Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for NEET Biology: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
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Multiple Choice Questions
(a) It is called a holandric gene
(b) It is called a pleiotropic gene
(c) It is called a linked gene
(d) It is called a multiple allele
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) It is called a pleiotropic gene
Explanation:
1. A single gene that influences several phenotypic traits (for example the gene for phenylketonuria or sickle-cell anaemia) is pleiotropic.
Teacher's Note:
1. Pleiotropy: one gene, many effects.
(a) independent assortment
(b) crossing over
(c) mutation
(d) linkage
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) independent assortment
Explanation:
1. Independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes during gamete formation produces new combinations of parental traits.
Teacher's Note:
1. Recombinants from crossing over arise from linked genes, not Mendel's genes.
(a) Drosophila melanogaster
(b) Antirrhinum
(c) Mirabilis jalapa
(d) garden pea, Pisum sativum
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) garden pea, Pisum sativum
Explanation:
1. Mendel used garden pea, a self-pollinating plant with many contrasting traits, and carried out artificial cross-pollination.
Teacher's Note:
1. Pisum sativum is naturally self-pollinating.
(a) non-homologous chromosomes
(b) different loci of the same chromosome
(c) identical (homologous) loci of homologous chromosomes
(d) the sex chromosomes only
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) identical (homologous) loci of homologous chromosomes
Explanation:
1. Two alleles of a gene occupy the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Teacher's Note:
1. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene.
(a) always shows variation
(b) after continuous self-pollination shows stable trait inheritance for several generations
(c) is produced by cross-pollination only
(d) is heterozygous for all traits
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) after continuous self-pollination shows stable trait inheritance for several generations
Explanation:
1. True breeding (pure line) lines are homozygous, so the trait is expressed the same way in every generation.
Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel first raised true-breeding lines for 2 years.
(a) Seven
(b) Five
(c) Nine
(d) Twelve
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) Seven
Explanation:
1. He chose seven true-breeding pairs, such as tall/dwarf, round/wrinkled seeds and yellow/green seeds.
Teacher's Note:
1. Each character has two contrasting traits.
(a) a homozygous dominant parent
(b) another F1 hybrid
(c) a heterozygous parent
(d) a homozygous recessive parent
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) a homozygous recessive parent
Explanation:
1. The test cross reveals the genotype of the dominant-phenotype individual, as the recessive parent produces only one type of gamete.
Teacher's Note:
1. A 1:1 progeny ratio shows the test plant was heterozygous.
(a) genes are linked
(b) alleles are always codominant
(c) alleles do not show any blending and both characters are recovered in the F2
(d) all genes assort independently
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) alleles do not show any blending and both characters are recovered in the F2
Explanation:
1. The two factors of a pair remain unchanged and separate into different gametes, so the recessive trait reappears in F2.
Teacher's Note:
1. Gametes are always pure for a character.
(a) removal of the stigma
(b) removal of anthers from a bisexual flower
(c) removal of the ovary
(d) removal of the petals
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) removal of anthers from a bisexual flower
Explanation:
1. Emasculation removes stamens (anthers) before they dehisce, preventing self-pollination in the female parent. It is done with forceps in a bisexual flower.
Teacher's Note:
1. Bagging follows emasculation.
(a) self-pollination (sexual reproduction)
(b) asexual reproduction only
(c) apomixis
(d) vegetative propagation only
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) self-pollination (sexual reproduction)
Explanation:
1. Pea flowers are bisexual and self-pollinating, but reproduction is sexual through seeds.
Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel used this natural self-pollination to obtain pure lines.
(a) It completes its life cycle in four weeks
(b) It has very few visible variations
(c) Males and females look identical
(d) It completes its life cycle in about two weeks and a single mating gives a large number of progeny
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) It completes its life cycle in about two weeks and a single mating gives a large number of progeny
Explanation:
1. Drosophila has a short generation time (about two weeks), produces many offspring per mating, shows many hereditary variations visible under low-power microscope and has clear sexual dimorphism.
Teacher's Note:
1. These features made it Morgan's choice.
(a) an X-linked recessive trait
(b) a Y-linked trait
(c) an autosomal recessive trait
(d) an autosomal dominant trait
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) an autosomal recessive trait
Explanation:
1. The sickle-cell gene is on an autosome (chromosome 11) and the disease appears only in the homozygous recessive state.
Teacher's Note:
1. Haemophilia, in contrast, is X-linked.
(a) Sickle-cell anaemia
(b) Colourblindness
(c) Thalassaemia
(d) Phenylketonuria
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Colourblindness
Explanation:
1. Red-green colour blindness and haemophilia are X-linked recessive; the others are autosomal.
Teacher's Note:
1. Males are affected more often as they have only one X.
(a) her mother must be at least a carrier and her father must be haemophilic
(b) it is a Y-linked disease
(c) it is an autosomal dominant disease
(d) it needs three affected alleles
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) her mother must be at least a carrier and her father must be haemophilic
Explanation:
1. A girl must receive the recessive allele on both X chromosomes, one from each parent.
Teacher's Note:
1. Carrier mother x affected father gives 50 per cent affected daughters.
(a) autosomal dominant
(b) Y-linked
(c) autosomal recessive
(d) sex-linked recessive
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) sex-linked recessive
Explanation:
1. A carrier mother passes the recessive X to her sons, who express the trait.
Teacher's Note:
1. This pattern is called criss-cross inheritance.
(a) XY type
(b) ZW type
(c) XO type
(d) haplodiploid
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) XO type
Explanation:
1. Grasshopper females are XX and males are XO (one X only), so half the sperms carry X and half have no sex chromosome.
Teacher's Note:
1. Birds show ZW type.
(a) X chromosome
(b) Y chromosome
(c) autosomes
(d) mitochondrial DNA
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (b) Y chromosome
Explanation:
1. Genes present only on the Y chromosome (differential region) are holandric and pass from father to son.
Teacher's Note:
1. Hypertrichosis of the ear is an example.
(a) Sutton and Boveri
(b) Morgan and Bridges
(c) Mendel and Correns
(d) Watson and Crick
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (a) Sutton and Boveri
Explanation:
1. Sutton and Boveri noted that chromosomes show the same behaviour as Mendel's factors and united the two ideas.
Teacher's Note:
1. Morgan gave the experimental proof.
(a) multiple alleles
(b) holandric genes
(c) pleiotropic genes
(d) linked genes
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (d) linked genes
Explanation:
1. All the genes on a single chromosome form a linkage group.
Teacher's Note:
1. Linkage reduces independent assortment.
(a) A
(b) IA only
(c) I
(d) H
Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: (c) I
Explanation:
1. Gene I has three alleles IA, IB and i, controlling the ABO blood groups.
Teacher's Note:
1. Three alleles but any individual carries only two.
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