Maharashtra Board Class 10 History Chapter 9 Heritage Management Solutions

 

Question 1. (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) Louvre Museum has in its collection the much-acclaimed painting of ................... by Leonardo da Vinci.
(a) Napoleon
(b) Mona Lisa
Answer: (b) Mona Lisa
In simple words: The Louvre Museum in Paris is home to the world-famous painting of Mona Lisa, which was created by the artist Leonardo da Vinci.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always associate Leonardo da Vinci with the Mona Lisa and the Louvre Museum to quickly answer this recurring board exam question.

Question 1. [Choose the correct option]
(c) Hans Sloan
(d) George II
Answer: (b) Mona Lisa
In simple words: This is the correct option from the given choices.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always read all options carefully before selecting the correct answer.

 

Question 2. .................... at Kolkata is the first museum in India.
(a) Government Museum
(b) National Museum
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
(d) Indian Museum
Answer: (d) Indian Museum
In simple words: The Indian Museum in Kolkata is the oldest and first museum established in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Indian Museum in Kolkata was founded in 1814, making it the oldest museum in India.

 

Question 3. Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Maharaja Sayajirao University – Delhi
(2) Banaras Hindu University – Varanasi
(3) Aligarh Muslim University – Aligarh
(4) Jivaji University – Gwalior
Answer: (1) Wrong Pair: Maharaja Sayajirao University – Delhi
In simple words: Maharaja Sayajirao University is located in Vadodara, Gujarat, not in Delhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: For 'wrong pair' questions, write down the incorrect pair exactly as given in the question to secure full marks.

 

Question 4. Explain the following statement with reasons: Archives and libraries publish research journals, informative pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
Answer:
• Libraries preserve and conserve old books and artefacts discovered during excavation.
• If these documents and artefacts are not exhibited then they are kept in archives.
• All the historical sources are our assets and they should reach the people.
• Libraries not only preserve these documents but also carry out research, to know the authenticity. This research is then shared with the public through various publications.
In simple words: Libraries and archives publish journals and pamphlets to share historical research and knowledge with the public. This helps people understand and appreciate their heritage.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining historical statements, list the points logically, showing how preservation leads to the need for public dissemination.

Question (2) Only trained persons, who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.
Answer:
1. While conducting historical research, one has to do the different tasks carefully like collecting sources, preserving, exhibiting, etc. This meticulous process ensures that historical artifacts remain undamaged for future generations.
2. The skill required for every task is different. The procedure followed for each task is different as well as the preliminary preparations.
3. It is essential to know about precautions to be taken.
4. Hence only trained persons who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.
In simple words: Conserving historical items is a highly specialized job that requires specific skills and precautions. Only trained experts should do this work so that valuable history is not lost or damaged.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the necessity of specialized skills and precautions when explaining why only qualified professionals can handle historical preservation.

 

Question 3. Write notes:
(1) Sthalakosh
Answer:
• History does not shape itself in oblivion. It takes place at some place.
• Geographic information is essential to study history.
• Chakradhar Swami, of Mahanubhav sect, visited many villages and details of those villages were noted by Muni Vyas. This documentation laid the groundwork for early geographical records in the region.
• Siddheshwarshastri Chitrav wrote Prachin Bharatiya Sthalkosh. It gives us information on various places mentioned in Vedic literature, Kautiliya’s Arthashastra, Panini’s Grammar, Ramayana.
• Mahabharata and also in Buddhist Jain Greek, Chinese and Persian literature.
• Sthalakosh gives us information on ancient cities and history of those cities. It serves as an important written source of history.
In simple words: Sthalakosh is a geographic dictionary that helps us understand history by linking events to the specific places where they happened. It provides details about ancient locations mentioned in old literature.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing notes on Sthalakosh, remember to mention its geographical importance and key contributors like Siddheshwarshastri Chitrav.

 

Question 3. Write notes:
(2) Vishwakosh
Answer: [The content for this answer is continued on the next page.]
In simple words: Vishwakosh is a comprehensive encyclopedia in Marathi that compiles knowledge on various subjects.

🎯 Exam Tip: For encyclopedia-related notes, define the term clearly and mention its role in preserving and spreading knowledge.

Question (2) Marathi Vishwakosh
Answer:
• The first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Yashwantrao Chavan, established the ‘Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Samskruti Mandal.
• The objective of making Vishwakosh was to develop and enhance Marathi language and literature.
• Tarkteerth Lakshmanshashri Joshi was appointed as the chief editor. 20 volumes of Vishwakosh are published till date.
• Marathi Vishwakosh contains knowledge about all possible subjects which exist in the world. It has important entries about history. This encyclopedia serves as a vital resource for preserving the linguistic heritage of Maharashtra.
In simple words: Marathi Vishwakosh is a massive Marathi encyclopedia created to promote the language. It covers a wide range of topics, including history, and was edited by Tarkteerth Lakshmanshashri Joshi.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about Marathi Vishwakosh, remember to mention key names like Shri Yashwantrao Chavan and Tarkteerth Lakshmanshashri Joshi to score full marks.

 

Question (3) Samdnya Kosh
Answer:
1. While studying any subject we come across many new words. If their exact meaning is not understood, it can create a lot of confusion.
2. Terms in history like colonialism, imperialism, liberalisation, globalisation, socialism, communism need explanation and clarity. In order to avoid such confusions, this kosh is prepared.
3. In Samdnya Kosh, all subject related concepts are collected and explained. Information on what led to the development of concepts is provided.
4. Samdnya Kosh is very helpful for research students, teachers of history as well as common people. This specialized dictionary ensures that terminology is standardized and easily accessible to everyone.
In simple words: Samdnya Kosh is a dictionary of terminology that explains difficult concepts in history and other subjects. It helps students, teachers, and researchers avoid confusion by providing clear definitions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight how Samdnya Kosh helps in defining complex historical terms like colonialism and imperialism clearly.

 

Question (4) Saraswati Mahal Granthalay
Answer:
• The Saraswati Mahal Granthalay was built in 16-17th century in Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu during the reign of Nayak Dynasty.
• In 1675, Maharaj Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered ’ Tanjavur and established his independent rule. He and his successors contributed to the expansion of this library. ’
• Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the most in expanding and enriching the library. Because of his contribution, to honour him, the library was renamed as ’The Thanjavur Maharaj Sarfoji’s Saraswati Mahal Library’. Today, it stands as one of the oldest libraries in Asia, housing a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts.
In simple words: The Saraswati Mahal Granthalay is a historic library in Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu, built during the Nayak dynasty. It was greatly expanded by Maratha rulers, especially Sarfojiraje Bhosale, after whom it is now named.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to mention the location (Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu) and the key dynasties (Nayak and Bhosale) associated with this historic library.

p>Question 4(1). Why is library management important?
Answer: Library is not just about a collection of books but managing it is equally important. Proper management ensures that resources are utilized to their maximum potential.

• Readers can easily get the books they want if the library is properly organised.
• The location of the book should be easily traced. It saves the time and efforts of readers as well as the librarian.
• Preservation and conservation of books is done effectively with proper management. It prolongs life of books and causes less damage.
• If the management is well acquainted, they will have good collection that will make available good quality books to reader.
• Instead of collecting books on one subject there should be variety in the collection so as to cater of different readers who are very selective in their choices.
• Facilities like proper catalogues, indexes, computerised systems and modern facilities are provided by effective management of library.
• If the management is creative it will organise exhibitions, advertise, have seasonal offers for vacations, conduct competitions to increase membership.

In simple words: Library management is important because it helps organize books so readers can find them easily. It also helps preserve books, keep a diverse collection, and use modern technology to run the library smoothly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key benefits of library management like easy retrieval, preservation, and modern facilities using bullet points to make your answer clear and structured.

 

Question 4(2). Which tasks are important in archives management?
Answer: The following tasks are important in archives' management: Maintaining these records systematically ensures they remain accessible for future generations.

• Important documents to be preserved and care should be taken that document with important contents are preserved in their original condition. Confidentiality of important papers should be maintained.
• To classify the documents by preparing indexes and to create accurate systems of retrieval of documents.
• Documents from the archives are supposed to be very reliable.
• Therefore, it is important to safeguard the papers from humidity, fungus and other environmental factors.
• It is important to remain updated with latest technology in archive management.

In simple words: Archives management involves preserving important documents in their original form, keeping them confidential, and organizing them with indexes. It also requires protecting papers from damage caused by weather or pests and using modern technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention preservation, confidentiality, indexing, and protection from environmental factors as the core tasks of archive management.

 

Question 5. Complete the following Concept chart.
Answer:
The types of encyclopaedias are:

• Dictionaries
• Encyclopaedic Literature
• Indexes
• Vishwakosh

In simple words: Encyclopaedias are categorized into four main types: dictionaries, encyclopaedic literature, indexes, and vishwakosh.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize these four categories of encyclopaedias as they are highly scoring and frequently asked in concept map formats.

 

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Obtain information about the important libraries in Maharashtra. Visit the library in

 

Question 6(a). Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option: Documents and artefacts which are not exhibited are kept in .................... .
(a) Museum
(b) Library
(c) Archives
(d) Government office
Answer: (c) Archives
In simple words: Archives are special places where historical documents and records are safely stored and preserved for the future.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that while museums display objects to the public, archives are used to store and preserve documents that are not currently on display.

 

Question 6(b). Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option: .................... was the 16th century artist who worked under the patronage of French King Francis I.
(a) Leonardo-da-Vinci
(b) Michaelangelo
(c) Raphael
(d) Dante
Answer: (a) Leonardo-da-Vinci
In simple words: Leonardo da Vinci was a famous artist who moved to France to work for King Francis I during his final years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Leonardo da Vinci with King Francis I of France, who was his final patron and supporter.

 

Question 6(c). Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option: The collection in .................... increased to a great extent because of the antiquities brought by Napoleon Bonaparte.
(a) National Museum of Natural History
(b) British Museum
(c) Louvre Museum
(d) The Calico Museum
Answer: (c) Louvre Museum
In simple words: Napoleon Bonaparte conquered many lands and brought back valuable historical treasures, which greatly expanded the collection of the Louvre Museum in Paris.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Napoleon Bonaparte's conquests directly contributed to the massive growth of the Louvre Museum's collection.

 

Question 6(d). Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option: ...................., a natural scientist handed over about 71 thousand objects in his collection to the British Museum.
(a) Sir Hans Sloan
(b) King George II
(c) Napoleon Bonaparte
(d) King Francis I
Answer: (a) Sir Hans Sloan
In simple words: Sir Hans Sloane was a scientist who collected thousands of rare items and left them to the nation, which helped start the British Museum.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the name Sir Hans Sloane and the number 71,000 as they are key details about the origin of the British Museum.

 

Question (e). The Museum of Natural History which 8 houses more than 12 crore specimens of fossils is in ...................... .
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Switzerland
(d) USA.
Answer: (d) USA.
In simple words: The famous Museum of Natural History, which contains over 12 crore fossil samples, is located in the United States of America.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History is located in Washington, D.C., USA.

 

Question (f). Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu-sangrahalay was built to commemorate the visit of ...................... .
(a) King George I
(b) Queen Elizabeth
(c) Prince Charles
(d) Prince of Wales
Answer: (d) Prince of Wales
In simple words: This museum in Mumbai was constructed to honor and remember the visit of the Prince of Wales to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: The foundation stone of this museum was laid by the Prince of Wales (later King George V) in 1905.

 

Question (g). The building of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay is built in ...................... style.
(a) Mughal
(b) Indo-Greek
(c) Indo-Gothic
(d) Indo-Persian
Answer: (c) Indo-Gothic
In simple words: The museum's building is designed in the Indo-Gothic architectural style, which blends Indian and Western design elements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to architectural styles of prominent historical buildings as they are frequently asked in exams.

 

Question (h). ...................... is given status of Grade I heritage building in Mumbai.
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus
(b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
(c) Reserve Bank of India
Answer: (b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
In simple words: The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay has been officially recognized as a Grade I heritage building due to its historical and architectural importance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Grade I heritage buildings are of national or historical importance and deserve careful preservation.

 

Question (i) The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, the ............................. Emperor in Mesopotamia is one of the earliest libraries in the world.
(a) Hispanic
(b) Assyrian
(c) Mongol
(d) Akkadian
Answer: (b) Assyrian
In simple words: Ashurbanipal was an ancient ruler of the Assyrian Empire who created one of the first libraries in history to keep important clay tablets.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Ashurbanipal is directly linked to the Assyrian Empire, which helps you easily identify the correct option in history exams.

 

Question (j) The ............................. in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu was built in 16th-17th century during the times of Nayak dynasty.
(a) Vyankojiraje Bhosale
(b) Sarfojiraje Bhosale
(c) Saraswati Mahal Granthalay
(d) Vidya Niketan
Answer: (c) Saraswati Mahal Granthalay
In simple words: The Saraswati Mahal Granthalay is a historic library in Thanjavur that was started during the Nayak dynasty rule.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Thanjavur and the Nayak dynasty with the famous Saraswati Mahal library to quickly answer this question.

 

Question (k) The first official archives of India, the ............................. was established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata.
(a) National Archive
(b) Federal Record of Nation
(c) Archive National
(d) Imperial Record Department
Answer: (d) Imperial Record Department
In simple words: Before independence, the British government set up the Imperial Record Department in 1891 to keep official government papers safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the year 1891 and Kolkata; during British rule, official archives were called the "Imperial Record Department".

 

Question (l) There are about five crore Modi documents related to Maratha history in the Pune branch which are referred as ............................. .
(a) Peshwa Daftar
(b) Bhosale Daftar
(c) British Daftar
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Peshwa Daftar
In simple words: The huge collection of historical documents written in the Modi script in Pune is called the Peshwa Daftar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Pune branch houses the records of the Peshwas, so these documents are called the Peshwa Daftar.

Question. ...
(d) Maratha Daftar
Answer: (a) Peshwa Daftar
In simple words: The Peshwa Daftar is a historical archive containing important documents from the Peshwa period.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Peshwa Daftar is the main archive located in Pune containing Maratha history documents.

 

Question (m). ......................... prepared during the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is considered as an important encyclopaedia.
(a) Bharatiya Vyavahar Kosh
(b) Rajavyavaharkosh
(c) Vyavaharik Kosh
(d) Bharatiya Prachin Charitrakosh
Answer: (b) Rajavyavaharkosh
In simple words: Rajavyavaharkosh was a dictionary-like book created during Shivaji Maharaj's reign to help in state administration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names of encyclopedias created during the Maratha period, especially Rajavyavaharkosh, as they are frequently asked in MCQs.

 

Question 7. Identify the wrong pair in the following and write it:
(1)

(1) Maharaj Sayajirao University	Delhi
(2) Banaras Hindu University	Varanasi
(3) Aligarh Muslim University	Aligarh
(4) Jivaji University	Gwalior

Answer: Wrong Pair: Maharaj Sayajirao University – Delhi.
In simple words: Maharaj Sayajirao University is located in Vadodara, Gujarat, not Delhi, which makes this pair incorrect.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing the wrong pair, clearly state both the incorrect items together with a hyphen to make it easy for the examiner to grade.

 

Question 7. (2) Identify the wrong pair in the following:

(1) Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant Yancha Itihaas	Lakshman Dattatray Joshi
(2) Krantikarakancha Charitrakosh	S. R. Date

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the authors and their respective encyclopedias to easily identify incorrect matches in this section.

 

Question 1. Identify the wrong pair from the following:

Literature / Encyclopedia	Author / Editor
(3) Svantantryasainik Charitrakosh	N. R. Phatak
(4) Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh	Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar

Answer: Wrong Pair: Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh - Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar. This historical encyclopedia was actually compiled by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole.
In simple words: This pair is incorrect because Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar is famous for compiling the Maharashtriya Dnyankosh, not the Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, write the incorrect pair exactly as given in the question and then state the correct author if required.

 

Question 2. Identify the wrong pair from the following:

Encyclopedia	Editor / Contributor
(1) Bharatvarshiya Charitrakosh	Siddeshwar Shastri Chitral
(2) Marathi Vishwakosh	Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole
(3) Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh	Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi
(4) Maharashtriya Dnyankosh	Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar

Answer: Wrong Pair: Marathi Vishwakosh - Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole. The Marathi Vishwakosh was actually initiated under the leadership of Lakshman Shastri Joshi to promote Marathi literature and knowledge.
In simple words: The Marathi Vishwakosh was edited by Tarkateertha Lakshman Shastri Joshi, while Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole compiled the Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always double-check the names of editors and their respective encyclopedias, as these are frequently asked in match-the-following and wrong-pair questions.

 

Question 3. Identify the wrong pair from the following:

Literature / Institution	Creator / Information
(1) Sthanapothi	Muni Vyas
(2) Index of Marathi Periodicals	S. G. Date
(3) First Encyclopaedia of Natural History	Denis Diderot
(4) Asiatic Society of Bengal	First museum in India

Answer: Wrong Pair: First Encyclopaedia of Natural History - Denis Diderot. The first encyclopedia of natural history was actually written by Pliny the Elder in ancient Rome.
In simple words: Denis Diderot is famous for editing the French Encyclopédie, whereas the first encyclopedia on natural history was compiled by Pliny the Elder.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Denis Diderot is associated with the French Encyclopedia, which helps you easily spot this incorrect pair.

 

Question 8. Complete the following concept chart:
(1) Necessary training to preserve oral resources
(2) Criteria for designing a structure of an encyclopaedia
Answer:
(1) Necessary training to preserve oral resources:
• Mythology and Linguistics
• Sociology and Anthropology
• Social Psychology
• Writing of research reports and Articles
• History and Historical Research Method
• Library Science and Information Technology

(2) Criteria for designing a structure of an encyclopaedia:
• Accuracy
• Meticulousness
• Objectivity
• Updated information
In simple words: To preserve oral history, researchers need training in subjects like linguistics, sociology, and report writing. Similarly, when making an encyclopedia, it must be accurate, detailed, unbiased, and kept up-to-date.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing concept charts, ensure you write the exact technical terms from the textbook to secure full marks.

 

Question. What are the criteria for designing the structure of an encyclopaedia?
Answer: The criteria for designing the structure of an encyclopaedia are:
• Accuracy
• Meticulousness
• Objectivity
• Standardised format of presentation and updated information
These criteria ensure that the encyclopaedia remains a highly reliable and well-organized source of knowledge.
In simple words: To make a good encyclopaedia, the information must be correct, carefully checked, unbiased, easy to read, and kept up to date.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize these four key criteria as they are essential for any standard reference book design.

 

Question (3). Complete the concept map of noteworthy libraries in India.
Answer: The completed concept map of noteworthy libraries in India and their locations is as follows:
• New Delhi: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library
• Kolkata: National Library
• Mumbai: Library of Asiatic Society
• Hyderabad: State Central Library
These institutions are key repositories of historical documents and literature in India.
In simple words: This map shows famous libraries in India and the cities where they are located, like the National Library in Kolkata and the State Central Library in Hyderabad.

🎯 Exam Tip: Match the correct library with its respective city carefully, as these pairings are frequently asked in objective questions.

 

Question 9. Explain the concept:
(a) Archives
(b) Encyclopaedia
(c) Dictionaries
Answer:
(a) Archives:
1. An archive is a place where documents with important content in their original conditions are preserved in a scientific manner. This preservation helps safeguard historical records for future generations.
2. Artefacts and documents which are not exhibited in museums or libraries but have historical importance are kept in archives.
3. Archives provide documents to the government, research students and local public when required. Technically, the management of archives is akin to library management.
4. The documents in the archives are preserved in their original condition and hence no changes can be made to it. Documents from archives are very reliable.

(b) Encyclopaedia:
1. Encyclopaedia can be defined as a systematic compilation of words with meaning, information or knowledge on various topics.
2. A specific method is adopted to compile the information or to organise the available knowledge. This structured approach ensures that readers can easily find what they are looking for.
3. Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, standardised format of presentation and updated information are the special features of good encyclopaedia.
4. The objective of making an encyclopaedia is to make the available knowledge easily accessible to the readers.

(c) Dictionaries:
• A type of encyclopaedia giving word meaning arranged in alphabetical order is a Dictionary. It serves as an essential tool for language learning.
• Dictionaries help the readers to know meaning of the words and enrich their vocabulary.
In simple words: Archives store original historical documents, encyclopaedias compile detailed information on various topics, and dictionaries list words alphabetically with their meanings to help us build vocabulary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each concept using bullet points or numbered lists, and highlight key terms like 'original conditions' for archives and 'alphabetical order' for dictionaries.

 

Question (d) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia (Vishwakosh)
Answer:
• Comprehensive Encyclopaedia (Vishwakosh) means a book which has information on all subjects known, i.e. all subjects under the sun.
• Vishwakosh is an important medium of documenting and disseminating information.
• The information is included in encyclopaedia after thorough research and study.
• (a) There are two types of encyclopaedias – one that includes all subjects like 'Encyclopaedia Britannica', Maharashtriya Dnyankosh, Marathi Vishvakosh.
(b) The other type of encyclopaedia includes comprehensive information on one chosen subject, e.g. Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh, 'Vyayam Dnyankosh'.
In simple words: A Vishwakosh is a huge collection of books containing well-researched information on every topic imaginable. It can cover all subjects generally or focus deeply on one specific area.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the two main types of encyclopaedias along with examples like 'Encyclopaedia Britannica' to score full marks.

 

Question (e) Index
Answer:
• Index means a list.
• Index is at the end of a book which includes alphabetical lists of individuals, subjects, key words, reference books, etc.
• As the list is in alphabetical order, the reader finds it easy to access required information.
• The index of Marathi periodicals prepared by S. G. Date and index of 'Marathyancha Itihasachi Sadhane' is well-known.
In simple words: An index is an alphabetical list at the back of a book that helps readers quickly find pages where specific topics or names are mentioned.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to define what an index is and give the example of S. G. Date's index of Marathi periodicals to write a complete answer.

 

Question (f) Charitrakosh (Encyclopaedia of Biographies)
Answer:
1. Charitrakosh contained biographies of individuals who lived in a particular period and their work which inspired and motivated all the people in the society.
In simple words: A Charitrakosh is a special book that tells the life stories of inspiring people from a specific time in history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how Charitrakosh focuses on the lives and achievements of historical figures who made significant contributions.

Question. Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh
Answer:
• It contains the description of Indian history, geography, religions, sects, culture, traditions, beliefs, ethnic and lingual groups residing in our country.
• Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh throws light on, people living in a particular region, festivals and their culture.
• Mahadevshastri Joshi edited and published 10 volumes of this Kosh.
• Chakradhar Swami, of Mahanubhav sect, visited many villages and details of those villages were noted by Muni Vyas. This encyclopedia serves as a comprehensive guide to India's rich heritage.
In simple words: Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh is a 10-volume encyclopedia that describes Indian history, culture, geography, and religions. It helps us understand the diverse people and traditions of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the editor Mahadevshastri Joshi and the total number of volumes (10) to secure full marks.

 

Question 10. Write short notes:
(a) Louvre Museum
(b) British Museum
Answer:
(a) Louvre Museum:
• The Louvre Museum in Paris was established in the 18th century.
• It has antiquities collected by the royal family of France.
• The world famous painting of Mona Lisa by Leonardo-Da-Vinci is kept in this museum.
• The antiquities brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte on his return from conquests are exhibited in this museum.
• Presently, the museum has more than 3 lakh and 80 thousand artefacts. This makes it one of the most visited and culturally significant museums in the world.

(b) British Museum:
• The British Museum was established in the 18th century in London.
• It has a collection of 71 thousand objects given by natural scientist Sir Hans Sloan to King George II. This vast collection has expanded significantly over the centuries to include historical treasures from all around the globe.
In simple words: The Louvre Museum in Paris is famous for housing the Mona Lisa and treasures from French royalty and Napoleon's conquests. The British Museum in London started in the 18th century with a massive collection donated by Sir Hans Sloan.

🎯 Exam Tip: For museum notes, always specify the century of establishment (18th century for both) and key highlights like the Mona Lisa for Louvre and Sir Hans Sloan for the British Museum.

 

Question (c) National Museum of Natural History
Answer:
• The National Museum of Natural History was established in Washington DC in 1846.
• The Smithsonian Institute managed the museum from its inception. This is a museum of natural history.
• Remains of animals, plants, organisms and thousands of specimens of fossils are kept in it.
• It also has human fossils, minerals, rocks, shells, artefacts. All together it has a collection of more than 12 crore (120 million). This massive repository serves as a vital center for global scientific research.
In simple words: This museum in Washington DC is famous for keeping old remains of plants, animals, and fossils. It helps us learn about the history of nature on Earth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the location (Washington DC), the year of establishment (1846), and the managing body (Smithsonian Institute) to secure full marks.

 

Question (d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
Answer:
1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay was built to commemorate the visit of Prince of Wales to India. Some influential residents in Mumbai decided to establish a museum in 1904.
2. The foundation of the building was laid on 2nd November 1905 and the construction was completed in 1922. The museum was named as 'Prince of Wales of Western India'. In 1998 C.E. it was renamed as 'Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay.'
3. The museum building is constructed in Indo-Gothic style and has been awarded the status of Grade I heritage building. This architectural marvel beautifully blends Indian and British design elements.
4. The museum has about 50 thousand antiquities which are divided into three categories, viz.. Arts, Archaeology and Natural History.
In simple words: This museum in Mumbai was built to remember the Prince of Wales' visit. It has a beautiful Indo-Gothic design and houses thousands of historical objects divided into art, archaeology, and natural history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to write the original name ('Prince of Wales Museum') and the year it was renamed (1998) to show a complete historical understanding.

 

Question (e) Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh
Answer: Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh is an important encyclopaedic dictionary of ancient Indian history compiled by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole in 1876. It contains detailed information about various historical characters, geographical places, rivers, and significant events in ancient India. This pioneering work serves as a highly valuable reference tool for researchers studying early Indian history.
In simple words: This is an old Indian encyclopedia book created by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole. It lists important people, places, and events from ancient India's history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always mention the compiler's name (Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole) and the year of publication (1876) for this note.

(e) Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh
Answer:
• Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole wrote Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh.
• It is the first dictionary of Biography in Indian regional language.
• We get information on Manu and many ancient personalities from Mahabharat.
• We come to know about legendary people who lived in Bharatvarsha and were renowned.
• Information about their women, their sons, religions, lands, capitals, mountains and rivers.
• Which flowed in their land their entire history is given in this encyclopaedia.
In simple words: This is the first biographical dictionary in an Indian language, containing details about ancient people, geography, and history mentioned in epics like Mahabharat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole is the author of this historical dictionary.

 

(f) Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh
Answer:
• Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi edited and published 10 volumes of Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh.
• He wrote about Indian history, geography, about people speaking different languages and how they created history.
• Detailed information on culture of India and festivals, geography, traditions, ideas, is taken into consideration.
Therefore these koshs are useful for readers and research scholars. This comprehensive compilation serves as an invaluable resource for understanding India's heritage.
In simple words: Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh is a 10-volume set that explains India's history, geography, culture, and festivals. It is very helpful for researchers and readers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the editor's name, Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi, and the number of volumes (10) to secure full marks.

 

Question 11. Explain the following statements with reasons:
(a) Encyclopaedias should be created in as many languages as possible.
Answer:
Encyclopaedias symbolise the richness and vast gamut of words a language has. Creating them in multiple languages ensures knowledge is democratized and accessible to all.
• It fulfils the curiosity of readers and solves the confusion of a layman.
• Encyclopaedias inspire to carry out more research as one gets information, knowledge and references.
• Encyclopaedias provide complete information and knowledge to researchers and students which enriches their previous knowledge.
• Encyclopaedias represent intellectual and cultural development of a society.
In simple words: Encyclopaedias show how rich a language is. Making them in many languages helps common people satisfy their curiosity, helps students learn, and inspires researchers to do more work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight how encyclopaedias help both laymen (by solving confusion) and researchers (by providing references) to write a balanced answer.

Question (b) Encyclopaedia and history are related.
Answer:
• Encyclopaedias contain information about personalities, events and ancient cultures.
• In order to gather information it is essential to take the help of history.
• The common factors between an encyclopaedia and history are objectivity and authenticity.
• Research scholars of history need to refer to encyclopaedias to find information on events, personalities, concept, places, etc. as encyclopaedias are created with the help of history. Hence encyclopaedia and history are related.
In simple words: Encyclopaedias and history are closely connected because encyclopaedias store historical facts about people and events, and historians use these books to do their research.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly highlight the connection between history and encyclopaedias by mentioning key terms like objectivity, authenticity, and research reference.

 

Question (c) Improved versions of Encyclopaedia or supplements to original editions need to be published.
Answer:
1. Encyclopaedia is a systematic compilation of information or knowledge on various topics ranging from people, places and events to concepts, word meanings, etc.
2. With the passage of time the spectrum of knowledge has widened.
3. With the advent of new technology new words are added. Latest or updated information, knowledge, concepts enrich the language.
4. The references of the past events change in context of the new research. If all these changes are not incorporated in the encyclopaedias, they will become outdated.
Therefore, encyclopaedia or supplements to original editions need to be published.
In simple words: As time goes on, new discoveries are made and new words are created. If we do not update encyclopaedias with supplements, the information in them will become old and incorrect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to write the points in a logical sequence, showing how knowledge grows over time and why updates are necessary to prevent information from becoming outdated.

 

Question 12. Answer the Following Questions in 25-30 Words:

 

Question (a) What are the ways to preserve and conserve oral resources?
Answer:
• Folk songs ancl folk tales are collected and compiled.
• Collected material is classified. It is interpreted and analysed after compilation.
• The result of research conducted is then published. Oral sources of history help us understand the cultural traditions and beliefs passed down through generations.
In simple words: To save oral history, we collect traditional songs and stories, group them properly, study their meaning, and print them in books so they are never forgotten.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the three main steps: collection, classification/analysis, and publication to secure full marks.

 

Question (b) What steps are taken to preserve written sources?
Answer: Written sources have great importance in the writing of history. To preserve written sources we need –
• To collect old books, historical books, pictures, photographs, copper plates, manuscripts and official records and edit them.
• To decide upon the historical values of collected documents.
• To exhibit the selected documents.
• To publish edited documents and research reports.
• To complete necessary chemical and mechanical process of cleaning for conserving and preserving the documents. Proper preservation of these documents prevents them from decaying over time.
In simple words: To preserve written history, we collect old books and documents, check how important they are, clean them using special chemicals so they don't decay, and display or publish them for people to read.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the chemical and mechanical cleaning processes is a key technical point that examiners look for when grading this answer.

 

Question (c) What methods should be followed while studying material source?
Answer: The following methods should be followed by research scholars while studying material source:
• To collect the artefacts and classify them according to their historical date and type and prepare indexes.
• To arrange exhibitions of selected artefacts or their replicas.
• To write and publish research articles about artefacts.
• To complete required mechanical and chemical processes of cleaning for conservation and preservation of the collected documents. These systematic methods help maintain the physical integrity of ancient objects while making them accessible to the public.
In simple words: When studying physical objects from the past, researchers must collect and group them by age, clean them carefully, display them in museums, and write articles explaining what they are.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to include both physical care (cleaning) and public sharing (exhibitions and articles) as key parts of studying material sources.

 

Question (d) Write about the earliest libraries in the world.
Answer: The earliest libraries in the world were established in ancient civilizations to preserve knowledge. Some of the most famous early libraries include:
• The clay tablet library at Nippur in Mesopotamia, dating back to around 1400 BCE.
• The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal in Assyria, established in the 7th century BCE, which contained thousands of cuneiform tablets.
• The Library of Alexandria in Egypt, established in the 3rd century BCE, which was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. These ancient repositories laid the foundation for modern archival and library science.
In simple words: The oldest libraries in the world started thousands of years ago in places like Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Egypt, where they kept clay tablets and scrolls to save important information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name at least two ancient libraries, such as the Library of Ashurbanipal and the Library of Alexandria, along with their locations and time periods, to score full marks.

Libraries Were Established in Different Parts of the World in Ancient Times:
• The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal is the earliest library dating back to the 7th century B.C.E. in Mesopotamia. The library was owned by the Assyrian emperor.
• A library was discovered at Alexandria in Egypt which was built in 4th century C.E.
• The library at Takshashila university in 5th century B.C.E. – 5th century C.E. as it was a noted centre of learning.

 

Question (e) Write about format of Encyclopaedias.
Answer: Format of Encyclopaedias:
• Encyclopaedias are made according to selected subjects; therefore encyclopaedias are classified according to the subjects.
• Encyclopaedias are framed according to alphabetical order or as per the order of topics.
• They provide the exact meaning of words and give information on concepts. This systematic arrangement helps readers locate information quickly and efficiently.
• The type of order is kept according to the convenience of the readers. An index is provided at the end of the encyclopaedia for this purpose.
In simple words: Encyclopaedias are organized books of knowledge. They are arranged either alphabetically or by subject so that readers can easily find definitions and information.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about the format of encyclopaedias, remember to highlight key organizing features like alphabetical order, subject classification, and the use of an index.

 

Question (f) Write about Encyclopaedic Literature.
Answer:
• It appears similar to an encyclopaedia but differs in composition.
• Information and scholarly articles on all possible aspects of a subject is covered.
• Experts are called to write on different topics which are compiled to create encyclopaedia. These scholarly contributions ensure that the information is highly accurate and reliable.
• ‘Maharashtra Jeevan’ Volume I and II; ‘Shahar Pune’ Volume I and II; Yearbook like Manorama, etc. are the examples of Encyclopaedic Literature.
In simple words: Encyclopaedic literature is similar to an encyclopaedia but focuses on scholarly articles written by experts on specific subjects. Examples include books like 'Shahar Pune' and yearbooks like 'Manorama'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between standard encyclopaedias and encyclopaedic literature by mentioning that the latter contains expert-written scholarly articles and giving specific examples like 'Manorama'.

 

Question (g) Give information on early encyclopaedias made in the west.
Answer:
• The process of making encyclopaedias started in before 1st century C.E. in the west. Pliny wrote the first encyclopaedia on natural history between 23 C.E.-79 C.E.
• In the 8th and 9th century, encyclopaedias were written in England, France and in Arab countries.
• French Philosopher Denis Diderot wrote Encyclopaedia in the 18th century C.E.
• The important milestone in this process was 'Encyclopaedia Britannica' published in 1767 C.E.
• Wikipedia is considered equivalent to encyclopaedia. The information given in this encyclopaedia is highly reliable and updated. This digital platform has revolutionized how we access knowledge globally.
In simple words: People in the West started making encyclopedias a very long time ago, starting with Pliny in ancient Rome. Over the centuries, writers in Europe and Arab countries created books to collect all human knowledge, leading to famous works like the Encyclopaedia Britannica and today's Wikipedia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key milestones like Pliny's work, Denis Diderot, and the Encyclopaedia Britannica in chronological order to score full marks.

 

Question (h) Write about ancient Indian encyclopaedias.
Answer:
• In the 7th century C.E., Nighantu, a dictionary (information on ancient medicine) in Sanskrit language was written. Dictionaries like Dhatupath were written.
• In tjie medieval times, encyclopaedic text was composed by Mahanubhav sect.
• Amarsimha wrote a thesaurus in Sanskrit 'Amarkosha'.
• Raghunath Pandit prepared Rajavyavaharkosh as directed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. These works helped preserve and organize classical Indian knowledge.
In simple words: Ancient India had its own encyclopedias and dictionaries written in Sanskrit, like the Nighantu and Amarkosha. Later, during medieval times, books like the Rajavyavaharkosh were created to organize terms and knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list specific texts like Nighantu, Amarkosha, and Rajavyavaharkosh along with their respective eras or authors.

 

Question 13. Read the following passage and answer the following questions:

 

Question 13(a) Which factors influence Encyclopaedia?
Answer: The influence of national policies, ethical values and ideals, philosophy and traditions is seen in an encyclopaedia. These elements shape how information is presented and prioritized.
In simple words: An encyclopedia is influenced by a country's laws, moral values, beliefs, and long-standing traditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list all four influencing factors—national policies, ethical values, philosophy, and traditions—to ensure a complete answer.

 

Question 13(b) What is the common factor between history and encyclopaedia?
Answer: History and encyclopaedia both are objective. They focus on presenting factual and unbiased information to the readers.
In simple words: Both history and encyclopedias aim to be completely fair and factual, without taking sides or showing personal bias.

🎯 Exam Tip: The keyword 'objective' is crucial here; make sure to highlight objectivity as the shared characteristic.

Question (c) Explain the statement: Encyclopaedias are looked upon as outstanding achievements of a society.
Answer:
• The knowledge in all the spheres of society is made accessible to everyone is the major reason behind making an encyclopaedia.
• What inspires people to create encyclopaedias is the instinct to gain knowledge and spread it.
• Encyclopaedias reflect the collective intellect and creativity of society.
• One develops a sense of pride after knowing about nation's progress through it.

Hence encyclopaedias are looked upon as outstanding achievements of a society. This shows how a society values, organizes, and preserves its shared wisdom for future generations.
In simple words: Encyclopaedias gather all human knowledge in one place. They show how smart, creative, and organized a society is, which is why they are seen as great achievements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key terms like "collective intellect", "creativity of society", and "accessibility of knowledge" to secure maximum marks.

 

Question 14. Give elaborate answers to the following: (3 marks each)
(a) What kind of training is required to study written sources?
Answer: While studying and handling written sources the following training is required:
• The students should have knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, Modi, Persian and their development.
• They should know ways to obtain information about the social organisations and traditions.
• They should know about the literature and writing style in past societies.
• They should have basic knowledge about administrative systems, dynasties and cultures of the past.
• They should study prevalent schools of painting and sculpture.
• They should be able to collect information on types of paper, know about ink and colour of ancient document and ways to handle.
• They should be well acquainted with properties of stones and metals used for inscriptions.
• Articles published earlier on case study should be read.
• They should know the chemicals and equipment used in various processes of cleaning and preserving the documents. These specialized skills ensure that historical documents are interpreted accurately without causing any physical damage to them.
In simple words: To study old written documents, researchers need to learn ancient languages, understand past cultures, and know how to safely handle and chemically preserve delicate old papers and inscriptions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize at least 4 to 5 specific training requirements, such as knowledge of ancient scripts (Brahmi, Modi) and preservation techniques, to score full marks in 3-mark questions.

Question (b) What kind of training is required to study material sources?
Answer: Student should have following knowledge to study material resource:
• They should have basic knowledge of archaeological method and theory.
• They should be acquainted with the history of ancient civilisations.
• They should have knowledge of various techniques of excavation.
• Stones, minerals and clay used to make artefacts and their characteristics to be studied.
• They should be well-acquainted with the sources of the material used and their chemical properties.
• They should also know about various styles of making artefacts and development in their making process.
• They should have the knowledge and skills of making replicas of artefacts and fossils.
• They should read research papers previously published on his case study.
• They should acquire information about the approaches of arranging exhibitions and administrations.
• They should know about the equipment and chemicals necessary for the cleaning of artefacts.
• They should be able to write research reports and articles.
In simple words: To study material sources, students need to learn about archaeology, ancient history, excavation methods, and how to preserve and display historical objects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention at least 4-5 key areas of training, such as archaeological methods, chemical analysis, and exhibition management, to secure full marks.

 

Question (c) Write information about museums in India.
Answer:
• 'Indian Museum' established by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Kolkata was the first museum in India in 1814.
• The 'Government Museum' established in Chennai in 1851 C.E. was the second museum in India. The National Museum was established in Delhi in 1949.
• The foundation of the Prince of Wales Museum was laid in Mumbai in 1905. Its construction was completed in 1922. It was renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji
In simple words: India's first museum was the Indian Museum in Kolkata, founded in 1814. Other major museums include the Government Museum in Chennai, the National Museum in Delhi, and the Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the names, locations, and establishment years of key Indian museums like the Indian Museum in Kolkata (1814) and the Government Museum in Chennai (1851).

 

Question (d) Give information on "National Archives of India."
Answer:
• The first official archive of India was established in Kolkata in 1891 C.E. as the 'Imperial Record Department'.
• It was moved to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
• In 1998 C.E. it was made accessible to the public by the then President of India K.R. Narayanan.
• It was renamed as 'National Archive' (National Archive of India). Archives come under the Ministry of Culture of the Indian Government.
• This archive has papers, maps, books and micro films preserved in chronological order since 1748. These archives serve as an invaluable repository of our collective historical memory.
• Records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, Sanskrit, Devanagari and Modi languages are preserved.
• Papers kept in archives are classified into public, oriental, manuscripts and private papers.
• The National Archives of India is the largest in Asia and technologically advanced.
In simple words: The National Archives of India is a giant library in Delhi that keeps very old and important government papers, maps, and books safe. It helps us study history by preserving documents from as far back as 1748.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key years like 1891 (establishment in Kolkata) and 1911 (shift to Delhi) to secure full marks in this short note.

 

Question (e) Explain the statement: A nation should have museums and libraries.
Answer: Museums and libraries mirror the history of the country and that is the reason they are very valuable for a nation. By preserving these physical remnants of our past, we ensure that future generations remain connected to their roots.
• Museums and Libraries make it easy for the research scholar to write history.
• Historical events and life stories of important people reach the masses.
• People get an idea about past social, political and cultural conditions.
• A visit to museums increases one's interest.
• A change in a prejudiced view about history is seen.
• Information on animals, microorganisms, birds and elements of nature.
In simple words: Museums and libraries are like time machines that show us how people lived, thought, and ruled in the past. They help researchers write history and help ordinary people learn about their culture and nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by first stating why they are valuable, followed by bullet points showing their benefits to researchers, the public, and education.

 

Question 1. Why is it important for a nation to have museums and libraries?
Answer: It is highly beneficial for a nation to preserve its heritage.
• Museums contribute to the process of gaining and dissemination of knowledge.
• Ancient historical sources are preserved.
• Tourism is promoted.
• It creates opportunities for employment.
Hence it can be said that it is important for a nation to have museums and libraries as they both are symbols of nation’s progress and glory. They also serve as educational hubs for students and researchers.
In simple words: Museums and libraries help us keep our history safe and teach us about the past. They also bring in tourists and create jobs, showing how much a country has progressed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the importance of museums, list key benefits like knowledge sharing, preservation, and employment generation to secure full marks.

Memory Map

1. Sources of History

• Sources of History
  • Oral-Written-Material Sources
    • Preservation and conservation of sources
      • Necessary training
  • Museums
    • European museums
    • Work done by museums
    • Indian museums
  • Archives
    • Work done by Archives
    • Indian Archives

 

2. Encyclopaedia

• Encyclopaedia
  • Meaning
  • Need
  • Structure
  • Format
  • Encyclopaedic and History
  • Types of Encyclopaedia

 

3. Types of Encyclopaedia

• Types of Encyclopaedia
  • Dictionaries
    • Comprehensive dictionaries
    • Etymology dictionaries
    • Thesaurus
  • Vishwakosh
    • Dnyankosh
    • Samskruti Kosh
    • Encyclopaedias on History
  • Encyclopaedia Literature
    • Charitrakosh
    • Comprehensive Encyclopaedia
  • Indexes
    • Subject indexes
    • Place indexes
    • Indexes of key words
    • Reference books