Maharashtra Board Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Solutions

Contribution Of Western And Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2 Questions And Answers

1. (A) Choose The Correct Alternative And Complete The Statements.

Question 1.The Industrial Revolution took place in .................... (North America / Europe / Australia)
Answer: Europe
In simple words: The Industrial Revolution, a period of major technological and social change, originated and primarily took place in Europe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the geographical origin of significant historical events like the Industrial Revolution for context-based questions.

Question 2.Science is based on .................... (beliefs / facts / guess work)
Answer: facts
In simple words: Science relies on observable and verifiable facts, not on personal beliefs or mere speculation, to establish knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the empirical foundation of scientific inquiry is crucial for sociology and other sciences.

Question 3.Significant work has been done on kinship organisation in India, by female sociologist .................... (Iravati Karve / Suma Chitnis / Neera Desai)
Answer: Iravati Karve
In simple words: Iravati Karve was a pioneering Indian sociologist and anthropologist renowned for her extensive research on kinship systems in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key Indian sociologists and their primary contributions to specific areas like kinship studies.

Question 4.The .................... stage of societal growth is characterised by explanations which are abstract but not God-centred. (Theological / Metaphysical / Positive)
Answer: Metaphysical
In simple words: In the Metaphysical stage, explanations for phenomena move beyond divine intervention to abstract forces or essences, though not yet based on scientific observation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate clearly between Comte's three stages of societal thought by their core explanatory principles.

1. (B) Correct The Incorrect Pair.

Question 1.(a) Abdul Rahman Ibn-Khaldun - North Africa
(b) Auguste Comte - France
(c) Harriet Martineau - England
(d) Karl Marx - Russia
Answer: (d) Karl Marx - Germany
In simple words: While listed with Russia, Karl Marx was actually a German philosopher and economist, making the Russia pairing incorrect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately associating key thinkers with their country of origin is important for historical context.

1. (C) Identify The Appropriate Term From The Given Options.

(Polarization. M. N. Srinivas, R. N. Mukherjee)

Question 1.Marx argues that classes will become hostile towards each other.
Answer: Polarization
In simple words: Karl Marx theorized that capitalist societies would inevitably lead to an increasing division and conflict between social classes, a process he called polarization.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand Marxist concepts like 'polarization' in the context of class conflict and economic systems.

Question 2.The Indian sociologist who coined the term westernisation.
Answer: M. N. Srinivas
In simple words: M. N. Srinivas, a prominent Indian sociologist, introduced the concept of 'westernisation' to describe the impact of Western culture on Indian society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the contributions of major Indian sociologists, including their unique conceptualizations.

1. (D) Correct The Underlined Words And Complete The Sentence.

Question 1.The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the theological stage.
Answer: The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the positive / scientific stage.
In simple words: Empirical evidence, which is based on observation and experience, characterizes the positive or scientific stage of societal development, not the theological stage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish the defining characteristics of each of Comte's three stages of human thought.

Question 2.The book 'Le Suicide' was written by Hobbes.
Answer: The book 'Le Suicide' was written by Emile Durkheim
In simple words: Emile Durkheim, a founding figure of sociology, authored the influential work 'Le Suicide,' analyzing suicide as a social phenomenon, not a psychological one.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with classic sociological texts and their authors, especially those foundational to the discipline.

2. Write Short Notes.

Question 1.Contribution of G. S. Ghurye to Indian Sociology.
Answer:1. Govind Sadashiv Ghurye was the first who introduced sociology in India after independence. Therefore, he is considered as the 'Father of Indian Sociology'. He established 'Indian Sociological Society' and started the journal 'Sociological Bulletin'. 2. Ghurye's work on scheduled tribes, were based on the historical, administrative and social dimensions of Indian tribes. He wanted the tribals to be integrated with the wider Indian society. He has written on tribes like Mahadev Kolis in Maharashtra. His book, 'Caste and Race in India' is one of the most important contribution to Indian sociology. 3. Ghurye referred to the long process of Hinduisation of the tribes from different parts of India. He considered cultural unity between tribes and caste as the only means to promote integration in Indian society. 4. His book, 'Caste and Race in India', published in 1932 combines historical, anthropological and sociological perspectives to understand caste and kinship system in India.
In simple words: G. S. Ghurye, considered the 'Father of Indian Sociology', made significant contributions through his studies on caste, tribes, and kinship, advocating for tribal integration and establishing key sociological institutions. His book 'Caste and Race in India' is a landmark work.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing contributions, include specific works, concepts, and institutional roles of the sociologist.

Question 2.Types of suicide according to Durkheim.
Answer:Suicide is a type of death carried by an individual intentionally or deliberately. According to Durkheim suicide is a social phenomenon. Following are the types of suicide. 1. Egoistic suicide : It takes place when an individual is very much self-centred and least bothered about the other members of society, e.g., it is committed by people who become introvert and have less desires to live in the company of others, suicide rates are higher for those widowed, single and divorced. 2. Anomic suicide : When situations go against the norms and values of a person. In such condition individual finds it difficult to face the situation and adjust with that, e.g., suicide of farmers. 3. Altruistic suicide : This type of suicide is different from egoistic suicide. This type of suicide means sacrificing own life for the betterment of people or society, e.g., Sati system, a patient commits suicide for the sake of family. 4. Fatalistic suicide : When an individual is under excessive control from the outside factors fatalistic suicide takes place e.g., Dowry death. According to Durkheim social situations, circumstances, factors are responsible for suicide and become a 'social fact.'
In simple words: Emile Durkheim identified four types of suicide-egoistic (low social integration), anomic (lack of social regulation), altruistic (high social integration), and fatalistic (excessive regulation)-each linked to varying degrees of social integration and regulation within a society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and provide distinct examples for each type of suicide in Durkheim's typology to demonstrate a thorough understanding.

3. Differentiate Between.

Question 1.Theological Stage and Positive Stage.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a comparative table to clearly delineate the characteristics, thought processes, and examples of each stage for maximum clarity.

Question 2.Anomic Suicide and Altruistic Suicide.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating, focus on the underlying social conditions (lack of regulation vs. over-integration) and provide distinct historical or contemporary examples for each type.

4. (A) Complete The Concept Maps.

Question 1.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र भारतीय समाजशास्त्रियों के एक अवधारणा मानचित्र (concept map) को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक केंद्रीय शीर्षक 'भारतीय समाजशास्त्री (Indian Sociologists)' है, जिससे डॉ. जी.एस. घुरिये, डॉ. एम.एन. श्रीनिवास, डॉ. इरावती कर्वे और बी.के. सरकार जैसे प्रमुख समाजशास्त्रियों के नाम जुड़े हुए हैं। यह मानचित्र भारतीय समाजशास्त्र के क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देने वाले विद्वानों को सूचीबद्ध करता है।
Answer:Dr G. S. Ghurye
Dr. M. N. Srinivas
Dr. Iravati Karve
B. K. Sarkar
In simple words: This concept map illustrates the key figures among Indian sociologists, including G.S. Ghurye, M.N. Srinivas, Iravati Karve, and B.K. Sarkar, who have significantly shaped the field.

🎯 Exam Tip: For concept map questions, identify the central theme and list all associated elements accurately and completely.

4. (B) State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False With Reasons.

Question 1.According to Marx, capitalism gives rise to we feeling among workers.
Answer: This statement is True. 1. Capitalists accumulate profit through the exploitation of labour. The poverty of the workers' class grows with increasing exploitation of labour. 2. Economic exploitation and inhuman conditions lead to the increasing alienation of workers. 3. The classes tend to become internally homogeneous and class struggle, more intensified and creates class solidarity and we feeling among the workers.
In simple words: According to Marx, the shared experience of exploitation under capitalism fosters a collective identity and solidarity (a 'we feeling') among workers, uniting them in their struggle against the capitalist class.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing reasons for True/False statements, ensure your points directly support your assertion and demonstrate understanding of the theoretical perspective.

Question 2.Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India.
Answer: This statement is True. 1. Iravati Karve has contributed in the field of Sociology as well as Anthropology. She wrote a book 'Kinship Organization in India' in which she describes major kinship systems in India. 2. Kinship is one of the concepts which is socially and culturally related with factors like family, caste and languages in India. 3. According to her, kinship system is based on the geographical and linguistic group differences. Thus, Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India
In simple words: Iravati Karve indeed made profound contributions to kinship studies in India, most notably through her book 'Kinship Organization in India,' which analyzed the diverse kinship systems across different geographical and linguistic regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Support true/false statements with concrete evidence, such as specific works or theories of the sociologist in question.

5. Give Your Personal Response.

Question 1.Do you think globalization has led to polarization of classes? Discuss with relevant examples of your own.
Answer:Yes, globalization has led to polarization of classes. This has led to segregation of people in the society that may emerge from income inequality, economic restructuring etc. It leads to differentiation of groups on the basis of high income and low income. Skilled people manage to get high paying jobs while the less educated/skilled people receive low wages.
In simple words: Globalization often intensifies class polarization by creating a wider gap between highly skilled workers who benefit from global markets and less skilled workers facing stagnant wages and job insecurity due to international competition.

🎯 Exam Tip: For personal response questions, offer a clear stance and back it up with logical reasoning and relatable socio-economic examples.

Question 2.Do you think Kinship bonds are weakening? Give reasons for your response?
Answer:Yes, I think as we Indians are progressing and trying to establish our nation as a developed nation, we on the other side are losing importance of our family ties. Kinship bonds means ties based on blood and marriage. Following are some of the reasons which are axing Kinship bonds. 1. Urbanisation, one of the major reasons of migration of people from rural to urban resulting into formation of a nuclear family. 2. Modernisation, making individuals self-centred, career oriented simultaneously detach from family. 3. Change in the medium of recreation, earlier it was family get together or celebration of festivals or religious ceremony now it is Cinema Hall or Visit to Mall. 4. Increasing control of electronic gadgets like T.V., Mobile Internet, etc., which make virtual world closer but taxing to kinship bond, care and attachment. 5. Dominance of materialistic world results into abundance of needs. Above all, todays smart and modern generation is chopping their own roots, meaning, weakening kinship bonds.
In simple words: Yes, kinship bonds appear to be weakening due to urbanization, modernization leading to nuclear families and self-centeredness, and the rise of digital entertainment and materialism, which reduce traditional family interactions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide multifaceted reasons, connecting societal trends like urbanization and technological advancement to their impact on traditional social structures like kinship.

6. Answer The Following In Detail (About 150-200 Words).

Question 1.You have studied about Comte's Law of Three Stages of human thought. With reference to the first and third stage, comment on the challenges it poses for Indian society.
Answer:Auguste Comte believed that the evolution of human mind had taken place along with the evolution of the individual mind. Comte's social philosophy is based on the concept of three stage of human thought.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'मानव विचार के तीन चरणों के नियम' (Law of Three Stages of Human Thought) को दर्शाता है। यह ऑगस्ट कॉम्टे के सिद्धांत के अनुसार, ज्ञान के विकास के तीन मुख्य चरणों को प्रस्तुत करता है: 'धर्मशास्त्रीय चरण' (Theological Stage), 'आध्यात्मिक चरण' (Metaphysical Stage) और 'सकारात्मक/वैज्ञानिक चरण' (Positive/Scientific Stage)। यह दिखाता है कि मानव विचार इन चरणों से होकर कैसे विकसित हुआ। Theological stage : In this stage human beings believed in supernatural and spiritual factors. It was believed that three was a control of God on all events in the world. The human mind, at this level, supposed that all phenomena was produced by the immediate action of supernatural beings. For example, all natural calamities were the expressions of God's anger. This stage is dominated by priests and ruled by military men. Following are the challenges which poses for Indian society: 1. During this stage, human mind is dominated by sentiments, feelings and emotions. 2. Certain section of Indian society believed that all actions/events happened due to power of God/ Supernatural beings. E.g. drought, flood, earthquake etc., natural calamities were nothing but anger of God. 3. Explanation for all happening events are the form of myths concerning spirits and supernatural beings. 4. During this stage, military society was basically dying and priests were dominated. 5. In short, due to effect of theological stage there was lack of logical and orderly thinking in the Indian society. Positive/Scientific stage : Comte says, scientific stage is an improved and scientific form of human thinking. Now, instead of imagination, we turn to observation. Since Reason and examination were basic planks of knowledge at this stage hence, one seeks to establish laws which link facts and which govern social life. Effect of scientific stage on Indian Society: 1. Finally, in this stage, Indian society turned towards the scientific way of thinking. 2. Instead of imaginations, society turned towards observation, reason and examination all these were basic planks of knowledge. 3. The concept of God started vanishing from human mind. 4. Society adopted the scientific rational way of thinking and there is no place for any belief or superstition in it. 5. In this way, Comte's first and third stage affected the Indian Society.
In simple words: Comte's Theological stage poses challenges to Indian society through its emphasis on supernatural explanations, fostering irrational beliefs and hindering scientific progress. Conversely, the Positive stage, with its focus on empirical observation and scientific reasoning, encourages logical thought and dispels superstitions, driving societal development and a rational approach to understanding the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly delineate the characteristics of both the Theological and Positive stages before linking them to specific challenges and effects within the Indian societal context.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 2 Contribution Of Western And Indian Sociologists Intext Questions And Answers

Activity (Textbook Page No. 16)

Question 1.Discuss how 'polarization of classes' and 'class solidarity' are relevant in the present times.
Answer:In present times, polarization of classes and class solidarity is associated with the segregation within a society which are immediate cause of emergence of income inequality, economic displacements, formation of various social groups from high income to low income, economic restructuring particularly in cities, economic inequality etc.
In simple words: Today, class polarization is evident in the growing divide between rich and poor, driven by income inequality and economic restructuring, while class solidarity emerges when marginalized groups unite to advocate for their common interests against systemic disadvantages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide contemporary examples of both class polarization (e.g., wealth gap) and class solidarity (e.g., labor movements) to illustrate their continued relevance.

Question 2.Read newspaper articles related to caste issues (e.g. representation, atrocities, reservation) and share the findings with your class. (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:Reference : Times of India (March 29, 2019)
The Indian Express (June 6, 2019)
Times of India (June 3, 2019)
In simple words: This question encourages students to actively research current events in newspapers regarding caste-related issues like representation, atrocities, and reservation, then discuss their findings in class to foster critical awareness.

🎯 Exam Tip: For activity-based questions, briefly explain the objective and the desired outcome (e.g., critical thinking, awareness) in your simple words explanation.