Maharashtra Board Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Animal Classification Solutions

Std 10 Science Part 2 Chapter 6 Animal Classification Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Class 10 Science Part 2 Chapter 6 Animal Classification Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1.
a. I am diploblastic and acoelomate. Which phylum do I belong to ?
Answer:
I am from phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata.
In simple words: Diploblastic means having two germ layers, and acoelomate means lacking a body cavity. Cnidarians, like jellyfish, fit this description.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding terms like 'diploblastic' and 'acoelomate' is key for phylum identification in exams.

Question 1.
b. My body is radially symmetrical. Water vascular system is present in my body. I am referred as fish though I am not. What is my name?
Answer:
Starfish. I am from Echinodermata phylum.
In simple words: Radially symmetrical means parts are arranged around a central axis. The water vascular system uses water pressure for movement. Starfish have these features.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on unique characteristics like radial symmetry and water vascular system to identify echinoderms.

Question 1.
c. I live in your small intestine. Pseudocoelom is present in my thread like body. In which phylum will you include me?
Answer:
I am Ascaris. I am included in Aschelminthes.
In simple words: A pseudocoelom is a body cavity not fully lined by mesoderm. Ascaris is a roundworm that lives in intestines and has this type of body structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific body cavity types (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, eucoelomate) and their associated phyla for classification questions.

Question 1.
d. Though I am multicellular, there are no tissues in my body. What is the name of my phylum?
Answer:
Sponge, Porifera.
In simple words: Poriferans, or sponges, are multicellular but lack true tissues, instead having specialized cells arranged in a simple body plan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between cellular grade and tissue grade organization for initial animal classification.

Question 2.
Write the characters of each of the following animals with the help of classification chart:
a. Bath sponge.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Sub-kingdom: Non-chordata
Phylum: Porifera
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Cellular grade organization.
• Asymmetrical body
• Acoelomate
Bath sponge is a marine animal. Blackish in colour and round in shape having porous body. It has spongin fibres and spicules which serve as skeleton. Bath sponges have good water-holding capacity. It is sedentary animal which is fixed to some substratum in the aquatic environment. Reproduction is by budding. It also has a good regeneration capacity.
In simple words: A bath sponge is a sedentary marine animal from the phylum Porifera, characterized by a porous, asymmetrical body, cellular-grade organization, and the absence of true tissues and a coelom.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing animal characters, always include their classification and a few distinctive features like body organization, symmetry, and habitat.

Question 2.
b. Grasshopper.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Sub-kingdom: Non-chordata
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Organ-system grade organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic and Eucoelomate.
Grasshopper is an insect included under class insecta of phylum arthropoda because it has jointed appendages. There are three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. It is a terrestrial insect which is well adapted to the surrounding environment by showing camouflage. It has chitinous exoskeleton. The respiration by tracheae.
In simple words: Grasshoppers are arthropods, insects with jointed legs, chitinous exoskeletons, and organ-system level organization, showing bilateral symmetry and triploblastic, eucoelomate body plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: For arthropods, remember to mention key features like jointed appendages, exoskeleton type, and respiratory organs.

Question 2.
c. Rohu.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Pisces
Subclass: Teleostei (Bony fish)
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Organ-system grade organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic and Eucoelomate.
Rohu is a fresh water bony fish. It is a chordate having a vertebral column, hence included under subphylum vertebrata. The body is well adapted for aquatic mode of life. The shape of the body is streamlined. The exoskeleton is of scales. The gills Eire present which are used for respiration. The endoskeleton is of bones, hence called bony fish. There are paired fins and a impaired caudal fin which is used in steering and changing the direction during swimming.
In simple words: Rohu is a freshwater bony fish (Pisces) characterized by a streamlined body, scales, gills for respiration, and an endoskeleton made of bones, with paired and caudal fins for movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: When classifying fish, specify if they are bony or cartilaginous and describe adaptations for aquatic life.

Question 2.
d. Penguin.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Organ-system grade organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic and Eucoelomate.
Penguin is a flightless bird inhabitant of cold snow-clad regions. It has exoskeleton of feathers. The body is well adapted to survive in cold regions. It is a warm-blooded bird. The forelimbs are modified into wings. But due to excessive body weight, the penguins are not seen flying. It can wade in the water with modified hind limbs.
In simple words: Penguins are flightless birds (Aves) from cold regions, having feathers, warm-bloodedness, and forelimbs modified into wings for swimming, but unable to fly due to their body weight.

🎯 Exam Tip: For Aves, highlight adaptations like feathers, warm-bloodedness, and specialized limbs for flight or swimming, noting exceptions like flightless birds.

Question 2.
e. Frog.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Organ-system grade organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic and Eucoelomate.
The frog is a true amphibian that can live in water as well as on land. When on land it respires with the help of lungs while in water it uses its skin for breathing. It does not have exoskeleton. The skin is soft, slimy and moist. It is suitably coloured and hence the frog can camouflage in the surroundings. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Two pairs of limbs are seen. The forelimbs are short and used for support during locomotion. The hind limbs are long and strong, used for jumping when on land and for swimming when in water. The eyes are large and protruding. Since the neck is absent, such eyes help in looking around. The tympanum is present.
In simple words: Frogs are amphibians, capable of living on both land and water, using lungs on land and skin in water for respiration, with a moist, slimy skin and hind limbs adapted for jumping and swimming.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing amphibians, mention their dual habitat adaptation and respiratory mechanisms in both environments.

Question 2.
f. Lizard.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Organ-system grade organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic and Eucoelomate.
The lizard is a cold-blooded reptile. The limbs are weak and do not support the body weight, hence lizard is seen creeping. But the feet are provided with pads and suckers due to which lizards are well- adapted to climb on the vertical walls. The exoskeleton has fine scales. The body is divisible into head, neck and trunk. The capacity to regenerate is developed in lizards, hence it can produce the lost tail or limbs. The mode of reproduction is egg laying. It feeds on insects with the help of long and sticky tongue.
In simple words: Lizards are cold-blooded reptiles with scaly exoskeletons, weak limbs for creeping, and the ability to regenerate lost body parts, adapted for climbing with specialized feet.

🎯 Exam Tip: For reptiles, focus on cold-bloodedness, external covering (scales), and regenerative abilities.

Question 2.
g. Elephant.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Organ-system grade organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic and Eucoelomate.
Elephant is the terrestrial, herbivorous mammal adapted to survive in hot and humid tropical forests. It is a mammal and hence shows viviparity and milk secretion. The body is divisible into head, neck, trunk, and tail. The proboscis is a characteristic feature of the elephant which is actually modified nose.
In simple words: Elephants are terrestrial, herbivorous mammals known for viviparity, milk secretion, and a distinctive proboscis (modified nose), adapted for life in tropical forests.

🎯 Exam Tip: When classifying mammals, highlight viviparity, milk secretion, and unique anatomical features like the proboscis.

Question 2.
h. Jellyfish.
Answer:
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Sub-kingdom: Non-chordata
Phylum: Cnidaria or Coelenterata
Characters:
• Multicellular organisms without cell wall
• Tissue grade organization
• Radially symmetrical
• Diploplastic and Acoelomate
Jellyfish or Aurelia is a coelenterate. Its body is medusa. It appears as a transparent balloon seen floating in the marine waters. Since it has appearance like a jelly, it is known commonly as jellyfish. There are tentacles provided with cnidoblasts or stinging cells. Tentacles are used for catching the prey. Cnidoblasts are used to secrete a toxin which paralyses the prey.
In simple words: Jellyfish are cnidarians with a medusa body form, radially symmetrical, diploblastic, and acoelomate, characterized by stinging cells (cnidoblasts) on their tentacles for paralyzing prey.

🎯 Exam Tip: For coelenterates, emphasize their radial symmetry, diploblastic nature, and the presence of cnidoblasts for defense and prey capture.

Question 3.
Write in brief about progressive changes in animal classification.
Answer:
There were different methods of classification of animals.
1. The first classification method was given by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. He took into account the criteria like body size, habits and habitats of the animals. This method was called artificial method of classification.
2. The same artificial method was used by other scientists such as Theophrastus, Pliny, John Ray, Linnaeus, etc.
3. Further due to advances in science the references were changed and there were some new methods of classification proposed.
4. The system of classification called 'Natural system of classification' was then proposed. This system of classification was based on criteria such as body organization, types of cells, chromosomes, bio-chemical properties, etc.
5. Later, Dobzhansky and Meyer gave the system of classification based on evolution.
6. In 1977, Carl Woese has also proposed the three domain system of animal classification.
In simple words: Animal classification has evolved from early artificial methods based on simple traits (Aristotle) to natural systems considering complex biological properties, and later to evolutionary-based systems (Dobzhansky, Meyer, Woese).

🎯 Exam Tip: Chronological understanding of classification systems (artificial, natural, phylogenetic) and the key scientists involved is important.

Question 4.
What is the exact difference between grades of organization and symmetry? Explain with examples.
Answer:
I. Grades of organization:
(1) The grades of organization mean the way an organism has different body formation.
(2) Unicellular organisms like amoeba have a single cell in the body and hence the organization in its body is called protoplasmic grade of organization.
(3) Some organisms have only cells in their body which is called cellular grade of organization, e.g. Poriferans.
(4) Some have tissues e.g. Coelenterates. They are said to have tissue grade organization. Some have organs, they are said to have organization-organ grade, e.g. Platyhelminthes. All other higher animals have organ-system grade organization.
II. Symmetry:
(1) Symmetry on the other hand shows the base of the body formation.
(2) The symmetry can be understood by taking an imaginary cut through the animal body.
(3) Based on the symmetry there can be three types.
(4) In asymmetric animals, there is no symmetry in any plane, e.g. Amoeba.
(5) The bilateral symmetry is the one in which an imaginary axis can pass through only one median plane to divide the body into two equal halves. Most of the animals have bilateral symmetry and hence their organs are arranged in symmetric way on both the sides.
(6) The imaginary cut passing through the central axis but any plane of body aan give more than one equal half. The organs of such animals are arranged in a radius of an imaginary circle, e.g. Cnidarians and some echinoderms.
Both grades of organization and symmetry are the bases for classifying animals into different phyla.
In simple words: Grades of organization describe how complex an organism's body is structured (e.g., cellular, tissue, organ-system), while symmetry describes the arrangement of body parts relative to an axis or plane (e.g., asymmetrical, radial, bilateral).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be prepared to define and give examples for different grades of organization (protoplasmic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ-system) and types of symmetry (asymmetrical, radial, bilateral).

Question 5.
Answer in brief.
a. Give scientific classification of shark upto class.
Answer:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Pisces
Subclass: Elasmobranchii (Cartilaginous)
Example: Scientific name: Scoliodon sorrakowah.
Common name: Shark
In simple words: Sharks are classified under Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Pisces, and Subclass Elasmobranchii, known for their cartilaginous skeletons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice scientific classification hierarchies for representative animals, ensuring correct spelling of taxonomic ranks and names.

Question 5.
b. Write four distinguishing characters of phylum - Echinodermata.
Answer:
Distinguishing characters of Echinodermata:
1. Marine organisms with skeleton made up of calcareous spines. Calcareous material on the body hence the name is Echiodermata. Some are sedentary while some are free swimming.
2. Body is triploblastic, eucoelomate and radially symmetrical when adult. The larvae are bilateral symmetrical.
3. Locomotion with the help of tube-feet which are also used for capturing the prey.
4. Echinoderms have regeneration capability. Hence they can restore their lost parts.
5. Most of them are unisexual.
6. Examples; Starfish, sea-urchin, brittle star, sea cucumber, etc.
In simple words: Echinoderms are marine animals characterized by a calcareous exoskeleton, radial symmetry as adults, locomotion via tube feet, and significant regenerative capabilities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on unique characteristics like the water vascular system, regeneration, and type of symmetry (adult vs. larval) for echinoderms.

Question 5.
c. Distinguish between butterfly and bat with the help of four distinguish properties.
Answer:
Butterfly:
1. Butterfly is classified as Non-chordate.
2. It is included in class Insecta of phylum Arthropoda.
3. Butterfly has three pairs of legs and two pairs of chitinous wings.
4. Butterfly is a diurnal (active during day) insect.
5. Butterfly lays eggs which hatch into larva. Larva develops into pupa and pupa metamorphoses into an adult.
Bat:
1. Bat is classified as a Chordate.
2. It is included in class Mammalia of subphylum Vertebrata.
3. Bat has one pair of legs and a pair of patagium which are used for flying. Patagium has bones.
4. Bat is a nocturnal (active at night) mammal.
5. Bat is a viviparous animal that gives birth to live young ones. Young ones are fed by milk secreted by mammary glands.
In simple words: Butterflies are diurnal, non-chordate insects with chitinous wings that undergo complete metamorphosis, while bats are nocturnal, viviparous chordate mammals with bone-supported patagium for flight and mammary glands.

🎯 Exam Tip: For distinction questions, create a clear two-column format comparing characteristics such as classification, locomotion, reproduction, and specific anatomical features.

Question 5.
d. To which phylum does Cockroach belong? Justify your answer with scientific reasons.
Answer:
(1) Cockroach belongs to the phylum Arthropoda and class Insecta.
(2) Scientific reasons for placement of Cockroach in the phylum Arthropoda:
• The body is covered by chitinous exoskeleton.
• Jointed appendages present, three pairs of walking legs and two pairs of membranous wings.
• Body is eucoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally segmented and segmented.
• Respiration by spiracles and tracheal tubes.
In simple words: Cockroaches belong to Phylum Arthropoda because they possess a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages, a segmented body, and respire using spiracles and tracheal tubes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to justify classification, provide specific anatomical and physiological characteristics unique to that phylum or class.

Question 6.
Give scientific reasons.
a. Though tortoise lives on land as well as in water, it cannot be included in class- Amphibia.
Answer:
• When tortoise lives on the land, it respires with the help of lungs.
• When in water, it puts out its nares (nasal openings) out of the water and breathes air.
• It cannot take up oxygen dissolved in water. In both the habitats it respires with the help of lungs. In case of true amphibians, this is not the case.
• They can breathe in water with the help of skin and on land with the help of lungs.
• Tortoise also has exo-skeleton which is lacking in Amphibia. Therefore, tortoise cannot be included in class Amphibia.
In simple words: Tortoises are not amphibians because they respire solely with lungs, cannot absorb dissolved oxygen through skin, and possess an exoskeleton, all features distinct from true amphibians.

🎯 Exam Tip: For scientific reasons, clearly state the distinguishing features that prevent an animal from being classified in a particular group, especially for exceptions.

Question 6.
b. Our body irritates if it comes in contact with jellyfish.
Answer:
• Jellyfish is a coelenterate that has cnidoblasts bearing tentacles.
• These cnidoblasts inject toxins to paralyse the prey at the time of feeding.
• When jellyfish comes in contact with our body, this toxin is released causing reaction to our skin.
• Therefore, our body gets irritation when we come in contact with jellyfish.
In simple words: Jellyfish tentacles contain cnidoblasts that inject toxins; when these toxins come into contact with human skin, they cause irritation and a reaction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the function of specialized cells like cnidoblasts and their biological implications for organism interaction.

Question 6.
c. All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.
Answer:
• All chordates possess notochord in some period of their development.
• All vertebrates also have notochord during embryonic life, which is later replaced by vertebral column.
• Therefore all vertebrates are chordates.
• But some chrodate's like Urochordata and cephalochordata do not possess vertebral column and hence they are not vertebrates.
In simple words: All vertebrates are chordates because they have a notochord during development, which is replaced by a vertebral column; however, not all chordates (like Urochordata and Cephalochordata) develop a vertebral column, hence not all chordates are vertebrates.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the presence and fate of the notochord in different chordate subphyla to answer such conceptual questions.

Question 6.
d. Balanoglossus is connecting link between non-chordates and chordates.
Answer:
• Balanoglossus shows some characters of non-chordates.
• It also has notochord as in case of chordates.
• Since it shares the characters of non-chordates and chordates, from the view point of evolution, it is called connecting link between them.
In simple words: Balanoglossus is considered a connecting link because it exhibits features of both non-chordates and chordates, notably possessing a notochord.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "connecting link" questions, state specific features from both groups that the organism exhibits.

Question 6.
e. Body temperature of reptiles is not constant. (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
Answer:
1. Reptiles are cold-blooded animals.
2. The thermoregulatory system is not there in their bodies.
3. Their body temperatures, fluctuate as per the environmental temperatures.
4. Therefore, the body temperature is not maintained at constant level in reptiles.
In simple words: Reptiles are cold-blooded animals that lack an internal thermoregulatory system, causing their body temperature to fluctuate with the external environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between cold-blooded (poikilothermic) and warm-blooded (homeothermic) animals based on their thermoregulatory abilities.

Question 7.
Answer the following questions by choosing correct option.
a. Which special cells are present in the body of sponges (Porifera)?
1. Collar cells
2. Cnidoblasts
3. Germ cells
4. Ectodermal cells
Answer: (1) Collar cells
Explanation: Porifera animals are attached to the substratum. They do not show locomotion. For gathering and catching the food, they need to produce a current in the water. For this purpose, they have characteristic collar cells in their body. Germ cells and ectodermal cells are seen in all other phyla. Cnidoblasts are characteristic feature of coelenterates.
In simple words: Sponges (Porifera) possess specialized collar cells that create water currents, aiding in food collection as they are sessile organisms.

🎯 Exam Tip: For MCQs, always consider the unique distinguishing features of each phylum to select the correct option.

Question 7.
b. Which of the following animals' body shows bilateral symmetry?
1. Starfish
2. Jellyfish
3. Earthworm
4. Sponge
Answer: (3) Earthworm
Explanation: When an imaginary plane passing through only one axis can divide the body into two equal halves, then it is called bilateral symmetry. Such symmetry is shown only by earthworm. Sponge body is asymmetrical while starfish and jellyfish are radially symmetrical.
In simple words: Bilateral symmetry, where a single plane divides the body into two mirror-image halves, is characteristic of the earthworm, unlike the radial or asymmetrical bodies of starfish, jellyfish, and sponges.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between asymmetrical, radial, and bilateral symmetry with common examples from different phyla.

Question 7.
c. Which of the following animals can regenerate its broken body part?
1. Cockroach
2. Frog
3. Sparrow
4. Starfish
Answer: (4) Starfish
Explanation: Cockroach, sparrow and frog cannot perform regeneration. Only echinoderms show power of regeneration. So only starfish can regenerate its broken part.
In simple words: Starfish, belonging to Echinodermata, are well-known for their remarkable ability to regenerate lost or broken body parts, a power not typically seen in cockroaches, frogs, or sparrows.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify animals known for high regenerative capacity, often found in lower invertebrates like echinoderms or platyhelminthes.

Question 7.
d. Bat is included in which class?
1. Amphibia
2. Reptilia
3. Aves
4. Mammalia
Answer: (4) Mammalia
Explanation: Bat gives birth to young ones and they also possess mammary glands. Amphibia, Reptilia and Aves do not show such features. Therefore, bat is included in Mammalia.
In simple words: Bats are classified as Mammalia because they give birth to live young and possess mammary glands, distinguishing them from amphibians, reptiles, and birds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key features for classifying mammals include viviparity and the presence of mammary glands.

Question 8.

Body cavity	Germ Layer	Phylum
Absent	Diploblastic	Porifera
Absent	Triploblastic	Platyhelminthes
Pseudocoelom	Triploblastic	Aschelminthes
Present	Triploblastic	Arthropoda

In simple words: This table summarizes key classification criteria: body cavity presence, germ layers, and corresponding phylum, illustrating fundamental differences in animal body plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the correlation between body cavity types (absent, pseudocoelom, present), germ layers (diploblastic, triploblastic), and the corresponding phyla.

Question 9.

Type	Character	Examples
Cyclostomata	Jawless mouth with suckers	Petromyzon, Myxine
Pisces	Gill respiration	Pomfret, Sea horse, Shark
Amphibia	Moist skin without exoskeleton	Frog, Toad, Salamander
Mammalia	Mammary glands	Whale, Cat, Man
Reptilia	Poikilotherms	Tortoise, Lizard, Snake

In simple words: This table outlines the classification of different animal types based on their distinguishing characteristics, such as respiratory methods, body coverings, and unique features, with relevant examples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice completing such tables by associating the correct characteristics and examples with each animal type (class/phylum).

Question 10.
Sketch, labell and classify.
1. Hydra.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में हाइड्रा को उसके विभिन्न अंगों के साथ दर्शाया गया है। इसमें स्पष्ट रूप से टेंटेकल्स, मुख, टेस्टिस, शरीर और अंडाशय दिखाई दे रहे हैं, साथ ही एक नया कली (बड) भी प्रदर्शित है। यह हाइड्रा की सामान्य शारीरिक संरचना और प्रजनन की विधि को समझाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Coelenterata
Example: Hydra
In simple words: Hydra is a simple aquatic invertebrate belonging to Phylum Coelenterata, characterized by a radially symmetrical body with tentacles around its mouth, and reproduces by budding.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diagrams, ensure clear, accurate labels and provide the complete scientific classification (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Example).

 

Question 10.
Sketch, labell and classify.
1. Hydra.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र हाइड्रा को दर्शाता है, जिसमें मुंह, स्पर्शक (tentacles), वृषण (testes), अंडाशय (ovary), शरीर और एक नया कली (new bud) जैसे प्रमुख भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। यह जलीय जानवर अपनी पुनरुत्पादन क्षमता और स्पर्शकों से भोजन पकड़ने की विशेषता दर्शाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Coelenterata
Example: Hydra
In simple words: Hydra is a simple, freshwater animal from the phylum Coelenterata, characterized by its cylindrical body, tentacles, and ability to reproduce by budding.

🎯 Exam Tip: When classifying, ensure all taxonomic ranks (Kingdom, Division, Phylum) are correctly identified along with a specific example.

 

2. Jellyfish
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक जेलीफिश (medusa) को दर्शाता है, जिसके शरीर के विभिन्न भाग जैसे घंटी-ट्यूब (bell-tube), मांसपेशी वलय (muscle ring), जननपिंड (gonads), आंत (intestine), स्पर्शक (tentacle), मुख भुजाएँ (oral arms) और मुंह लेबल किए गए हैं। यह एक मुक्त-तैराक समुद्री जीव है जो अपनी रेडियल समरूपता के लिए जाना जाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Coelenterata
Example: Jellyfish
In simple words: Jellyfish are marine invertebrates from the phylum Coelenterata, known for their bell-shaped bodies, stinging tentacles, and radial symmetry.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to include the common name (Jellyfish) and scientific classification, highlighting key anatomical features.

 

3. Planaria
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक प्लेनेरिया को दर्शाता है, जिसमें आंखें (eyes) और ऑरीकल (auricle) जैसे विशिष्ट संवेदी अंग लेबल किए गए हैं। प्लेनेरिया एक फ्लैटवर्म है जो अपनी पुनरुत्पादन क्षमता और द्विपक्षीय समरूपता के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Example: Planaria
In simple words: Planaria are freshwater flatworms with bilateral symmetry, known for their remarkable regenerative abilities and simple nervous system.

🎯 Exam Tip: For flatworms like Planaria, emphasizing bilateral symmetry and regenerative capacity is crucial for scoring.

 

4. Roundworm
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र नर और मादा एस्केरिस (गोलकृमि) को दर्शाता है, जिनके शरीर के मुख (mouth), जननांग छिद्र (genital aperture), छिद्र (hole) और पूँछ (tail) जैसे भाग स्पष्ट रूप से लेबल किए गए हैं। यह कृमि मानव आंत में परजीवी के रूप में पाए जाते हैं और लैंगिक द्विरूपता प्रदर्शित करते हैं।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-Chordata
Phylum: Aschelminthes
Example: Ascaris (Roundworm)
In simple words: Roundworms, like Ascaris, are unsegmented worms with a cylindrical body and a pseudocoelom, often parasitic in humans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish roundworms by their cylindrical, unsegmented bodies and pseudocoelomate nature.

 

5. Butterfly
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक तितली को दर्शाता है, जिसके प्रमुख शारीरिक भाग जैसे सिर (head), पंख (wings) और पेट (abdomen) लेबल किए गए हैं। यह कीट सुंदर पंखों और फूलों से अमृत चूसने के लिए जाना जाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Example: Butterfly
In simple words: Butterflies are insects from the phylum Arthropoda, characterized by their jointed legs, segmented body, and typically two pairs of scaly wings for flight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages as key Arthropod characteristics for insects like butterflies.

 

6. Earthworm
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक केंचुआ (earthworm) को दर्शाता है, जिसमें शरीर के खंड (segment), मुंह (mouth), क्लाइटेलम (clitellum) और गुदा (anus) जैसे प्रमुख भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। केंचुआ अपनी खंडित शरीर संरचना और मिट्टी में बिल बनाने की आदत के लिए जाना जाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Annelida
Example: Earthworm
In simple words: Earthworms are segmented worms belonging to the phylum Annelida, characterized by their cylindrical, segmented bodies and clitellum.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key features for earthworms include metameric segmentation and the presence of a clitellum.

 

7. Octopus
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक ऑक्टोपस को दर्शाता है, जिसके शरीर के साइफन (siphon), स्पर्शक (tentacle), आंख (eye) और चूषक (sucker) जैसे भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। ऑक्टोपस एक समुद्री मोलस्क है जो अपनी बुद्धिमत्ता और आठ भुजाओं के लिए जाना जाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Mollusca
Example: Octopus
In simple words: An octopus is a marine mollusk known for its soft body, eight arms with suckers, and complex nervous system, lacking an external shell.

🎯 Exam Tip: For mollusks like octopus, emphasize the soft body, mantle, and specialized structures like tentacles and suckers.

 

8. star fish
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक स्टारफिश को दर्शाता है, जिसमें सीमांत कांटे (marginal spines) और भुजाएँ (arms) लेबल किए गए हैं। स्टारफिश एक समुद्री इकाइनोडर्म है जो अपनी रेडियल समरूपता और ट्यूब पैरों से गति करने की क्षमता के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Echinodermata
Example: Star fish
In simple words: Starfish are marine echinoderms with radial symmetry, characterized by a central disc and radiating arms, often covered with calcareous spines.

🎯 Exam Tip: Radial symmetry and calcareous ossicles (spines) are defining characteristics for Echinodermata.

 

9. Shark
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक शार्क को दर्शाता है, जिसके पार्श्व रेखा (lateral line), पृष्ठीय पंख (dorsal fin), आंख (eye), पुच्छ पंख (caudal fin), गलफड़े (gill slits), श्रोणि पंख (pelvic fin), मुंह (mouth), वक्षीय पंख (pectoral fin) और उदर पंख (ventral fin) जैसे विभिन्न शारीरिक भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। शार्क एक मांसाहारी मछली है जो अपनी शिकारी प्रकृति और उपास्थि कंकाल के लिए जानी जाती है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Pisces
Example: Scoliodon (Shark)
In simple words: Sharks are cartilaginous fish (Class Pisces, Phylum Chordata) with streamlined bodies, gills for respiration, and strong predatory adaptations.

🎯 Exam Tip: For sharks, highlight the cartilaginous skeleton, gill respiration, and fin structure for classification.

 

10. Frog
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक मेंढक को दर्शाता है, जिसके शरीर के आँखें (eyes), नासाछिद्र (nares), धड़ (trunk), कर्णपटल (tympanum), मुलायम त्वचा (soft skin), मुंह (mouth), अग्रबाहु (fore arm) और पैर (leg) जैसे प्रमुख भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। मेंढक उभयचर है जो पानी और जमीन दोनों पर रह सकता है और अपनी कूदने की क्षमता के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Example: Frog
In simple words: Frogs are amphibians (Class Amphibia, Phylum Chordata) capable of living both in water and on land, breathing through skin and lungs, and undergoing metamorphosis.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing frogs, focus on their amphibious lifestyle, dual respiration methods, and metamorphic development.

 

11. Wall Lizard
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक दीवार छिपकली को दर्शाता है, जिसके शरीर के शल्कीय त्वचा (scaly skin), आँखें (eyes), पैर (legs) और पूंछ (tail) जैसे भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। यह सरीसृप अपनी दीवार पर चढ़ने की क्षमता और पूंछ के पुनरुत्पादन के लिए जाना जाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Example: Wall Lizard
In simple words: Wall lizards are reptiles (Class Reptilia, Phylum Chordata) with dry, scaly skin, four limbs, and typically a terrestrial habitat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the dry, scaly skin and terrestrial adaptation as key characteristics for reptiles like wall lizards.

 

12. Pigeon.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक कबूतर को दर्शाता है, जिसके शरीर के चोंच (beak), पंजे (claws), सिर (head), आँखें (eyes) और गर्दन (neck) जैसे प्रमुख भाग लेबल किए गए हैं। कबूतर एक पक्षी है जो उड़ने की क्षमता और अनाज खाने के लिए जाना जाता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Aves
Example: Pigeon
In simple words: Pigeons are birds (Class Aves, Phylum Chordata) characterized by feathers, beaks, wings for flight, and being warm-blooded and oviparous.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on feathers, wings, beak, and oviparous reproduction as distinguishing features for birds.

 

Question 11.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र चार विभिन्न जंतुओं को दर्शाता है- पहला एक जेलीफिश, दूसरा एक नेरियस (खंडित कृमि), तीसरा एक फ्लैटवर्म (प्लेनेरिया जैसा) और चौथा एक बोनी मछली। ये चित्र जंतु जगत में मौजूद विभिन्न प्रकार के शारीरिक संगठन और जीवन रूपों को दर्शाते हैं।
Answer:
(1) Jellyfish
(2) Nereis
(3) Flatworm/Planaria
(4) Bony fish.
In simple words: This question asks to identify four different animals presented visually: a Jellyfish, a Nereis (segmented worm), a Flatworm (like Planaria), and a Bony fish.

🎯 Exam Tip: Visual identification questions require precise knowledge of animal morphology and common examples for each phylum/class.

 

Can You Recall?

Question 1.
Which criteria are used for classification of organisms?
Answer:
The living organisms are classified according to their basic characteristics, such as presence or absence of nucleus, unicellular body or multicellular body, presence or absence of cell wall and the mode of nutrition in them.
In simple words: Organisms are classified based on fundamental characteristics like cell structure (presence/absence of nucleus, cell wall), body organization (unicellular/multicellular), and how they get food (nutrition mode).

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing classification criteria, remember to cover cellularity, cell wall, nutrition, and nuclear presence as core aspects.

 

Question 2.
How are the plants classified?
Answer:
The plants are classified according to the following basis:
1. Presence or absence of the organs.
2. Presence or absence of separate
In simple words: Plants are classified based on criteria such as the presence or absence of specialized organs (like roots, stems, leaves) and whether they have separate vascular tissues for transport.

🎯 Exam Tip: For plant classification, focus on the presence of organs, vascular tissues, and reproductive structures.

 

Use Your Brain Power:

Question. (A) Animals like gharial and crocodile live in water as well as on land. Are they amphibians or reptiles?
Answer:
Ghariyal and crocodile are reptiles. They can swim in water and crawl on land. But they can respire only with the help of lungs. Their breathing is through nostrils. Even when in water, they have to inhale and exhale by coming up to the surface of water for air. Amphibians can breathe through the skin when in water and by lungs when on land. They also have hard exoskeleton which amphibians do not have. Hence, ghariyal and crocodile are not amphibians, but they are reptiles.
In simple words: Ghariyals and crocodiles are reptiles, not amphibians, because they primarily breathe with lungs, have dry scaly skin or a hard exoskeleton, and do not use their skin for respiration in water.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate amphibians from reptiles by their respiratory organs (skin vs. lungs), skin type (moist vs. scaly/exoskeleton), and reproductive strategy.

 

Question. (B) Animals like whale, walrus live in water (ocean). Are they included in Pisces or Mammalia?
Answer:
Whale and walrus are aquatic and marine mammals. They do not belong to class Pisces. They do not have gills to breathe in dissolved oxygen in water. Neither they have scales on the body nor can they lay eggs. Whales and walrus have mammary glands like all other mammals. They give birth to live young one. They breathe only with the help of lungs by putting their nostrils out of the water at surface. Hence they are included in Mammalia.
In simple words: Whales and walruses are mammals, not fish, because they breathe air with lungs, give birth to live young, nurse them with milk, and lack scales and gills.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key mammalian characteristics like viviparity, mammary glands, and lung respiration distinguish aquatic mammals from fish.

 

Choose the correct alternative and write its alphabet against the sub-question number:

Question 1.
System of classification based on evolution was brought into practice by ........... and
(a) Darwin, Mendel
(b) Lamarck, De Vries
(c) Morgan, Mayor
(d) Dobzansky, Meyer
Answer: (d) Dobzansky, Meyer
In simple words: The evolutionary classification system, which considers phylogenetic relationships, was developed by Dobzansky and Meyer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the contributions of key scientists to classification systems is essential for multiple-choice questions.

 

Question 2.
Artificial method of animal classification was proposed by ...........
(a) Aristotle
(b) Darwin
(c) Lamarck
(d) Whittaker
Answer: (a) Aristotle
In simple words: Aristotle is credited with proposing the earliest artificial classification method, based on simple observable characteristics like habitat and body form.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Aristotle for the initial, artificial classification system.

 

Question 3.
Animals attached to substratum are called ... animals.
(a) sessile
(b) sedentary
(c) lame
(d) motionless
Answer: (b) sedentary
In simple words: Animals that remain fixed to a surface and do not move freely are called sedentary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the distinction between terms describing animal mobility; "sedentary" is often used for fixed aquatic organisms.

 

Question 4.
In coelenterates, ........... are useful for capturing the prey whereas ........... inject the toxin in the body of prey.
(a) tentacles, cnidoblast
(b) hands, legs
(c) flagella, sting
(d) cilia, sting cells
Answer: (a) tentacles, cnidoblast
In simple words: Coelenterates use tentacles to catch prey, and specialized cells called cnidoblasts inject toxins to paralyze them.

🎯 Exam Tip: The terms 'tentacles' and 'cnidoblasts' are characteristic features of coelenterates and are frequently tested.

 

Question 5.
Body of annelidan animals is long, cylindrical and ........... segmented.
(a) annular
(b) metamerically
(c) jointed
(d) cuticular
Answer: (b) metamerically
In simple words: Annelids have a body that is divided into repeating segments, a characteristic known as metameric segmentation.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Metamerically segmented' is a defining feature of annelids, distinguishing them from other worm phyla.

 

Question 6.
........... is second largest phylum in animal kingdom.
(a) Mollusca
(b) Arthropoda
(c) Porifera
(d) Platyhelminthes
Answer: (a) Mollusca
In simple words: After Arthropoda, Mollusca is the second-largest phylum in the animal kingdom, containing a diverse group of invertebrates like snails, clams, and octopuses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the relative sizes of major animal phyla; Arthropoda is the largest, followed by Mollusca.

 

Question 7.
Endoskeleton of Cyclostomata animals is ...........
(a) bony
(b) bony and cartilaginous
(c) cartilaginous
(d) none of the above
Answer: (c) cartilaginous
In simple words: Cyclostomata, which include jawless fish like lampreys and hagfish, have an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage.

🎯 Exam Tip: The cartilaginous endoskeleton is a key distinguishing feature of Cyclostomata within vertebrates.

 

Question 8.
Body cavity between the body and internal organs is called ...........
(a) gastrocoel
(b) enteron
(c) coelom
(d) cave
Answer: (c) coelom
In simple words: The coelom is the fluid-filled body cavity that separates the digestive tract from the outer body wall in many animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly identifying 'coelom' as the body cavity is fundamental to understanding animal body plans.

 

Question 9.
Larvae of ........... metamorphose into adults after settling down at bottom of the sea.
(a) Hemichdrdata
(b) Urochordata
(c) Cephalochordata
(d) Cyclostomata
Answer: (b) Urochordata
In simple words: Urochordate larvae are free-swimming but settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis to become sessile adults.

🎯 Exam Tip: The life cycle involving a free-swimming larval stage followed by a sessile adult via metamorphosis is characteristic of Urochordata.

 

Question 10.
The body organization of unicellular organisms is of ............. grade.
(a) cellular
(b) tissue
(c) protoplasmic
(d) organ
Answer: (c) protoplasmic
In simple words: Unicellular organisms exhibit a protoplasmic grade of organization, meaning all life functions occur within the confines of a single cell's protoplasm.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the hierarchy of organization: protoplasmic (unicellular), cellular (Porifera), tissue (Cnidaria), organ (Platyhelminthes), organ-system (higher animals).

 

Question 11.
........... is a cold blooded animal. (March 2019)
(a) Bat
(b) Snake
(c) Rabbit
(d) Elephant
Answer: (b) Snake
In simple words: Snakes are cold-blooded animals, meaning their body temperature fluctuates with the environmental temperature, unlike warm-blooded mammals like bats, rabbits, and elephants.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between cold-blooded (poikilothermic) and warm-blooded (homoeothermic) animals based on their ability to regulate body temperature.

 

Question 12.
Calcareous spines are present on the body of ............ animal. (July 2019)
(a) fish
(b) snail
(c) sponge
(d) starfish
Answer: (d) starfish
In simple words: Starfish, belonging to Echinodermata, are characterized by their spiny skin due to the presence of calcareous ossicles or plates.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence of calcareous spines (or ossicles) is a hallmark feature of the phylum Echinodermata.

 

Question 13.
Due to which similar characteristic honey bee and cockroach are included in the same phylum?
(a) Wings
(b) Three pair of legs
(c) Jointed appendages
(d) Antenna
Answer: (c) Jointed appendages
In simple words: Both honey bees and cockroaches share the characteristic of having jointed appendages, which is the defining feature of the phylum Arthropoda to which they both belong.

🎯 Exam Tip: The most fundamental characteristic uniting arthropods is the presence of jointed appendages, which is a key concept for classification.

 

Write whether the following statements are true or false with proper explanation:

Question 1.
Greek philosopher Linnaeus was the first to perform the animal classification.
Answer:
False. (Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first to perform the animal classification.)
In simple words: While Linnaeus developed modern taxonomy, Aristotle was the first to attempt animal classification.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between early classifiers like Aristotle (first attempt) and Linnaeus (father of modern taxonomy).

 

Question 2.
Heart if present in the non-chordates is on dorsal side of body.
Answer:
True.
In simple words: In most non-chordate animals, if a heart is present, it is typically located on the dorsal side of the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: The position of the heart (dorsal in non-chordates, ventral in chordates) is a distinguishing anatomical feature.

 

Question 3.
Arthropoda animals bear numerous pores on their body.
Answer:
False. (Porifera animals bear numerous pores on their body.)
In simple words: Arthropods have exoskeletons, not pores; numerous pores are a characteristic feature of sponges (Porifera).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly associate 'numerous pores' with Porifera and 'exoskeleton' with Arthropoda to avoid confusion.

 

Question 4.
Porifera animals have special type of collar cells.
Answer:
True.
In simple words: Sponges (Porifera) possess choanocytes, also known as collar cells, which are specialized cells involved in filter feeding.

🎯 Exam Tip: Collar cells (choanocytes) are a unique and identifying feature of the phylum Porifera.

 

Question 5.
Aschelminthes have acoelomate and bilaterally symmetrical body.
Answer:
False. (Platyhelminthes have acoelomate and bilaterally symmetrical body. OR Aschelminthes have pseudocoelomate and bilaterally symmetrical body.)
In simple words: Aschelminthes are pseudocoelomates, meaning they have a false body cavity, whereas acoelomate and bilateral symmetry describe Platyhelminthes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully distinguish between acoelomate (no body cavity), pseudocoelomate (false body cavity), and eucoelomate (true body cavity) animals.

 

Question 6.
Planet Earth has highest number of animals from phylum Arthropoda.
Answer:
True.
In simple words: Arthropoda is indeed the largest phylum, containing the vast majority of known animal species on Earth, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing that Arthropoda is the largest and most diverse phylum is a fundamental fact in animal classification.

 

Question 7.
Animals belonging to phylum Annelida perform locomotion with the help of tube-feet.
Answer:
False. (Animals belonging to phylum Echinodermata perform locomotion with the help of tube-feet.)
In simple words: Annelids use setae or parapodia for locomotion, while tube-feet are characteristic locomotory organs of echinoderms like starfish.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately associate specific locomotory organs (e.g., setae, parapodia, tube-feet) with their respective phyla.

 

Question 8.
Herdmania has notochord in only tail region and hence it is called Urochordate.
Answer:
True.
In simple words: Herdmania is classified as a Urochordate because its notochord is present only in the tail region of its larval stage.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence and location of the notochord during different life stages are key to classifying chordate subphyla (Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata).

 

Question 9.
Mammals breathe with the help of lungs.
Answer:
True.
In simple words: All mammals, regardless of their habitat, respire using well-developed lungs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Lung respiration is a consistent characteristic for all mammals, even aquatic ones.

 

Question 10.
Amphibians are warm blooded.
Answer:
False. (Amphibians are cold-blooded. OR Mammals are warm blooded.)
In simple words: Amphibians are cold-blooded (poikilothermic) animals, meaning their body temperature depends on their environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that amphibians, reptiles, and fish are cold-blooded, while birds and mammals are warm-blooded.

 

Match The Columns:

Question 1.

Phylum	Characteristics
(1) Mollusca	(a) Collar cells
(2) Hemichordata	(b) Mantle
	(c) Trunk
	(d) Cnidoblasts

Answer:
(1) Mollusca - Mantle
(2) Hemichordata - Trunk.
In simple words: Molluscs are characterized by a mantle, while Hemichordates have a proboscis, collar, and trunk body division.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on unique or defining characteristics to correctly match phyla with their features.

 

Question 2.

Phylum	Characteristics
(1) Porifera	(a) Tunic
(2) Coelenterata	(b) Collar cells
	(c) Tentacles bearing cnidoblasts
	(d) Mantle

Answer:
(1) Porifera - Collar cells
(2) Coelenterata - Tentacles bearing cnidoblasts.
In simple words: Porifera (sponges) are known for their collar cells, while Coelenterata (cnidarians) are characterized by tentacles with cnidoblasts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember these specific cell types (collar cells, cnidoblasts) as diagnostic features for Porifera and Coelenterata, respectively.

 

Question 3.

Subphylum/Class	Characteristics
(1) Cyclostomata	(a) Collar cells
(2) Urochordat	(b) Sucker
	(c) Tunic
	(d) Chitinous exoskeleton

Find The Odd One Out:

Question 1. Physalia, Hyalonema, Ruplectella, Spongilla
Answer: Physalia. (Physalia belongs to Coelenterata, all the remaining are poriferans.)
In simple words: Physalia is a jellyfish-like organism from the Coelenterata phylum, while Hyalonema, Ruplectella, and Spongilla are all types of sponges belonging to the Porifera phylum. This makes Physalia the odd one out.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the basic classification of different animal phyla and their characteristic examples is crucial for identifying the 'odd one out' questions accurately.

Question 2. Planaria, Liverfluke, Filarial worm, Tapeworm
Answer: Filarial worm. (Filarial worm is Aschelminthes remaining are Platyhelminthes.)
In simple words: Filarial worm belongs to the Aschelminthes phylum, characterized by a pseudocoelom. Planaria, Liverfluke, and Tapeworm are all flatworms from the Platyhelminthes phylum, which are acoelomate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the phylum and key characteristics (like body cavity type) for common examples of worms helps in differentiating them effectively.

Question 3. Star fish, Sea-urchin, Nereis, Sea-cucumber
Answer: Nereis. (Nereis belongs to Annelida all the remaining are Echinoderm animals.)
In simple words: Starfish, Sea-urchin, and Sea-cucumber are all marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Echinodermata. Nereis, however, is a segmented worm from the Annelida phylum.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarity with diverse examples within major invertebrate phyla like Echinodermata and Annelida is essential for these types of questions.

Question 4. Cockroach, Butterfly, Spider, Honey bee
Answer: Spider. (Spider is eight-legged Arachnid, remaining are insects.)
In simple words: Cockroach, Butterfly, and Honey bee are all insects, which typically have six legs. Spider is an arachnid, characterized by eight legs, making it distinct from the insects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the number of legs and body segments, as these are key distinguishing features between different classes within Arthropoda.

Question 5. Amphioxus, Herdmania, Doliolum, Oikopleura
Answer: Amphioxus. (Amphioxus is Cepholochordate all the remaining are Urochordates.)
In simple words: Herdmania, Doliolum, and Oikopleura are all tunicates from the subphylum Urochordata, characterized by a notochord in the larval tail. Amphioxus, however, is a lancelet from the subphylum Cephalochordata, where the notochord extends through the entire body length.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between the subphyla of Chordata (Urochordata and Cephalochordata) based on notochord presence and structure is an important classification concept.

Question 6. Frog, Tortoise, Toad, Salamander
Answer: Tortoise. (Tortoise is a reptile, the remaining are amphibians.)
In simple words: Frog, Toad, and Salamander are all amphibians, capable of living both in water and on land, and undergoing metamorphosis. Tortoise is a reptile, characterized by scaly skin and being primarily terrestrial, even if some can be semi-aquatic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key differences in skin type, reproductive strategy, and respiratory organs help distinguish amphibians from reptiles.

Question 7. Tube feet, Setae, Parapodia, Sucker
Answer: Tube feet. (Tube feet are locomotory organs of Echinoderms, the remaining are locomotory organs of Annelids.)
In simple words: Setae, Parapodia, and Suckers are various structures used for locomotion or attachment primarily by annelids. Tube feet, however, are unique hydraulic structures used for movement and feeding by echinoderms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the specific locomotory organs and their associated phyla is a fundamental aspect of animal classification.

Question 8. Shark, Sting ray, Electric ray, Pomfret
Answer: Pomfret. (Pomfret is a bony fish, all the remaining are cartilaginous fish.)
In simple words: Shark, Sting ray, and Electric ray are all chondrichthyans, meaning they have skeletons made of cartilage. Pomfret is an osteichthyan, characterized by a bony skeleton.

🎯 Exam Tip: The composition of the endoskeleton (cartilaginous vs. bony) is a major distinction within the class Pisces.

Find The Correlation:

Question 1. Annelida: Earthworm : : Platyhelminthes :
Answer: Annelida : Earthworm : : Platyhelminthes : Planaria/Liverfluke
In simple words: This correlation links a phylum to an example organism. Earthworm is an example of Annelida, and Planaria or Liverfluke are examples of Platyhelminthes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practice associating key examples with their respective phyla to quickly identify correlations.

Question 2. Horse: Mammal :: Seahorse :
Answer: Horse: Mammal :: Seahorse : Pisces
In simple words: Horse is classified as a Mammal. Similarly, a Seahorse, despite its name, is a type of bony fish and belongs to the class Pisces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful with common names; always rely on scientific classification to determine the correct group, especially for organisms like seahorses.

Question 3. Parapodia: Annelida :: Tube feet :
Answer: Parapodia: Annelida :: Tube feet : Echinodermata
In simple words: Parapodia are the locomotory organs characteristic of organisms in the phylum Annelida (like Nereis). Similarly, tube feet are the unique locomotory and feeding organs found in organisms belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (like starfish).

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the specialized locomotory structures for major invertebrate phyla, as they are key identification features.

Question 4. Frog: Amphibia :: Turtle :
Answer: Frog: Amphibia :: Turtle : Reptilia
In simple words: Frog is an example of an amphibian. Correspondingly, a Turtle is an example of a reptile, distinguished by its hard shell and scaly skin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the defining characteristics of each vertebrate class (Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia, Aves, Pisces) is crucial for classification questions.

Question 5. Proboscis: Hemichordata : : Suctorial mouth :
Answer: Proboscis: Hemichordata : : Suctorial mouth : Cyclostomata
In simple words: The proboscis is a distinctive anterior body part in Hemichordata. Similarly, a suctorial (sucking) mouth is a characteristic feature of organisms in the class Cyclostomata, which lack true jaws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific anatomical features are often diagnostic for particular phyla or classes, so knowing them can help solve correlation problems.

Question 6. Bird from very cold regions : Penguin :: Aquatic Mammal from very cold regions :
Answer: Bird from very cold regions: Penguin :: Aquatic Mammal from very cold regions : Whale.
In simple words: Penguin is a flightless bird adapted to very cold aquatic environments. Similarly, a Whale is an aquatic mammal also well-adapted to cold regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Consider both habitat and key classification traits (bird vs. mammal) when establishing correlations between animals.

Distinguish Between:

Question 1. Non-chordates and Chordates.
Answer:Non-chordates
1. Non-chordates are less evolved animals and are on the lower levels of evolution.
2. Non-chordates do not have notochord.
3. In non-chordates, there are no pharyngeal gill slits.
4. Nerve cord, if present is double and solid.
5. Nerve cord is located on the ventral side of the body.
6. Heart if present is on the dorsal side of the body. Chordates:
1. Chordates are more evolved animals and are on the higher levels of evolution.
2. Chordates have notochord at least in some stage of development.
3. In chordates, there are pharyngeal gill slits.
4. Nerve cord is single and hollow.
5. Nerve cord is located on the dorsal side of the body.
6. Heart if present is on the ventral side of the body.
In simple words: Chordates possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits at some point in their life cycle, indicating higher evolutionary development. Non-chordates lack these defining features and are generally considered less evolved.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the four fundamental characteristics of chordates (notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail) to clearly differentiate them from non-chordates.

Question 2. Phylum Platyhelminthes and Phylum Aschelminthes. OR Write any two points of differences between flat worms and round worms.
Answer:Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flat worms):
1. Platyhelminth worms have slender and flat leaf or strip-like body hence called flat worms.
2. Platyhelminthes are triploblastic and acoelomate.
3. Most of them are hermaphrodite or bisexual having both male and female reproductive systems in the same body.
4. Examples: Planaria, Liver fluke, Tapeworm, etc. Phylum Aschelminthes (Round worms):
1. Aschelminthes have long thread-like or Cylindrical body, hence called round worms.
2. Aschelminthes are triploblastic and pseudocoelomate.
3. They are unisexual with male and female sexes separate. There is sexual dimorphism.
4. Examples: Ascaris (Intestinal worm), Filarial worm, Loa loa (Eye worm), etc.
In simple words: Platyhelminthes are flatworms, acoelomate, and often hermaphroditic, while Aschelminthes are roundworms, pseudocoelomate, and typically have separate sexes (sexual dimorphism). Their body shapes and internal structures are distinct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key differentiating features include body shape (flat vs. round), type of body cavity (acoelomate vs. pseudocoelomate), and reproductive strategy (hermaphrodite vs. unisexual).

Question 3. Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
Answer:Urochordata:
1. Urochordates have notochord in the tail region of the adult body.
2. These animals look like small sacs.
3. Usually urochordates are hermaphrodites.
4. Body of urochordate is covered over by skin-like test or tunic.
5. Examples: Herdmania, Doliolum, Oikopleura, etc. Cephalochordata:
1. Cephalochrodates have notochord in the entire length of the body.
2. These animals look like small fish.
3. Cephalochordates are unisexual.
4. Body of cephalochordate is not covered in a test.
5. Example: Amphioxus.
In simple words: Urochordates have a notochord only in their larval tail and are often sac-like with a tunic, while Cephalochordates have a notochord extending the entire body length, are fish-like, and lack a tunic. These distinctions highlight key evolutionary variations within early chordates.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the extent and persistence of the notochord, body covering (tunic presence), and general body form to distinguish between Urochordata and Cephalochordata.

Question 4. Cyclostomata and Pisces.
Answer:Cyclostomata:
1. Cyclostomata are the poorly evolved first class of vertebrate animals.
2. Cyclostomata have circular jawless mouth with suckers.
3. Paired appendages are absent in cyclostomates.
4. Cyclostomes have soft skin which is without any scales.
5. Endoskeleton is cartilaginous.
6. Examples: Petromyzon, Myxine, etc. Pisces:
1. Pisces are the better evolved class of vertebrates which is well adapted for aquatic living.
2. Pisces have mouth with upper and lower jaws. Teeth are present in the mouth.
3. Paired and unpaired fins present in all kinds of fishes.
4. Fishes have different types of scales on the body.
5. Endoskeleton may be cartilaginous, or it may be bony.
6. Examples: Shark (Scoliodoh), rays which are cartilaginous fishes and pomfret, makerel, sardines, rohu which are bony fishes.
In simple words: Cyclostomata are jawless fish-like vertebrates with a circular sucking mouth, no paired fins, and cartilaginous skeletons, representing an earlier evolutionary stage. Pisces are true fish with jaws, paired fins, scales, and can have either cartilaginous or bony skeletons, showing greater aquatic adaptation.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence/absence of jaws and paired fins, along with the type of endoskeleton (cartilage vs. bone), are the primary features to distinguish Cyclostomata from Pisces.

Question 5. Amphibia and Reptilia.
Answer:Amphibia:
1. Amphibians can inhabit both land and water. They can survive on both environments by breathing there.
2. The exoskeleton is absent in amphibians. The skin is soft, slimy and moist.
3. Body is divided into head and trunk. Neck is absent.
4. The digits do not have claws.
5. The respiration is by skin when in water and by lungs when on land. The larvae breathe by gills.
6. There is external fertilization at the time of sexual reproduction.
7. The developmental stages are eggs and tadpole. Metamorphosis is seen in amphibians.
8. Examples: Frog, Toad, Salamander, etc. Reptilia:
1. Reptilians are terrestrial animals. Though turtle and sea snakes can stay in water, they cannot breathe in water.
2. The exoskeleton in the form of scales. Some animals have plates or scutes (e.g. tortoise and crocodile).
3. Body is divided into head, neck and trunk.
4. The digits have claws.
5. The respiration is only by lungs.
6. There is internal fertilization at the time of sexual reproduction.
7. The developmental stages are eggs and juvenile. Metamorphosis is not seen in reptiles.
8. Examples: Tortoise, Lizard, Snake, etc.
In simple words: Amphibians have moist, scaleless skin, external fertilization, and larval stages with metamorphosis (gills), living both in water and on land. Reptiles have dry, scaly skin or plates, internal fertilization, direct development (no metamorphosis), and primarily breathe with lungs, being better adapted to terrestrial life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on skin characteristics, reproductive strategies (fertilization, metamorphosis), and primary respiratory organs to effectively differentiate amphibians from reptiles.

Question 6. Aves and Mammalia.
Answer:Aves:
1. Aves are totally adapted for the aerial mode of life.
2. Body is spindle shaped. Body is divisible into head, neck and trunk. There are two pairs of limbs. The forelimbs are modified to form wings for flight.
3. Digits have scales and claws.
4. The exoskeleton is in the form of feathers.
5. Jaws are modified into a beak.
6. Birds are oviparous. The eggs hatch into nestlings.
7. The incubation of eggs and feeding of nestlings is done by both parents.
8. Examples: Crow, Sparrow, Peacock, Parrot, Pigeon, Duck, Penguin, etc. Mammalia:
1. Mammals are adapted for terrestrial life.
2. Body is not spindle shaped. It is divisible into head, neck, trunk and tail. There are two pairs of limbs. They are adapted for walking or running on the ground.
3. Digits have nails or hoofs. Few have claws.
4. The exoskeleton is in the form of fur, hair, wool, etc.
5. Jaws have teeth and they surround the mouth.
6. Mammals are viviparous. They give birth to live young ones. (Exception: Platypus)
7. Parental care is shown only by mother, who feeds, the babies with milk from mammary glands.
8. Examples: Cat, Dog, Tiger, Lion, Elephant, Human, Kangaroo, Dolphin, Bat, etc.
In simple words: Aves (birds) are adapted for flight with feathers, wings, beaks, and lay eggs. Mammals have fur or hair, typically walk on four limbs, possess teeth, and give live birth (viviparous) with mammary glands for offspring nourishment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key differences include body covering (feathers vs. hair/fur), limb modification (wings vs. walking legs), reproductive strategy (oviparous vs. viviparous, parental care), and jaw structure (beak vs. teeth).

Classification-Based Questions:

Question 1. Identify me:
(1) I am metamerically segmented, blood sucking, ectoparasite. I have suckers. Who am I and to what phylum do I belong to? (OR) Who am I? I have suckers. I am blood sucking.
Answer: Leech, Phylum Annelida.
In simple words: The description points to a leech, an annelid known for its segmented body, suckers, and ectoparasitic blood-sucking nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate unique characteristics like segmentation, suckers, and parasitic lifestyle with specific phyla and examples.

Question 1. (2) I have chitinous exoskeleton, I have four pairs of walking appendages. I can sting you. Who am I? What phylum do I belong to?
Answer: Scorpion. Phylum Arthropoda.
In simple words: With a chitinous exoskeleton, four pairs of walking legs, and the ability to sting, the animal described is a scorpion, belonging to the phylum Arthropoda.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence of an exoskeleton, number of legs, and defensive mechanisms are strong indicators for identifying arthropods.

Question 2. Characters of a phylum are given below. Read them carefully and answer the questions:
(a) Spines of calcium carbonate are present on the body, (b) These animals are exclusively marine, (c) They perform the locomotion with the help of tube feet, (d) Their skeleton is made up of calcareous plates or spicules.
(i) Animals of which phylum show the above character?
Answer: Animals belonging to phylum Echinodermata show the above characters.
In simple words: The presence of calcareous spines, marine habitat, tube feet for locomotion, and a skeleton of calcareous plates are all distinctive characteristics of the phylum Echinodermata.

🎯 Exam Tip: When given a list of characteristics, identify the most unique ones (e.g., tube feet, calcareous skeleton) to quickly narrow down the phylum.

(ii) Give an example from that phylum.
Answer: Starfish, brittlestar, sea urchin.
In simple words: Common examples of animals exhibiting these traits from the Echinodermata phylum include starfish, brittlestars, and sea urchins.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be ready with at least two to three examples for each major phylum, as these are frequently asked in classification questions.

(iii) These animals can be classified with the help of which criteria of new system of animals classification.
Answer: Animals are classified on the basis of criteria such as body organization, body symmetry, body cavity, etc.
In simple words: The modern system of animal classification uses fundamental criteria like the level of body organization, type of body symmetry, and the presence or absence and type of body cavity (coelom) to group organisms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the hierarchical classification criteria-level of organization, symmetry, body cavity, germ layers-as they form the basis of systematic animal classification.

Question 3. Identify my class/phylum and give one example of it:
(a) I have mammary glands and exoskeleton in the form of hair.
Answer: Class: Mammalia, Example: Cat, Dog, Man.
In simple words: The presence of mammary glands and hair as an exoskeleton are defining characteristics of the Class Mammalia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mammary glands and hair are exclusive features of mammals; recognize these as primary identifiers for the class.

(b) We form the highest number of animals on the planet. We have bilateral symmetry and our exoskeleton is in the form of chitin.
Answer: Phylum: Arthropoda, Example: Prawn, Crab.
In simple words: This description points to Arthropoda, the largest phylum, characterized by bilateral symmetry and a chitinous exoskeleton.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Arthropoda is the most diverse and numerous phylum, identified by bilateral symmetry and a chitinous exoskeleton.

(c) I live in your small intestine, my body is long and thread-like and pseudocoelomate.
Answer: Phylum: Aschelminthes, Example: Ascaris or round worm, Filarial worm.
In simple words: A long, thread-like, pseudocoelomate body found in the small intestine is characteristic of roundworms belonging to the phylum Aschelminthes, such as Ascaris.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pseudocoelomate body plan, thread-like shape, and parasitic habit are strong indicators for the phylum Aschelminthes.

Question 4. Tell me who am I? What is my class/ phylum?
1. My body is divided into proboscis, collar and trunk. I am marine animal.
Answer: Balanoglossus; Phylum: Hemichordata.
In simple words: Balanoglossus, a marine animal with a body distinctly divided into proboscis, collar, and trunk, belongs to the phylum Hemichordata.

🎯 Exam Tip: The three-part body division (proboscis, collar, trunk) is a unique anatomical marker for Hemichordata.

2. I stay inside two shells. My body is divided into head, foot and visceral mass.
Answer: Bivalve or Oyster; Phylum: Mollusca.
In simple words: An organism living inside two shells, with a body organized into head, foot, and visceral mass, is a bivalve (like an oyster) from the phylum Mollusca.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence of a shell, a muscular foot, and a visceral mass are key features for identifying molluscs.

3. I am male as well as female. I am endoparasite having a coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical and flattened body.
Answer: Liver fluke or tape worm; Phylum: Platyhelminthes.
In simple words: An endoparasite with a flattened, bilaterally symmetrical body and hermaphroditic nature is a flatworm, such as a liver fluke or tapeworm, belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes.

🎯 Exam Tip: The combination of endoparasitism, flattened body, and hermaphroditism strongly suggests a flatworm (Platyhelminthes).

4. I am sedentary marine animal drinking water all the time through numerous pores on the body.
Answer: Sponge; Phylum: Porifera.
In simple words: A sedentary marine animal characterized by a porous body that filters water for sustenance is a sponge, classifying it under the phylum Porifera.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sedentary lifestyle and a body permeated with numerous pores (ostia) are the defining features of sponges (Porifera).

5. I am venomous, eight-legged creature having chitinous exoskeleton.
Answer: Scorpion; Phylum: Arthropoda.
In simple words: This description clearly points to a scorpion, an eight-legged, venomous creature with a chitinous exoskeleton, placing it in the phylum Arthropoda.

🎯 Exam Tip: The number of legs (eight), presence of venom, and chitinous exoskeleton are crucial in identifying arachnids within the Arthropoda phylum.

6. My body is covered by tunic. As a larva I swim but as an adult I settle down.
Answer: Doliolum or Salpa; Phylum: Chordata subphylum : Urochordata.
In simple words: An animal whose body is covered by a tunic and shows a free-swimming larval stage followed by a sessile adult stage is a tunicate, like Doliolum or Salpa, belonging to the Urochordata subphylum of Chordata.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence of a tunic and a distinct larval-to-adult lifestyle change are key identifiers for Urochordata.

Question 5. Identify the class of given animals and write one characteristic of each animal:
(1) Kangaroq (2) Penguin (3) Crocodile (4) Frog (5) Sea-horse.
Answer:
(1) Kangaroo: Class Mammalia. It is a marsupial animal with pouch for development of offspring. Long hind limbs for jumping.
In simple words: Kangaroos are marsupial mammals, meaning they carry and nurse their young in a pouch, and are known for their powerful hind limbs adapted for jumping.

🎯 Exam Tip: For mammals, specific reproductive strategies (marsupial, monotreme, placental) and unique anatomical adaptations are important characteristics.

(2) Penguin: Class Aves. It is flightless bird. Body covered with thick feathery coat. Oviparous mode.
In simple words: Penguins are flightless birds (Class Aves) with bodies covered in thick feathers, adapted to cold environments, and they reproduce by laying eggs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Even within a class like Aves, variations such as flightlessness or specific adaptations to cold climates are important details to remember.

(3) Crocodile: Class Reptilia. It is a large animal seen near water bodies. Can swim in water but cannot respire in water. Body covered with exoskeleton of scaly plates. Limbs very weak in comparison with huge bodies.
In simple words: Crocodiles are large reptiles (Class Reptilia) found near water, capable of swimming but respiring only on land, characterized by a body covered in scaly plates and relatively weak limbs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between aquatic adaptation (swimming) and respiratory adaptation (lungs only) for reptiles like crocodiles.

(4) Frog: Class Amphibia. Shows aquatic as well as terrestrial mode. Can breathe with lungs and skin. No exoskeleton and skin is slimy.
In simple words: Frogs are amphibians (Class Amphibia) that can live in both water and on land, respiring through both lungs and their moist, slimy skin, and lacking an exoskeleton.

🎯 Exam Tip: The dual respiratory mechanism (skin and lungs) and absence of an exoskeleton are key traits of amphibians.

(5) Sea-horse: Class Pisces. Bony fish. Highly modified body structure showing brood pouch for development of offspring gills for respiration, fins for swimming.
In simple words: Sea-horses are bony fish (Class Pisces) with a highly modified body structure, possessing gills for respiration, fins for swimming, and a unique brood pouch in males for developing offspring.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight unusual features like the male brood pouch in sea-horses, as these are often used to test detailed knowledge within a class.

Answer The Following Questions:

Question 1. State any four benefits of animal classification.
Answer:
1. Studying the different animals becomes easy when they are placed under different groups.
2. When few representative animals of the particular group are studied then the idea about other animals belonging to that group also becomes clear.
3. The animal evolution becomes easier to follow after studying classification.
4. The identification of animals can be done accurately.
5. Relationship of the different animals with each other and with other groups can be understood clearly.
6. Habitat of each animal and its role in nature is understood by classification.
7. Various adaptations are understood by learning classification.
In simple words: Animal classification streamlines the study of diverse life, helps understand evolutionary relationships, enables accurate identification, and provides insights into animal habitats and adaptations by examining representative groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the efficiency and depth of understanding gained through classification, covering both individual organism study and broader ecological/evolutionary perspectives.

Question 2. Into which phyla is Non-chordata divided? In which three subphyla are Chordates divided?
Answer:I. The phyla of Non-chordata:
(i) Protozoa
(ii) Porifera
(iii) Coelenterata or Cnidaria
(iv) Platyhelminthes
(v) Aschelminthes
(vi) Annelida
(vii) Arthropoda
(viii) Mollusca
(ix) Echinodermata
(x) Hemichordata II. The subphyla of Chordata:
(i) Urochordata
(ii) Cephalochordata
(iii) Vertebrata
In simple words: Non-chordates are divided into several phyla including Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata. Chordates, a more advanced group, are divided into three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the major phyla of non-chordates and the three subphyla of chordates, as this is a fundamental structural aspect of animal classification.

Question 3. Write the characteristics of chordates.
Answer: Characteristics of Chordates:
1. All chordates possess notochord and pharyngeal gill slits in at least during some developmental stage.
2. Presence of single, tubular and dorsally located spinal cord and ventrally located heart.
In simple words: Chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits at some point in their life cycle, along with a ventrally located heart.

🎯 Exam Tip: The four main characteristics of chordates – notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail (though not explicitly listed as a primary point here, often implied) – are vital for definition.

Question 4. Write the characteristics of vertebrates.
Answer: Characteristics of vertebrates:
- In vertebrates, notochord is replaced by vertebral column.
- Development of head is complete.
- Well-developed cranium which protects the brain.
- Presence of endoskeleton which is either cartilaginous or bony.
- Presence of jaws as in Gnathostomata or absence of jaws as in Agantha.
In simple words: Vertebrates are chordates where the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column, they have a well-developed head with a cranium, and possess an endoskeleton that can be cartilaginous or bony, along with either jaws or jawlessness.

🎯 Exam Tip: The replacement of the notochord by a vertebral column is the most crucial defining characteristic distinguishing vertebrates from other chordates.

Write Short Notes On:

Question 1. (1) Benefits of classification.
Answer:
- Studying the different animals becomes easy when they are placed under different groups.
- When few representative animals of the particular group are studied then the idea about other animals belonging to that group also becomes clear.
- The animal evolution becomes easier to follow after studying classification.
- The identification of animals can be done accurately.
- Relationship of the different animals with each other and with other groups can be understood clearly.
- Habitat of each animal and its role in nature is understood by classification.
- Various adaptations are understood by learning classification.
In simple words: Animal classification streamlines the study of diverse life, helps understand evolutionary relationships, enables accurate identification, and provides insights into animal habitats and adaptations by examining representative groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the efficiency and depth of understanding gained through classification, covering both individual organism study and broader ecological/evolutionary perspectives.

Question 2. Germinal layers.
Answer:
- During the initial embryonic period of any multicellular animal there is formation of germinal layers or germ layer.
- These germ layers give rise to new tissues in the developing animal.
- The primitive animals were diploblastic i.e. they have only two germ layers called ectoderm and endoderm.
- The higher animals are triploblastic, having three germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
- Cnidarians are diploblastic while all other animals are triploblastic.
In simple words: Germinal layers are embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that form early in development and give rise to all an animal's adult tissues and organs. Animals can be diploblastic (two layers) or triploblastic (three layers).

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding diploblastic vs. triploblastic organization and the primary germ layers is fundamental to comprehending animal body plans and evolutionary relationships.

Question 3. Coelom.
Answer:
- Coelom means body cavity. It is situated between the body wall and the internal organs of the body.
- The coelom is formed during early embryonic life in case of multicellular animals. It is formed from either mesoderm or gut.
- Coelom when present in the body, those animals are called eucoelomate. Phylum Annelida onwards are eucoelomate animals. They are animals with true body cavity.
- Those animals in which coelom are absent are called acoelomate animals. Porifera, Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes are acoelomate animals.
- When coelom is not formed from mesoderm or gut, but formed from other tissues, it is called pseudocoelom. Only Aschelminthes animals have such coelom and hence they are called pseudocoelomate.
In simple words: The coelom is the body cavity located between the body wall and internal organs. Animals can be acoelomate (no coelom), pseudocoelomate (false coelom), or eucoelomate (true coelom derived from mesoderm), a key classification criterion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish clearly between acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and eucoelomate conditions, and remember examples for each as it's a fundamental classification feature.

Question 4. Notochord.
Answer:
- Notochord is an important feature of Chordates.
- Notochord is supporting rod-like structure.
- This structure is present on the dorsal side of the animals.
- It keeps the nervous tissue separated from the rest of the tissues.
- In Hemichordates, the notochord is present in the proboscis.
- In Urochordates, the notochord is present in the tail region of the free swimming larvae.
- In Cephalochordates, the notochord lies throughout the length of the body.
- In vertebrates, notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.
In simple words: The notochord is a flexible, rod-like supporting structure found dorsally in all chordates at some developmental stage, providing skeletal support and separating nervous tissue. In vertebrates, it is replaced by the vertebral column.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the notochord's function and its presence/absence or modification across different chordate subphyla (Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata) for detailed classification.

Complete The Paragraph By Choosing The Appropriate Words Given In The Brackets:

Question 1. (Linnaeus, Dobzhansky, Carl Woese, Theophrastus, Artificial method, Aristotle, Natural system, Traditional system)Time to time, different scientists have tried to classify the animals. Greek philosopher **Aristotle** was the first to perform the animal classification. Aristotle classified the animals, according to the criteria like body size, habits and habitats. Classification proposed by Aristotle is known as 'Artificial method'. Besides Aristotle, artificial method of classification was followed by **Theophrastus**, Pliny, John Ray and **Linnaeus**. Later on, 'Natural system of classification' was followed. Natural system of classification was based on various other criteria. By the time, system of classification based on evolution was also brought into practice. It was used by **Dobzansky** and Meyer. Recently, **Carl Woese** has also proposed the animal classification.
In simple words: Animal classification has evolved through different methods: Aristotle initiated the 'Artificial method', followed by others like Theophrastus, Pliny, and Linnaeus. Later, 'Natural system' emerged, and evolution-based classification was pioneered by Dobzansky and Meyer, with Carl Woese proposing the three-domain system more recently.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the chronological development of classification systems and the key scientists associated with each method (Artificial, Natural, Evolutionary, Three-Domain system).

Question 2. (neck, lungs, skin, exoskeleton, amphibian, metamorphose, aquatic, gills)Class Amphibia consist of animals which are strictly **aquatic** only during their larval stages. At that time they breathe through their **gills**. Tadpoles are such stages which later **metamorphose** to form adult frog. Adult frog respires with the help of **skin** when in water and with **lungs** when on land. Thus, it is a true **amphibian**. For performing cutaneous respiration, i.e. respiration through skin, they lack **exoskeleton** in any form. The skin is also kept moist by staying near the water bodies. Amphibians do not have a **neck** but eyes are bulging and prominent, this solves the problems of vision.
In simple words: Amphibians are aquatic in their larval stage, breathing via gills, and then metamorphose into adults that can live on land and in water, respiring through skin and lungs. They are characterized by moist skin, lacking an exoskeleton, and having prominent eyes without a distinct neck.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the life cycle of amphibians, particularly the changes in habitat, respiratory organs, and physical features during metamorphosis, as well as the unique characteristics of their skin and body structure.

Paragraph Based Questions:

 

Question 1.
What are the locomotory organs in phylum Annelida?
Answer:
Annelidans have parapodia and setae as the locomotory organs.
In simple words: Annelids use specialized structures called parapodia and setae for movement, allowing them to crawl and burrow.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific locomotory structures for different phyla, as they are key distinguishing features in animal classification.

 

Question 2.
Which phylum has a characteristic of jointed appendages?
Answer:
Phylum Arthropoda has a characteristic of jointed appendages.
In simple words: Arthropods are uniquely defined by their jointed legs and other body parts, which allow for varied movements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Jointed appendages are a definitive characteristic of Arthropoda; ensure you can recall this feature for exam questions.

 

Question 3.
Which the locomotory organ of animals belong to Phylum Mollusca?
Answer:
Animals belonging to Phylum Mollusca have strong muscular foot which is used for locomotion.
In simple words: Molluscs use a powerful muscular foot to move, which can be adapted for crawling, digging, or swimming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on unique anatomical features like the muscular foot in Molluscs when studying locomotion across different animal groups.

 

Question 4.
Which class of animals show weak legs?
Answer:
Class Reptilia belonging to subphylum vertebrata show weak legs.
In simple words: Reptiles, such as lizards and snakes, often have weak or absent limbs, resulting in their characteristic creeping movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: While some reptiles have weak legs, remember that snakes are limbless, which is also a key feature to note.

 

Question 5.
In which class of animals the forelimbs are modified?
Answer:
Class Aves belonging to subphylum vertebrata have wings which are modified forelimbs.
In simple words: Birds (Class Aves) have forelimbs that are specially adapted into wings for flight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding adaptations, such as the modification of forelimbs into wings in Aves, is crucial for evolutionary biology questions.

 

Diagram based questions:

 

Question 1.
Sketch, label and classify the following organisms:
1. Liverfluke.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक लिवरफ्लूक का है, जो कि एक पत्ती के आकार का परजीवी है। इसमें एक मुख (mouth), जननांग छिद्र (genital aperture), पत्ती जैसा शरीर (leaf-like body), मौखिक चूषक (oral sucker) और अधरीय चूषक (ventral sucker) दिखाए गए हैं। शरीर में उत्सर्जन छिद्र (excretory pore) भी मौजूद है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Example: Liverfluke
In simple words: Liverfluke is a flatworm, a type of Platyhelminthes, characterized by its leaf-like body and suckers for parasitic attachment.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diagram-based questions, focus on identifying key anatomical features and using them to correctly classify the organism.

 

2. Leench.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक जोंक (Leech) को दर्शाता है, जिसमें शरीर के अग्र भाग पर मुख (mouth) और पश्च भाग पर गुदा (anus) स्पष्ट रूप से दिखाई दे रहे हैं। इसका शरीर लंबा और खंडित होता है।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Annelida
Example: Leech
In simple words: A leech is an annelid, a segmented worm, known for its mouth at one end and anus at the other, often having suckers for feeding.

🎯 Exam Tip: When classifying annelids like the leech, remember their segmented body plan and specific features like suckers, if present.

 

3. Cockroach:
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक कॉकरोच का है, जिसमें शरीर के प्रमुख भाग- सिर (head), वक्ष (thorax) और उदर (abdomen) दिखाए गए हैं। इसमें पंख (wings), पैर (legs) और एंटीना (antenna) भी स्पष्ट रूप से लेबल किए गए हैं।
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Division: Non-chordata
Phylum: Arthopoda
Class: Insecta
Example: Cockroach
In simple words: A cockroach is an insect from the phylum Arthropoda, identifiable by its distinct head, thorax, and abdomen, along with wings, legs, and antennae.

🎯 Exam Tip: For insects like the cockroach, focus on the three-part body (head, thorax, abdomen) and the presence of jointed appendages and wings for classification.

 

Question 2.
Identify the animal given in the figure and label the figure:
1.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक बैलेनोग्लोसस का है, जो तीन मुख्य भागों - प्रोबोसिस (proboscis), कॉलर (collar) और ट्रंक (trunk) में विभाजित है। इसका शरीर कृमि जैसा लंबा होता है।
Balanoglossus
Proboscis
Collar
Trunk
In simple words: The figure shows Balanoglossus, a hemichordate, distinctively divided into a proboscis, collar, and trunk.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the unique body divisions of Balanoglossus (proboscis, collar, trunk) is key to identifying this connecting link organism.

 

2.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र हर्डमानिया (Herdmania) नामक एक ट्यूनिकेट को दर्शाता है, जिसमें शरीर (body), फुट (foot), ब्रैंकियल छिद्र (branchial aperture) और एट्रियल छिद्र (atrial aperture) तथा ट्यूनिक (tunic) स्पष्ट रूप से लेबल किए गए हैं। इसका आकार अनियमित थैले जैसा होता है।
Herdmania.
Branchial aperture
Atrial aperture
Tunic
Body
Foot
In simple words: The diagram depicts Herdmania, a urochordate, characterized by its sac-like body covered by a tunic, with distinct branchial and atrial apertures.

🎯 Exam Tip: For Urochordates like Herdmania, understanding the role of the tunic and the presence of incurrent/excurrent siphons (apertures) is important.

 

3.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एम्फीऑक्सस (Amphioxus) को दर्शाता है, जो मछली जैसा दिखता है। इसमें नोटोकॉर्ड (notochord), तंत्रिका रज्जु (nerve chord), खंडीय मांसपेशियां (segmental muscles), यकृत (liver), ग्रसनी गिल छिद्र (pharyngeal gills), आंत (intestine), गुदा (anus) और जननग्रंथि (gonads) जैसे आंतरिक अंग लेबल किए गए हैं।
Amphioxus
Notochord
Nerve chord
Segmental Muscles
Liver
Pharyngeal gills
Intestine
Anus
Gonads
In simple words: The image displays Amphioxus, a cephalochordate, notable for its notochord extending the full length of its body, along with a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits.

🎯 Exam Tip: Amphioxus is a classic example for studying chordate features like the notochord and nerve cord; pay attention to their complete length in this organism.

 

4.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र पेट्रोमाइजॉन (Petromyzon) को दर्शाता है, जो एक जबड़ाविहीन मछली है। इसमें शरीर (body), आंख (eye), गिल स्लिट्स (gill slits) और चूषक (sucker) स्पष्ट रूप से लेबल किए गए हैं।
Petromyzon.
Eye
Body
Gill slits
Sucker
In simple words: This diagram shows Petromyzon, a jawless fish, characterized by its eel-like body, prominent eyes, gill slits, and a distinctive sucker mouth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cyclostomes like Petromyzon are important as examples of jawless vertebrates; remember their key features like the sucker mouth and absence of scales.

 

5.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक चमगादड़ (Bat) को दर्शाता है, जिसमें सिर (head), आँखें (eyes), शरीर (body), पैर (legs) और उड़ने के लिए पेटागियम (patagium) स्पष्ट रूप से लेबल किए गए हैं। पेटागियम पंखों का एक प्रकार है।
bat
Eyes
Body
Legs
Patagium
In simple words: The figure illustrates a bat, a mammal distinguished by its patagium (wing membrane) for flight, along with a defined head, body, eyes, and legs.

🎯 Exam Tip: For mammals like bats, note their unique adaptations for flight (patagium) while retaining mammalian characteristics such as hair and mammary glands.

 

Question 3.
Identify the class of the animal shown in the figure and write any two characteristics.
Answer:
(1) The animal shown in the figure is bat.
(2) It belongs to class Mammalia of Subphylum Vertebrata. Phylum Chordata.
(3) Characteristics:
(i) Body is divided into head, neck, torso and tail. Patagium present for the flying mode. Nocturnal in habit. It is warm blooded.
(ii) Gives birth to live young ones. Mammary glands present for nourishing young ones.
In simple words: The bat, a mammal, is identified by its body division into head, neck, torso, and tail, possessing patagium for flight, being nocturnal and warm-blooded, and giving birth to live young nourished by mammary glands.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing characteristics, always include at least two distinct features that clearly differentiate the animal's class, such as viviparity and presence of mammary glands for Mammalia.

 

Question 4.
Observe the figure and answer the following questions.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो समुद्री जीवों को दर्शाता है- एक तारा मछली (Starfish) और एक समुद्री अर्चिन (Sea Urchin)। तारा मछली में पाँच भुजाएँ होती हैं, जबकि समुद्री अर्चिन का शरीर गोलाकार और स्पाइन से ढका होता है।
(a) To which phylum these organisms belong?
(b) Name the substance with which their body is covered.
(c) Name their organs of locomotion.
Answer:
(a) The starfish and the sea urchin shown in the figure belong to phylum Echinodermata.
(b) The body of echinoderm animal is covered with calcareous spines or ossicles/plates.
This is the substance covering the body is mostly calcium salts and compounds.
(c) Their locomotory organs are tube feet.
In simple words: Starfish and sea urchins are Echinoderms, covered with calcareous plates and spines, using tube feet for movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key features of Echinodermata include a calcareous endoskeleton, radial symmetry in adults, and the unique water vascular system with tube feet for locomotion.

 

Question 5.
Observe the figures given below and answer the given questions: (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो आर्थ्रोपोड्स को दर्शाता है- एक झींगा (Prawn) और एक बिच्छू (Scorpion)। झींगा में कई संयुक्त उपांग और एक खंडित शरीर होता है, जबकि बिच्छू में भी संयुक्त उपांग और एक खंडित शरीर होता है जिसमें एक डंक वाली पूँछ होती है।
(a) In which phylum are these animals included?
(b) Which substance forms the outer layer of their exoskeleton?
(c) What are their locomotory organs?
Answer:
(a) These animals are included in phylum Arthropoda.
(b) The outer layer of their exoskeleton is covered by chitinous substance.
(c) Their locomotory organs are jointed paired appendages.
In simple words: The depicted animals are Arthropods, characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages for movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Arthropods are the largest phylum, defined by their chitinous exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and especially their jointed appendages.

 

Question 6.
Identify the phylum of the given animal and write any two characteristics of this phylum. (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र साइकन स्पंज (Sycon sponge) को दर्शाता है, जिसमें शरीर पर कई छोटे छिद्र (pores) और एक बड़ा ऑस्कुलम (osculum) दिखाई देते हैं। इसका शरीर एक बेलनाकार संरचना में ऊपर की ओर बढ़ता है।
Answer:
This animal is Sycon sponge and its phylum in Porifera.
Characteristics of phylum Porifera
(a) Asymmetrical body.
(b) Many pores on body. Large osculum and smaller ostia.
In simple words: Sycon, a Porifera, has an asymmetrical body with numerous small pores (ostia) and a large excurrent opening (osculum).

🎯 Exam Tip: Poriferans (sponges) are distinct due to their porous body, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical form, and cellular-grade organization.

 

Question 7.
(a) Identify the animal given here.
(b) Write the phylum to which it belongs.
(c) Identify the pointed parts; p, q, r and s.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक ऑक्टोपस (Octopus) का है, जिसमें शरीर के प्रमुख भाग और उपांग दिखाए गए हैं। इसमें आंख (p), चूषक (q), साइफन (s), और स्पर्शक (r) स्पष्ट रूप से लेबल किए गए हैं, जो समुद्री जीवन के लिए इसकी अनुकूलता दर्शाते हैं।
Answer:
(a) The given animal is Octopus.
(b) It belongs to the phylum Mollusca.
(c) p = eye, q = sucker, s = siphon and r = tentacle.
In simple words: The animal is an Octopus, a Mollusc, characterized by its eyes, suckers on tentacles, and a siphon.

🎯 Exam Tip: When labeling diagrams of complex invertebrates like the Octopus, ensure you can correctly identify all major external features and their functions.

 

Complete the following charts:

 

Question 1.
Complete the chart by taking into consideration the criteria for classification: (Text Book Page No. 61)
Living organisms
Kingdom: Monera
Unicellular organisms
(Kingdom: ---------)
(MaharashtraBoardSolutions.com)
Kingdom: Plantae
Kingdom: Fungi
Answer:

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चार्ट 'जीवित जीवों का वर्गीकरण' दिखाता है, जिसमें प्रोकैरियोट और यूकैरियोट में विभाजन है। यूकैरियोट को फिर एककोशिकीय और बहुकोशिकीय में बांटा गया है। बहुकोशिकीय जीवों को कोशिका भित्ति की उपस्थिति या अनुपस्थिति के आधार पर बांटा गया है, अंततः एनिमलिया, प्लांटे और फंजाई जैसे किंगडम बनते हैं।

	Living organisms
	Prokaryote		Eukaryote
Kingdom: Monera		Unicellular organisms	Multicellular organisms
		Kingdom: Protista
			Those with cell walls	Those without cell walls
			Autotrophs	Heterotrophs	Kingdom: Animalia
			Kingdom: Plantae	Kingdom: Fungi
	ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

In simple words: This chart illustrates the classification of living organisms, starting with prokaryotes and eukaryotes, then dividing eukaryotes into unicellular and multicellular, further categorizing them based on cell wall presence, leading to the five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the complete hierarchy and criteria of the five-kingdom classification system for comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 2.
Complete the following flow-chart.
Living organisms
(A)
Prokaryotes
(MaharashtraBoardSolutions.com)
Unicellular
Multicellular (B)
Answer:
(A) Eukaryotes
(B) Monera.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह प्रवाह चार्ट जीवित जीवों के वर्गीकरण को दर्शाता है। जीवित जीव पहले प्रोकैरियोट्स और (A) यूकैरियोट्स में विभाजित होते हैं। यूकैरियोट्स को फिर एककोशिकीय और बहुकोशिकीय जीवों में बांटा जाता है। जबकि एककोशिकीय प्रोकैरियोट्स (B) मोनेरा के अंतर्गत आते हैं।

In simple words: The flowchart for living organisms is completed by identifying (A) Eukaryotes as the other main domain besides Prokaryotes, and (B) Monera as the kingdom for unicellular prokaryotes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For flowcharts, understand the logical progression of classification criteria, such as cell type (prokaryote/eukaryote) and cellularity (unicellular/multicellular).

 

Activity based questions:

 

Question 1.
Observe: (Text Book Page No. 65)
(1) Body organization of human has been shown in the following figure. Use appropriate labels for different organs present in human body.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र मानव शरीर के अंग-तंत्र संगठन को दर्शाता है। इसमें सिर (brain, mouth, eyes), वक्ष (lungs, heart), और उदर (liver, stomach, kidney, intestine, blood vessel) में स्थित प्रमुख आंतरिक अंग दिखाए गए हैं। जांघ की त्वचा (thigh (skin)) और क्वाड्रिसेप्स मांसपेशी (quadriceps muscle) जैसे बाहरी और मस्कुलर घटक भी लेबल किए गए हैं।
Answer:
There are different organs in the human body. The liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, etc. related to the digestive system and a pair of kidney concerned with excretion is present in the abdominal cavity. The cranial cavity shows brain and sense organs. In the thoracic cavity there are lungs and heart. In addition to these organs, there are network of blood capillaries, nerve network, etc. which is spread from head to toes.
In simple words: The human body exhibits organ-system grade organization, with vital organs like the brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys located in distinct cavities and interconnected by networks like blood vessels and nerves.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing organ systems, categorize organs by their function (e.g., digestive, excretory, respiratory) and anatomical location (cranial, thoracic, abdominal cavities).

 

Question 2.
Why is earthworm called as friend of farmers? (Get Information: Text Book Page No. 69)
Answer:
Earthworms move through the soil in the farms and fields. They feed on the detritus in the soil. They also help in decomposition of the organic matter. When the soil is loosened due to their activities, the roots of the crops grow well. They enrich the soil by their excreta which act as fertilizers. All these facts make earthworm, a farmer's friend.
In simple words: Earthworms are called "friends of farmers" because they aerate the soil, decompose organic matter, and enrich it with their nutrient-rich excreta, all of which benefit crop growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the multi-faceted benefits of earthworms – aeration, decomposition, and fertilization – to demonstrate a complete understanding of their ecological role.

 

Question 3.
In what way the leech is used in ayurvedic system of treatment? (Get Information: Text Book Page No. 69)
Answer:
Leeches are blood sucking ectoparasite. In Ayurveda leech is used to remove impure blood and blood clots. Such blood is sucked up by leeches and then the patient gets some relief. In the leech body there is a substance called hirudine which prevent blood clotting as it sucks up the blood. This hirudine is also used for medicinal purpose.
In simple words: In Ayurveda, leeches are used for medicinal purposes to remove impure blood and dissolve clots, thanks to an anticoagulant called hirudin present in their saliva.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing medicinal uses of animals, specify the active compounds or mechanisms (e.g., hirudin in leeches) that provide the therapeutic benefit.

 

Question 4.
What is chitin? (Find out: Text Book Page No. 70)
Answer:
Chitin is a type of polysaccharide. Its chemical formula is (C8H13O5N)n. It is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, which is actually a derivative of glucose. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects. In many medicines chitin is used. The industrial processes and the biotechnological experiments also use chitin.
In simple words: Chitin is a strong polysaccharide, a glucose derivative, forming the cell walls of fungi and the rigid exoskeletons of arthropods like insects and crustaceans, also used in various industrial and medicinal applications.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define chitin by its chemical nature (polysaccharide, N-acetylglucosamine) and its primary biological roles (fungal cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons).

 

Question 5.
Let's Think: (Text Book Page No. 70)
(i) What types of benefit and harm occur to human from animals of phylum-Arthropoda?
Answer:
Some insects are very useful for us. We get many products from them. e.g. Honey bee, Lac insect, Silk worm, are the insects that provide us with honey and wax, lac and silk respectively. The culture experiments are done on these insects for large scale production of these substances. Butterflies help in the pollination of crops and are thus helpful for the farmers and gardeners. Lady bug beetle is an insect which acts as a natural pest control as it attacks the other harmful insect pests.
In biological pest control methods it is widely used. Some insects, on the contrary are very harmful. Mosquito, bed bugs, lice are blood sucking parasites which can spread the diseases. Mosquito is a vector for dengue, filariasis and malaria. Some are biting insects that can cause wounds, some cause allergies of various kinds. The grains and crops are destroyed to great extent by the insects. In this way the insects belonging to the phylum Arthropods are harmful to health, wealth and peace of mind too.
In simple words: Arthropods offer benefits like honey, silk, pollination, and pest control, but also cause harm by acting as disease vectors (mosquitoes), parasites (bed bugs), and destroying crops.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing benefits and harms, provide specific examples for both categories (e.g., honey bees for benefits, mosquitoes for harm) to illustrate your points effectively.

 

(ii) Which are the animals from phylum Arthropoda those have shortest and longest life span?
Answer:
The shortest life span: May fly – About 24 hours. The longest life span: Lobster (Homarus americanus) – About 100 years.
In simple words: Among Arthropods, the May fly has the shortest lifespan, lasting only about 24 hours, while the lobster (Homarus americanus) boasts the longest, living for up to 100 years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific examples like May fly and Lobster are excellent for illustrating extreme variations in biological parameters like lifespan within a phylum.

 

(iii) Why has it been said that only insects directly compete with humans for food?
Answer:
The standing crop in the fields can be totally ruined by insects. The locust can damage the crops when they attack in thousands at a time. The grains are also infested by variety of insects like ants, weevils, beetles, etc. Therefore, we can say that only insects compete with humans for food.
In simple words: Insects directly compete with humans for food by consuming and destroying crops in fields and infesting stored grains, leading to significant food loss.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the direct consumption and destruction of cultivated crops and stored food by insects to explain their competition with humans.

 

Project: (Do it your self)

 

Project 1.
How does the infection of tapeworm in man, liver fluke in grazing animals like goat and sheep occur and what are their preventive measures? (Collect the Information, Internet is my friend: Textbook page no. 69)
Answer:
In simple words: (Self-study project. Students should research the life cycles of tapeworms and liver flukes, including transmission routes and preventive actions like proper hygiene and meat cooking.)

🎯 Exam Tip: For project-based questions, actively researching and synthesizing information from various sources is key to developing a comprehensive understanding.

 

Project 2.
How does the infection of round worms like Ascaris, filarial worm and plant nematodes occur and what are their preventive measures and treatment? (Collect the Information, Internet is my friend: Textbook page no. 69)
Answer:
In simple words: (Self-study project. Students should investigate the transmission of roundworms and filarial worms, including their impact on human health and agricultural plants, along with strategies for prevention and treatment.)

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the epidemiology and control methods for parasitic worms is crucial for public health and agricultural science contexts.

 

Project 3.
Books are my friend: Collect the information about pearl production from bivalves by reading appropriate books. (Textbook page no. 70)
Answer:
In simple words: (Self-study project. Students should gather information on how bivalves, specifically oysters and mussels, naturally form pearls and the methods used in pearl cultivation.)

🎯 Exam Tip: When exploring topics like pearl production, focus on the biological processes involved (e.g., nacre secretion) and the environmental factors that influence it.

 

Project 4.
Book are my friends: The Animal Kingdom: Libbie Hyman and some other similar books.
(Textbook page no. 75)
Answer:
In simple words: (Self-study project. Students are encouraged to consult specialized biology textbooks and reference materials like "The Animal Kingdom" by Libbie Hyman to deepen their knowledge of animal classification.)

🎯 Exam Tip: Consulting reliable textbooks and scientific literature provides in-depth and accurate information beyond basic course materials.

 

Project 5.
Use of Information Technology: (Textbook page no. 75)
Prepare the presentation of animal classification using video clips downloaded from internet.
Answer:
In simple words: (Self-study project. Students should utilize digital resources to create a presentation on animal classification, incorporating relevant video clips to enhance visual learning and understanding.)

🎯 Exam Tip: Integrating multimedia into presentations can make complex biological concepts more engaging and easier to grasp for a broader audience.

 

10th Std Science Part 2 Questions And Answers:

 

• Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Life Processes in Living Organisms Part – 1 Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Life Processes in Living Organisms Part – 2 Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Environmental management Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Towards Green Energy Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Animal Classification Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Introduction to Microbiology Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Cell Biology and Biotechnology Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Social health Class 10 Questions And Answers
• Disaster Management Class 10 Questions And Answers
In simple words: This section lists the various chapters covered in 10th Standard Science Part 2, including topics like Heredity and Evolution, Life Processes, Environmental Management, Animal Classification, and more.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reviewing the full list of chapters ensures you cover all required syllabus topics for the upcoming examination.

There is no content to process on page 57 based on the provided content processing rules. The page contains only website navigation elements and copyright information, which are explicitly listed under the "IGNORE AND SKIP" section.