Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes Solutions

Std 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Question Answer Contemporary India: Challenges To Peace, Stability And National Integration Maharashtra Board

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges To Peace, Stability And National Integration Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. (A) Complete The Following Statements By Selecting The Appropriate Option.

Question 1. The article had granted a 'special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
(a) 352
(b) 360
(c) 370
(d) 110
Answer: (c) 370
In simple words: Article 370 of the Indian Constitution temporarily granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, allowing it a degree of autonomy until its revocation in 2019.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific article numbers related to special provisions for states as they are frequently tested in political science exams.

Question 2. Left-wing Extremism originated in 1967 in
(a) Nagaland
(b) Jharkhand
(c) Gadchiroli
(d) Naxalbari
Answer: (d) Naxalbari
In simple words: Left-wing extremism, commonly known as Naxalism, began in 1967 in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal, advocating for the rights of marginalized groups through armed struggle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the origins of significant political movements, like Naxalism, helps in understanding their historical context and evolution.

(B) Identify The Incorrect Pair In Every Set And Correct It.

Question 1.
(a) Naxalism - Red Corridor
(b) CPI (Maoist) - Uri attacks
(c) Assam - Sons-of-soil movement
Answer: (b) Jaish-e-Mohammed - Uri attacks
In simple words: The incorrect pair is 'CPI (Maoist) - Uri attacks' because the Uri attacks were carried out by Jaish-e-Mohammed, a Pakistan-based terrorist group, not CPI (Maoist) which is an Indian Naxalite organization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise in identifying terrorist organizations and their associated acts to avoid confusion, especially when discussing internal and external security threats.

Question 2.
(a) Boko Haram - Ireland
(b) LTTE - Sri Lanka
(c) ETA - Spain
Answer: (a) Boko Haram - Nigeria
OR
IRA - Ireland
In simple words: The incorrect pairing is 'Boko Haram - Ireland'; Boko Haram is a jihadist terrorist organization primarily based in Nigeria, while the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was active in Ireland.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately linking militant and terrorist groups to their respective countries or regions is essential for understanding global and regional security dynamics.

(C) Complete The Following Statements By Using Appropriate Reason.

Question 1. The left wing extemists prevent execution and implementation of developmental work, because
(i) they are against government.
(ii) the opposition parties ask them to do so.
(iii) they want to show that the government structure at field level is ineffective.
Answer: (iii) they want to show that the government structure at field level is ineffective.
In simple words: Left-wing extremists obstruct developmental work primarily to demonstrate the government's inability to govern and provide services effectively in their targeted regions, aiming to erode public trust.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing motivations of extremist groups, focus on their stated objectives and the strategic impact of their actions on governance and public perception.

Question 2. In 1990's Kashmiri Pandits migrated from Kashmir valley, because
(i) they weren't from Kashmir.
(ii) there was growth in Islamic militancy.
(iii) there were no job opportunities for them.
Answer: (ii) there was growth in Islamic militancy.
In simple words: The mass migration of Kashmiri Pandits in the 1990s was largely due to the rise of Islamic militancy and related targeted violence and threats in the Kashmir valley, creating an unsafe environment for them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Historical events of migration are often driven by complex socio-political factors, and identifying the primary catalyst is key for accurate understanding.

2. (A) Find The Odd Word.

Question 1. Terrorism, Naxalism, Nationalism, Extremism.
Answer: Nationalism (not a violent activity)
In simple words: Nationalism, while a strong ideology, is fundamentally about love for one's nation and does not inherently involve violence, unlike terrorism, naxalism, and extremism, which are all characterized by violent methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between ideologies and movements, and recognize that not all strong political beliefs inherently promote violence.

(B) State The Appropriate Concept For The Given Statements.

Question 1. Threat use violence with an intention to create panic in the society.
Answer: Terrorism
In simple words: Using violence or the threat of violence to instill fear and achieve political, religious, or ideological goals is defined as terrorism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize precise definitions of key political science terms, as clarity in concepts is crucial for both objective and subjective questions.

Question 2. Involvement of people in decision making process of State.
Answer: Good Governance
In simple words: Good governance involves the active participation of citizens in the decision-making processes of the State, ensuring transparency and accountability for the well-being of all.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the principles of good governance is crucial for analyzing a State's effectiveness in serving its population.

3. (A) Complete The Concept Maps.

Question 1.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक अवधारणा मानचित्र दिया गया है जिसमें केंद्र में 'Values of National Integration' लिखा है। इसके चारों ओर आठ रिक्त बॉक्स हैं जो इस अवधारणा के विभिन्न मूल्यों को दर्शाने के लिए हैं। छात्रों को इन रिक्त स्थानों को उचित मूल्यों से भरना है।
Answer: The concept map 'Values of National Integration' includes:
- Equality
- Nationalism
- Secularism
- Social Justice
- Democracy
- Social Change
- Economic Development
In simple words: National Integration is built upon core values like equality, secularism, social justice, and democracy, along with fostering nationalism, social change, and economic development to unite diverse populations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When presented with concept maps, ensure you can identify and articulate all the interconnected components, as understanding their relationships is vital.

(B) State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False With Reason.

Question 1. Democracy is required to establish national integration and social transformation.
Answer: This statement is True.
1. Democracy and national integration are complementary, since the core of the structural aspect of national consolidation is the democratic system of governance.
2. Participation of diverse socio-cultural groups in the process of governance is possible only through a representative democratic system. Democracy helps in political participation and social transformation by removing ethnic, caste and gender inequality.
In simple words: Democracy is essential for national integration and social transformation because it allows diverse groups to participate in governance, fostering unity and addressing inequalities through inclusive political processes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always provide clear and logical reasons when stating whether a statement is true or false, demonstrating a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Question 2. National movement in India played an important role in national integration.
Answer: This statement is True.
1. The national freedom movement extended across the length and breadth of the country and involved people of different religions, regions and cultures
2. It played a vital role in bringing Indians together emotionally and politically into a nation and integrating them in a common frame work of political identity and loyalty.
In simple words: The Indian national movement significantly contributed to national integration by uniting diverse people across regions, religions, and cultures under a shared goal of independence, forging a common political identity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the unifying power of national movements in shaping a common identity and fostering integration among diverse populations.

4. Explain The Correlation Between The Following.

Question 1. National Unity and Regional Aspirations
Answer: National Unity is possible when citizens of that State exhibit psychological oneness, solidarity and shared values. It is not homogeneity but a form of ethnic, religious and linguistic acceptance. Regional aspirations occur in forms like demand for separate States, language issues, etc., Regional aspirations have their roots in historical/linguistic/cultural issues or may be a product of regional political outfits. Sometimes, regional aspirations may even become secessionist as in case of Khalistan movement. India has tried to reconcile regional aspirations with national unity by creating a federation with a strong centre, creating of smaller States as well as the linguistic reorganisation of States.
In simple words: National unity relies on shared values and acceptance among diverse groups, while regional aspirations, stemming from historical, linguistic, or cultural factors, seek to assert distinct identities; reconciling these requires inclusive governance and equitable development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Analyze how states manage the tension between national unity and regional aspirations through policy mechanisms like federalism and linguistic reorganization to maintain stability.

5. Express Your Opinion Of The Following.

Question 1. Peace and stability are necessary for the nation's progress.
Answer: Peace, stability and public order are necessary for nation's progress and good life of citizens. An unruly society will lead to violence, loss of life, destruction of property, economic and political instability. Conflict resolution is linked to maintenance of law, order and peace. In the absence of order and stability, divisive tendencies will prevail, infrastructure will be targeted, investments will be discouraged thus becoming a barrier to economic growth. At a basic level, political stability is ensured using constitutional machinery and socio-economic development. In case of any problem occurring, the State tries to resolve it peacefully. In case the issue escalates or becomes violent, the State may employ force if necessary.
In simple words: Peace and stability are fundamental for national progress as they prevent violence, protect property, attract investment, and allow for socio-economic development, creating an environment conducive to citizen well-being.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing societal needs, emphasize the foundational role of peace and order in enabling all other forms of development and progress.

6. Answer The Following Question In 80 To 100 Words.

Question 1. What is Left Wing Extremism in India?
Answer: Left Wing Extremism (also called Maoist movement or Naxalism) has major support base among landless labourers, dalits and tribals who experience a sense of oppression, injustice and neglect. The first attempt to promote a peasant struggle was the Telangana Movement (1946-51). The Naxal Movement originated in 1967 in Naxalbari (West Bengal) led by Kanu Sanyal and writings of Charu Majumdar.
Since 1980s the movement has taken a militant turn. In 2004 CPI (M-L), People's War Group (PWG) and Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) of India merged to form CPI (Maoist) which aims to overthrow the government, Naxal activities aim to destroy public property and attack police and officials. The Red Corridor of naxal activities extends across States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, etc.
Some of their broad tactics are as follows:
1. Use of propaganda slogans
2. Establishment of mass movements
3. Mobilisation of women, tribals and minorities into the revolution
4. Mobilisation of urban population on mass issues
5. Develop appropriate forms of military organisation
In simple words: Left-Wing Extremism, or Naxalism, is a militant movement rooted in peasant struggles, primarily supported by marginalized communities, aiming to overthrow the government through violence, and operating within a "Red Corridor" across several Indian states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the socio-economic causes, key leaders, geographical spread, and tactics of Left-Wing Extremism to provide a comprehensive answer.

7. Answer The Following In 150 To 200 Words.

Question 1. Explain the role of the State with help of given points.
(a) Peace and order
(b) Economic development
(c) National Building
(d) Governance
(e) Welfare
Answer: The role of the State is multifaceted, encompassing several key functions critical for a nation's well-being and progress:
(a) Peace and order: The State's primary responsibility is to maintain internal peace and order through law enforcement, ensuring security and stability for its citizens and preventing conflict.
(b) Economic development: The State facilitates economic growth by creating a favorable environment for businesses, regulating markets, investing in infrastructure, and implementing policies that promote employment and prosperity.
(c) National Building: The State fosters a sense of national identity and unity among diverse populations, promoting common values, culture, and symbols to integrate society.
(d) Governance: The State establishes and maintains effective governance structures, ensuring transparency, accountability, and the rule of law in decision-making and public administration.
(e) Welfare: The State is responsible for the welfare of its citizens, providing social security, healthcare, education, and other essential services to ensure a minimum standard of living and reduce inequalities.
In simple words: The State's crucial role involves maintaining peace and order, driving economic development, fostering national unity, ensuring good governance, and implementing welfare programs to improve citizens' quality of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by addressing each point separately with clear explanations to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the State's functions.

Activity

Trace the changes that have taken place in Art 370 of the Indian constitution.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges To Peace, Stability And National Integration Intext Questions And Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 39)

Question 1. What are the Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian constitution?
Answer: To spread awareness about them, fundamental duties were inserted in the Part IV Article 51(A) of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976. The fundamental duties include:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect the National Flag and National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To respect and protect the sovereignty, integrity and unity of India.
4. To defend and serve the country.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to abolish evils hampering women's dignity.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, rivers, trees, lakes and to show kindness towards animals.
8. To develop scientific temper and spirit of inquiry.
9. To protect public property and prevent violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
11. A parent or guardian should provide opportunities for education to his child, between the age of 6 to 14 years. (This has been added by 86th Constitutional Amendment)
In simple words: Fundamental duties are moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and uphold the unity of India, ranging from respecting the Constitution to promoting harmony and protecting the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all fundamental duties accurately, highlighting key phrases and the constitutional amendments that introduced or modified them, as this demonstrates a strong grasp of constitutional provisions.

Question 2. Find out the details of the following events and discuss them in the classroom:
(i) Assam Oil Blockade (1980)
(ii) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (1991) (Text Book Page No.41)
Answer:
(i) Assam Oil Blockade (1980)
The Assam Movement (1979-1985) led by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) was against the illegal immigrants in Assam. There were a series of protests to compel the government to identify and expel illegal immigrants (mostly Bangladeshi) and to provide safeguards to the indigenous Assamese. Some of the protests were violent e.g., the Nellie massacre (1983). On 15th August 1985, the Assam Accord was signed between the Rajiv Gandhi Government and leaders of the Assam movement by which all migrants who had entered the State prior to January 1, 1966 were accepted.
The Oil Blockade was part of the Assam agitation. Crude oil from Assam was pumped to a refinery at Barauni (Bihari). However, AASU protested and blockaded oil supply in 1980. A committee was appointed to suggest a new location for refinery within Assam. They suggested Bongaigaon near West Bengal border. The oil blockade resulted in huge losses to the petroleum industry.

(ii) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (1991)
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India (1984-1989) occurred as a result of suicide bombing in Sriperumbudur, Chennai on 21st May 1991. It was carried out by a member of LTTE (Sri Lanka) known as Thenmozhi Rajaratnam (Dhanu) At least 14 others were killed in the explosion of the RDX laden belt by Dhanu. The assassination was attributed to LTTE being antagonised by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi's sending of Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord with President J. Jayewardene in 1987.
In simple words: The Assam Oil Blockade was a key part of the Assam Movement against illegal immigration, aimed at pressuring the government, while Rajiv Gandhi's assassination was a suicide bombing by the LTTE in retaliation for India's military involvement in Sri Lanka.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining significant historical events, provide context, key players, major incidents, and the eventual outcome or impact, as demonstrated by the detailed explanations of the Assam Movement and Rajiv Gandhi's assassination.

12th Std Political Science Questions And Answers: