NEET Biology Principles of Inheritance and Variation MCQs Set 04

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Chapter-wise Objective Questions: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

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Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1: Shape of seed depends on starch granules size, so inheritance of seed shape show ......... relationship while inheritance of starch grains show ...........
(a) Dominant recessive, codominance
(b) Incomplete dominance, codominance
(c) Dominant - recessive, incomplete dominance
(d) Codominance, incomplete dominance
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Dominant - recessive, incomplete dominance

Explanation:
1. Seed shape shows dominant-recessive relation, whereas starch grain size shows incomplete dominance.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 2: Inheritance of starch grains size shows
(a) Dominant recessive relationship
(b) Codominance
(c) Incomplete dominance
(d) Multiple allelism
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Incomplete dominance

Explanation:
1. The size of starch grains in pea shows incomplete dominance.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 3: In any dihybrid cross segregation of one pair of characters is independent of other pair of characters, is known as
(a) Law of segregation
(b) Law of purity of gametes
(c) Law of independent assortment
(d) Law of dominance
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Law of independent assortment

Explanation:
1. Independent segregation of one pair of characters from another in a dihybrid cross is the law of independent assortment.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

Question 4: In dihybrid mendelian cross how many types of genotype and phenotype will be obtain
(a) 4 and 9 respectively
(b) 9 and 4 respectively
(c) 9 & 16 respectively
(d) 4 & 16 respectively
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) 9 and 4 respectively

Explanation:
1. A dihybrid cross gives 9 genotypes and 4 phenotypes.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 5: Mandel published his work in 1865 but it remained unrecognised till 1900. Which of the following reason was not responsible for it
(a) Communication was not easy
(b) His concept of genes (factors) as stable and dis crete un it was n ot accepted by h is co ntemporaries as an explanation f or apparently continuous variations
(c) Use of mathematics to explain biological phenomenon
(d) Use of emasculation technique
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Use of emasculation technique

Explanation:
1. Emasculation was not a reason for the neglect of Mendel's work; use of mathematics, difficult communication and the idea of discrete factors were.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 6: Parallelism between charomosome and behaviour of gene was established by
(a) de Vries, Correns and Tschermark
(b) Sutton and Boveri
(c) Bateson and Punnet
(d) Landsteiner and de Castello
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Sutton and Boveri

Explanation:
1. Sutton and Boveri showed the parallelism between chromosome behaviour and Mendel's factors.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

Question 7: Who among the following united the knowledge of chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and called it chromosomal theory of inheritance
(a) Bateson
(b) Boveri
(c) Sutton
(d) Correns
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Sutton

Explanation:
1. Sutton united chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and called it the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 8: Experimental verification of chromosomal theory of inheitance was proposed by
(a) Tschermark
(b) de Vries
(c) Sutton
(d) Morgan
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Morgan

Explanation:
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan experimentally verified the chromosomal theory using Drosophila.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 9: If yellow body, white eyed drosophila is crossed with wild brown body red eyes drosophila. Then what would be frequency of recombinants in F1 generation
(a) 100 %
(b) 1.3 %
(c) 98.7 %
(d) 0 %
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) 0 %

Explanation:
1. In the F1 of a yellow-bodied white-eyed female x wild type cross all offspring are heterozygous wild type, so recombinant frequency in F1 is zero.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 10: In some insects half of the sperms possess X chromosome along with autosomes while half of the sperms carries
(a) Only autosomes
(b) y chromosome along with autosome
(c) x chromosome only
(d) x chromosome along with autosomes
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) Only autosomes

Explanation:
1. In insects with XO type sex determination half the sperms carry X with autosomes and half carry only autosomes.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 11: Female heterogamety can be seen is
(a) Human beings
(b) Drosophilla
(c) Hen
(d) Honey bees
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Hen

Explanation:
1. Hens (birds) show female heterogamety (ZW).

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 12: Chromosomal aberrations are commonly observed in :-
(a) Germinal cells
(b) Cancer cells
(c) Nail base cells
(d) Gametes
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Cancer cells

Explanation:
1. Chromosomal aberrations are commonly seen in cancer cells.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

Question 13: Study of family history about inheritance of a particular trait in several generations of a family called
(a) Phylogeny
(b) Ontogeny
(c) Pedigree analysis
(d) Cladistics
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Pedigree analysis

Explanation:
1. Study of the family history of a trait over several generations is pedigree analysis.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 14: Genetic disorders determined by alteration or mutation in single gene are known as
(a) Chromosomal disorders
(b) Mendelian disorders
(c) Non inheritable disorders
(d) All above
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Mendelian disorders

Explanation:
1. Disorders due to alteration or mutation in a single gene are Mendelian disorders.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 15: Which of the following is not a Mendelian disorder
(a) Haemophilia
(b) Cystic fibrosis
(c) Cryduchat syndrome
(d) Sickle cell anaemia
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Cryduchat syndrome

Explanation:
1. Cri-du-chat is a chromosomal disorder; the others are Mendelian.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

Question 16: In sickle cell anaemia which of the following genotype will show disease phenotype
(a) HbA HbA
(b) HbS HbS
(c) HbS HbA
(d) Both 1 and 2
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) HbS HbS

Explanation:
1. Only homozygous HbS HbS individuals show the sickle cell anaemia phenotype.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 17: Which of the following is not concerned with sickle cell anaemia
(a) Sixth position of b-chain
(b) a chain of Hb
(c) Valine
(d) Haemoglobin
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) a chain of Hb

Explanation:
1. Sickle cell anaemia concerns the sixth position of the beta chain, valine in place of glutamic acid; the alpha chain is not involved.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 18: Polymerisation of mutant haemoglobin molecule in sickle cell anaemia is due to
(a) Sulphadrugs
(b) High oxygen
(c) Low oxygen concentration
(d) Plasmodium falciperum
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Low oxygen concentration

Explanation:
1. Mutant haemoglobin polymerises under low oxygen concentration, making the red cells sickle shaped.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

Question 19: Regarding to phenylketonuria which of the following statement is wrong
(a) Phenylalanine can not convert into tyrosine
(b) Phenylalanine convert into phenylpyruvate and derivatives
(c) Phenylpyruvate deposited in heart, liver and kidney
(d) This is inborn error of metabolism
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Phenylpyruvate deposited in heart, liver and kidney

Explanation:
1. Phenylpyruvate accumulates in the brain, causing mental retardation, and is excreted in urine; it is not deposited in the heart, liver and kidney.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 20: Chromosomal disorders arise due to
(a) Absence of one or more chromosomes
(b) Excess of one or more chromosomes
(c) Abnormal arrangement of one or more chromosomes
(d) All the above
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) All the above

Explanation:
1. Chromosomal disorders arise from absence, excess or abnormal arrangement of chromosomes.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 21: Which of the following symptom is not assocoated with Down's syndrome
(a) Flat back of head
(b) Many loops on finger tips
(c) Big and wrinked tongue
(d) Congenital liver diseases
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Congenital liver diseases

Explanation:
1. Congenital heart disease, not liver disease, is associated with Down's syndrome.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

Question 22: Match the disorder with its chromosome constitution:
(A) Down's syndrome (B) Klinefelter's syndrome (C) Turner's syndrome (D) Phenylketonuria
(i) 44 + XY (ii) 45 + XY (iii) 44 + XO (iv) 44 + XXY
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
(b) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii)
(c) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(d) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(iii)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)

Explanation:
1. Down's syndrome is 45 + XY (trisomy 21), Klinefelter's 44 + XXY, Turner's 44 + XO, and PKU (a gene disorder) has a normal 44 + XY.

Teacher's Note:
1. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Sutton and Boveri and later verified experimentally by Morgan using Drosophila; linked genes show recombination in proportion to their distance.
2. Sex determination: XY in humans and Drosophila (male heterogamety), XO in grasshopper, ZW in birds (female heterogamety).

Question 23: Retarted physical, psychomotor and mental development are consequences observed during
(a) Down's syndrome
(b) Klinefelter's syndrome
(c) Turner's syndrome
(d) Lesch nyhan syndrome
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) Down's syndrome

Explanation:
1. Retarded physical, psychomotor and mental development occur in Down's syndrome.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendelian disorders arise from single gene mutation (haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria, thalassemia) while chromosomal disorders arise from numerical changes (Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's).
2. Sickle cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and caused by a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta globin chain.

Question 24: Gynaecomastia state can be seen in
(a) Down's syndrome
(b) Klinefelter's syndrome
(c) Turner syndrome
(d) Edward's syndrome
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Klinefelter's syndrome

Explanation:
1. Gynaecomastia (development of breasts in males) occurs in Klinefelter's syndrome.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mendel's laws: dominance (F1 shows only one parental trait), segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation, giving 3:1 in F2) and independent assortment (9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross).
2. Incomplete dominance gives an intermediate F1 (Mirabilis flower colour, 1:2:1 in F2); codominance expresses both alleles (ABO blood group IA and IB).

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