Maharashtra Board Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Pedagogy PDF Download

Pedagogy

6.1 Concept of Teaching

Teaching means to convey the content to the students. It means to explain something in easy and simple language.

Teaching means conveying new content through different activities and programmes.

Teaching means assisting the students to systematically reconstruct knowledge gained through experiences. Teaching is a process which assists learning. Teaching is purposive. Bringing an ease in learning is the basic objective of teaching.

The science which studies the methods of teaching-learning is called as Pedagogy.

Teacher's Note

Teaching is like a mother helping her child learn to walk. Just like the mother holds the child's hand, a teacher helps students understand new things step by step.

Exam Trick

Remember: Teaching = Making learning easy. A teacher explains hard topics in simple words, just like your parents explain things at home.

Points to Remember

Teaching is conveying content in easy language.
Teaching helps students change their behavior positively.
Teaching is a purposive process.
Pedagogy is the science of teaching methods.

6.2 Changing Nature of Teaching

There have been changes in the nature of teaching as per changes in the needs, situation and time. These changes which have occurred from the ancient times till today's modern era can be understood from the information given below.

6.2.1 Ancient Teaching Methods

(1) Teaching Methods During the Vedic Period

The Vedic education system is the first education system which emerged in the ancient India. This education system was based on the Vedic philosophy and thoughts and hence is called as the 'Vedic Education System'.

According to this system there are two types of knowledge (Vidya), namely 'Paravidya' and 'Aparavidya'. 'Paravidya' refers to the most superior 'spiritual knowledge' or the 'knowledge of self realization'. 'Aparavidya' means the knowledge which is useful in living the materialistic world. Both of these were essential for leading a worthy human life.

Education used to be imparted in the 'Ashrams' which were called as 'Gurukul'.

Teacher's Note

In ancient India, students learned in Gurukuls. They lived with their teacher like a joint family and learned many things including values and skills.

Exam Trick

Remember: Vedic = Two types of knowledge. Paravidya is about the soul. Aparavidya is about daily life needs.

Points to Remember

Vedic system was the first education system in India.
Paravidya means spiritual knowledge.
Aparavidya means practical knowledge.
Gurukul was where education was given.
Both types of knowledge were important.

(2) Teaching Methods During the Buddhist Period

According to Buddhism the ultimate aim of life is 'Nirvan' or 'Salvation'. The teaching methods focus on making an individual capable to achieve the state of 'Nirvana' or 'Bliss'.

Their teaching methods include oral method/recitation, discussion and dialogue, debate, thinking, contemplating, meditation, lectures of the experts and scholars etc. The knowledge is acquired in the 'Vihars'.

Teacher's Note

Buddhist teachers used discussion and thinking methods. They believed students should think about ideas carefully, not just memorize them.

Exam Trick

Remember: Buddhist = Nirvana is the goal. They used discussion and meditation methods in Vihars.

Points to Remember

Buddhist education aimed for Nirvana or salvation.
They used discussion and debate methods.
Meditation was an important practice.
Learning happened in Vihars.
Thinking and contemplation were valued.

(3) Teaching Methods During Jainism Period

In Jainism the following teaching methods were used:

1. Preaching:

Discourse
Dedicated practice of listening with concentration

2. Reading Religious Scriptures:

Reading with concentration
Reading of the correct and incorrect examples. (This technique is called as 'Aamanay').

3. Contemplation:

Contemplation and thinking of read stories is termed as 'Anutpreksha'.

4. Clarification of Doubts:

Clarifying the doubts arising after contemplation from the Acharya (Teacher) (This is called as 'Prachhanna').

Teacher's Note

Jain teaching used reading and thinking. Students read carefully and then thought deeply about what they read to understand it better.

Exam Trick

Remember: Jain = Four steps: Preaching, Reading, Thinking, and Doubt-clearing. Each step is important.

Points to Remember

Preaching and listening were the first method.
Reading scriptures carefully was second.
Thinking about stories was called Anutpreksha.
Students asked their teacher to clear doubts.
All four steps were done in order.

(4) Teaching Methods During Islamic Period

In Islam the primary education is given in the 'Maktabs' and the secondary education in the 'Madarsas'. Here recitation and storytelling methods are used.

In higher education speeches, discussion, reading of the reference books, and self-study are the methods used for acquiring knowledge.

Teacher's Note

Islamic education had two levels. Children learned basics in Maktabs. Older students learned advanced topics in Madarsas through discussions and reading.

Exam Trick

Remember: Islamic education = Maktab for small children, Madarsa for older students. Recitation and stories for young, discussion for older.

Points to Remember

Maktabs were for primary education of young children.
Madarsas were for secondary and higher education.
Recitation and storytelling were used for small children.
Discussion and self-study were for higher education.
Reference books were important learning material.

6.2.2 Teaching Methods in the Modern Period

In the later half of the 18th century the British, French and other people from the Western countries started coming to India. Radical changes occurred in education during this period.

English language was introduced in education by Lord Macaulay in India. During that time mathematics and languages were given utmost importance. So recitation, reading, grammar translation etc. methods of teaching were used.

Radical changes have occurred in the teaching methods in the post-independence period and the age of modern technology. Various sources of knowledge are available today. Use of variety of teaching methods is possible today due to technology and the knowledge of psychology.

Teacher's Note

Modern teaching uses computers, videos, and internet. Teachers can now teach in many different ways compared to olden times when only books were used.

Exam Trick

Remember: Modern period = Technology + Psychology. Teachers now use many methods like computer, internet, and videos along with traditional methods.

Points to Remember

British brought English language to India.
Mathematics and languages became very important.
Grammar translation method was popular then.
Modern times have technology and many sources of knowledge.
Today many teaching methods can be used together.

6.3 Rationale for Selection of Teaching Methods

Previous Knowledge of the Students: The previous knowledge of the students has to be first assessed so that any new subject content can be effectively conveyed to the students. For this purpose the teacher can ask questions, narrate story, use various teaching aids (pictures, charts, maps) so that the students are able to recall their previous knowledge.

Maturity of Students: While selecting the teaching method the teacher has to consider the age, physical and mental maturity, like-dislikes/interests and ability of the students.

Surroundings of the Students: The teaching method should be selected considering the geographical conditions of the student, whether he/she comes from rural or urban area.

Available Teaching Aids: The teaching aids have an important role to play for teaching any subject, making the subject content easy to understand, giving variety of educational experiences. e.g. charts, maps, pictures, models etc. Hence it is important that the teacher considers the available teaching aids and then selects the teaching method.

Expected Time: It is important to consider the allotted time period for teaching, while selecting the teaching method.

Scope of the Content: It is essential to take into consideration the scope of the content and also the content which has to be actually taught in the classroom while selecting the teaching method.

Objectives of Teaching: The teacher should think which method of teaching would be most suitable to achieve the objectives of the unit and accordingly select the method.

Participation of Students: The teacher should select a method which helps in obtaining the maximum participation of the students. From various teaching methods teacher should select appropriate teaching method.

Teacher's Note

Before choosing a teaching method, a teacher should think about what the students already know, what they need, and what resources are available. This makes teaching more effective.

Exam Trick

Remember: COMPASS for selecting method - Content, Objectives, Materials, Pupils, Age, Schedule, Surroundings. Check all these before choosing a method.

Points to Remember

Always check what students know already.
Match the method to the student's age and level.
Consider the place where students live and study.
Check what teaching materials you have.
Make sure you have enough time to teach properly.

This is a preview of the first 3 pages. To get the complete book, click below.