NEET Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance MCQs Set 23

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for NEET Biology: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1: The following events occur during protein synthesis: (i) mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and binds ribosomes, (ii) formation of aminoacyl tRNA, (iii) transcription of DNA into mRNA, (iv) binding of methionine tRNA to the P site, (v) peptide bond formation between first and second amino acids, (vi) release of the polypeptide, (vii) migration of dipeptide to form tripeptide and then polypeptide. The correct order is:
(a) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
(b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
(c) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
(d) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv) (v) (vii) (vi)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv) (v) (vii) (vi)

Explanation:
1. Transcription comes first, then the mRNA reaches the cytoplasm and tRNA is charged.

Teacher's Note:
1. Initiation and the first peptide bond follow, then elongation (vii), and release of the polypeptide is the last step.

Question 2: The best genetic material is:
(a) Any nucleic acid
(b) A nucleic acid made from a template that has been or can be used as a template in replication
(c) A nucleic acid that can be used as a template in transcription
(d) A nucleic acid that can be used as a template in both replication and transcription
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) A nucleic acid that can be used as a template in both replication and transcription

Explanation:
1. Genetic material must replicate itself and also express through transcription.
2. Only a nucleic acid that works as a template for both processes meets both needs.

Teacher's Note:
1. That is why DNA is the usual genetic material.

Question 3: When TMV-RNA is used for infection, the coat protein of the progeny has the same amino acid sequence whether the host is Zinnia or tobacco. This proves that the genetic code is:
(a) Degenerate
(b) Universal
(c) Unidirectional
(d) Non-overlapping
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Universal

Explanation:
1. The same codons give the same amino acids in two different host species.
2. This shows that the genetic code is universal.

Teacher's Note:
1. Degeneracy means several codons per amino acid.

Question 4: Which is NOT true of an anticodon?
(a) It consists of three nucleotides
(b) It is the basic unit of the genetic code
(c) It is present on the tRNA molecule
(d) It may pair with more than one codon, especially if it has inosine in its first position
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) It is the basic unit of the genetic code

Explanation:
1. The codon (not the anticodon) is the basic unit of the genetic code.
2. The anticodon is a three-base sequence on tRNA that pairs with the codon.

Teacher's Note:
1. Inosine in the wobble position allows pairing with more than one codon.

Question 5: Transfer RNA:
(a) Forms hydrogen bonds between its codon and the anticodon of mRNA at the A site
(b) Binds a specific amino acid with the help of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
(c) Uses GTP as the energy source to bind its amino acid
(d) Is translated from mRNA
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Binds a specific amino acid with the help of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Explanation:
1. Each tRNA is charged with its amino acid by a specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, using ATP.
2. The tRNA carries the anticodon, not a codon.

Teacher's Note:
1. It is transcribed from DNA and is not translated.

Question 6: Several proteins can be produced at the same time from a single mRNA by:
(a) The action of several ribosomes in a string called a polyribosome
(b) Several RNA polymerase molecules working sequentially
(c) Single peptides associating with ribosomes on the rough ER
(d) Multiple spliceosome complexes
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) The action of several ribosomes in a string called a polyribosome

Explanation:
1. Many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA at once, forming a polysome (polyribosome).
2. Each ribosome makes one polypeptide chain.

Teacher's Note:
1. This makes protein synthesis efficient.

Question 7: Which of the following is true for RNA processing?
(a) Exons are excised before mRNA processing
(b) Assemblies of protein and snRNPs, called spliceosomes, may catalyse splicing
(c) The RNA transcript that leaves the nucleus may be much longer than the original transcript
(d) Large quantities of rRNA are assembled into ribosomes
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Assemblies of protein and snRNPs, called spliceosomes, may catalyse splicing

Explanation:
1. In eukaryotes hnRNA is processed by splicing, capping and tailing.
2. Spliceosomes made of snRNPs and proteins remove the introns.

Teacher's Note:
1. Exons are retained, and the mature mRNA is shorter than hnRNA.

Question 8: All of the following are found in a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT:
(a) mRNA
(b) rRNA
(c) Simultaneous transcription and translation
(d) snRNA
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) snRNA

Explanation:
1. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, so transcription and translation occur together.
2. They have mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

Teacher's Note:
1. snRNA is part of spliceosomes and occurs in eukaryotes.

Question 9: Which of the following is transcribed and then translated to form a protein product?
(a) Gene for tRNA
(b) Intron
(c) Gene for a transcription factor
(d) Fatty acid
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Gene for a transcription factor

Explanation:
1. A transcription factor is a protein, so its gene is transcribed into mRNA and then translated.
2. tRNA genes are transcribed only, and introns are removed.

Teacher's Note:
1. Fatty acids are not coded by genes.

Question 10: A DNA molecule in which both strands have radioactive thymidine is allowed to duplicate in an environment containing non-radioactive thymidine. How many DNA molecules contain some radioactive thymidine after 3 duplications?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Four
(d) Eight
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Two

Explanation:
1. Replication is semiconservative, so the two original radioactive strands stay separate in two different molecules.
2. After 3 rounds there are 8 molecules, but only 2 contain an old strand.

Teacher's Note:
1. The other 6 are completely non-radioactive.

Question 11: A heavy DNA molecule of E. coli (fully labelled with N15) is allowed to duplicate in a medium containing N14. In the first generation the two daughter DNA molecules:
(a) Have the same density as each other but differ from the parent DNA
(b) Have different densities but resemble the parent DNA
(c) Have different densities and also differ from the parent DNA
(d) Have the same density as the parent DNA
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) Have the same density as each other but differ from the parent DNA

Explanation:
1. Each daughter has one N15 strand and one N14 strand.
2. Both are hybrid DNA of intermediate density, so they are alike and differ from the heavy parent.

Teacher's Note:
1. This is the Meselson and Stahl result.

Question 12: The functional unit of a gene that specifies the synthesis of one polypeptide is called:
(a) Recon
(b) Clone
(c) Codon
(d) Cistron
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Cistron

Explanation:
1. A cistron is the segment of DNA coding for one polypeptide.
2. A recon is the unit of recombination, and a codon is a triplet on mRNA.

Teacher's Note:
1. A clone is a group of identical organisms or cells.

Question 13: A DNA strand is directly involved in the synthesis of all of the following EXCEPT:
(a) tRNA molecule
(b) mRNA molecule
(c) Another DNA strand
(d) Protein
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Protein

Explanation:
1. DNA is the template for replication (DNA) and transcription (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA).
2. Protein is made on ribosomes from mRNA, so the DNA is not directly the template.

Teacher's Note:
1. This is the central dogma.

Question 14: Because most amino acids are coded by more than one codon, the genetic code is said to be:
(a) Deaminated
(b) Comma less
(c) Degenerate
(d) Overlapping
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Degenerate

Explanation:
1. Degeneracy means that an amino acid is represented by more than one codon.
2. For example, leucine has six codons.

Teacher's Note:
1. Only methionine and tryptophan have one codon each.

Question 15: The enzyme DNA gyrase, which participates in DNA replication, is a type of:
(a) DNA ligase
(b) DNA topoisomerase
(c) Reverse transcriptase
(d) DNA polymerase
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) DNA topoisomerase

Explanation:
1. DNA gyrase relieves the supercoiling strain ahead of the replication fork by cutting and rejoining strands.
2. It is a topoisomerase.

Teacher's Note:
1. It does not join fragments (ligase) or build strands (polymerase).

Question 16: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of genetic material? (a) It should be chemically and structurally less stable (b) It should be able to produce its replica (c) It should be more reactive (d) It does not follow Mendelian inheritance (e) It provides scope for slow changes, i.e. mutation
(a) Only a, b, c and d
(b) b, c, a, d and e
(c) c, d and e
(d) a, c and d
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) a, c and d

Explanation:
1. Genetic material must be chemically and structurally stable, so (a) and (c) are wrong.
2. It must also express itself as Mendelian characters, so (d) is wrong.

Teacher's Note:
1. Replication (b) and mutation (e) are correct features.

Question 17: RNA-genome viruses evolve faster because:
(a) RNA is comparatively unstable, so it mutates at a faster rate
(b) RNA is stable and mutates at a slow rate
(c) RNA is chemically less reactive
(d) RNA is double stranded
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) RNA is comparatively unstable, so it mutates at a faster rate

Explanation:
1. RNA has a reactive 2'-OH group and is less stable than DNA.
2. It therefore mutates faster, and the viruses evolve more quickly.

Teacher's Note:
1. This is also why RNA viruses change their antigens often.

Question 18: DNA is a better genetic material than RNA because:
(a) DNA is chemically less reactive and structurally more stable than RNA
(b) Thymine in place of uracil gives additional stability to DNA
(c) DNA is stable, so it mutates at a slow rate
(d) All of the above
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation:
1. DNA lacks the 2'-OH group, so it is less reactive.
2. Thymine (5-methyl uracil) makes repair of deamination easier.

Teacher's Note:
1. Stability means a slower mutation rate, so all three statements are correct.

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