NEET Biology Excretory Products and Their Elimination MCQs Set 05

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Chapter-wise Objective Questions: Excretory Products and Their Elimination

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Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1: In the diagram of the human excretory system shown, the parts are marked A to F. A is the organ with a bean shape on the right, B is the vessel with the arrow pointing downwards towards the kidneys, C is the pair of long tubes running down from the kidneys, D is the sac-like organ at the bottom, E is its narrow outlet, and F is the region where the vessels and tubes meet the kidney. Which option matches the parts correctly?
BAFCDE (a) A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Ureters, D = Urinary bladder, E = Urethra, F = Renal pelvis
(b) A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Ureters, F = Renal pelvis
(c) A = Kidney, B = Renal pelvis, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Ureters, F = Renal pelvis
(d) A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Renal pelvis, F = Ureters
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Ureters, D = Urinary bladder, E = Urethra, F = Renal pelvis

Explanation:
1. The bean-shaped organs are the kidneys, and the vessel with the arrow towards them is the aorta that supplies blood. The two long tubes are the ureters, which lead to the urinary bladder, and the urethra leaves the bladder. F marks the renal pelvis at the hilum.

Teacher's Note:
1. Ureters carry urine from kidney to bladder, while the urethra carries it from the bladder to outside the body.

Question 2: The size and weight of each kidney of an adult human is:
(a) Length 10-12 cm, width 5-7 cm, thickness 2-3 cm, weight 120-170 g
(b) Length 10-20 cm, width 10-12 cm, thickness 6-12 cm, weight 40-50 g
(c) Length 2-6 cm, width 10-12 cm, thickness 6-12 cm, weight 40-50 g
(d) Length 10-20 mm, width 5-7 mm, thickness 2-3 cm, weight 120-170 mg
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) Length 10-12 cm, width 5-7 cm, thickness 2-3 cm, weight 120-170 g

Explanation:
1. Each human kidney is about 10 to 12 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide and 2 to 3 cm thick, and weighs 120 to 170 g.

Teacher's Note:
1. They are about the size of a clenched fist and lie on either side of the vertebral column.

Question 3: The medial surface of the kidney is _____ while the lateral surface is _____.
(a) convex, concave
(b) concave, convex
(c) convex, convex
(d) concave, concave
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) concave, convex

Explanation:
1. The hilum is on the inner (medial) concave side, where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter leave. The outer (lateral) side is convex.

Teacher's Note:
1. The bean shape explains the concave and convex sides.

Question 4: How many of the following animals are chordates that have flame cells as excretory organs? Planaria, Ascaris, Amphioxus, Tapeworm, Nereis, Scoliodon.
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) One

Explanation:
1. Flame cells (protonephridia) occur in Planaria and tapeworm, which are not chordates, and in Amphioxus, which is a cephalochordate. Ascaris has an H-shaped renal tube, Nereis has nephridia, and Scoliodon has kidneys.

Teacher's Note:
1. Only Amphioxus qualifies, so the answer is one.

Question 5: Read statements A to D. (A) When someone drinks a lot of water, ADH release is decreased. (B) Exposure to cold temperature suppresses ADH release. (C) Caffeine in tea and coffee increases sodium absorption from the DCT and collecting ducts. (D) ADH also causes vasodilation. Which statements are correct?
(a) A and C
(b) A and B
(c) C and D
(d) B and D
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) A and B

Explanation:
1. Excess water lowers osmolarity so less ADH is released, and cold also suppresses ADH and increases urine output. Caffeine acts as a diuretic and does not increase sodium absorption, and ADH causes vasoconstriction, not vasodilation.

Teacher's Note:
1. ADH is also called vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels at high levels.

Question 6: The human kidney:
(a) Concentrates urine by actively transporting water out of the filtrate
(b) Produces more dilute urine when the collecting ducts become less permeable to water
(c) Responds to antidiuretic hormone by increasing urine output
(d) Gets rid of urea from the body by secreting it into the descending arm of the loop of Henle
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Produces more dilute urine when the collecting ducts become less permeable to water

Explanation:
1. If the collecting ducts are less permeable to water, less water is reabsorbed and the urine becomes more dilute. Water moves passively by osmosis, ADH decreases urine output, and urea is not removed through the descending limb.

Teacher's Note:
1. ADH increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct to water.

Question 7: The graph shows the activity of enzymes involved in urea synthesis in a developing tadpole, rising from the tadpole stage to the adult. It indicates a transition from:
TadpoleAdultEnzyme activity (% adult level) (a) Aminotelism to uricotelism
(b) Ammonotelism to ureotelism
(c) Uricotelism to ureotelism
(d) Ureotelism to uricotelism
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Ammonotelism to ureotelism

Explanation:
1. Tadpoles are aquatic and excrete ammonia. As the enzymes of the urea cycle rise, the adult frog excretes urea, so the change is from ammonotelism to ureotelism.

Teacher's Note:
1. This is a good example of adaptation to life on land.

Question 8: The diagrams show vertical sections of the kidneys of a coypu, a brown rat and a kangaroo rat, with the relative size of the cortex and medulla. Coypu live in fresh water and never go short of water to drink. Brown rats can go some days without drinking. Kangaroo rats live in deserts without drinking at all. Which kidney belongs to which animal?
ABC (a) A = Brown rat, B = Coypu, C = Kangaroo rat
(b) A = Brown rat, B = Kangaroo rat, C = Coypu
(c) A = Kangaroo rat, B = Brown rat, C = Coypu
(d) A = Kangaroo rat, B = Coypu, C = Brown rat
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) A = Brown rat, B = Kangaroo rat, C = Coypu

Explanation:
1. A thicker medulla means longer loops of Henle and a stronger ability to concentrate urine. The desert kangaroo rat has the thickest medulla (B), the brown rat an intermediate one (A), and the freshwater coypu the thinnest (C).

Teacher's Note:
1. Length of the loop of Henle is related to water conservation.

Question 9: A new drug given to humans causes a substantial increase in the volume of urine. When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is given at the same time, the urine volume returns to normal. Which hypothesis best fits these observations?
(a) It blocks the receptors for ADH on the collecting ducts of the kidney
(b) It blocks the release of ADH from the pituitary
(c) It mimics the action of ADH
(d) It decreases blood pressure
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) It blocks the release of ADH from the pituitary

Explanation:
1. The drug raises urine volume, which is what happens when ADH is lacking. Giving ADH corrects it, so the drug must block ADH release and not its receptors, otherwise added ADH would not restore normal urine volume.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mimicking ADH would decrease urine volume, not increase it.

Question 10: In a comparison of the amounts of urea in human urine, the largest amount of urea would be found with a diet very rich in:
(a) Animal fat
(b) Simple carbohydrates (sucrose)
(c) Complex carbohydrates (starches)
(d) Protein
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Protein

Explanation:
1. Urea is formed from ammonia produced by deamination of amino acids, so a high protein diet gives the most urea.

Teacher's Note:
1. Fats and carbohydrates contain no nitrogen and give no nitrogenous waste.

Question 11: Identify the correct match of Column I with Columns II and III. Column I: (1) PCT, (2) Inner wall of Bowman's capsule, (3) Thin ascending segment of loop of Henle, (4) DCT. Column II: (a) podocytes, (b) simple squamous epithelium, (c) cuboidal epithelium with less brush border, (d) cuboidal epithelium with more brush border. Column III: (i) small amount of urea enters it, (ii) conditional reabsorption, (iii) part of filtration membrane, (iv) maximum reabsorption of salt and electrolytes.
(a) 1-c-iv; 2-a-iii; 3-b-i; 4-d-ii
(b) 1-d-iv; 2-a-iii; 3-b-i; 4-c-ii
(c) 1-b-iv; 2-a-iii; 3-a-i; 4-c-ii
(d) 1-d-iv; 2-a-iii; 3-b-ii; 4-c-i
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) 1-d-iv; 2-a-iii; 3-b-i; 4-c-ii

Explanation:
1. The PCT has cuboidal cells with a dense brush border and reabsorbs most solutes. The Bowman's capsule inner wall has podocytes that form part of the filtration barrier, the thin ascending limb is simple squamous and lets some urea in, and the DCT has less brush border and shows conditional reabsorption.

Teacher's Note:
1. Brush border in PCT increases the surface area for absorption.

Question 12: Arrange the steps of haemodialysis in order. I. Blood is drained from a convenient artery and an anticoagulant (heparin) is added. II. Removal of nitrogenous waste from the blood. III. Blood is passed through a coiled porous cellophane tube bathing in dialysis fluid. IV. Blood is mixed with antiheparin and passed into a vein.
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) IV, III, II, I
(c) I, III, II, IV
(d) I, IV, II, III
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) I, III, II, IV

Explanation:
1. Blood is drawn and heparin is added (I), then passed through the cellophane tube in dialysis fluid (III), where wastes diffuse out (II). The cleaned blood is mixed with antiheparin and returned to a vein (IV).

Teacher's Note:
1. The dialysis fluid has the same composition as plasma except for nitrogenous wastes.

Question 13: Which of the following statements are true? I. Glomerular filtrate is isotonic to plasma. II. When the urine passes into the collecting tubule, it becomes hypotonic. III. The filtrate is isotonic in the proximal convoluted tubule. IV. The filtrate becomes more and more hypotonic as it passes through the descending limb of Henle's loop.
(a) I and III
(b) I, II and III
(c) II and III
(d) Only II
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) I and III

Explanation:
1. The filtrate in the capsule and in the PCT has the same osmolarity as plasma. In the collecting tubule it becomes hypertonic, and in the descending limb it becomes more and more hypertonic as water leaves.

Teacher's Note:
1. Remember: descending limb is permeable to water, so the filtrate gets concentrated.

Question 14: Which of the following features activate the JG cells? I. Fall in glomerular blood pressure. II. Fall in glomerular blood flow. III. Fall in GFR.
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) I, II and III
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) I, II and III

Explanation:
1. The JG cells release renin when glomerular blood pressure, blood flow or GFR falls.

Teacher's Note:
1. Renin starts the renin-angiotensin pathway that raises BP and GFR.

Question 15: Which of the following is responsible for excretion of dilute urine?
(a) More secretion of renin
(b) Less secretion of vasopressin
(c) More secretion of aldosterone
(d) Less secretion of K+ into the filtrate
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Less secretion of vasopressin

Explanation:
1. With little ADH (vasopressin), the collecting ducts stay impermeable to water, so a large volume of dilute urine is passed.

Teacher's Note:
1. Aldosterone and renin act to retain Na+ and water.

Question 16: In a person suffering from poor renal absorption, which one of the following factors will NOT help in the maintenance of blood volume?
(a) Decreased glomerular filtration
(b) Increased ADH secretion
(c) Decreased arterial pressure in the kidney
(d) Increased arterial pressure in the kidney
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Increased arterial pressure in the kidney

Explanation:
1. Decreased filtration and increased ADH conserve water, and a fall in arterial pressure triggers renin release, which restores volume. Raised arterial pressure in the kidney suppresses renin and increases loss of fluid.

Teacher's Note:
1. Think of each option as saving water or losing water.

Question 17: In response to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure, which of the following does NOT occur?
(a) Secretion of renin
(b) Secretion of aldosterone
(c) Secretion of vasopressin
(d) Secretion of ANF
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) Secretion of ANF

Explanation:
1. A fall in blood volume and pressure increases renin, aldosterone and vasopressin, while ANF is released from the atria when blood pressure rises.

Teacher's Note:
1. ANF lowers blood pressure by vasodilation and inhibiting renin.

Question 18: Parasympathetic activity during micturition causes:
(a) Contraction of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter
(b) Contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
(c) Relaxation of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
(d) Relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

Explanation:
1. Parasympathetic impulses make the bladder wall (detrusor) contract and the internal sphincter relax, so urine is released.

Teacher's Note:
1. Sympathetic activity does the reverse and stores urine.

Question 19: Read the points: (i) increases GFR, (ii) increases blood pressure, (iii) decreases blood volume, (iv) increases aldosterone secretion, (v) is a vasoconstrictor, (vi) increases Na+ excretion. How many of these points are correct about angiotensin II?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) Four

Explanation:
1. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels (v), raises blood pressure (ii) and GFR (i), and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (iv). It does not decrease blood volume or increase Na+ excretion, since it promotes Na+ reabsorption.

Teacher's Note:
1. Four statements (i, ii, iv, v) are correct.

Question 20: The amount of glucose present in the urine of a normal man is:
(a) 0 mg/ml
(b) 120 mg/ml
(c) 40 mg/ml
(d) 5 mg/ml
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) 0 mg/ml

Explanation:
1. All the filtered glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT by active transport, so a healthy person has no glucose in the urine.

Teacher's Note:
1. Glucose appears in urine (glycosuria) when its level in blood exceeds the renal threshold, as in diabetes mellitus.

Question 21: You and your study partner want to draw the pathway that controls reabsorption of sodium ions when blood pressure falls. Which is the correct sequence of events? (a) Aldosterone is released. (b) Kidney tubules reabsorb Na+. (c) Renin is released. (d) The juxtaglomerular apparatus recognises a drop in blood pressure. (e) Angiotensin II is produced.
(a) a, c, e, b, d
(b) d, b, c, a, e
(c) d, c, e, a, b
(d) b, d, c, a, e
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) d, c, e, a, b

Explanation:
1. The JGA senses the fall (d) and releases renin (c). Angiotensin II is formed (e) and stimulates aldosterone release (a), which makes the tubules reabsorb Na+ (b).

Teacher's Note:
1. Sequence: JGA, renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, Na+ reabsorption.

Question 22: Select the correct order of osmolarity changes in the fillrate with respect to plasma in: Bowman's capsule, PCT, thin part of the descending limb, thin part of the ascending limb, DCT, end of the collecting duct.
(a) Isotonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Hypotonic
(b) Isotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
(c) Isotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
(d) Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) Isotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic

Explanation:
1. The filtrate is isotonic in the capsule and PCT, becomes hypertonic in the descending limb as water leaves, and is diluted (hypotonic) in the ascending limb and DCT as salts leave. In the collecting duct water is drawn out, so it ends up hypertonic.

Teacher's Note:
1. The counter-current mechanism creates the medullary gradient.

Question 23: Which of the following statements is correct? (i) The liver, the largest gland, secretes cholesterol and degrades steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs. (ii) Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like urea, sterols and sebum. (iii) Sweat produced by sweat glands is an oily fluid containing NaCl. (iv) In uremic patients urea and glucose can be removed by haemodialysis.
(a) i, ii, iii
(b) i, ii, iv
(c) i only
(d) iii and iv
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) i only

Explanation:
1. Only statement (i) is true. Sebaceous glands secrete sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes (sebum) but not urea, sweat is a watery fluid with NaCl, and haemodialysis removes urea but not glucose.

Teacher's Note:
1. Sebum is oily, sweat is watery.

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