Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period Solutions

1A. Choose the Correct Alternative and Write the Complete Sentences.

Question 1. Mughal Emperor Babur was born in ___________
(a) Baluchistan
(b) Kazakhstan
(c) Uzbekistan
Answer: (c) Uzbekistan
In simple words: Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was born in Fergana, which is located in modern-day Uzbekistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Babur came from Central Asia (modern Uzbekistan) before establishing the Mughal dynasty in India in 1526.

Question 2. Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by ___________
(a) Ibrahim Lodi
(b) Shershah Sur
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
Answer: (b) Shershah Sur
In simple words: Mughal Emperor Humayun lost his empire for a while after being defeated in battle by the Afghan ruler Shershah Sur.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Shershah Sur defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Bilgram, forcing him into exile.

Question 3. Akbarnama was written by ___________
(a) Mohammad Qasim
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Mirza Hyder
(d) Badauni
Answer: (b) Abul Fazl
In simple words: Abul Fazl, who was one of the nine gems in Akbar's court, wrote the official history of Akbar's reign called Akbarnama.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the court historians of the Mughal era, as authors of major biographies like Akbarnama are frequently asked in exams.

1B. Find the Incorrect Pair from Set B and Write the Correct Ones.

Question 1. Find the incorrect pair and write the correct one:

🎯 Exam Tip: When correcting pairs, always write both the incorrect pair first and then clearly state the corrected version to secure full marks.

1C. Write the Names.

Question 1. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
Answer: Babur. He was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
In simple words: Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in a famous battle to start his rule in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention the First Battle of Panipat (1526) as it is the specific event where this defeat occurred.

Question 2. She successfully resisted the attack of Akbar and saved the Nizamshahi kingdom.
Answer: Chand bibi. She showed great courage in defending the fort of Ahmednagar.
In simple words: Chand Bibi was a brave queen who fought hard to protect her kingdom from Akbar's army.

🎯 Exam Tip: Spell the name correctly and remember she is associated with the defense of Ahmednagar.

2. Explain the Statements with Reasons.

Question 1. The Rajput rulers united against Babur.
Answer:
• The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi on the strength of configuration skills, strong artillery, a system of secret intelligence, and strong leadership. This was a direct threat to the Rajputs in Rajasthan.
• Rajputs were brave warriors and proud advocates of their religion.
• Babur established his rule in Delhi.
• The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him. This battle of Khanwa was a decisive event in Indian history.
• Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.
In simple words: After Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi and took Delhi, the Rajput kings felt threatened. They united under Rana Sangha to fight Babur but were eventually defeated in the Battle of Khanwa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention Rana Sangha's leadership and the Battle of Khanwa as key points to secure full marks.

Question 2. Shershah Sur was well-known for his ideal administration.
Answer: Shershah Sur established a highly organized and efficient administrative system. He introduced land revenue reforms by measuring land and fixing taxes fairly. He built a vast network of roads, including the famous Grand Trunk Road, and set up rest houses (sarais) for travelers. He also introduced the silver coin called 'Rupia' which standardized currency. His administrative reforms were later followed by Akbar. His focus on public welfare made his administration exemplary.
In simple words: Shershah Sur built great roads, made fair tax rules, and introduced the silver rupee coin, making life much easier for his people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight his key reforms like the introduction of the 'Rupia' coin and the construction of roads/sarais to score full marks.

Question 3. Emperor Akbar strengthened the foundation of his rule in India.
Answer:
• After Humayun, his son Akbar ascended the throne.
• He proved to be the greatest Mughal Emperor because of his qualities such as high intelligence, tolerance, firmness, and courage.
• The kingdom established by Babur was transformed into a great empire by Akbar.
• He established his rule from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to Varhad-Khandesh.
• He entered into political matrimonial relations with the Rajputs in order to strengthen his kingdom. This strategic alliance helped him secure the loyalty of powerful Rajput warriors.
• He erected an efficient administrative setup.
In simple words: Emperor Akbar made his empire very strong by being a wise and brave ruler. He expanded his kingdom across India and made friendly alliances, like marriages with Rajput families, to keep peace and control.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention Akbar's key qualities and his strategic matrimonial alliances with the Rajputs to secure maximum marks.

Question 4. Mughal art declined during the period of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
• During the period of Aurangzeb, the royal patronage of the art of painting was withdrawn.
• Aurangzeb was a fanatic ruler. Under Aurangzeb’s rule, art declined, since he had banned all art forms.
• The artists were forced to seek patronage elsewhere under various rulers in Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Gujarat, and the provinces of the Himalayan ranges. This shift ultimately led to a beautiful decentralization of artistic expression across regional kingdoms.
• New local styles of paintings emerged there.
In simple words: Aurangzeb did not support art and banned it, so painters had to leave his court. They moved to other regions, which actually helped new local styles of painting grow in those areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that Aurangzeb withdrew royal patronage and banned art, forcing artists to migrate and develop regional styles.

3. Write Short Notes

Question 1. Mughal Art
Answer:
• The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order, and prosperity. Arts flourish when there is stability.
• A new era began in the field of art and architecture.
• The etched designs on the marble walls of mosques, tombs, and palaces are evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture.
• The influence of the Persian style of architecture was more prominent till Akbar’s period.
• In the later period, it evolved by absorbing Indian elements, which came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• During the period of Akbar and Jahangir, the art of ivory carving received royal patronage.
• The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian styles of painting.
• There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar. He appointed skilled painters in his court.
• During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings, portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery. These artistic achievements left a lasting legacy that defined the visual identity of the empire.
• During the Mughal period, the art of music seems to have received royal patronage.
In simple words: Mughal art and architecture flourished under stable rulers, blending Persian and Indian styles to create beautiful buildings, realistic paintings, and detailed carvings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the names of the three key emperors (Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan) and the term 'Indo-Islamic style' to secure full marks.

Question 2. Mughal Literature
Answer:
• During the Mughal period, excellent literature was created in the Persian language.
• Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well known.
• Another important text is ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ by Mirza Hyder written during the period of Humayun. These literary works provide invaluable insights into the administration and daily life of the Mughal court.
In simple words: During the Mughal era, many great books and autobiographies were written in Persian, helping us understand their history today.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to pair the authors with their respective books, such as Babur with 'Baburnama' and Mirza Hyder with 'Tarikh-i-Rashidi'.

Literature and Translations During the Mughal Period

• Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which includes ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’. Abul Fazal wrote the famous ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i- Akbari’.
• Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a Sanskrit scholar. He translated the text of several Upanishads texts in the Persian language from Sanskrit.
• During the Mughal period, a number of biographical, historical texts were written. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi- Khafikhan’ is well-known.
• During the Mughal period, a number of literary works of high quality were created in local north Indian dialects. To mention a few, ‘Ramacharitamanas’ written by Goswami Tulsidas, the compositions of Surdas and Meerabai, Padmavat composed by Malik Muhammad Jaysi, dohas of Saint Kabir.

Answer the Following Questions in Detail

Question 1. During the Mughal period, what were the changes made in the revenue system?
Answer:
• Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur.
• This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system.
• He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey.
• The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land.
• Individual land holdings of farmers were registered.
• An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid.
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years.
• Documents are known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. These systematic records helped reduce disputes between the state and the cultivators. The tax was collected in cash or in kind.
In simple words: Akbar improved the tax system by measuring land and dividing it by how fertile it was. He set a fair tax based on average crops over ten years, which helped farmers plan better and pay in cash or goods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key terms like 'Kabulayat', 'Patta', and the four land classifications (supik, napik, bagayat, jirayat) to secure maximum marks.

Question 2. Elaborate on the features of Mughal architecture.
Answer:
• Mughal architecture is a grand blend of Persian, Central Asian, and Hindu architectural styles.
• It is characterized by large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, and large gateways.
• The use of red sandstone and white marble was highly prominent in major structures.
• Intricate decorations, including 'pietra dura' (inlay work of semi-precious stones) and geometric patterns, were widely used on walls.
• Beautiful gardens, known as 'Charbagh' (four-part gardens), were designed as an integral part of monument layouts. This unique architectural style reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan.
• Famous examples include the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Humayun's Tomb.
In simple words: Mughal buildings are famous for their huge domes, tall minarets, and beautiful gardens. They used red sandstone and white marble with detailed stone carvings to make grand structures like the Taj Mahal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always highlight the blend of Persian and Indian styles and name-drop examples like the Taj Mahal or Red Fort to impress the examiner.

• The architectural style during the Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity.
• But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics.
• During the period of Babur, the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style.
• The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• The Purana Qila was built by Shershah in Delhi. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period.
• Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur Sikri.
• Akbar built important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort.
• The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period.
• The period of Shahjahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture.
• ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period.
• The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal.
• Later, Mughal architecture began to decline.

Activity

Question. Collect information about the expansion of Mughal rule by Emperor Akbar and the contemporary cities.
Answer: Akbar was an Imperialist. The first conquest of Akbar was that of Malwa. His empire extended from Kabul in the west to Bengal in the east and from Kashmir in the north to Vindhyas in the south. He consolidated the whole of north India under his administration, establishing a highly centralized system of governance. This administrative consolidation helped in maintaining long-term stability across his vast territories. Additional information can be found at https://www.historydiscussion.net
In simple words: Emperor Akbar was a powerful ruler who expanded the Mughal Empire across northern India, from Kabul to Bengal. He brought these diverse regions under a single, strong administration.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing Akbar's expansion, remember to mention the geographical boundaries (Kabul to Bengal, Kashmir to Vindhyas) as these key locations carry maximum marks.

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