Maharashtra Board Class 10 History Chapter 2 Historiography Indian Tradition Solutions

History Class 10 Chapter 2 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

 

Question 1. (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) ………………. was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
(a) Alexander Cunningham
(b) William Jones
(c) John Marshall
(d) Friedrich Max Muller
Answer: (a) Sir Alexander Cunningham
In simple words: Sir Alexander Cunningham was a British archaeologist and engineer who served as the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), playing a pivotal role in the exploration and preservation of India's historical sites.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key figures associated with the establishment and early leadership of important Indian institutions, as these are often tested for general knowledge and historical context.

 

Question 1. (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(2) ………………. translated the Sanskrit text of 'Hitopadesh' in the German language.
(a) James Mill
(b) Friedrich Max Muller
(c) Mountstuart Elphinstone
(d) Sir John Marshall
Answer: (b) Friedrich Max Muller
In simple words: Friedrich Max Muller was a German philologist and Orientalist who made significant contributions to the study of Indian culture, including translating the Sanskrit 'Hitopadesh' into German.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowledge of foreign scholars' contributions to understanding Indian texts and languages is important for a broader historical perspective.

 

Question 1. (B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) 'Who were the Shudras' – subaltern History
(2) 'Stri-Purush Tulana' – Feminist writing
(3) 'The Indian War of Independence 1857' – Marxist History
(4) Grant Duff – Colonial History.
Answer:
Wrong Pair: 'The Indian War of Independence 1857' - Marxist History
In simple words: 'The Indian War of Independence 1857' is a work associated with Nationalistic historiography, not Marxist historiography, as it interprets the revolt from an Indian patriotic viewpoint.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately associating books or events with their correct historical schools of thought is crucial for demonstrating comprehensive understanding.

 

Question 2. Explain the following with its reason.
(1) Writing of the regional history received a momentum.
Answer:
• Indian historians trained in the British educational system showed an inclination to restore the self-esteem of Indians They started writing Nationalistic historiography.
• Historians from the different regions of India criticised the prejudiced history of India written by the British officers.
• Their attention was drawn towards geographic conditions and history of different regions of India.
• The nationalistic historiography helped in triggering the independence movement.
• It provided a momentum to the writing of regional histories for e.g.
• Nationalistic writings in Maharashtra were inspired by Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar.
Hence, writing of the regional history received momentum.
In simple words: Regional history gained momentum because Indian historians, inspired by nationalistic ideals, sought to counter biased British accounts and highlight the unique historical and geographical aspects of different Indian regions, which also fueled the independence movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining historical movements, focus on identifying both the causes (e.g., British bias, nationalistic ideals) and the effects (e.g., regional histories, independence movement).

 

Question 2. Explain the following with its reason.
(2) Bakhar is an important type of historical documents.
Answer:
• Bakhars are important source of history like coins, inscriptions, texts, copper plates and travelogues.
• Bakhars contain eulogies of the heroes, historic events, stories of lives of great men and description of battles.
• It portrays a picture of prevalent society, religions and economic life.
• Bakhars are of various types which contain biographies of kings, dynastic history, description of events, sects, autobiographies, mythologies, administration of kings, etc.
• These descriptions are helpful for writing historiography.
• Among well-known Marathi. Bakhars 'Sabhasad Bakhar' written by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad requires a special mention Bhausahebanchi Bakhar and Panipatachi Bakhar describe the 'Battle of Panipat'.
Hence, Bakhars are important type of historical document.
In simple words: Bakhars are crucial historical documents because they provide detailed accounts of heroes, events, battles, and societal life, serving as rich primary sources for understanding various aspects of past kingdoms and cultures.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing types of historical sources, always include examples and mention the specific information they provide, as this enhances the completeness of your answer.

 

Question 3. Write detailed Answers the following questions in detail.
(1) What is Marxist History?
Answer:
1. In the post-independence era, new trends emerged in writing Indian historiography. Marxist historiography is prominent among them.
2. Historiography which is based on ideas of Karl Marx is known as Marxist Historiography. In Marxist Historiography, more importance was given to class struggles.
3. Marxist Historiography reflects concerns for means and modes of production as well as the industrial relations. These became centre of writings of the Marxist historians.
4. How every social event affects the life of people was analysed and it became the theme of Marxist historians Marxist historians studied the transitions that took place in the caste system.
5. Notable Indian historians who adopted Marxist ideologies were Damodar Kosambi, Comrade Shripad Dange, Sharad Patil and Ram Sharan Sharma.
6. Their writings reflected Marxist ideology. Comrade Dange was the founder member of the Indian Communist Party
In simple words: Marxist history, rooted in Karl Marx's ideas, emphasizes class struggles, means of production, and industrial relations to analyze how social events impact people's lives and transitions within the caste system.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining concepts like Marxist history, ensure you define its core principles, highlight its focus areas, and name prominent proponents, especially in the Indian context.

 

Question 3. Write detailed Answers the following questions in detail.
(2) What is the contribution of Itihasacharya V.K. Rajwade to historiography?
Answer:
1. V.K. Rajwade is well-known for his writings in Marathi on subjects like history, linguistics, etymology and grammar. His contributions are as follows:
2. He compiled and edited 22 volumes of Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane.
3. He stated that history is the all-inclusive image of the past societies.
4. V. K. Rajwade was of the view that history does not include only the stories of political images, conspiracies and Wars for seizing power.
5. He was of the firm opinion that we should write our own history and insisted that history. should be written only using the authentic sources.
6. He was of the opinion that description of any human event in historiography should have balanced combination of three factors namely - Time, Space and Personalities.
In simple words: V.K. Rajwade significantly contributed to historiography by compiling "Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane," advocating for history based on authentic sources, and defining history as an all-inclusive portrayal of past societies considering time, space, and personalities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing contributions of historical figures, mention specific works, their key philosophies or methodologies, and how they expanded the scope of their field.

 

Question 4. (a) Complete the following chart.

Historian	Name of the Book
James Mill	'The History of British India'
James Grant Duff	................................................................
...........................................	'The History of India'
S.A. Dange	................................................................
...........................................	'Who were the Shudras'

Answer:

Historian	Name of the Book
James Mill	The History of British India
James Grant Duff	A History of Mahrattas
Mountstuart Elphinstone	The History of India
S. A. Dange	Primitive Communism to Slavery
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar	Who Were the Shudras

In simple words: This chart correctly pairs prominent historians with their significant literary works, illustrating key contributions to historical documentation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing the correct associations between historians and their works is essential, as such matching questions are common in history exams.

 

Question 4. (b) Complete the following concept chart.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक हीरे के आकार का अवधारणा चार्ट दर्शाता है जिसमें "इतिहासलेखन का उद्देश्य" और "बाबर द्वारा लड़े गए युद्धों का विवरण" दो मुख्य अक्षों के रूप में हैं। इसमें "जियाउद्दीन बरनी", "तुज़ुक-ए-बाबरी", "कल्हण", "सभासद बखर" जैसे अन्य बॉक्स और कुछ खाली स्थान भी हैं, जो चार्ट को संबंधित इतिहासकारों और उनके कार्यों या ऐतिहासिक पहलुओं से पूरा करने का कार्य दर्शाते हैं।
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूरा किया गया हीरे के आकार का अवधारणा चार्ट प्रस्तुत करता है। चार्ट इतिहासकारों और उनके कार्यों/उद्देश्यों को ऐतिहासिक श्रेणियों से जोड़ता है। "इतिहासलेखन का उद्देश्य" के लिए, "जियाउद्दीन बरनी" को "तारीख-ए-फ़िरुज़" से जोड़ा गया है। "बाबर द्वारा लड़े गए युद्धों का विवरण" के लिए, "सम्राट बाबर" को "तुज़ुक-ए-बाबरी" से जोड़ा गया है। "कश्मीर का इतिहास" के लिए, "कल्हण" को "राजतरंगिणी" से जोड़ा गया है। "छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज का शासनकाल" के लिए, "कृष्णाजी अनंत सभासद" को "सभासद बखर" से जोड़ा गया है।
In simple words: The completed concept chart accurately connects specific historians with their respective historical works and areas of focus, demonstrating the diverse facets of Indian historiography.

🎯 Exam Tip: For concept charts, understand the relationships between the elements (e.g., historian to work, historical period to type of history) rather than just memorizing names, as this helps in applying knowledge to similar questions.

 

Question 5. Explain the following concepts.
(1) Orientalist historiography.
Answer:
1. In the later part of the eighteenth century many European scholars felt curious to know about civilisations and countries of the East.
2. These scholars who studied the Indian Civilization had respect and admiration for it. They were known as 'Orientalists'.
3. They studied similarities between Sanskrit and some of the European languages, focussing more on Vedic traditions and Sanskrit literature.
4. It resulted in the notion that an ancient language could be the mother of all Indo-European languages.
5. Notable Orientalist scholars are Friedrich Max Muller and William Jones.
In simple words: Orientalist historiography refers to the studies by 18th-century European scholars who, out of curiosity and admiration for Eastern civilizations like India, focused on Sanskrit literature and Vedic traditions, often connecting Sanskrit to other Indo-European languages.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining historical concepts, always provide a clear definition, mention key characteristics, and list important proponents or examples to strengthen your explanation.

 

Question 5. Explain the following concepts.
(2) Nationalistic historiography.
Answer:
1. English education started in India in the nineteenth century. The Indian historians who were trained in English education system realised the glory of their past.
2. They showed an inclination to restore the pride in the ancient glory of India and the self-esteem of the Indian readers.
3. They laid the foundation of Nationalistic writing. Nationalistic writings in Maharashtra were inspired by 'Vishnushastri Chiplunkar'.
4. Nationalistic historians opposed the prejudiced history written by the British officers.
5. Mahadev Govind Ranade, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar are renowned Nationalistic historians.
6. Nationalistic historiography inspired freedom struggle against the Britishers and gave momentum to write about regional history. While glorifying the past, at times they are blamed for ignoring to critically analyse the truth.
In simple words: Nationalistic historiography emerged in India to restore national pride, countering biased British historical accounts by highlighting India's glorious past and inspiring the freedom struggle, though sometimes criticized for uncritical glorification.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the motivations and impact of nationalistic historiography, including its positive role in fostering identity and its potential pitfalls like a lack of critical analysis.

 

Question 5. Explain the following concepts.
(3) Subaltern history.
Answer:
• History of deprived classes or communities who were deprived of all rights is known as subaltern history.
• The seeds of subaltern history can be traced in the Marxist history. Italian historian Antonio Gramsci has special importance in writing the subaltern history.
• He presented the idea that history should be written starting from the bottommost ranks of people in the society.
• Ranjit Guha, an Indian historian, has given prominence to subaltern history and played a major role in establishing it as an important academic school of historiography.
• Similar thoughts were expressed by Mahatma Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar which can be found in their writings.
In simple words: Subaltern history focuses on the narratives and experiences of marginalized or deprived communities who were historically excluded from mainstream historical accounts, seeking to tell history from the perspective of "from below."

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing subaltern history, ensure you define its core focus, mention its key proponents (like Gramsci and Guha), and explain its goal of giving voice to the voiceless.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(a) The first written document found in India was inscribed during the rule of Emperor ……………….
(a) Akbar
(b) Harshavardhan
(c) Ashoka Maurya
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer: (c) Ashoka Maurya
In simple words: The earliest written documents in India are the inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka Maurya, which date back to the 3rd century BCE.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key timelines and the significant rulers associated with early historical records is fundamental to understanding ancient Indian history.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(b) Banabhatta wrote King Harsha's biography titled ………………. in the 7th century CE.
(a) Meghdoot
(b) Rajtarangini
(c) Rasratnakar
(d) Harshacharit
Answer: (d) Harshacharit
In simple words: The 'Harshacharit' is a biography of Emperor Harsha, written by his court poet Banabhatta in the 7th century CE, offering insights into his reign.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking specific historical figures with the literary works attributed to them is a common way to assess knowledge of historical sources.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(c) In the 12th century C.E., ………………. wrote a book 'Rajtarangini' about history of Kashmir.
(a) Banabhatta
(b) Kalhana
(c) Ziquddin Barani
(d) Patanjali
Answer: (b) Kalhana.
In simple words: Kalhana, a 12th-century historian, authored 'Rajtarangini', a significant historical chronicle that meticulously documents the history of Kashmir.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the unique historical sources like 'Rajtarangini' and their authors, as they represent early examples of systematic historiography in India.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(d) The historians in the courts of Muslim rulers were influenced by ………………. historiography.
(a) Greek and Roman
(b) Arabic and Persian
(c) English and French
(d) Arabic and Urdu
Answer: (b) Arabic and Persian
In simple words: Historians in the courts of Muslim rulers in India were primarily influenced by the traditions and styles of Arabic and Persian historiography.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the cultural and linguistic influences on historical writing during different periods, such as the Mughal era, is important for contextualizing historical texts.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(e) We get information about the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj from ……………….
(a) Bhausahebanchi Bakhar
(b) Panipatachi Bakhar
(c) Sabhasad Bakhar
(d) Holkaranchi Bakhar
Answer: (c) Sabhasad Bakhar
In simple words: The 'Sabhasad Bakhar' is a crucial historical text that provides valuable information and accounts of the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing primary sources like Bakhars and their specific historical focus (e.g., Shivaji Maharaj's rule) is vital for understanding regional history.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(f) 'Bhausahebanchi Bakhar' describes Battle of ……………….
(a) Raigad
(b) Panipat
(c) Plassey
(d) Vasai
Answer: (b) Panipat
In simple words: The 'Bhausahebanchi Bakhar' is a historical narrative that specifically chronicles the events and details of the Battle of Panipat.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguishing between different Bakhars and their specific subject matter (e.g., 'Bhausahebanchi Bakhar' for Panipat) helps in precise historical recall.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(g) The first book written by a British historian on Indian history is ……………….
(a) The History of India
(b) The History of Maharaj
(c) The History of British India
(d) The Sacred Books of the East
Answer: (c) The History of British India
In simple words: James Mill's 'The History of British India' is recognized as the first comprehensive book on Indian history written by a British historian.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify groundbreaking works and their authors, especially those that marked significant shifts in historical writing or introduced new perspectives, like early British accounts of India.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(h) Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and V.K. Rajwade exposed the limitations in writings of ……………….
(a) Friedrich Max Muller
(b) Colonel Todd
(c) Grant Duff
(d) William Wilson Hunter
Answer: (c) Grant Duff
In simple words: Indian historians Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and V.K. Rajwade critically evaluated and highlighted the biases and limitations in the historical writings of British officer James Grant Duff, particularly concerning Maratha history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the critical responses of Indian historians to colonial accounts is crucial for appreciating the development of nationalist and post-colonial historiography.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(i) ………………., an Indian historian played a major role in establishing subaltern history as an important academic school of historiography.
(a) Comrade Sharad Patil
(b) Ranjit Guha
(c) Dharmanand Kosambi
(d) Ram Sharan Sharma
Answer: (b) Ranjit Guha.
In simple words: Ranjit Guha was a pivotal Indian historian who established subaltern studies as a significant academic approach, focusing on the history of marginalized groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key figures in specific historiographical schools, like Ranjit Guha in subaltern history, are important to remember for their theoretical and methodological contributions.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(j) The writings of British officials on India display strong influence of ……………….
(a) Marxism
(b) Colonalism
(c) Feminism
(d) Capitalism
Answer: (b) Colonalism
In simple words: British officials' historical writings about India were heavily influenced by colonial perspectives, often justifying British rule and portraying Indian society in a prejudiced manner.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how political ideologies like colonialism shaped historical narratives, leading to biased interpretations that need to be critically examined.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(k) The Nationalistic Historiography in Maharashtra was inspired by works of ……………….
(a) Vinayak Damotfar Savarkar
(b) Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar
(c) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
(d) Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade
Answer: (c) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
In simple words: Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, a prominent Marathi writer and intellectual, played a significant role in inspiring nationalistic historiography in Maharashtra.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect regional intellectual figures with their specific contributions to broader national movements, such as the inspiration provided to nationalistic historiography.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(l) The two volumes written by ………………. on Indian history show impartial treatment of the subject.
(a) Colonel Todd
(b) William Wilson Hunter
(c) Grant Duff
(d) James Mill
Answer: (b) William Wilson Hunter
In simple words: William Wilson Hunter's works on Indian history are noted for their relatively impartial treatment of the subject compared to other British historians of his era.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between historians based on their objectivity or bias is an important critical thinking skill in history, often highlighted by specific works.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(m) 'Primitive Communism to Slavery', represents ………………. the historiography.
(a) Colonial
(b) Orientalist
(c) Nationalistic
(d) Marxist
Answer: (d) Marxist
In simple words: The work 'Primitive Communism to Slavery' is a classic example of Marxist historiography, which analyzes historical development through the lens of economic systems and class relations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that titles referencing societal evolution through economic stages often indicate a Marxist interpretation of history.

 

Question 6. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(n) 'Stripurush Tulana' was written by ………………. is acknowledged as first feminist book in India.
(a) Meera Kosambi
(b) Dr. Sharmila Rege
(c) Tarabai Shinde
(d) Pandita Ramabai
Answer: (c) Tarabai Shinde.
In simple words: 'Stripurush Tulana', authored by Tarabai Shinde, is widely regarded as the first feminist book in India, criticizing patriarchal societal norms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognizing pioneering works and authors, especially those contributing to emerging fields like feminist history, is important for understanding social reform movements.

 

Question 7. Identify the wrong pair and write it:
(1)

Name of the Book	Types of Historiography
(1) Who were the Shudras	(a) Subaltern history
(2) Stripurush Tulana	(b) Feminist writing
(3) The Indian War of Independence	(c) Marxist History
(4) Grant Duff	(d) Colonial History

Answer:
Wrong pair: 'The Indian War of Independence 1857' - Marxist History
In simple words: The book 'The Indian War of Independence 1857' by V.D. Savarkar is a cornerstone of Nationalistic historiography, interpreting the 1857 revolt as a freedom struggle, not a class-based conflict as Marxist history would suggest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully examine the ideological underpinnings of historical works to correctly classify them within different historiographical traditions.

 

Question 7. Identify the wrong pair and write it:
(2)

Name of the Book	Historian
(1) The Rise of the Maratha Power	(a) Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade
(2) Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane	(b) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
(3) Maratha Riyasat	(c) Govind Sakharam Sardesai
(4) Gulamgiri	(d) Mahatma Phule

Answer:
Wrong pair: Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane- Vishnushastri Chiplunkar.
In simple words: 'Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane' was compiled by Itihasacharya V.K. Rajwade, not Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, making this the incorrect pairing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always verify the correct author for historical texts, especially when multiple individuals contribute to similar fields or periods.

 

Question 7. Identify the wrong pair and write it:
(3)

Work	Scholars
(1) Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Manda	(a) V. K. Rajwade
(2) Asiatic Society	(b) Sir William Jones
(3) Inspiration for Nationalistic historiography	(c) Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
(4) Discovery of Harappan Civilization	(d) James Mill

Answer:
Wrong pair: Discovery of Harappan Clvilization - James Mill.
In simple words: The discovery and supervision of the Harappan Civilization excavations were primarily attributed to Sir John Marshall and his team, not James Mill, whose work predates this discovery.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately associating major historical discoveries with the individuals or organizations responsible for them is crucial for factual accuracy.

 

Question 7. Identify the wrong pair and write it:
(4)

Historiography	Historian
(1) Nationalistic Historiography	(a) V. D. Savarkar
(2) Marxist Historiography	(b) Damodar Kosambi
(3) Subaltern Historiography	(c) Ramchandra Guha
(4) Feminist Historiography	(d) Sharmila Rege

Answer:
Wrong pair: Subaltern Historiography - Bamchandra Guha.
In simple words: While Ramchandra Guha is a renowned historian, the significant figure associated with establishing Subaltern Studies as an academic school is Ranjit Guha, not Bamchandra Guha (which might be a typo for Ramchandra Guha, but the specific pairing is off).

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the exact names of historians and their specific contributions to different schools of historiography to avoid common errors.

 

Question 8. Do as directed:
(1)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक प्रवाह चार्ट प्रदर्शित करता है जो "राष्ट्रवादी इतिहासकारों" से शुरू होकर आगे बढ़ता है। इसमें पहला सूचीबद्ध इतिहासकार "अनंत सदाशिव आटलेकर" है, जिसके बाद तीन खाली बॉक्स हैं, जो अन्य प्रमुख राष्ट्रवादी इतिहासकारों को सूचीबद्ध करने का कार्य दर्शाते हैं।
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूरा किया गया प्रवाह चार्ट प्रस्तुत करता है जो प्रमुख राष्ट्रवादी इतिहासकारों को सूचीबद्ध करता है। "राष्ट्रवादी इतिहासकारों" से शुरू होकर, यह "अनंत सदाशिव अल्टेकर", "रामकृष्ण गोपाल भंडारकर", "रमेश चंद्र मजूमदार", "वासुदेव विष्णु मिराशी", और "भगवान लाल इंद्रजी" को शामिल करने के लिए शाखाबद्ध होता है, जो एक व्यापक सूची को प्रदर्शित करता है।
In simple words: This chart illustrates key nationalistic historians, including Anant Sadashiv Altekar, Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, and Bhagwan Lal Indraji, who contributed to the nationalistic interpretation of Indian history.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to complete a chart of historians, ensure you include a diverse range of figures from the specified school of thought to show a comprehensive understanding.

Question 9. Explain the concepts:

(a) Colonial Historiography:
Answer:

• The history written by British officers and Christian missionaries in support of British rule and colonialism is known as Colonial historiography.
• It reflected their prejudiced mindset about Indian culture. They ridiculed the Indian culture as being primitive.
• Their writings justified the colonial British rule.
• The distinct example of colonial historiography is 'Cambridge History of India' in five volumes published during 1922-1937.

In simple words: Colonial historiography refers to historical writings by British officers and missionaries that supported British rule and often portrayed Indian culture negatively to justify colonialism. These works served to legitimize foreign domination.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the characteristics and purpose of Colonial historiography, including its prejudiced nature and justification of British rule.

 

Question 10. Write short notes:

(a) Alexander Cunningham:
Answer:

• British rulers started archaeological exploration and research in India in the 20th century.
• They established the Archaeological Survey of India and appointed Sir Alexander Cunningham as its first Director General.
• He mainly chose the sites mentioned in the Buddhist texts for excavations.
• Many other ancient sites were excavated under his supervision.

In simple words: Sir Alexander Cunningham was the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, leading early archaeological research and excavations primarily at Buddhist sites in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember his role as the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India and his focus on Buddhist sites.

 

(b) James Mill:
Answer:

• James Mill, a British historian, had written the monumental book 'The History of British India'. He published it in three volumes in 1817.
• The book is important as it was the first book written by a British officer on Indian history.
• The book: lacks objective perspective and is prejudiced about various aspects of the Indian culture.

In simple words: James Mill was a British historian who wrote 'The History of British India', a significant but prejudiced early work on Indian history published in 1817.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note his book 'The History of British India' and its lack of objective perspective due to his colonial viewpoint.

 

(c) Grant Duff:
Answer:

• Grant Duff, a British officer, wrote the book 'A History of Mahrattas', in three volumes.
• His name stands out among the British officers who wrote about Maratha history.
• The tendency of the British historians to condemn Indian culture and history is found in Grant Duff's writing.
• Historians Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade exposed the limitations of Grant Duff's writings.

In simple words: Grant Duff was a British officer known for his three-volume work 'A History of Mahrattas', which was influential but criticized for its colonial bias and condemnation of Indian culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify Grant Duff with 'A History of Mahrattas' and his prejudiced portrayal of Maratha history, which was later challenged by Indian scholars.

 

(d) Indian Feminist Historiography:
Answer:

1. Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Ramabai and Dr. Rukhamabai were feminist historians before independence.
2. They wrote about employment of women, their right to political equality, treatment meted out to women at their workplace and gender discrimination.
3. A lot of literature is available unfolding the viewpoint of Dalit women on problems like social class, caste, etc. In the post-independence era.
4. Dr. Sharmila Rege included her essays on the autobiographies of Dalit women in her book, 'Writing Caste, Writing Gender: Reading Dalit Women's Testimonies.'
5. Meera Kosambi's book, 'Crossing Thresholds: Feminist Essays in Social History' contains essays on the life stories of women like Pandita Ramabai and Dr. Rukhamabai, the first practising lady Doctor of India.

In simple words: Indian feminist historiography highlights the contributions and experiences of women, challenging male-dominated historical narratives and addressing issues of gender, caste, and social discrimination, with pioneers like Tarabai Shinde and later scholars like Dr. Sharmila Rege.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that feminist historiography focuses on women's perspectives and experiences, often critiquing gender inequality and social structures. Remember key figures like Tarabai Shinde and their works.

 

Question 11. Explain the following with reasons:

(a) The history of Indian civilization dates back to 3rd millennium BCE.
Answer:

• Indian civilisation is among the various ancient civilisations in the world.
• Excavations at Harappa took place in 1920 under the supervision of Sir John Marshall, then Director General of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This led to the discovery of Harappan Civilization.
• This discovery proved helpful to trace the antiquity of Indian history which dates back 3rd millennium BCE or earlier.

In simple words: The discovery of the Harappan Civilization through excavations in the 1920s pushed back the known timeline of Indian history, establishing its roots in the 3rd millennium BCE.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the discovery of the Harappan Civilization and its impact on understanding the timeline of ancient Indian history.

 

(b) It became necessary to rethink of women's position in history.
Answer:

• For a considerable period of time, mainly male scholars were involved in the writing of Indian history.
• It was obvious that the perspective was male-dominated.
• The work of the women historians was neglected for long. So it became important to highlight this fact.
• It was a huge challenge in front of the women: historians to compile the work and do research which would prove to be a medium to put forth their status in society.

Hence, it became necessary to rethink about the position of women in history.In simple words: Historically, male scholars dominated historical writing, leading to a male-centric view that overlooked women's contributions and experiences, making it essential to revise history to include women's perspectives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the male-dominated nature of traditional historiography and the resulting neglect of women's roles, which necessitated a re-evaluation of their position in history.

 

(c) Govind Sakharam Sardesai was addressed as 'Riyasatkar'.
Answer:

• Govind Sakharam Sardesai had a momentous achievement to his credit by publishing 'Maratha Riyasat'.
• He published several volumes of Maratha history.
• His work became so popular that people began to address him as 'Riyasatkar'.

In simple words: Govind Sakharam Sardesai was called 'Riyasatkar' because of his significant work in publishing numerous volumes of 'Maratha Riyasat', which made him a renowned historian of Maratha history.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect Govind Sakharam Sardesai with his extensive work 'Maratha Riyasat' and the popular title 'Riyasatkar' reflecting his expertise in Maratha history.

 

Question 12. Answer the following in 25-30 words:

(a) Which things are included in the description by Emperor Babur in his autobiography?
Answer:Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire, in his autobiography entitled Tuzuk-i-Babari describes:

• The battles fought by him.
• Recordings of minute observations of various regions and cities visited by him noting minute observations.
• Observation of the local customs, economy, fauna and flora of the region travelled by him.

In simple words: Emperor Babur's autobiography, 'Tuzuk-i-Babari', details his military campaigns, personal observations of the regions and cities he visited, and descriptions of local customs, economy, and natural life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Babur's autobiography, 'Tuzuk-i-Babari', offers insights into his battles, travel observations, and descriptions of the local environment and culture.

 

(b) What is the contribution of Swatantryaveer Savarkar to nationalistic historiography?
Answer:

1. The writings of Swatantryaveer Savarkar were infused with nationalistic ideas. He looked at the revolt of 1857 as the First War of Independence and wrote the 'book 'The Indian War of Independence, 1857'.
2. His book gave inspiration to Nationalistic historiography which helped in triggering independence movement of the Indian people against the British. Even the writing of regional history got momentum.
3. The attention of historians was drawn towards the history and geographic conditions and variations in the South Indian region.

In simple words: Swatantryaveer Savarkar significantly contributed to nationalistic historiography by portraying the 1857 revolt as India's First War of Independence in his book, inspiring the independence movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on Savarkar's interpretation of the 1857 revolt as the "First War of Independence" and its motivational impact on the nationalist movement.

 

(c) Write about the contribution of Banabhatta in writing historiographies.
Answer:

• It was considered an important step in the Indian historiography to write biographies of kings and dynastic histories.
• Banabhatta wrote Harshacharit, King Harsha's biography, in the 7th century C.E.
• It portrays a realistic picture of the social, economic, political, religious and cultural life during the period when King Harsha ruled.

In simple words: Banabhatta's 'Harshacharit', a biography of King Harsha from the 7th century CE, is a significant early example of historiography in India, providing a realistic portrayal of the society and culture of that era.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Banabhatta's 'Harshacharit' as a key early historical biography in India, offering insights into King Harsha's reign and contemporary society.

 

(d) Write information on 'Rajtarangini'.
Answer:

• Rajtarangini was written by Kalhana in the 12th century C.E. It traces the history of Kashmir.
• These eight books contain records of dynasties which ruled Kashmir, local traditions, coins, remains of monuments and inscriptions. Kalhana wrote the text after critically examining the various sources.
• The book is a good example to show how scientific technique is applied in writing history.

In simple words: 'Rajtarangini', penned by Kalhana in the 12th century CE, is a historical chronicle of Kashmir, notable for its critical examination of sources and detailing of dynasties, traditions, and archaeological evidence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight 'Rajtarangini' by Kalhana as a historical text of Kashmir, recognized for its critical approach to historical sources.

 

(e) Write about historiography in the post-independence period.
Answer:

• In the post-independence period, along with dynastic history, cultural, social and economic histories were also written.
• New schools of thought like Marxist, Subaltern and Feminist History were included in historiography.
• The scholars in this era began to feel the need of writing histories of various communities, sciences, economic systems, political ideologies, cultural aspects, etc.
• They presented the new schools of ideologies. These changes increased the scope of writing historiography.

In simple words: Post-independence Indian historiography diversified beyond dynastic histories to include cultural, social, and economic aspects, integrating new perspectives like Marxist, Subaltern, and Feminist schools of thought.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the expansion of historiography in post-independence India to include broader themes and new ideological frameworks like Marxist, Subaltern, and Feminist histories.

 

(f) What are the objectives of writing history according to Ziauddin Barani?
Answer:

• Ziauddin Barani explained the ' objectives of historiography. According to him, the duty of a historian does not end with recording the ruler's valour and welfare policies.
• He should also write about the ruler's failings and incorrect policies.
• He further adds that a historian should also take into account the impact of the teachings of the wise, the learned and the saints on the cultural life of people.

Thus, Ziauddin Barani holds important place as he expanded the scope of historiography.In simple words: Ziauddin Barani believed a historian's duty extends beyond praising rulers to include their failings and the influence of wise individuals and saints on society, thus broadening the scope of historical writing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Barani's unique view that history should critically assess rulers and acknowledge the contributions of learned and spiritual figures, not just focus on kings' achievements.

 

(g) What are the salient features of writings of historians in the courts of Mughal emperors?
Answer:The salient features of writings of historians in the courts of Mughal emperors are:

• Historians praised the Mughal emperors in their writings.
• Their loyalty towards the rulers is exhibited.
• The custom of adding suitable poetic quotes was introduced. The historians started to include beautiful pictures as well.

In simple words: Historians in Mughal courts typically praised emperors, demonstrated loyalty, and incorporated poetic quotes and illustrations into their historical accounts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the characteristic features of Mughal court historiography: praise for emperors, expression of loyalty, and the inclusion of poetry and artistic illustrations.

 

(h) Write about the importance of Tarabai Shinde in writing feminist historiography. *
Answer:

• Tarabai Shinde has a prominent place among the feminist historians who wrote about women in the nineteenth century, i.e. pre-independence era.
• She wrote a book Stripurush Tulana which was published in 1882. It is acknowledged as the first feminist book published in India.
• Her writings attacked the male-dominated social system and the caste system.

In simple words: Tarabai Shinde is a pivotal figure in Indian feminist historiography, known for her 1882 book 'Stripurush Tulana', which critically challenged the male-dominated social and caste systems, making it India's first acknowledged feminist book.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize Tarabai Shinde's 'Stripurush Tulana' as India's first feminist book, critically addressing gender and caste discrimination, and her significance in pre-independence feminist thought.

 

Question 13. Read the given passage and answer the questions given below:

(a) Complete the graphical presentation:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख मुस्लिम इतिहासकारों द्वारा शुरू की गई नई प्रथाओं को दर्शाता है। इसमें बताया गया है कि इन इतिहासकारों ने अपनी लेखन शैली में उपयुक्त काव्यात्मक उद्धरणों को जोड़ना और सुंदर चित्रों को शामिल करना शुरू किया।
Answer:New customs started by Muslim historians
Adding suitable poetic quotes
Including beautiful pictures in writingIn simple words: Muslim historians introduced new customs in historical writing by incorporating poetic quotes and beautiful pictures to enhance their narratives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that this diagram illustrates the stylistic innovations introduced by Muslim historians in their writings, such as the use of poetic quotes and illustrations.

 

(b) What was considered more important by the historians in the Mughal Court?
Answer:Praising the Mughal emperor and exhibition of loyalty was considered more important by the historians in the Mughal Court.In simple words: In the Mughal Court, historians prioritized praising the emperor and showcasing their loyalty in their writings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that Mughal court historians focused on glorifying the emperor and demonstrating loyalty, which influenced their historical accounts.

 

(c) Why is Abbul Fazl's writing considered realistic?
Answer:

• Abul Fazl's Akbarnama reflects his critical viewpoint.
• He collected authentic historical documents for this book.
• He scrutinized these documents to affirm their reliability. Therefore, his method is looked upon as devoid of bias and hence realistic.

In simple words: Abul Fazl's writing, particularly 'Akbarnama', is considered realistic because he adopted a critical viewpoint, collected authentic documents, and thoroughly scrutinized them for reliability, ensuring an unbiased approach.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize Abul Fazl's critical approach and his rigorous use of authentic, scrutinized documents, which made his historical accounts like 'Akbarnama' realistic and unbiased.

 

Question 14. Write detailed answers to the following questions:

(a) Write information about historiography in the ancient period of India.
Answer:

• In the ancient period, stories of great deeds of ancestors, mythological lore, memories of social transitions were preserved through oral traditions.
• The art of writing was mastered by Indians as early as 3rd millennium B.C.E. But Harappan script is not deciphered yet.
• The earliest written documents found in India were in the form of inscriptions that are as old as 3rd century B.C.E. during the period of Emperor Ashok. His edicts are inscribed on natural rocks and stone pillars.
• Inscriptions started to occur on coins, metal images and sculptures and also on copper plates from the 1st century B.C.E.
• Epics like Ramayana, Mahabharat, Puranas, Jain and Buddhist texts are important sources of ancient Indian literature.
• Historical accounts by Indian authors and travelogues by foreign travellers are also important sources of history.

In simple words: Ancient Indian historiography relied on oral traditions, undeciphered Harappan script, and early inscriptions like Ashoka's edicts. Key sources include coins, sculptures, religious texts like epics and Puranas, and accounts from Indian and foreign authors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the diverse sources of ancient Indian history, including oral traditions, archaeological findings (inscriptions, coins), and religious/literary texts, highlighting the evolution of record-keeping.

 

(b) Explain the works of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Phule in Subaltern History.
Answer:

• History of the deprived classes expressed in folklore was known as 'Subaltern History'.
• Similar thoughts were expressed by Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
• Mahatma Phule unfolded the history of the Shudratishudra communities in his book 'Gulamgiri'.
• He drew attention to show how women, Shudras and Atishudras were exploited under the name of religion.
• Dr. Ambedkar focused on the idea that in spite of having a significant role in shaping the cultural and political aspects of India, the role of Dalits was not duly acknowledged in colonial and nationalistic historiography.
• Injustice done to the Dalits was mostly written by him. 'Who Were the Shudras' and 'The Untouchables' are his books which can be cited as examples of subaltern history.

In simple words: Mahatma Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar were pioneers in Subaltern History in India, highlighting the exploitation and unacknowledged contributions of marginalized communities like women, Shudras, and Dalits through works like Phule's 'Gulamgiri' and Ambedkar's 'Who Were the Shudras' and 'The Untouchables'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that Mahatma Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's writings represent foundational works in Subaltern History, focusing on the experiences and oppression of marginalized groups and challenging mainstream historical narratives.

 

Question 15. Observe the given picture and answer the question given below:

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक प्राचीन ताँबे की प्लेट को दर्शाता है जिस पर ब्राह्मी लिपि में कई पंक्तियों का पाठ और कुछ प्रतीक अंकित हैं। यह सोहगौरा, गोरखपुर जिले, उत्तर प्रदेश में पाया गया एक ऐतिहासिक अभिलेख है, जो शाही आदेशों और अनाज वितरण से संबंधित है।

(a) Write a short note on Copper-plate inscriptions.
Answer:

• The copper-plate shown in the picture was found at Sohagaura in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh.
• It is supposed to be from the Mauryan period and the inscription on it is in Brahmi script.
• Many symbols are inscribed on it 'Tree-in-railing' and 'Mountain' at the beginning of inscription occur on punch marked coins.
• A structure created on four pillars is indicative of a granary.
• The inscriptions have a record of royal order that the grains stored in the granary should be distributed carefully.
• This order is suggestive of precautionary measures taken during famine.

In simple words: Copper-plate inscriptions, like the one from Sohagaura, are ancient records on copper plates, often in Brahmi script, containing royal orders, symbols, and historical details, and provide insights into administrative measures such as famine relief.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on copper-plate inscriptions as primary historical sources, noting their script, symbols, and the type of information they convey, such as royal decrees or administrative instructions.