while "found" is a completed past action.
In simple words: They thought about it all day, but they did not get the answer.

🎯 Exam Tip: The simple past is used for completed actions, even if they are negative, that happened at a specific time in the past.

Question 5. How fast.....(he/drive) when the accident.......(occur)?
Answer: How fast **was he driving** when the accident **occurred**? "Was he driving" asks about the ongoing speed, and "occurred" is the specific event.
In simple words: This asks how fast he was driving when the accident happened.

🎯 Exam Tip: Questions about the circumstances surrounding a past event often use the past continuous to describe the background action.

Question 6. The bus crashed and many passengers....(get) hurt.
Answer: The bus crashed and many passengers **got** hurt. Both are completed actions that happened in sequence in the past.
In simple words: The bus crashed, and then people got hurt. Both actions are finished.

🎯 Exam Tip: When two past actions happen one after the other, both are typically in the simple past tense.

Question 7. When he.......(correct) the fuse he.......(get) a very bad shock.
Answer: When he **was correcting** the fuse he **got** a very bad shock. Correcting was the longer action, and getting a shock was the interrupting, shorter action.
In simple words: He was fixing the fuse, and then he got a shock.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the past continuous for the action in progress and the simple past for the sudden event that took place during it.

Question 8. A little later the teacher......(notice) that smoke......(rise) from the desk.
Answer: A little later the teacher **noticed** that smoke **was rising** from the desk. The teacher's noticing was a specific point, while the smoke rising was ongoing.
In simple words: The teacher saw the smoke that was coming up from the desk.

🎯 Exam Tip: Verbs like "notice" or "see" often indicate a sudden, completed perception, making simple past appropriate, while the event being perceived is often continuous.

Question 9. Ramesh.......(work) when his mother came in.
Answer: Ramesh **was working** when his mother came in. Ramesh's working was ongoing when his mother entered.
In simple words: Ramesh was busy working when his mother came inside.

🎯 Exam Tip: The past continuous tense sets the scene or describes the background activity that was in progress when another event occurred.

Question 10. Where you......(go)? How long.......(be) your stay?
Answer: Where **did** you **go**? How long **was** your stay? Both questions refer to completed actions or states in the past.
In simple words: We ask where you went and how long you stayed.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about completed past actions or duration of past events, the simple past tense is used.

D. Future Tense/Time:

Put the verbs in brackets into present continuous or the future tense. The 'be + going to' form could be used here instead of the present continuous.

Question 1. You......(be) able to drive after five days practice.
Answer: You **will be** able to drive after five days practice. This is a prediction about a future ability.
In simple words: You will know how to drive after practicing for five days.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'will' for predictions, promises, spontaneous decisions, or future facts that are not yet planned or certain.

Question 2. She......(play) in a cricket match on Sunday.
Answer: She **is going to play** in a cricket match on Sunday. This indicates a definite future plan or intention.
In simple words: She plans to play in a match this Sunday.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Be going to" is often used for plans or intentions that have already been made, especially when there is some present evidence or a strong decision.

Question 3. Which horse you....(ride) tomorrow?
Answer: Which horse **are** you **going to ride** tomorrow? This asks about a future intention or arrangement.
In simple words: This asks which horse you plan to ride tomorrow.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asking about future plans or arrangements, "be going to" is generally more natural than "will" if the plan is already set.

Question 4. By next year he......(leave) studies.
Answer: By next year he **will leave** studies. This is a prediction about a future action that will happen by a certain time.
In simple words: He will finish his studies sometime next year.

🎯 Exam Tip: "By next year" suggests a point in the future by which an action will be completed, often using the simple future or future perfect. Here, simple future is sufficient.

Question 10. I.......(catch) the 7:30 train.
Answer: I **am going to catch** the 7:30 train. This indicates a definite future plan or a pre-arranged event.
In simple words: I have a plan to take the 7:30 train.

🎯 Exam Tip: For fixed arrangements, especially involving transportation schedules, the present continuous or "be going to" can be used.

E. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets:

Question 1. At last you are here! I (wait) here for more than two hours.
Answer: At last you are here! I **have been waiting** here for more than two hours. "Have been waiting" shows an action that started in the past and continued up to the present moment.
In simple words: I started waiting two hours ago and am still waiting now.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect continuous tense is used to emphasize the duration of an action that began in the past and is still ongoing or has just finished with a visible result.

Question 2. If I were a bird, I (fly) in the sky.
Answer: If I were a bird, I **would fly** in the sky. This is a second conditional sentence, expressing a hypothetical situation in the present.
In simple words: If I were a bird, I would be able to fly.

🎯 Exam Tip: In the second conditional, the 'if' clause uses the simple past (e.g., 'if I were'), and the main clause uses 'would' + base form of the verb.

Question 3. I shall not go unless he (come).
Answer: I shall not go unless he **comes**. "Unless" introduces a condition for the main clause to be true, and requires the simple present tense for the future condition.
In simple words: I will only go if he comes.

🎯 Exam Tip: After conjunctions like "unless," "if," "when," "as soon as," and "until" that refer to future events, always use the simple present tense.

Question 4. It's time children (go) to bed.
Answer: It's time children **go** to bed. This is an expression indicating the appropriate time for an action.
In simple words: It's the right time for children to sleep.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "It's time" followed by a subject and a verb often uses the simple past tense or the bare infinitive (for "It's time to..."), but here, for general recommendation, simple present is also acceptable.

Question 10. Killing of birds and animals (ban) by King Abhay Singh.
Answer: Killing of birds and animals **was banned** by King Abhay Singh. This describes a past action in the passive voice.
In simple words: King Abhay Singh made a rule to stop killing birds and animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the past passive voice (was/were + past participle) when the action happened in the past and the subject received the action (e.g., "killing" was banned).

F. Complete the following paragraph choosing nouns, adjectives or adverbs from the list given below:

[ego, extremely, invasion, surprise, advanced, action, prosperous, immediately, boundary, intelligent, arrogance, curious, fantastic, imagination, withdrawal]

Question 1. The 'Book that Saved the Earth' is a........play. The author's.......allows him to put the dramatic......in the twenty fifth century. Think-Tank is a.......character designated as commander-in-chief of the Mars. But he is full of.........and believes that the people of the Earth are not so.........as the people of the Mars. His plan of......on the Earth seems to be ......ambitions and is motivated by.....To his utter.......the people of the Earth turn out to be more.....and....He.......instructs his officers for a quick.....of the space-crew from the........of the Earth.
Answer: The 'Book that Saved the Earth' is a **fantastic** play. The author's **imagination** allows him to put the dramatic **action** in the twenty-fifth century. Think-Tank is a **curious** character designated as commander-in-chief of the Mars. But he is full of **ego** and believes that the people of the Earth are not so **intelligent** as the people of the Mars. His plan of **invasion** on the Earth seems to be **extremely** ambitions and is motivated by **arrogance**. To his utter **surprise**, the people of the Earth turn out to be more **prosperous** and **advanced**. He **immediately** instructs his officers for a quick **withdrawal** of the space-crew from the **boundary** of the Earth. This shows how choosing the right words can change how a story is told.
In simple words: The paragraph is filled with words like 'fantastic', 'imagination', 'ego', and 'invasion' to describe the play and its characters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Read the full paragraph first to understand the context and tone, then match the words from the list based on their grammatical function (noun, adjective, adverb) and meaning.

Passive Voice

A. Put the following sentences into passive forms:

Question 1. Who bought it?
Answer: **By whom was it bought?** This converts an active question to a passive one, focusing on the action rather than the doer.
In simple words: We change the question to ask who was the buyer.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting 'who' questions to passive, 'who' becomes 'by whom', and the structure is 'by whom + was/were + subject + past participle'.

Question 2. Many people opposed this.
Answer: **This was opposed by many people.** The object "this" becomes the subject, and the verb changes to passive voice.
In simple words: The sentence changes to 'This' was against by many people.

🎯 Exam Tip: In passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, and the verb takes the form 'be' + past participle.

Question 3. Students do a lot of work.
Answer: **A lot of work is done by students.** The focus shifts from "students" to "work".
In simple words: The sentence means that students do a lot of work, just in a different way.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the active verb is in simple present, the passive form is 'is/am/are' + past participle.

Question 4. She has written a poem.
Answer: **A poem has been written by her.** The active voice present perfect changes to passive voice present perfect.
In simple words: The sentence means that a poem was written by her.

🎯 Exam Tip: For present perfect active (has/have + past participle), the passive form is (has/have + been + past participle).

Question 5. We use this room on special occasions.
Answer: **This room is used by us on special occasions.** The object "this room" becomes the subject in the passive sentence.
In simple words: On special days, we use this room.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the agent (who does the action) is clear or unimportant, it can sometimes be omitted in passive sentences, but "by us" here provides clarity.

Question 6. Somebody has knocked the door.
Answer: **The door has been knocked.** The specific "somebody" is less important than the action on the door.
In simple words: Someone knocked on the door.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the doer of the action is unknown or irrelevant (like "somebody"), it's often omitted in the passive voice.

Question 7. I don't know him.
Answer: **He is not known to me.** The verb "know" in passive voice often uses "to" instead of "by" for the agent.
In simple words: I do not know who he is.

🎯 Exam Tip: Certain verbs, like "know," "surprise," "please," take specific prepositions (e.g., 'to', 'at', 'with') in their passive forms, instead of the usual 'by'.

Question 8. They are playing tennis in the ground.
Answer: **Tennis is being played by them in the ground.** The present continuous active voice becomes present continuous passive.
In simple words: They are playing tennis outside.

🎯 Exam Tip: For present continuous active (is/am/are + verb-ing), the passive form is (is/am/are + being + past participle).

Question 9. Close the windows.
Answer: **Let the windows be closed.** Imperative sentences (commands) are often converted to passive using "Let + object + be + past participle."
In simple words: This means someone should close the windows.

🎯 Exam Tip: To change an imperative sentence into passive voice, use the structure "Let + object + be + past participle."

Question 10. Please don't overeat or you will be ill.
Answer: **You are requested not to overeat as you will be ill.** "Please" in an imperative sentence suggests a request, which can be expressed in passive voice.
In simple words: It means you are asked not to eat too much so you don't get sick.

🎯 Exam Tip: Imperative sentences that express a request (especially with "please") can be transformed into passive voice using "You are requested to/not to..."

Question 11. The principal gave me a prize.
Answer: **I was given a prize by the principal.** When there are two objects, either can become the subject of the passive sentence. Here, "I" (indirect object) is chosen.
In simple words: The principal gave a prize to me.

🎯 Exam Tip: For verbs with two objects (direct and indirect), you can form two passive sentences. "I was given..." is one common way, focusing on the recipient.

B. Put the following sentences in a passive voice as shown:

Eg. They like Mango. Mango is liked.

Question 1. They did not look after the children properly. The children ..........
Answer: The children **were not looked after properly by them.** The past active negative sentence becomes past passive negative.
In simple words: The children were not cared for well.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting negative sentences, ensure the negation (not) is correctly placed in the passive structure, typically after 'was/were'.

Question 2. Nobody called the police. The Police ..........
Answer: The Police **was not called.** "Nobody" makes the active sentence negative, so the passive also becomes negative.
In simple words: No one called the police.

🎯 Exam Tip: If the active subject is 'nobody' or 'no one', the passive voice will usually be negative and can omit 'by nobody/no one'.

Question 3. People must not take their weapons in hand. Weapons ..........
Answer: Weapons **must not be taken by people in their hands.** The modal verb 'must' is retained in the passive construction.
In simple words: People should not carry weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a modal verb is present, the passive structure is 'modal + be + past participle' (e.g., must be taken, can be done).

Question 4. People say that he was a thief. It is said ..........
Answer: It is said **that he was a thief.** This is an impersonal passive construction, where "It is said that..." is used.
In simple words: People believe he was a thief.

🎯 Exam Tip: For sentences starting with "People say that...", the passive form "It is said that..." is commonly used, which is called an impersonal passive construction.

Question 5. We hope that they will turn down the proposal. It is hoped ..........
Answer: It is hoped **that they will turn down the proposal.** Similar to Q4, this uses the impersonal passive structure.
In simple words: We wish the proposal will be rejected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Impersonal passive constructions like "It is hoped that..." or "It is believed that..." are useful for reporting general opinions or expectations without specifying the speaker.

Question 6. It is your duty to know. You are supposed ...........
Answer: You are supposed **to know.** This phrase "supposed to" indicates an expectation or duty.
In simple words: You should know this.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "be supposed to" is often used to express what is expected or required, similar to 'should'.

C. Complete the following sentences using one of the following verbs in the correct form: check, close, allow, post, translate, find, cure, organise, damage

Question 1. The troops have been called out.
Answer: The troops **have been called out**. This sentence is already in a correct form, indicating an action completed in the recent past with ongoing relevance.
In simple words: The soldiers have been asked to come out.

🎯 Exam Tip: The present perfect passive (have/has been + past participle) describes actions that were completed in the past but have a connection to the present.

Question 2. My parcel.........
Answer: My parcel **was posted**. This implies the action of sending the parcel has happened.
In simple words: My package was sent through the mail.

🎯 Exam Tip: For events in the past where the receiver of the action (the parcel) is the focus, use the simple past passive voice.

Question 3. Godan .......... into English.
Answer: Godan **is translated** into English. This indicates a general fact or a common practice.
In simple words: The book 'Godan' is turned into English.

🎯 Exam Tip: When speaking about literary works or common practices, the simple present passive voice is appropriate.

Question 4. Smoking.......... in public places.
Answer: Smoking **is not allowed** in public places. This states a general rule or prohibition.
In simple words: You cannot smoke in public areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Rules and regulations are typically expressed in the simple present passive voice to indicate general validity.

Question 5. Let all the gates ...........
Answer: Let all the gates **be closed**. This is an imperative sentence in the passive voice, indicating a command.
In simple words: This means all the gates should be shut.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the 'Let + object + be + past participle' structure for passive imperatives.

Question 6. My book .......... after a big search.
Answer: My book **was found** after a big search. This implies a completed past action.
In simple words: My book was discovered after a long hunt.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "after a big search" clearly indicates a past event, so the simple past passive is appropriate.

Question 7. A hospital is a place where patients ..........
Answer: A hospital is a place where patients **are cured**. This describes the general function of a hospital.
In simple words: Hospitals are places where sick people get well.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining a place or its purpose, the simple present passive is used to describe typical actions that occur there.

Question 8. Annual function .......... every year in our school.
Answer: Annual function **is organised** every year in our school. "Every year" suggests a regular event, making simple present passive suitable.
In simple words: Our school holds an annual function each year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recurring events or routines are expressed using the simple present passive, especially with frequency adverbs like "every year."

Question 9. The road .......... quite ..........
Answer: The road **is quite damaged**. This describes the current state of the road as a result of a past action.
In simple words: The road is in bad condition.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the present state or condition of something resulting from a past action, the simple present passive is often used.

Question 10. He .......... for his ticket.
Answer: He **was checked** for his ticket. This implies a past action performed on him.
In simple words: Someone looked at his ticket.

🎯 Exam Tip: The simple past passive is used for completed actions in the past where the focus is on the recipient of the action.

D. Rewrite the sentences in the passive form, beginning your sentences with the words in italics:

Question 1. It is thought that our scientists are popular abroad.
Answer: **Our Scientists are thought to be popular abroad.** The original impersonal passive "It is thought that..." is converted to a personal passive construction.
In simple words: People think our scientists are well-liked in other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: To convert impersonal passive ("It is thought that...") to personal passive, bring the subject of the 'that' clause to the front and use 'be' + past participle + 'to be' (e.g., "Scientists are thought to be").

Question 2. It is said that tobacco is injurious to health.
Answer: **Tobacco is said to be injurious to health.** The subject of the 'that' clause, "tobacco," becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
In simple words: People say that tobacco is bad for your health.

🎯 Exam Tip: This transformation is common for reporting general beliefs or statements without specifying the source, making the subject of the reported clause the subject of the main clause.

Question 3. It was believed that France had test fired a missile.
Answer: **France was believed to have test fired missile.** The subject "France" is moved to the beginning, and "to have" is used for the past action.
In simple words: People thought France had launched a missile.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the action in the 'that' clause happened before the main passive verb (e.g., 'was believed'), use 'to have' + past participle (perfect infinitive) in the personal passive.

Question 4. It was felt that the new income tax rules were insufficient.
Answer: **The new income tax rules were felt to be insufficient.** The subject "the new income tax rules" moves to the start.
In simple words: People thought the new tax rules were not enough.

🎯 Exam Tip: For personal passive constructions, ensure the tense of 'be' (e.g., 'were felt') matches the original impersonal passive tense (e.g., 'It was felt').

Question 5. It is said that Japan has invented a new photostate machine.
Answer: **Japan is said to have invented a new photo state machine.** The nation "Japan" becomes the subject, followed by "is said to have" for the completed past action.
In simple words: People say that Japan created a new copy machine.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the verb in the 'that' clause is in the present perfect (has invented), use 'to have' + past participle after the passive main verb (is said to have invented).

Question 6. It is expected that the guests will arrive tomorrow.
Answer: **The guests are expected to arrive tomorrow.** "The guests" become the subject, and the future action "will arrive" is expressed with "to arrive."
In simple words: People think the guests will come tomorrow.

🎯 Exam Tip: For future actions in the 'that' clause, use 'to' + base form of the verb after the passive main verb (e.g., "are expected to arrive").

Question 7. It is thought that RPSC is advertising vacancies for teachers.
Answer: **RPSC is thought to of advertising vacancies far teaches.** The organization "RPSC" becomes the subject.
In simple words: People believe RPSC is looking for new teachers.

🎯 Exam Tip: If the original verb in the 'that' clause is in the continuous tense (is advertising), use 'to be' + verb-ing in the personal passive (e.g., "is thought to be advertising").

Question 8. It was thought that a T. V. channel had leaked the budget data.
Answer: **A T.V. channel was thought to have leaked the budget date.** The subject "a T.V. channel" comes first, followed by "was thought to have" for the past perfect action.
In simple words: People thought a TV channel had revealed the budget details.

🎯 Exam Tip: For past perfect actions in the 'that' clause (had leaked), use 'to have' + past participle after the passive main verb (was thought to have leaked).

E. Exercise: Complete the sentences using the verb in the passive form:

Question 1. Smoking at public places .......... unlawful, (declare)
Answer: Smoking at public places **is declared** unlawful. This is a general statement about a legal status.
In simple words: Smoking in public areas is announced as against the law.

🎯 Exam Tip: For official pronouncements or general rules, use the simple present passive voice.

Question 2. The thief .......... yesterday, (catch)
Answer: The thief **was caught** yesterday. "Yesterday" specifies a past time, so the simple past passive is appropriate.
In simple words: The thief was arrested yesterday.

🎯 Exam Tip: Time expressions like "yesterday," "last week," or a specific date are strong indicators for using the simple past tense (or simple past passive, if appropriate).

Question 3. Honesty......... everywhere, (appreciate)
Answer: Honesty **is appreciated** everywhere. This is a general truth about a quality.
In simple words: People value honesty all over the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Universal truths or general statements about values are best expressed in the simple present passive voice.

Question 4. The audit of accounts..........(do already)
Answer: The audit of accounts **has already been done.** "Already" with a completed action points to the present perfect passive.
In simple words: The checking of the accounts has already finished.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Already" often signals the use of the present perfect tense (or present perfect passive) to indicate an action that has been completed before now.

Direct/Indirect Speech

A. Put the following sentences into indirect speech:

Question 1. The boys said, “we want to play a match”.
Answer: The boys said that **they wanted to play a match**. The present simple "want" changes to past simple "wanted" and "we" changes to "they."
In simple words: The boys told someone they wished to play a game.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting direct speech to indirect speech, generally shift the verb tense one step back (e.g., present simple to past simple).

Question 2. The teacher said, “we don't have much time for a match now”.
Answer: The teacher said that **he didn't have much time for a match then**. "Don't have" changes to "didn't have," "we" to "he," and "now" to "then."
In simple words: The teacher explained that he did not have enough time for a game at that moment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to change time expressions like "now" to "then" and pronouns (we, I) to reflect the third person in indirect speech.

Question 3. Nisha said him, "I have something to show you".
Answer: Nisha told him that **she had something to show him**. "Have" changes to "had," "I" to "she," and "you" to "him."
In simple words: Nisha told him she wanted to show him something.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the reporting verb is 'said to', it changes to 'told' in indirect speech, followed by the object.

Question 4. "I am going away tomorrow, father”, Ram said.
Answer: Ram told father that **he was going away the next day**. "Am going" changes to "was going," "I" to "he," and "tomorrow" to "the next day."
In simple words: Ram informed his father that he was leaving the day after.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Tomorrow" changes to "the next day" or "the following day" in indirect speech. Also, address the addressee (father) correctly in the reporting clause.

Question 5. She said, "My husband has just been made the commissioner of Police.”
Answer: She said that **her husband had just been made the commissioner of police**. "Has been made" changes to "had been made" and "my" to "her."
In simple words: She said her husband was just made the police chief.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present perfect in direct speech ("has been") becomes past perfect in indirect speech ("had been").

Question 6. "I have a message for your sister”, I said.
Answer: I said that **I had a message for her sister**. "Have" changes to "had," "I" remains "I," and "your" changes to "her" (assuming 'your' refers to someone else's sister).
In simple words: I said I had something to tell her sister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pronoun changes depend on the context and who is speaking to whom. If 'I' am speaking about my own message, 'I' remains.

Question 7. Sohan said, “Yesterday I did not go to college”.
Answer: Sohan said that **the previous day he had not gone to college**. "Did not go" changes to "had not gone," "I" to "he," and "yesterday" to "the previous day."
In simple words: Sohan said he did not attend college the day before.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Yesterday" changes to "the previous day" or "the day before" in indirect speech. Simple past ("did not go") typically changes to past perfect ("had not gone").

Question 8. Satish said to Manisha, “You promised to ring me everyday.”
Answer: Satish told Manisha that **she had promised to ring her everyday**. "Promised" changes to "had promised," "You" to "she," and "me" to "her."
In simple words: Satish reminded Manisha that she had said she would call him daily.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simple past tense in direct speech ("promised") typically changes to past perfect ("had promised") in indirect speech.

Question 9. The teacher said to the class, “If you don't work hard, you will fail."
Answer: The teacher warned the class that **if they didn't work hard, they would fail.** "Don't work" changes to "didn't work," "you" to "they," and "will fail" to "would fail." The reporting verb can be "warned" instead of "said."
In simple words: The teacher told the class they would fail if they were lazy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When reporting conditional sentences, both clauses usually undergo the backshift of tenses (present to past, future simple to conditional simple).

Question 10. They said, “We will wait for you if you are late”.
Answer: They said that **they would wait for me if I were late**. "Will wait" changes to "would wait," "are late" to "were late," "We" to "they," and "you" to "me" (assuming 'you' refers to the speaker).
In simple words: They said they would wait if I came late.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to all pronouns and verb forms in both the main clause and the conditional clause, ensuring consistent backshifting and pronoun changes.

Question 1. "Would you like to come with us.” they said.
Answer: They **requested him to go with them**. This transforms a polite offer/question into an indirect request.
In simple words: They asked him if he wanted to join them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Questions involving offers or requests can often be reported using verbs like 'asked,' 'requested,' or 'invited' followed by 'to' + infinitive.

Question 2. The colnmandar in chief said, “Farewell, my country".
Answer: The commander-in-chief **bade his country farewell**. "Bade farewell" is used to report expressions of parting.
In simple words: The commander said goodbye to his country.

🎯 Exam Tip: For expressions like "Farewell," "Good morning," or "Good night," specific reporting verbs like 'bade', 'wished', or 'greeted' are appropriate.

Question 3. "Why are you not appearing in exams?” said his friend.
Answer: His friend **asked him why he was not appearing in exams**. The question becomes a statement in indirect speech, with appropriate pronoun and tense changes.
In simple words: His friend asked him why he wasn't taking the tests.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'wh-' questions, use the 'wh-' word (why, when, where) as a connector, followed by the subject and verb (not in question order).

Question 4. "When do you want to speak?” asked the gatekeeper.
Answer: The gate keeper **asked when he wanted to speak**. "Do you want" changes to "he wanted," and the question word "when" acts as the connector.
In simple words: The gatekeeper asked him when he wished to talk.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to remove auxiliary verbs (do, does, did) when converting 'wh-' questions to indirect speech and backshift the main verb's tense.

Question 5. "How long have you been learning French?” said the teacher.
Answer: The teacher **asked him how long he had been learning French**. "Have you been learning" changes to "he had been learning."
In simple words: The teacher wanted to know for how much time he had been studying French.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present perfect continuous in direct speech ("have you been learning") becomes past perfect continuous ("had been learning") in indirect speech.

Question 6. "Where will you be tomorrow,” I said, “in case I have to ring you?"
Answer: I **asked him where he would be tomorrow in case I had to ring him**. "Will you be" changes to "he would be," and "have to ring" changes to "had to ring."
In simple words: I asked him where he would be the next day if I needed to call him.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a question includes a conditional clause, backshift the tense in both the main question and the conditional clause, and change "tomorrow" to "the next day."

Question 7. She said, "Let's enjoy a good dinner and party".
Answer: She **proposed that we should enjoy a good dinner and party**. "Let's" implies a suggestion, which can be reported with "proposed that" or "suggested that."
In simple words: She suggested that they have a nice dinner and party.

🎯 Exam Tip: For suggestions beginning with "Let's," use reporting verbs like 'proposed' or 'suggested' followed by 'that' + subject + 'should' + base verb.

Question 8. He said to her, “May you live long!"
Answer: He **prayed that she might live long**. Exclamatory sentences expressing wishes or prayers are reported using verbs like "prayed" or "wished."
In simple words: He wished her a long life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Exclamatory sentences often require reporting verbs that match the emotion or intention (e.g., prayed, exclaimed, wished, ordered).

Question 9. The son said, “Do you think you could give some more pudding, please, Mother?
Answer: The son **requested mother to give him some more pudding**. "Please" indicates a request, and "could" also expresses a polite request.
In simple words: The son politely asked his mother for more pudding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Questions that are polite requests (with "please" or modal verbs like "could/would") are best reported using "requested" + object + "to" + infinitive.

Question 10. "Go and get me a piece of chalk, and come straight back,” the teacher said to the boy.
Answer: The teacher **commanded the boy to go and get him a piece of chalk and come straight back**. This reports a direct order.
In simple words: The teacher ordered the boy to fetch a piece of chalk and return quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Imperative sentences (commands) are usually reported using verbs like 'ordered,' 'commanded,' 'told,' or 'asked' + object + 'to' + infinitive.

Question 11. He said, "thank you”.
Answer: He **thanked**. Simple expressions of gratitude are reported directly.
In simple words: He expressed his thanks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Short expressions like "thank you," "goodbye," etc., are reported using a specific verb (e.g., thanked, bade farewell).

Question 12. He said, "Liar”.
Answer: He **called him a liar**. This reports an accusation.
In simple words: He accused the person of lying.

🎯 Exam Tip: Single-word exclamations or accusations often require converting to a full reporting verb phrase to convey their meaning in indirect speech.

Question 13. She said, "What a pity!”
Answer: She **exclaimed that it was a pity**. Exclamations are reported using verbs like "exclaimed" or "remarked."
In simple words: She showed that she felt sad about something.

🎯 Exam Tip: For exclamations of surprise, sorrow, or joy, use appropriate reporting verbs such as 'exclaimed', 'cried out', or 'remarked'.

Question 14. “Let me explain,” She said, “Don't be in such a hurry”.
Answer: She **offered to explain and advised not to be in such a hurry**. This combines a suggestion and an advice.
In simple words: She said she would explain and told them not to rush.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sentences with multiple clauses or different types of speech (e.g., suggestion and advice) need to be reported using suitable reporting verbs for each part.

Question 15. "Get yourself some new clothes." I suggested.
Answer: I **suggested that he get some new clothes**. This reports a suggestion.
In simple words: I told him he should buy new clothes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Suggestions are typically reported with "suggested that" + subject + (should) + base verb, or "suggested" + verb-ing.

Given below are more sentences for exercise on direct/indirect speech

C. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

Question 1. "Where do you live?” asked the stranger.
Answer: The stranger **asked where I lived**. The question changes to a statement, and tense shifts from present to past.
In simple words: The stranger asked me my address.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'wh-' questions, use the 'wh-' word as a conjunction and change the question structure to an affirmative sentence structure.

Question 2. He said, "Will you listen to such a man?'
Answer: He **asked him whether he would listen to such a man**. "Will you" changes to "he would," and "whether" or "if" is used for yes/no questions.
In simple words: He questioned if he would pay attention to that kind of person.

🎯 Exam Tip: For yes/no questions, use 'if' or 'whether' as the conjunction, and then follow the subject-verb order with tense backshifting.

Question 3. "Do you suppose you know better than your own father?” asked his angry mother.
Answer: His angry mother **asked him if he supposed he knew better than his father**. The question becomes a statement, with "do you suppose" becoming "he supposed."
In simple words: His upset mother asked if he thought he was smarter than his father.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the direct question contains an auxiliary verb (like 'do'), remove it in indirect speech and backshift the main verb's tense.

Question 4. Rama said to Arjun, “Go away."
Answer: Rama **told Arjun to go away**. This reports a command.
In simple words: Rama ordered Arjun to leave.

🎯 Exam Tip: Commands are usually reported using 'told' or 'ordered' followed by the object and 'to' + infinitive.

Question 5. He said to him, "Please wait there till I return."
Answer: He **requested him to wait there till he returned**. "Please" signifies a request, and "till I return" changes to "till he returned."
In simple words: He asked him to wait until he came back.

🎯 Exam Tip: Imperative sentences with "please" change to 'requested' + object + 'to' + infinitive. Also, backshift tenses in clauses of time (e.g., 'till I return' to 'till he returned').

Question 6. He shouted, "Let me go."
Answer: He **shouted to let him go**. This reports a forceful demand.
In simple words: He yelled that he wanted to be freed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Verbs like "shouted" can be followed by 'to' + infinitive to report a command or strong request.

Question 7. "Call the first witness,” said the judge.
Answer: The judge **ordered to call the first witness**. This reports an order from an authority figure.
In simple words: The judge told them to bring the first person to testify.

🎯 Exam Tip: Commands given by authority figures are typically reported using 'ordered' + 'to' + infinitive.

Question 8. He said, "Alas! I am undone.”
Answer: He **exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone**. "Alas!" expresses sorrow, so "exclaimed with sorrow" is suitable. "Am" changes to "was."
In simple words: He cried out sadly that he was ruined.

🎯 Exam Tip: Exclamations of sorrow, joy, or surprise require an appropriate reporting verb and often an introductory phrase like "exclaimed with sorrow/joy."

Question 9. Alice said, "How clever I am!."
Answer: Alice **exclaimed with wonder that she was very clever**. "How clever I am!" expresses wonder, so "exclaimed with wonder" is used. "Am" changes to "was."
In simple words: Alice said excitedly how smart she was.

🎯 Exam Tip: For exclamations starting with "How" or "What," use "exclaimed that" followed by a statement with "very" or "great" to intensify the adjective/noun.

Question 10. He said, "Bravo! You have done well!
Answer: He **applauded him that he had done well**. "Bravo!" is an expression of applause or praise. "Have done" changes to "had done."
In simple words: He praised him for doing a good job.

🎯 Exam Tip: Exclamations of praise or approval can be reported using verbs like 'applauded,' 'praised,' or 'congratulated.' The present perfect changes to past perfect.

D. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

Question 1. She wrote, “I am waiting and watching and longing for my son's return.”
Answer: She wrote that **she was waiting and watching and longing for her son's return.** "Am waiting" changes to "was waiting," and "my" changes to "her."
In simple words: She wrote that she was eagerly waiting for her son to come back.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present continuous tense in direct speech ("am waiting") becomes past continuous ("was waiting") in indirect speech.

Question 2. He said to her, “What do you want?"
Answer: He **enquired of her what she wanted**. "What do you want?" changes to "what she wanted," and the reporting verb "said to" changes to "enquired of."
In simple words: He asked her what she desired.

🎯 Exam Tip: When reporting questions, the reporting verb often changes from 'said' to 'asked', 'enquired', or 'demanded', depending on the tone.

Question 3. He asked, "Are you coming home with me?”
Answer: He asked him **if he was going home with him**. "Are you coming" changes to "he was going," and "me" changes to "him."
In simple words: He asked if he was coming back home with him.

🎯 Exam Tip: For yes/no questions, use "if" or "whether" and ensure proper backshifting of tenses and pronoun changes.

Question 4. "Do you really come from China?” said the Prince.
Answer: The prince asked him **if he really came from China**. "Do you come" changes to "he came," and "really" is kept for emphasis.
In simple words: The prince wanted to know if he was truly from China.

🎯 Exam Tip: When reporting questions with "do/does/did," remove the auxiliary verb and backshift the main verb in indirect speech.

Clauses

A. Fill in the blanks with Relative Pronouns (who, which, that, whose)

Question 1. Mohan works in the bank........is situated on the main road.
Answer: Mohan works in the bank **which** is situated on the main road. "Which" refers to the bank, a non-person noun.
In simple words: Mohan works at the bank that is on the main road.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "which" or "that" for things or places. "Which" is used for non-essential clauses, while "that" is for essential clauses.

Question 2. We like the teachers.....always help students.
Answer: We like the teachers **who** always help students. "Who" refers to "teachers," which are people.
In simple words: We like teachers who always support students.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Who" is used as a subject relative pronoun for people.

Question 3. We are afraid of the animals.....are carnivorous.
Answer: We are afraid of the animals **that** are carnivorous. "That" refers to animals.
In simple words: We fear animals that eat meat.

🎯 Exam Tip: "That" can be used for both people and things, especially in restrictive clauses (essential information).

Question 4. People dislike officers.......attitude is negative.
Answer: People dislike officers **whose** attitude is negative. "Whose" shows possession (the attitude belongs to the officers).
In simple words: People do not like officers who have a bad attitude.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Whose" is a possessive relative pronoun used for both people and things, meaning "of whom" or "of which."

Question 5. Remove the stones......are found on roads.
Answer: Remove the stones **which** are found on roads. "Which" refers to the stones, non-person nouns.
In simple words: Take away the stones that are on the roads.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Which" is often used to introduce extra information about a noun, or to refer to things or concepts.

Question 6. Respect the people........always speak the truth.
Answer: Respect the people **who** always speak the truth. "Who" refers to "people."
In simple words: Always honor people who tell the truth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember "who" acts as the subject of the relative clause when referring to people.

Question 7. Our school library has some books........are rare.
Answer: Our school library has some books **that** are rare. "That" refers to the books.
In simple words: Our school library has special books that are hard to find.

🎯 Exam Tip: Both "that" and "which" can refer to things. "That" is generally preferred for restrictive clauses that are essential to the meaning.

Question 8. The birds........come in the Ghana Bird Sanctury are wonderful.
Answer: The birds **which** come in the Ghana Bird Sanctuary are wonderful. "Which" refers to the birds.
In simple words: The birds that visit the Ghana Bird Sanctuary are amazing.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Which" can also be used for animals, especially when describing a specific group.

Question 9. The computers.......were bought last year are out of use.
Answer: The computers **that** were bought last year are out of use. "That" refers to the computers.
In simple words: The computers bought last year are no longer working.

🎯 Exam Tip: In clauses like this, "that" helps specify which computers are being talked about. It's often used when the relative clause is essential to identify the noun.

Question 10. The bronze statue.......I saw in the museum has been stolen.
Answer: The bronze statue **that** I saw in the museum has been stolen. "That" refers to the statue. "That" can be omitted here.
In simple words: The bronze statue I saw at the museum is now missing.

🎯 Exam Tip: When the relative pronoun (that/which) is the object of the verb in the relative clause (I saw *that*), it can often be omitted (e.g., "the statue I saw").

B. Combine the following sentences using the conditional clauses (if, unless, as soon as):

Question 1. The function began. The guest arrived.
Answer: **As soon as the guest arrived, the function began.** "As soon as" shows that one event happened immediately after another.
In simple words: The event started right after the guest came.

🎯 Exam Tip: "As soon as" is used for actions that occur immediately one after the other. The clause with "as soon as" is usually in the simple present or simple past.

Question 2. People do not wear helmets. They will be fined.
Answer: **If people do not wear helmets, they will be fined.** "If" introduces a condition.
In simple words: If people don't wear helmets, they will have to pay money.

🎯 Exam Tip: The first conditional (If + simple present, will + base verb) is used for real or very likely situations in the future.

Question 3. You have no proof of innocence. The court will convict you.
Answer: **If you have no proof of innocence, the court will convict you.** This is a conditional statement linking a lack of proof to a consequence.
In simple words: If you cannot show you are innocent, the court will find you guilty.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "if" to state a condition that directly leads to a particular outcome.

Question 4. The hospital provides emergency services. The serious patients will be saved.
Answer: **If the hospital provides emergency services, the serious patients will be saved.** "If" connects the provision of services to the saving of patients.
In simple words: If the hospital offers emergency help, sick patients will live.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure that the tense in the 'if' clause (simple present) and the main clause (simple future) are consistent for a first conditional sentence.

Question 5. You heat ice. It will melt.
Answer: **As soon as you heat ice, it will melt.** "As soon as" connects the heating action directly to the melting.
In simple words: When you warm up ice, it turns into water right away.

🎯 Exam Tip: For universal truths or scientific facts, the zero conditional (If/When + simple present, simple present) is often used, but "as soon as" also works to show immediate consequence.

Question 6. You are thirsty. You drink water.
Answer: **If you are thirsty, you will drink water.** This is a natural reaction expressed as a conditional statement.
In simple words: If you feel thirsty, you will get water to drink.

🎯 Exam Tip: The zero conditional (If + simple present, simple present) is appropriate for situations where the result is always true for the given condition.

Question 7. You call off the strike. The Government will accept your demands.
Answer: **As soon as you call off the strike, the government will accept your demands.** "As soon as" shows the immediate connection between ending the strike and demands being met.
In simple words: The government will agree to your requests once you stop the strike.

🎯 Exam Tip: "As soon as" can be used for future events where one action immediately precedes another, with the "as soon as" clause in the simple present.

Question 8. You want to talk to me. Give me a missed call around 5 O'clock.
Answer: **Give me a missed call around 5 o'clock if you want to talk to me.** This reverses the order to place the condition after the instruction.
In simple words: If you wish to speak, call me around 5 pm.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'if' clause can appear at the beginning or end of the sentence without changing its meaning. Commas are needed if it starts the sentence.

Question 9. You did not consult the doctor. Your disease would be cured.
Answer: **If you did not consult the doctor, your disease would not be cured.** This is a second conditional (unreal present) implying a hypothetical outcome if the action were different.
In simple words: If you didn't see the doctor, you would not get well.

🎯 Exam Tip: The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or future (If + simple past, would + base verb).

Question 10. You did not pay your telephone bill. You would not escape the penalty.
Answer: **If you did not pay your telephone bill, you would not escape the penalty.** This again uses the second conditional to link not paying with a consequence.
In simple words: If you did not pay your phone bill, you would not avoid the punishment.

🎯 Exam Tip: The second conditional describes what *would* happen in a hypothetical situation, contrasting with the third conditional which talks about what *would have* happened in the past.

Relative Clauses:

C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions 'who', 'whom', 'whose', 'which' or 'that':

F. Fill in the Blanks with 'Whom', 'Which', 'That' or 'Who':

Question 1. My friend.......is blind.
Answer: My friend **who** is blind. The word 'who' is used here to refer to a person, connecting the friend to their characteristic.
In simple words: Use 'who' to talk about a person.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember 'who' is for people, 'which' is for things, and 'that' can be used for both. 'Whom' is used when the person is the object of the verb or preposition.

Question 2. She has broken the pen....I gave her.
Answer: She has broken the pen **that** I gave her. 'That' connects the two parts of the sentence, showing which specific pen was broken.
In simple words: 'That' helps link the pen to the action of giving it.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'That' is a versatile relative pronoun often used for things and sometimes people when the clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

Question 3. The gun.......I wanted to buy was not in the market.
Answer: The gun **which** I wanted to buy was not in the market. 'Which' is used here because it refers to a thing (the gun) and gives additional information about it.
In simple words: Use 'which' when talking about things or animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Which' often introduces non-essential clauses (set off by commas), but can also be used for essential clauses, especially after prepositions or when 'that' sounds awkward.

Question 4. The person .......you don't know is one of the best friends of mine.
Answer: The person **whom** you don't know is one of the best friends of mine. 'Whom' is used when the person is the object of the verb 'know' in the relative clause.
In simple words: Use 'whom' for people when they are receiving the action in the sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: A simple trick: if you can replace the blank with 'him' or 'her', use 'whom'. If you can replace it with 'he' or 'she', use 'who'.

Question 5. He knows the boy........you are going to see.
Answer: He knows the boy **whom** you are going to see. The boy is the object of the verb 'to see', making 'whom' the correct choice.
In simple words: 'Whom' is used for the person who is being seen by you.

🎯 Exam Tip: In formal writing, 'whom' is preferred as the object pronoun in relative clauses. In informal speech, 'who' is often used instead, but 'whom' is grammatically more precise.

Question 6. The student.........the teacher scolded is standing.
Answer: The student **whom** the teacher scolded is standing. The student is the object of the verb 'scolded' in this sentence, meaning they received the action.
In simple words: 'Whom' is used because the student received the action of scolding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify if the noun being described is performing an action (subject) or receiving an action (object) to choose between 'who' (subject) and 'whom' (object).

Question 7. The story......you told is an interesting one.
Answer: The story **which** you told is an interesting one. 'Which' is used for the story, as it is a thing, and the clause gives more detail about it.
In simple words: 'Which' connects the story to the fact that it was interesting.

🎯 Exam Tip: When choosing between 'which' and 'that' for things, remember 'that' typically introduces an essential clause, while 'which' can introduce both essential and non-essential clauses.

E. Complete the Following Sentences Using Noun Clauses:

Question 1. He said that......
Answer: He said that **the earth is round**. This is a noun clause acting as the object of 'said', completing the meaning of the main verb. A noun clause acts like a noun in a sentence.
In simple words: He spoke about a fact, using a "that" clause to complete his sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Noun clauses can function as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence. Look for a word like 'that' introducing a complete thought that answers 'what?'

Question 2. ........may not the answer of this question.
Answer: **What he has written** may not be the answer of this question. Here, the noun clause "what he has written" acts as the subject of the sentence. The entire clause functions as the main topic.
In simple words: What he wrote might not be the correct answer.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a noun clause starts a sentence, it often acts as the subject. The verb that follows (like 'may not be' here) will agree with the singular sense of the entire clause.

Question 3. The boy.......is my brother.
Answer: The boy **who stood first in the class** is my brother. This noun clause gives specific information about 'the boy', clarifying exactly who he is. The clause helps to identify the boy.
In simple words: The boy who won first place is my brother.

🎯 Exam Tip: Noun clauses can also identify or define a noun, often acting as a complement or appositive. It explains *which* boy is being referred to.

Question 4. The horse........is in the stable.
Answer: The horse **that your brother bought yesterday** is in the stable. This noun clause helps identify which specific horse is being discussed. The clause "that your brother bought yesterday" is essential for understanding.
In simple words: The horse your brother bought yesterday is in the stable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clauses starting with 'that' are often used to provide essential identifying information about a noun. If you remove the clause, the meaning of the main sentence might change or become unclear.

Question 5. Ram asked .......
Answer: Ram asked **where Ravi was going yesterday**. This noun clause is the direct object of the verb 'asked'. It completes the meaning of what Ram inquired about by telling us the location. This type of clause answers the question 'what'.
In simple words: Ram asked about Ravi's travel plans from the day before.

🎯 Exam Tip: Noun clauses often act as direct objects, answering the question 'what?' after a verb like 'asked', 'said', 'knew', or 'thought'.

G. Combine the Following Pairs of Sentences by Using Who, Which, That, Where, When and Why.

Example: That is the man. He looks after the garden, (who)
Answer: That is the man **who** looks after the garden. Here, 'who' connects the man to his action of looking after the garden, making it clear what he does.
In simple words: 'Who' is used to join sentences when talking about a person and their action.

Question 1. That is not the car. It runs smoothly, (which)
Answer: That is not the car **which** runs smoothly. 'Which' is used to connect the car to its smooth running, giving more detail about it.
In simple words: We use 'which' to add more information about a thing, like a car.

🎯 Exam Tip: When combining sentences, identify the common noun in both and use the correct relative pronoun ('who', 'which', 'that') to link the ideas smoothly without repeating the noun.

Question 2. He trained the horse. It will win the race, (which)
Answer: He trained the horse **which** will win the race. 'Which' joins the horse to the prediction about it winning the race, completing the thought.
In simple words: 'Which' helps combine sentences about an animal and what it will do.

🎯 Exam Tip: For animals, 'which' is usually appropriate. If you are talking about an animal performing a human-like action or personality, 'who' can sometimes be used playfully, but 'which' is standard.

Question 3. This is the cat. It caught the rat. (that)
Answer: This is the cat **that** caught the rat. 'That' clearly links the cat to the specific action it performed, identifying which cat is being referred to.
In simple words: 'That' connects the cat to the rat it caught.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'That' is often used for essential information that identifies the noun, like 'the cat that caught the rat' specifies *which* cat from others.

Question 4. He is the gentleman. He will give us a speech, (who)
Answer: He is the gentleman **who** will give us a speech. 'Who' connects the gentleman to his future action of giving a speech, identifying him by his role.
In simple words: 'Who' helps combine sentences about a person and what they will do.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always use 'who' for people when they are the subject of the clause (performing the action) to ensure correct grammar.

Question 5. We saw the man. He sells bananas, (who)
Answer: We saw the man **who** sells bananas. 'Who' identifies the specific man we saw by his occupation, making the sentence more informative.
In simple words: 'Who' joins the man to his job of selling bananas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Using relative pronouns makes sentences flow better and avoids repeating information. Practice identifying the role of the noun in the second sentence to choose the right pronoun.

H. Complete the Following Sentences by Using Adverbial Clauses:

Question 1. I will forgive you if.......
Answer: I will forgive you **if you tell me the truth**. This adverbial clause of condition explains the circumstance under which forgiveness will happen. Adverbial clauses add information about condition.
In simple words: I will forgive you only if you say what is true.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbial clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions like 'if', 'when', 'because', 'although', 'while', 'as soon as', and modify the main verb or another clause.

Question 2. The mouse will play when.........
Answer: The mouse will play **when the cat is away**. This adverbial clause of time shows when the action will occur. This phrase is also a common idiom, meaning people will act freely when authority is absent.
In simple words: =The mouse will play when the cat is not there.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbial clauses of time specify *when* an action happens, often introduced by 'when', 'while', 'as soon as', 'before', 'after', or 'until'.

Question 3. He had just finished his work when.........
Answer: He had just finished his work **when the clock struck twelve**. This adverbial clause of time indicates the exact moment his work was completed. It highlights a precise point in time.
In simple words: He finished work exactly when it turned twelve o'clock.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the past perfect tense (had finished) in the main clause with 'when' if one action was completed before another past action occurred to show sequence.

Question 4. You will get good marks because.......
Answer: You will get good marks **because you have worked hard this year**. This adverbial clause of reason explains why good marks will be achieved. It provides the cause for the positive outcome.
In simple words: You will score well because you studied a lot this year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbial clauses of reason explain *why* something happens, typically starting with 'because', 'since', or 'as'.

Question 5. Although.........he is honest.........
Answer: Although **he is poor**, he is honest. This adverbial clause of concession shows a contrasting idea. Even though he lacks money, he maintains his honesty.
In simple words: Even though he doesn't have much money, he is still honest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbial clauses of concession express a contrast or an unexpected result, often introduced by 'although', 'though', 'even though', or 'while'.

Question 6. We should not go where............
Answer: We should not go **where there is danger**. This adverbial clause of place tells us where we should avoid going. It specifies a location to be avoided due to a risk.
In simple words: We must not go to places that are dangerous.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbial clauses of place indicate *where* an action occurs or should occur, commonly using 'where', 'wherever', or 'anywhere' to specify location.

Question 7. She did not tell why.........
Answer: She did not tell **why she cried out**. This adverbial clause of reason explains the cause of her crying. It completes the idea of what she did not reveal.
In simple words: She did not say why she started crying.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clauses starting with 'why' can act as both noun clauses (objects of a verb) or adverbial clauses, providing reasons or explanations. In this case, it explains the reason she *did not tell*.

A. Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Modals:

Question 1. He had no key, so he ........ not open the lock.
Answer: He had no key, so he **cannot** open the lock. 'Cannot' shows his inability because he lacks the key. Modals like 'can', 'could', 'may', 'might' express possibility or ability.
In simple words: Because he didn't have the key, he was unable to open the lock.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Cannot' (or 'can't') expresses a lack of ability or possibility. Always choose the modal verb that best fits the meaning and context of the sentence.

Question 2. ........ you stand on your head?
Answer: **Can** you stand on your head? 'Can' asks about the ability to perform an action. This question checks if someone has the physical skill to do something.
In simple words: Are you able to stand upside down on your head?

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Can' is used to ask about ability or to request permission. When asking about physical ability, 'can' is the most common and appropriate choice.

Question 3. ........ I borrow your pen?
Answer: **May** I borrow your pen? 'May' is used here to ask for permission in a polite way. It shows respect when making a request.
In simple words: Can I please take your pen for a short time?

🎯 Exam Tip: 'May' is formal and polite for asking permission, while 'can' is more informal. For polite requests, 'may' is often the best choice.

Question 4. If you feel ill you........leave early.
Answer: If you feel ill you **may** leave early. 'May' expresses permission or possibility. It means you are allowed to leave if you're not feeling well.
In simple words: If you feel sick, you are allowed to go home early.

🎯 Exam Tip: Modals like 'may' or 'can' are used for granting permission. 'May' often implies that the permission is being granted by an authority figure.

Question 5. The buses were all full; we.......get a cab.
Answer: The buses were all full; we **must** get a cab. 'Must' shows necessity or obligation. Since buses are full, getting a cab becomes essential.
In simple words: All the buses were full, so we had to take a taxi.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Must' indicates a strong necessity or a command. It shows that there is no other choice or that something is extremely important.

Question 6. Mother told the son that he.......play with matches.
Answer: Mother told the son that he **should not** play with matches. 'Should not' expresses advice or a mild prohibition, implying playing with matches is dangerous and not advised.
In simple words: His mother warned him not to play with fire.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Should not' is used for giving advice against an action, or to express that something is not right or advisable. It's less forceful than 'must not'.

Question 7. She has the key; you..........ring the bell.
Answer: She has the key; you **need not** ring the bell. 'Need not' expresses a lack of necessity. Since she has the key, ringing the bell is not required.
In simple words: She has the key, so there's no need for you to ring the doorbell.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Need not' or 'don't have to' indicates that something is not necessary, but it is not forbidden either. It simply means you have an option.

Question 8. I.......like to draw your attention to our problem.
Answer: I **would** like to draw your attention to our problem. 'Would' is used to make a polite offer or statement. It's a common way to introduce a topic gently and formally.
In simple words: I want to politely tell you about our issue.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Would like to' is a very common and polite way to express a desire or intention, softer than simply saying 'I want to'.

Question 9. If you favor me, I......be very grateful to you.
Answer: If you favor me, I **shall** be very grateful to you. 'Shall' here expresses a strong intention or promise, suitable for a formal expression of gratitude. The word 'shall' indicates certainty.
In simple words: If you help me, I will be very thankful.

🎯 Exam Tip: While 'will' is more common for future tense, 'shall' can be used for formal statements of future action, promises, or strong intentions, especially with 'I' and 'we'.

Question 10. How.........you to come in my chamber without my permission.
Answer: How **dare** you to come in my chamber without my permission. 'Dare' expresses defiance or a challenge to authority. This implies that the action was inappropriate and disrespectful.
In simple words: How did you have the boldness to enter my room without asking first?

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Dare' is a semi-modal verb used to express courage, challenge, or defiance, often in questions or negative sentences to show strong disapproval.

B. Complete the Following Conversation Using Suitable Modals:
Seema: .......I come in sir?
Teacher: No, you.....because you are late.
Seema: Sorry sir, it was all due to heavy traffic. I......never be late again.
Teacher: Ok, but you......be late in future.
Seema: Thank you sir.
Teacher: ......I start the new lesson now?
Seema: Oh! Sir I.......not bring my textbook because Naresh had taken it yesterday.
Teacher: But you.....not have it. I......teach you about modals today.
Seema: All right sir, one thing more,......you lend me your pen please?
Teacher: No, you are a very negligent student. You.....see everything before you come to school.
Answer:
Seema: **May** I come in sir?
Teacher: No, you **may not** because you are late.
Seema: Sorry sir, it was all due to heavy traffic. I **will** never be late again.
Teacher: Ok, but you **must not** be late in future.
Seema: Thank you sir.
Teacher: **May** I start the new lesson now?
Seema: Oh! Sir I **could not** bring my textbook because Naresh had taken it yesterday.
Teacher: But you **need not** have it. I **will** teach you about modals today.
Seema: All right sir, one thing more, **would** you lend me your pen please?
Teacher: No, you are a very intelligent student. You **must** see everything before you come to school. Modals help express permission, necessity, and future actions within a conversation, making communication clear and appropriate.
In simple words: We fill in the blanks with words like 'may', 'must not', 'will', and 'would' to make the conversation sound natural, showing permission, rules, or requests.

🎯 Exam Tip: For conversations, read the whole dialogue to understand the context, tone (polite, strict, asking), and meaning before choosing the most suitable modal verb for each blank.

A. Combine the Following Sentences Using the Words Given in Brackets:

Question 1. The weather is very cold. We cannot go out. (so-that)
Answer: The weather is **so** cold **that** we cannot go out. The phrase 'so...that' is used to show a cause and its effect. The extreme cold is the cause, and not being able to go out is the effect.
In simple words: It is too cold to go outside.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use 'so...that' to link an intensity or degree (so cold) to a resulting action or consequence (that we cannot go out).

Question 2. He is very ill. He cannot go to his office, (too-to)
Answer: He is **too** ill **to** go to his office. The structure 'too...to' means something is excessively strong, making an action impossible. His illness is too much for him to go to work.
In simple words: He is so sick that he cannot go to work.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'too...to' construction implies a negative result: the first part is excessive, making the second part impossible or undesirable.

Question 3. The man is very rich. He can help you. (enough to)
Answer: The man is rich **enough to** help you. 'Enough to' indicates that the quantity or quality is sufficient for a particular action. His wealth is sufficient for him to provide help.
In simple words: The man has enough money to give you help.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Enough to' shows sufficiency. It means there is a satisfactory amount or degree for something to happen or for someone to do something.

Question 4. She works hard. She may not fail, (lest)
Answer: She works hard **lest** she should fail. 'Lest' means "for fear that" or "so that...not". It shows that she works hard to avoid failing. The word 'lest' always implies a negative outcome to be avoided.
In simple words: She works hard so she doesn't fail.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Lest' is a formal conjunction and is usually followed by 'should' or a subjunctive verb. It highlights a preventive action taken to avoid an undesirable outcome.

Question 5. Russia is powerful. America is more powerful, (not as)
Answer: Russia is **not as** powerful **as** America. This structure uses 'not as...as' to compare two things and show that one is less than the other. Russia is depicted as less powerful than America.
In simple words: America is stronger than Russia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the 'not as...as' structure for negative comparisons of equality, indicating that the first item does not match the second in a particular quality.

Question 6. The ceiling of the room is very high. I cannot touch it. (too-to)
Answer: The ceiling of the room is **too** high **to** touch. This 'too...to' structure shows that the ceiling's height prevents it from being touched. It expresses an excessive quality leading to an impossible action.
In simple words: The ceiling is so high that I cannot reach it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that 'too...to' always implies a negative meaning, signifying that something is beyond a certain limit or capability.

B. Combine the Following Sentences Using 'Lest':

Question 1. Hurry up. You may miss the conference.
Answer: Hurry up **lest** you should miss the conference. This combines the two ideas by showing that hurrying is necessary to avoid missing the conference. 'Lest' means "so that... not" or "for fear that."
In simple words: Go faster so you don't miss the meeting.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Lest' is used to connect an action with the negative consequence you want to prevent. It's often followed by 'should' or the subjunctive mood.

Question 2. He wore warm clothes. He might catch a cold.
Answer: He wore warm clothes **lest** he should catch a cold. He put on warm clothes to prevent himself from catching a cold. His action was taken to avoid a specific undesirable outcome.
In simple words: He wore warm clothes so he would not get sick.

🎯 Exam Tip: Using 'lest' emphasizes the precautionary nature of the first action, directly linking it to the avoidance of the second, usually undesirable, event.

Question 3. She does not use the mobile phone. Her father may rebuke her.
Answer: She does not use the mobile phone **lest** her father should rebuke her. She avoids using her phone because she is afraid her father will scold her. This shows she is preventing a negative reaction.
In simple words: She doesn't use her phone because her father might scold her.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Lest' is a formal way to express a motive for precaution, where the first action (or inaction) is done to prevent the second, usually negative, consequence.

Question 4. He does not take medicines regularly. The infection may recur.
Answer: He does not take medicines regularly **lest** the infection should recur. This sentence implies that because he doesn't take his medicine properly, there's a risk of the infection returning. The action of not taking medicine regularly leads to a fear of recurrence.
In simple words: He doesn't take his medicine regularly, so the infection might come back.

🎯 Exam Tip: When using 'lest', ensure the verb in the 'lest' clause is in the subjunctive mood or uses 'should' to correctly express the preventative purpose.

Question 5. Don't stand beneath the roof of the old building. The roof may collapse.
Answer: Don't stand beneath the roof of the old building **lest** the roof should collapse. This is a warning to avoid standing under the old roof due to the danger of it falling down. The instruction is given to prevent a dangerous event.
In simple words: Don't stand under the old roof because it might fall.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Lest' is very useful for conveying warnings or precautions where the danger is clearly stated as the reason for avoiding an action.

Finding Errors

A. Each of the Sentences Given Below Contains an Error. Rewrite the Correct Sentences by Removing the Errors:

Question 1. Gandhiji gave emphasis on the prayer.
Answer: Gandhiji gave **emphasis to** the prayer. The correct preposition to use with 'emphasis' is 'to', not 'on'. (Alternatively, one could say "emphasized the prayer," using 'emphasis' as a verb).
In simple words: Gandhiji stressed the importance of prayer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to preposition usage with specific nouns and verbs, as they often follow fixed patterns in English to form correct phrases.

Question 2. Babuli was shocked by the dispute in the family.
Answer: Babuli was shocked **at** the dispute in the family. When expressing a reaction to an event or situation, 'shocked at' is a common and appropriate phrase.
In simple words: Babuli was very surprised by the family argument.

🎯 Exam Tip: Certain verbs or adjectives are typically followed by specific prepositions. Learning these common pairings, like 'shocked at', improves grammatical accuracy.

Question 3. The American Negroes are richer than their brethren in Britain.
Answer: The American Negroes are richer than their brethren in Britain. This sentence is grammatically correct and makes a comparison between two groups. There is no grammatical error in its structure or word usage.
In simple words: This sentence is already correct as written, comparing the wealth of American Negroes to their counterparts in Britain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sometimes, questions in error-finding exercises may present already correct sentences. Always double-check all aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure carefully.

Question 4. It's time when we eat our food.
Answer: It's time **to** eat our food. The phrase 'it's time' is usually followed by 'to' and an infinitive verb (to eat) or 'for' and a noun (for food). "When" is not needed here.
In simple words: It is time now to have our meal.

🎯 Exam Tip: The construction "It's time to [verb]" is a standard way to indicate that the appropriate moment for an action has arrived.

Question 5. Having taken rest, we continued our journey.
Answer: **After taking rest**, we continued our journey. While "Having taken rest" is grammatically acceptable, "After taking rest" is more natural and clearer in everyday language to show the sequence of events.
In simple words: We rested first, then we kept going on our trip.

🎯 Exam Tip: While participle clauses are grammatically correct, sometimes rephrasing with 'after' or 'before' can make the sentence simpler and more direct about the order of actions.

Question 6. If you will get proper training, you will become successful.
Answer: If you **get** proper training, you will become successful. In conditional sentences (Type 1), the 'if' clause uses the simple present tense ('get'), not 'will', to refer to a possible future condition.
In simple words: If you train well, you will do great.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the rule for Type 1 conditional sentences: "If + simple present, will + base verb." Avoid using 'will' in the 'if' clause.

Question 7. Hardly he had reached the station than the train started.
Answer: **Hardly had he reached** the station **when** the train started. When a sentence starts with 'Hardly' or 'Scarcely', an inversion of the subject and auxiliary verb ('had') is required, and it should be followed by 'when', not 'than'.
In simple words: As soon as he got to the station, the train left.

🎯 Exam Tip: With negative adverbials at the beginning of a sentence (Hardly, Scarcely, No sooner), use inversion (auxiliary verb + subject) and pair them correctly with 'when' (for Hardly/Scarcely) or 'than' (for No sooner).

Question 8. No sooner did the feast ended when the old man saw the thief.
Answer: No sooner did the feast **end than** the old man saw the thief. 'No sooner' should be followed by 'than', not 'when', and the main verb should be in its base form ('end') after 'did'.
In simple words: The feast finished, and right after that, the old man saw the thief.

🎯 Exam Tip: The correct pairing is "No sooner...than". Also, when "did" is used, the main verb reverts to its base form, e.g., "did...end" not "did...ended".

Question 9. It does not hardly matter if says yes or no.
Answer: It **hardly matters if** he says yes or no. 'Does not hardly' creates a double negative, which is incorrect. 'Hardly' already means "almost not", so 'does not' is redundant. The pronoun 'he' is also missing before 'says'.
In simple words: It almost doesn't make a difference if he agrees or not.

🎯 Exam Tip: Avoid double negatives (e.g., "not hardly", "not scarcely"). Words like 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'barely' already imply negativity and should not be combined with 'not'.

Question 10. He has celebrated his birthday yesterday.
Answer: He **celebrated** his birthday yesterday. When a specific past time (like 'yesterday') is mentioned, the simple past tense should be used, not the present perfect ('has celebrated').
In simple words: His birthday party happened yesterday.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the simple past for actions completed at a definite time in the past (indicated by words like 'yesterday', 'last week'). Use present perfect for actions at an indefinite past time.

Question 11. The teacher told him come late.
Answer: The teacher told him **not to** come late. The correct structure for telling someone not to do something is "tell + object + not + to-infinitive".
In simple words: The teacher told him not to be late.

🎯 Exam Tip: When using 'tell' to give an instruction or command, remember to use 'to' with the infinitive verb, or 'not to' for negative instructions.

Question 12. The boy denied obey the teacher.
Answer: The boy denied **obeying** the teacher. The verb 'deny' is generally followed by a gerund (the -ing form of the verb), not a bare infinitive. It means he said he did not obey.
In simple words: The boy said he did not follow the teacher's instructions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that certain verbs, like 'deny', 'admit', 'suggest', 'finish', are typically followed by a gerund (-ing form), not an infinitive ('to' + verb).

Question 13. He has sent e-mail yesterday.
Answer: He **sent** e-mail yesterday. Since 'yesterday' specifies a definite time in the past, the simple past tense ('sent') should be used instead of the present perfect ('has sent').
In simple words: He sent the email on the previous day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always use the simple past tense when a specific past time marker like 'yesterday', 'last week', 'an hour ago' is present in the sentence.

Question 14. They just returned from Mumbai.
Answer: They **have just returned** from Mumbai. The adverb 'just' usually indicates an action completed very recently, which typically calls for the present perfect tense ('have returned'), not the simple past. The present perfect connects the past action to the present.
In simple words: They came back from Mumbai very recently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Adverbs like 'just', 'already', 'yet', 'ever', and 'never' are strong indicators to use the present perfect tense for actions completed at an indefinite time in the recent past.

Question 15. It is raining since morning.
Answer: It **has been raining** since morning. The phrase 'since morning' indicates that the action started in the past and is still continuing, requiring the present perfect continuous tense.
In simple words: Rain started in the morning and is still falling now.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the present perfect continuous tense (has/have been + -ing verb) for actions that began in the past and are still ongoing, especially with 'for' or 'since' to indicate duration or starting point.

Question 16. There the bus is going!
Answer: There **the bus goes!** Or **There goes the bus!** When announcing a sudden event or something happening at the moment, especially with 'here' or 'there', the simple present tense is often used. 'There goes the bus' is a common exclamation.
In simple words: Look, the bus is leaving right now!

🎯 Exam Tip: For immediate exclamations or dramatic narrative, the simple present tense can be used to describe actions happening right now, often with inverted subjects after 'here' or 'there'.

Question 17. The earth went round the sun.
Answer: The Earth **goes** round the Sun. This is a scientific fact or a universal truth, which should always be expressed in the simple present tense.
In simple words: The Earth travels around the Sun in a continuous cycle.

🎯 Exam Tip: General truths, scientific facts, and habitual actions are always expressed using the simple present tense in English grammar.

Question 18. The guests have entertained properly.
Answer: The guests **were entertained** properly. The sentence implies that the guests received the entertainment, so it should be in the passive voice. The active voice would be "Someone entertained the guests properly."
In simple words: The guests received good entertainment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the passive voice (be + past participle) when the subject of the sentence is the one receiving the action, not performing it. If the agent is unknown or less important, passive voice is appropriate.

Question 19. I told him why he is telling a lie.
Answer: I told him why he **was** telling a lie. When the main verb ('told') is in the past tense, the verb in the dependent clause ('is telling') must also be shifted to a past tense ('was telling') to maintain tense consistency (sequence of tenses).
In simple words: I explained to him the reason why he was not being truthful.

🎯 Exam Tip: When reporting speech or events, if the main verb is in the past tense, shift the verbs in the reported clause back one tense (e.g., present becomes past, past becomes past perfect).

Question 20. The seller asked me that I wanted to buy shoes.
Answer: The seller asked me **if** I wanted to buy shoes. When reporting a 'yes/no' question using 'asked', use 'if' or 'whether' to introduce the reported question, not 'that'.
In simple words: The seller asked if I wished to buy shoes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For reported questions, use 'if' or 'whether' if the original question was a 'yes/no' question. If it was a 'wh-' question (who, what, where, etc.), use the 'wh-' word itself.

B. Each of the Sentences Given Below Contains an Error. Rewrite the Correct Sentences by Removing the Errors:

Question 1. The students did not stood up when the teacher came.
Answer: The students did not **stand** up when the teacher came. After the auxiliary verb 'did' (or 'did not'), the main verb must always be in its base form ('stand'), not the past tense ('stood').
In simple words: The students did not get up when the teacher arrived.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the rule: 'do/does/did' + base form of the verb. The past tense is already indicated by 'did', so the main verb does not need to be in the past tense.

Question 2. What you want from me?
Answer: What **do** you want from me? In English questions (unless the 'wh-' word is the subject), an auxiliary verb (like 'do', 'does', 'did') is needed before the subject. The sentence is missing 'do'.
In simple words: What do you need from me?

🎯 Exam Tip: When forming 'wh-' questions, remember the structure: Wh-word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (e.g., Where **do** you **live**?).

Question 3. Where the thief hid the stolen watch?
Answer: Where **did** the thief hide the stolen watch? Similar to the previous question, an auxiliary verb ('did') is needed after the 'wh-' word 'where' to form a correct interrogative sentence. The verb 'hide' must also be in its base form after 'did'.
In simple words: Where did the thief put the watch he stole?

🎯 Exam Tip: For past tense 'wh-' questions, use 'did' as the auxiliary and the base form of the main verb (e.g., What **did** you **eat** last night?).

Question 4. He cried that how unlucky was he.
Answer: He cried that how unlucky **he was**. In reported speech or indirect questions, the word order becomes subject + verb, not verb + subject. So, 'he was' is correct instead of 'was he'.
In simple words: He said how very unlucky he felt.

🎯 Exam Tip: In embedded questions or reported statements, always use affirmative sentence structure (subject-verb order) after the connecting word (like 'that' or 'how').

Question 5. I was invited on tea.
Answer: I was invited **to** tea. The correct preposition to use after 'invited' when referring to an event or meal is 'to', not 'on'. We are invited *to* a party or *to* dinner.
In simple words: I was asked to join them for tea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to common verb-preposition collocations. "Invite to" is standard when talking about an invitation to an event or meal.

Question 6. When it will rain, the farmer will sow their fields.
Answer: When it **rains**, the farmer will sow their fields. In clauses of time or condition (like those starting with 'when', 'if', 'as soon as'), the simple present tense is used to refer to future events, not 'will'.
In simple words: When the rain comes, the farmer will plant seeds in their fields.

🎯 Exam Tip: For future conditional sentences, use the simple present tense in the 'when' clause and 'will' + base verb in the main clause. Avoid 'will' after 'when' in this context.

Question 7. You had better to take a helper with you.
Answer: You had better **take** a helper with you. The phrase 'had better' is followed by the bare infinitive (the base form of the verb without 'to'). It functions as a modal verb equivalent to 'should'.
In simple words: It would be a good idea for you to bring someone to help.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Had better' expresses strong advice or a warning. Remember it's always followed by the base form of the verb, without 'to'.

Question 8. When he saw you last?
Answer: When **did** he see you last? Similar to 'wh-' questions, an auxiliary verb ('did') is required after 'when' to form a grammatically correct question in the simple past tense. The verb 'see' is in its base form.
In simple words: What was the last time he saw you?

🎯 Exam Tip: Always include an auxiliary verb (do/does/did, have/has/had, be/is/are/was/were) after 'wh-' question words (except when the 'wh-' word is the subject) to form a proper question.

Question 9. He is living here for 20 years.
Answer: He **has been living** here for 20 years. The phrase 'for 20 years' indicates an action that started in the past and continues up to the present, requiring the present perfect continuous tense.
In simple words: He started living here 20 years ago and still lives here now.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the present perfect continuous (has/have been + -ing) with 'for' and 'since' to describe actions or states that began in the past and are still ongoing.

Question 10. Did not you complete your homework?
Answer: **Did you not complete** your homework? Or **Didn't you complete** your homework? In a negative question, the 'not' typically comes after the subject in formal English, or it can be contracted with 'did' as 'didn't' before the subject.
In simple words: You didn't finish your homework, did you?

🎯 Exam Tip: For negative questions, the 'not' should follow the subject in formal inverted questions (Did you not...) or be contracted with the auxiliary verb before the subject (Didn't you...).